Mu gihe cyo gushushanya sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi, injeniyeri ugena imiyoboro akenshi asobanura ko imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi igomba guhuza n'igice kimwe cyangwa byinshi bya ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Ni gute injeniyeri zikurikiza neza ibisabwa mu gushushanya sisitemu yo gukwirakwiza umuvuduko w'amashanyarazi?
Ubwa mbere, injeniyeri agomba kugena imiterere y’igishushanyo mbonera igomba guhitamo. Ku byerekeye sisitemu zo gukwirakwiza umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi, ibi ntibigarukira gusa kuri ASME B31. Andi makode yatanzwe na ASME, ANSI, NFPA, cyangwa andi mashyirahamwe y’ubuyobozi ashobora kugengwa n’aho umushinga uherereye, ikoreshwa ryawo, nibindi. Muri ASME B31, ubu hari ibice birindwi bitandukanye bikoreshwa.
ASME B31.1 Imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro mu bigo by'amashanyarazi, inganda n'ibigo, sisitemu zo gushyushya ubushyuhe, na sisitemu zo gushyushya no gukonjesha hagati n'uturere. Ibi birimo imiyoboro yo hanze n'idafite imiyoboro ikoreshwa mu gushyiraho imiyoboro ya ASME Section I. Iki gice ntikireba ibikoresho bikubiye mu itegeko rya ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, imiyoboro imwe n'imwe ikwirakwiza umuvuduko muke wo gushyushya no gukonjesha, n'izindi sisitemu zitandukanye zavuzwe mu gika cya 100.1.3 cya ASME B31.1. Inkomoko ya ASME B31.1 ishobora gukurikirwa mu myaka ya 1920, aho igitabo cya mbere cyemewe cyasohotse mu 1935. Menya ko igitabo cya mbere, harimo n'imigereka, cyari munsi y'amapaji 30, kandi igitabo kirimo ubu gifite amapaji arenga 300.
Imiyoboro ya ASME B31.3: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro ikorerwa mu nganda zitunganya; inganda zikora imiti, imyenda, impapuro, semiconductor, na cryogenic; hamwe n'inganda zitunganya n'aho zikorera. Iki gice gisa cyane na ASME B31.1, cyane cyane iyo habagarwa ubugari bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro ugororotse. Iki gice cyari igice cya B31.1 kandi cyasohotse bwa mbere ukwacyo mu 1959.
Sisitemu zo gutwara imiyoboro ya ASME B31.4 ku binyabiziga n'ibitaka: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro itwara ahanini ibikomoka ku mazi hagati y'inganda n'ibinyabiziga, no mu binyabiziga, aho bapompa, aho bakonjesha, n'aho bapimira. Iki gice cyari igice cya mbere cya B31.1 kandi cyasohotse bwa mbere ukwacyo mu 1959.
Ibice byo muri firigo bya ASME B31.5 n'ibice byo kohereza ubushyuhe: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro y'ibikoresho byo muri firigo n'ibindi bikoresho byo gukonjesha. Iki gice cyari igice cya mbere cya B31.1 kandi cyasohotse bwa mbere ukwacyo mu 1962.
Imiyoboro ya ASME B31.8 yo kohereza no gukwirakwiza gaze: Ibi birimo imiyoboro yo gutwara ahanini ibikomoka ku gaze hagati y’amasoko n’aho bipimirwa, harimo compressors, conditioning na metering stations; hamwe n’imiyoboro yo gukusanya gaze. Iki gice cyari igice cya B31.1 kandi cyasohotse bwa mbere ukwacyo mu 1955.
Serivisi zo kubaka imiyoboro ya ASME B31.9: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro ikunze kuboneka mu nganda, mu bigo, mu bucuruzi no mu nyubako za leta; n'amazu menshi adakenera ingano, umuvuduko, n'ubushyuhe bikubiye muri ASME B31.1. Iki gice gisa na ASME B31.1 na B31.3, ariko ntigikoresha imbaraga nyinshi (cyane cyane iyo hapimwa ubunini bw'inkuta) kandi kikubiyemo ibisobanuro bike. Gigarukira ku muvuduko muke, ubushyuhe buke nk'uko bigaragara muri ASME B31.9 igika cya 900.1.2. Iki gice cyasohotse bwa mbere mu 1982.
ASME B31.12 Imiyoboro ya Hydrogen n'imiyoboro: Iki gice kivuga ku miyoboro muri serivisi ya Hydrogen ikomoka ku mwuka n'amazi, n'imiyoboro muri serivisi ya Hydrogen ikomoka ku mwuka. Iki gice cyasohotse bwa mbere mu 2008.
Kode y'igishushanyo mbonera igomba gukoreshwa ni nyirayo. Intangiriro ya ASME B31 igira iti: “Ni inshingano za nyirayo guhitamo igice cy'ikode gihuye neza n'uburyo bwo gushyiraho imiyoboro.” Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, “ibice byinshi by'ikode bishobora gukoreshwa ku bice bitandukanye by'aho bishyirwa.”
Icyegeranyo cya ASME B31.1 cyo mu 2012 kizaba nk'icyitegererezo cy'ibanze cy'ibiganiro bikurikira. Intego y'iyi ngingo ni ukuyobora injeniyeri ugena zimwe mu ntambwe z'ingenzi mu gushushanya sisitemu y'imiyoboro y'umuvuduko ikurikiza ASME B31.1. Gukurikiza amabwiriza ya ASME B31.1 bitanga ishusho nziza y'igishushanyo rusange cy'isi. Uburyo nk'ubwo bwo gushushanya burakoreshwa iyo ASME B31.3 cyangwa B31.9 ikurikijwe. Ibisigaye bya ASME B31 bikoreshwa mu bikorwa bito, cyane cyane kuri sisitemu cyangwa porogaramu runaka, kandi ntibizaganirwaho cyane. Nubwo intambwe z'ingenzi mu gushushanya zizagaragazwa hano, iki kiganiro ntabwo cyuzuye kandi kode yuzuye igomba guhora ivugwaho mu gihe cyo gushushanya sisitemu. Ibyerekeye inyandiko byose byerekeza kuri ASME B31.1 keretse byavuzwe ukundi.
Nyuma yo guhitamo kode ikwiye, umuhanga mu by’imiterere agomba kandi gusuzuma ibisabwa mu by’imiterere yihariye ya sisitemu. Igika cya 122 (Igice cya 6) gitanga ibisabwa mu by’imiterere bijyanye n’imiyoboro ikunze kuboneka mu miyoboro y’amashanyarazi, nk’umwuka w’umwuka, amazi akoreshwa mu mazi, gukurura no gukurura, imiyoboro y’ibikoresho, n’imiyoboro yorohereza umuvuduko. ASME B31.3 irimo paragarafu zisa na ASME B31.1, ariko zifite ibisobanuro bike. Ibitekerezo biri mu gika cya 122 birimo ibisabwa mu by’umuvuduko n’ubushyuhe byihariye bya sisitemu, hamwe n’inzitizi zitandukanye zigaragazwa hagati y’umubiri w’icyuma gikurura, imiyoboro yo hanze y’icyuma gikurura, n’imiyoboro yo hanze idakurura ihujwe n’imiyoboro ya ASME Igice cya I. ibisobanuro. Ishusho ya 2 igaragaza izi mbogamizi za icyuma gikurura ingoma.
Umushushanyi wa sisitemu agomba kugena umuvuduko n'ubushyuhe sisitemu izakoreraho hamwe n'imiterere sisitemu igomba gukorerwa kugira ngo ihuze.
Dukurikije igika cya 101.2, igitutu cy’imbere mu gishushanyo ntikigomba kuba munsi y’igitutu kinini gihoraho (MSOP) kiri mu buryo bw’imiyoboro, harimo n’ingaruka z’umutwe udahinduka. Imiyoboro ishyirwamo igitutu cyo hanze igomba kuba yagenewe igitutu kinini gitandukanye giteganijwe mu gihe cy’imikorere, gufunga cyangwa igeragezwa. Byongeye kandi, ingaruka ku bidukikije zigomba kwitabwaho. Dukurikije igika cya 101.4, niba gukonjesha amazi bishobora kugabanya igitutu mu muyoboro kugeza munsi y’igitutu cy’ikirere, umuyoboro ugomba kuba waragenewe kwihanganira igitutu cyo hanze cyangwa hagafatwa ingamba zo guca icyuho. Mu bihe aho kwaguka kw’amazi bishobora kongera igitutu, sisitemu z’imiyoboro zigomba kuba zaragenewe kwihanganira igitutu cyiyongera cyangwa hagafatwa ingamba zo kugabanya igitutu kirenze urugero.
Guhera mu Gice cya 101.3.2, ubushyuhe bw'icyuma mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'imiyoboro bugomba kuba buhagarariye imiterere y'igihe ntarengwa iteganijwe. Kugira ngo byorohe, muri rusange bifatwa ko ubushyuhe bw'icyuma bungana n'ubushyuhe bw'amazi. Iyo ubyifuza, ubushyuhe bw'icyuma busanzwe bushobora gukoreshwa igihe cyose ubushyuhe bw'inyuma bw'urukuta buzwi. Hagomba kandi kwitabwaho cyane ku mazi akururwa binyuze mu byuma bihindura ubushyuhe cyangwa mu bikoresho bitwika kugira ngo hamenyekane ko imiterere mibi y'ubushyuhe yitabwaho.
Akenshi, abashushanya bongeraho ingano y'umutekano ku gitutu ntarengwa cy'akazi cyangwa ubushyuhe. Ingano y'ingano iterwa n'ikoreshwa. Ni ngombwa kandi gusuzuma imbogamizi z'ibikoresho mu gihe cyo kugena ubushyuhe bw'igishushanyo. Kugaragaza ubushyuhe bwinshi bw'igishushanyo (burenze 750 F) bishobora gusaba gukoresha ibikoresho bya alloy aho gukoresha icyuma cya karuboni gisanzwe. Agaciro k'umuvuduko mu mugereka A gatangwa gusa ku bushyuhe bwemewe kuri buri gikoresho. Urugero, icyuma cya karuboni gishobora gutanga gusa agaciro k'umuvuduko kugeza kuri 800 F. Gushyira icyuma cya karuboni mu bushyuhe buri hejuru ya 800 F bishobora gutuma umuyoboro uhinduka karuboni, bigatuma urushaho kwangirika no kwangirika. Niba ukoresha hejuru ya 800 F, kwangirika kwihuta kw'icyuma cya karuboni nabyo bigomba kwitabwaho. Reba igika cya 124 kugira ngo umenye neza ubushyuhe bw'ibikoresho.
Hari igihe injeniyeri zishobora kandi kugaragaza igitutu cy’ibizamini kuri buri sisitemu. Igika cya 137 gitanga ubuyobozi ku igeragezwa ry’umuvuduko. Ubusanzwe, isuzuma rya hydrostatic rigenwa inshuro 1.5 z’igitutu cy’igishushanyo; icyakora, umuvuduko w’ingufu n’umuvuduko w’igihe kirekire mu miyoboro ntibigomba kurenza 90% by’imbaraga z’umusaruro w’ibikoresho bivugwa mu gika cya 102.3.3 (B) mu gihe cy’igeragezwa ry’umuvuduko. Kuri sisitemu zimwe na zimwe zo hanze zidafite icyuma gishyushya, isuzuma ry’umuvuduko mu gihe cy’akazi rishobora kuba uburyo bwiza bwo kugenzura niba hari amazi asohoka bitewe n’ingorane zo gutandukanya ibice bya sisitemu, cyangwa kubera ko imiterere ya sisitemu yemerera isuzuma ryoroheje ry’umuvuduko mu gihe cyo gutangira. Twemeranya ko ibi byemewe.
Iyo imiterere y'igishushanyo mbonera imaze gushyirwaho, imiyoboro ishobora kugaragazwa. Ikintu cya mbere cyo gufata icyemezo ni ibikoresho byo gukoresha. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, ibikoresho bitandukanye bifite ubushyuhe butandukanye. Igika cya 105 gitanga andi mananiza ku bikoresho bitandukanye byo gukoresha imiyoboro. Guhitamo ibikoresho biterwa kandi n'amazi y'imiyoboro, nka nikeli mu miyoboro yangiza, icyuma kitagira umugese kugira ngo gitange umwuka mwiza, cyangwa icyuma cya karuboni gifite chromium nyinshi (irenze 0.1%) kugira ngo hirindwe ingese yihuta. Ingeso yihuta y'amazi (FAC) ni ikibazo cy'isuri/ingese cyagaragaye ko gitera kugabanuka gukomeye kw'inkuta no kwangirika kw'imiyoboro muri zimwe mu nzira z'ingenzi cyane zo gukoresha imiyoboro. Kudatekereza neza kugabanya ibice by'amazi bishobora kandi byagize ingaruka zikomeye, nko mu 2007 ubwo umuyoboro wacaga umuriro kuri sitasiyo y'amashanyarazi ya KCP&L ya IATAN waturitse, uhitana abakozi babiri unakomeretsa bikomeye uwa gatatu.
Igipimo cya 7 n'Igipimo cya 9 mu gika cya 104.1.1 bisobanura ubugari bw'inkuta bukenewe n'umuvuduko ntarengwa w'imbere, uko bikurikirana, ku muyoboro ugororotse ugengwa n'umuvuduko w'imbere. Impinduka muri izi mpinduka zirimo umuvuduko ntarengwa wemewe (kuva ku mugereka A usabwa), umurambararo wo hanze w'umuyoboro, ikintu cy'ibikoresho (nk'uko bigaragara mu mbonerahamwe ya 104.1.2 (A)), hamwe n'ibindi bipimo by'ubugari (nk'uko byasobanuwe hepfo). Hamwe n'impinduka nyinshi zirimo, kugaragaza ibikoresho bikwiye byo gushyiramo imiyoboro, umurambararo w'amazi, n'ubugari bw'inkuta bishobora kuba inzira isubiramo ishobora no kuba irimo umuvuduko w'amazi, kugabanuka k'umuvuduko, n'ikiguzi cyo gushyiramo imiyoboro no kuyipompa. Uko byagenda kose, ubugari bw'inkuta bukenewe bugomba kwemezwa.
Inyongera y'ubugari ishobora kongerwaho kugira ngo ihuze impamvu zitandukanye zirimo FAC. Inyongera y'ubugari ishobora gusabwa bitewe no gukuraho insinga, imyenge, nibindi bikoresho bikenewe kugira ngo hakorwe imiyoboro y'imashini. Dukurikije igika cya 102.4.2, inyongera y'ubujyakuzimu bw'umugozi igomba kungana n'ubujyakuzimu bw'umugozi hamwe n'ubushobozi bwo kwihanga. Inyongera y'ubugari ishobora kandi gusabwa kugira ngo itange imbaraga z'inyongera zo gukumira kwangirika kw'imiyoboro, gusenyuka, kugwa cyane, cyangwa gupfunyika bitewe n'imitwaro ikomeye cyangwa izindi mpamvu zavuzwe mu gika cya 102.4.4. Inyongera y'ubugari ishobora kandi kongerwaho kugira ngo ihuze n'imiyoboro ishongeshejwe (igika cya 102.4.3) n'inkokora (igika cya 102.4.5). Amaherezo, inyongera y'ubugari ishobora kongerwaho kugira ngo ihuze ingese cyangwa isuri. Ubunini bw'iyi nyongera buri ku bushake bw'umuhanga mu by'amateka kandi bugomba kuba bujyanye n'igihe cy'ubuzima bw'imiyoboro nk'uko biteganywa mu gika cya 102.4.1.
Umugereka wa IV utari uwa ngombwa utanga ubuyobozi ku bijyanye no kurwanya ingese. Ibyuma birinda ingese, uburinzi bwa cathodic, no kwitandukanya n'amashanyarazi (nk'ibice bikingira ubushyuhe) byose ni uburyo bwo gukumira ingese yo hanze y'imiyoboro itwikiriwe cyangwa iri munsi yayo. Ibikoresho bibuza ingese cyangwa imiyoboro ishobora gukoreshwa mu gukumira ingese yo imbere. Hakwiye kandi kwitonda gukoresha amazi yo gupima hydrostatic afite ubuziranenge bukwiye, kandi nibiba ngombwa, gusohora amazi yose mu miyoboro nyuma yo gupima hydrostatic.
Ubunini bw'urukuta rw'umuyoboro cyangwa ingengabihe isabwa mu mibare yabanje ishobora kuba idahinduka ku murambararo w'umuyoboro kandi ishobora gusaba ibisobanuro ku ngengabihe zitandukanye ku murambararo utandukanye. Ingengabihe ikwiye n'agaciro k'ubunini bw'urukuta bisobanurwa muri ASME B36.10 Umuyoboro w'icyuma uvanze kandi udafite umushono.
Mu gihe usobanura ibikoresho by'umuyoboro no gukora imibare yavuzwe mbere, ni ngombwa kwemeza ko agaciro ntarengwa k'umuvuduko wemewe kakoreshejwe mu kubara gahuye n'ibikoresho byagenwe. Urugero, niba umuyoboro wa A312 304L w'icyuma kidashonga ushyizwe mu mwanya wa A312 304 utari wo, ubugari bw'urukuta butangwa bushobora kuba budahagije bitewe n'itandukaniro rikomeye mu gaciro ntarengwa k'umuvuduko wemewe hagati y'ibikoresho byombi. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, uburyo bwo gukora umuyoboro bugomba kugenwa neza. Urugero, niba agaciro ntarengwa k'umuvuduko wemewe ku muyoboro udashonga kakoreshejwe mu kubara, umuyoboro udashonga ugomba kugenwa. Bitabaye ibyo, uwakoze/uwashyizeho umuyoboro ashobora gutanga umuyoboro uvanze, bishobora gutuma ubugari bw'urukuta budahagije bitewe n'agaciro ntarengwa k'umuvuduko wemewe.
Urugero, tuvuge ko ubushyuhe bw'igishushanyo mbonera cy'umuyoboro ari 300 F kandi igitutu cy'igishushanyo kikaba 1,200 psig.2″ na 3″. Hazakoreshwa insinga ya karuboni (A53 Grade B idafunze). Hitamo gahunda ikwiye yo gushyiraho imiyoboro kugira ngo ihuze n'ibisabwa na ASME B31.1 Equation 9. Ubwa mbere, ibisobanuro by'imiterere y'igishushanyo mbonera:
Hanyuma, gena agaciro ntarengwa k’umuvuduko wemewe kuri A53 Grade B ku bushyuhe bw’igishushanyo cyavuzwe haruguru uhereye ku mbonerahamwe A-1. Menya ko agaciro k’umuyoboro udafite umuvuduko gakoreshwa kuko umuyoboro udafite umuvuduko kagaragajwe:
Ubunini nabwo bugomba kongerwaho. Kuri ubu buryo, hagomba gushyirwaho santimetero 1/16. Hateganyijwe ko hashobora kongerwaho ingese. Nyuma hazabaho ubundi buryo bwo kwihanganira imashini zisya.
Santimetero 3. Umuyoboro uzabanza kugaragazwa. Dufashe umuyoboro wa Schedule 40 n'ubushobozi bwo gusya bwa 12.5%, banza ubare umuvuduko ntarengwa:
Umuyoboro wa gahunda ya 40 urahagije kuri santimetero 3. Mu miterere y'igishushanyo cyavuzwe haruguru. Hanyuma, reba santimetero 2. Umuyoboro ukoresha ibitekerezo bimwe:
Santimetero 2. Dukurikije imiterere yavuzwe haruguru, imiyoboro izakenera ubunini bw'urukuta burenze Imbonerahamwe ya 40. Gerageza santimetero 2. Teganya Imiyoboro 80:
Nubwo ubugari bw'urukuta rw'imiyoboro akenshi ari cyo kintu kigabanya umuvuduko mu gishushanyo mbonera cy'umuvuduko, ni ngombwa kugenzura ko ibikoresho, ibice n'imiyoboro bikoreshwa bihuye n'imiterere yagenwe.
Nk’uko bisanzwe, hakurikijwe ibika bya 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 na 107, valves zose, fittings n’ibindi bice birimo umuvuduko byakozwe hakurikijwe ibipimo byavuzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 126.1 bigomba gufatwa nk’ibikwiriye gukoreshwa mu bihe bisanzwe by’imikorere cyangwa munsi y’ibipimo by’ubushyuhe bw’umuvuduko bivugwa muri .Abakoresha bagomba kumenya ko niba ibipimo cyangwa abakora bashobora gushyiraho imipaka ikomeye ku kunyuranya n’imikorere isanzwe kurusha iyavuzwe muri ASME B31.1, imipaka ikomeye ni yo izakurikizwa.
Ku miyoboro y'amazi, imigozi, imiyoboro inyuranamo, imiyoboro, imiyoboro y'amashami, nibindi, byakozwe ku bipimo byavuzwe mu mbonerahamwe ya 126.1 birasabwa. Mu bihe bimwe na bimwe, imiyoboro ishobora gusaba imiyoboro yihariye. Ingingo ya 104.3.1 itanga ibisabwa by'inyongera ku miyoboro y'amazi kugira ngo harebwe ko hari ibikoresho bihagije byo kuyihuza kugira ngo bihangane n'umuvuduko.
Kugira ngo byoroshye igishushanyo mbonera, umuhanga mu bya shampiyona ashobora guhitamo gushyiraho imiterere y’igishushanyo mbonera kugira ngo yuzuze igipimo cy’umuvuduko runaka (urugero: ASME class 150, 300, nibindi) nk'uko bisobanurwa n'icyiciro cy'ubushyuhe bw'umuvuduko ku bikoresho byihariye bivugwa muri ASME B16.5 imiyoboro n'aho imiyoboro ihurira, cyangwa ibipimo bisa nk'ibyo bivugwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 126.1. Ibi byemewe igihe cyose bitatumye ubugari bw'urukuta cyangwa ibindi bice by'ibishushanyo mbonera by'ibishushanyo mbonera.
Igice cy'ingenzi mu gushushanya imiyoboro ni ukugenzura ko ubusugire bw'imiyoboro bugumana ingaruka z'umuvuduko, ubushyuhe n'imbaraga zo hanze bikoreshejwe. Ubusugire bw'imiyoboro akenshi bwirengagizwa mu gushushanya, kandi iyo bidakozwe neza, bishobora kuba kimwe mu bice bihenze cyane by'igishushanyo. Ubusugire bw'imiyoboro buvugwaho cyane cyane ahantu habiri, Paragarafu ya 104.8: Isesengura ry'ibice by'imiyoboro n'Igika cya 119: Kwaguka no Koroha.
Igika cya 104.8 kigaragaza formula z'ibanze za kode zikoreshwa mu kumenya niba sisitemu y'imiyoboro irenze imihangayiko yemewe na kode. Izi equations za kode zikunze kwitwa imizigo ihoraho, imizigo ihoraho rimwe na rimwe, n'imitwaro yo kwimura. Umutwaro uhoraho ni ingaruka z'umuvuduko n'uburemere kuri sisitemu y'imiyoboro. Imitwaro idasanzwe ni imizigo ihoraho hamwe n'imitwaro y'umuyaga ishobora kuba, imizigo ya seismic, imizigo yo ku butaka n'indi mizigo y'igihe gito. Bikekwa ko buri muzigo udasanzwe ukoreshwa utazagira icyo ukora ku yindi mizigo idasanzwe icyarimwe, bityo buri muzigo udasanzwe uzaba urugero rw'umutwaro wihariye mu gihe cyo gusesengura. Imitwaro yo kwimura ni ingaruka z'ikura ry'ubushyuhe, kwimura ibikoresho mu gihe cy'ikorwa, cyangwa undi muzigo uwo ari wo wose wo kwimura.
Igika cya 119 kivuga ku buryo bwo guhangana no kwaguka kw'imiyoboro n'uburyo bwo kumenya imitwaro y'ibijyanye n'ingufu. Guhindagurika kw'imiyoboro akenshi ni ingenzi cyane mu guhuza ibikoresho, kuko imiyoboro myinshi ishobora kwihanganira imbaraga nke n'umwanya ukoreshwa aho ihuzwa. Kenshi na kenshi, gukura k'ubushyuhe bw'imiyoboro bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mutwaro w'ibijyanye n'ingufu, bityo rero ni ngombwa kugenzura ukwiyongera k'ubushyuhe muri iyo miyoboro hakurikijwe uko bikwiye.
Kugira ngo uburyo bworoshye bwo gukoresha imiyoboro no kwemeza ko iyi gahunda ishyigikiwe neza, ni byiza gukoresha imiyoboro y'icyuma hakurikijwe Imbonerahamwe ya 121.5. Niba umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi aharanira kuzuza intera isanzwe y'inkunga kuri iyi mbonerahamwe, ageraho ibintu bitatu: kugabanya uburemere bwo kwiyinjiza, kugabanya imitwaro ihoraho, no kongera umuvuduko uboneka ku mitwaro yo kwimurirwa. Niba umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi ashyize inkunga mu buryo bukurikije Imbonerahamwe ya 121.5, akenshi bizatera munsi ya santimetero 1/8 z'uburemere bwo kwiyinjiza cyangwa kugwa hagati y'inkunga z'umuyoboro. Kugabanya uburemere bwo kwiyinjiza bifasha kugabanya amahirwe yo kwiyinjiza mu miyoboro itwara umwuka cyangwa gaze. Dukurikije inama z'intera ziri mu Imbonerahamwe ya 121.5 kandi byemerera umuhanga mu by'ubwubatsi kugabanya umuvuduko uhoraho mu miyoboro kugeza kuri 50% by'agaciro gahoraho kemewe k'amategeko. Dukurikije Equation 1B, umuvuduko ukwiye w'imizigo yo kwimurirwa ufitanye isano ritandukanye n'imizigo ihoraho. Kubwibyo, mu kugabanya umutwaro uhoraho, kwihanganira umuvuduko wo kwimurirwa urashobora kongerwa. Intera isabwa ku nkunga z'imiyoboro igaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3.
Kugira ngo hafatwe ingamba zo kwemeza ko imitwaro y’imikorere y’imiyoboro y’amazi itekerezwaho neza kandi ko imihangayiko y’amakode yubahirizwa, uburyo busanzwe ni ugukora isesengura ry’imihangayiko y’imiyoboro y’amazi ifashijwe na mudasobwa. Hari porogaramu zitandukanye zo gusesengura imihangayiko y’imiyoboro ziboneka, nka Bentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, cyangwa imwe mu zindi porogaramu zigurishwa. Akamaro ko gukoresha isesengura ry’imihangayiko y’imiyoboro y’amazi ifashijwe na mudasobwa ni uko byemerera umuhanga mu byashushanyaga gukora icyitegererezo cy’ibintu bitagira iherezo bya sisitemu y’imiyoboro y’amazi kugira ngo byoroshye kugenzura no kugira ubushobozi bwo guhindura ibikenewe mu miterere. Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza urugero rwo gukora icyitegererezo no gusesengura igice cy’imiyoboro y’amazi.
Mu gihe cyo gushushanya sisitemu nshya, abashushanya sisitemu bakunze kuvuga ko imiyoboro yose n'ibice byayo bigomba gukorwa, gusudira, guteranywa, nibindi nk'uko bisabwa n'amategeko ayo ari yo yose akoreshwa. Ariko, mu buryo bumwe na bumwe bwo kongeramo cyangwa ubundi buryo, bishobora kuba byiza ku muhanga wagenwe gutanga ubuyobozi ku buryo bumwe na bumwe bwo gukora, nk'uko bivugwa mu Gice cya V.
Ikibazo gikunze kugaragara mu ikoreshwa rya retrofit ni ubushyuhe bwo gusudira (igika cya 131) no gutunganya ubushyuhe nyuma yo gusudira (igika cya 132). Mu zindi nyungu, ubu buryo bwo gusudira bukoreshwa mu kugabanya stress, gukumira gucikagurika, no kongera imbaraga zo gusudira. Ibintu bigira ingaruka ku bisabwa mu gutunganya ubushyuhe mbere yo gusudira no gusudira nyuma yo gusudira birimo, ariko ntibigarukira kuri ibi bikurikira: Gushyira hamwe umubare wa P, shimi y'ibikoresho, n'ubugari bw'ibikoresho ku ngingo igomba gusudira. Buri gikoresho cyanditswe mu mugereka A w'ingenzi gifite umubare wa P wagenwe. Ku bijyanye no gushyushya, igika cya 131 gitanga ubushyuhe buke icyuma cy'ibanze kigomba gushyushywa mbere yo gusudira. Kuri PWHT, Imbonerahamwe ya 132 itanga urugero rw'ubushyuhe bwo gufata n'igihe cyo gufata agace ko gusudira. Igipimo cyo gushyushya no gukonjesha, uburyo bwo gupima ubushyuhe, ubuhanga bwo gushyushya, n'izindi nzira bigomba gukurikiza amabwiriza yashyizweho muri kode. Ingaruka mbi zitunguranye ku gace ko gusudira zishobora kubaho bitewe no kudatunganya ubushyuhe neza.
Ikindi kintu gishobora kwibazwaho mu miyoboro ifite umuvuduko ni imiyoboro igonga. Imiyoboro igonga ishobora gutuma inkuta zigabanuka, bigatuma ubugari bw'inkuta budahagije. Dukurikije igika cya 102.4.5, iyi kode yemerera gukonja igihe cyose ubugari bw'inkuta buhuye n'uburyo bumwe bwakoreshejwe mu kubara ubugari bw'inkuta ku muyoboro ugororotse. Ubusanzwe, amafaranga yongerwaho kugira ngo harebwe ubugari bw'inkuta. Imbonerahamwe ya 102.4.5 itanga amafaranga yo kugabanya imiyoboro ku buryo butandukanye bwo gukonja. Imiyoboro ishobora kandi gusaba ko ikoreshwa mbere yo gukonja no/cyangwa nyuma yo gukonja. Igika cya 129 gitanga ubuyobozi ku gukora inkokora.
Ku miyoboro myinshi y’umuvuduko, ni ngombwa gushyiraho valve y’umutekano cyangwa valve yo gufasha kugira ngo hirindwe umuvuduko ukabije muri sisitemu. Kuri izi porogaramu, umugereka wa II: Amategeko yo Gushyiraho Valve y’Umutekano ni umutungo w’agaciro kenshi ariko rimwe na rimwe ntuzwi cyane.
Dukurikije igika cya II-1.2, uturindantoki tw’umutekano turangwa n’igikorwa cyo gufungura neza serivisi ya gazi cyangwa umwuka w’umwuka, mu gihe uturindantoki tw’umutekano dufunguye ugereranyije n’umuvuduko udahinduka wo hejuru kandi dukoreshwa cyane cyane mu serivisi y’amazi.
Ibikoresho by'umutekano birangwa no kuba ari sisitemu zo gusohora amazi zifunguye cyangwa zifunze. Mu mashini ifunguye, inkokora iri ku cyuho cy'umuyoboro w'umutekano ikunze gusohora amazi mu muyoboro w'umwuka ujya mu kirere. Ubusanzwe, ibi bizatuma umuvuduko w'inyuma ugabanuka. Iyo umuvuduko uhagije w'inyuma ukozwe mu muyoboro w'umwuka usohoka, igice cya gaze yo mu mwuka ishobora gusohoka cyangwa igasubira inyuma ikava mu mpera y'umuyoboro w'umwuka. Ingano y'umuyoboro w'umwuka igomba kuba nini bihagije kugira ngo hirindwe ko umwuka usubira inyuma. Mu miyoboro ifunze, umuvuduko wiyongera ku cyuho cy'umuyoboro w'umwuka bitewe n'umwuka ufunze mu murongo w'umwuka, bishobora gutuma imiraba y'umuvuduko ikwirakwira. Mu gika cya II-2.2.2, birasabwa ko umuvuduko w'umurongo w'umutekano ufunze uba munini nibura inshuro ebyiri kuruta umuvuduko uhoraho. Ishusho ya 5 na 6 igaragaza ko icyuma cy'umutekano gishyirwamo gifunguye kandi kigafunga, uko bikurikirana.
Imiterere y'amavali y'umutekano ishobora kuba ishingiye ku mbaraga zitandukanye nk'uko bikubiye mu gika cya II-2. Izi mbaraga zirimo ingaruka zo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, imikoranire y'amavali menshi yorohereza umwuka icyarimwe, ingaruka z'imitingito n'ihindagurika ry'ikirere, n'ingaruka z'umuvuduko mu gihe cy'ibikorwa byo kugabanya umuvuduko. Nubwo umuvuduko w'igishushanyo mbonera ugera aho usohoka w'amavali y'umutekano ukwiye kuba uhuye n'umuvuduko w'igishushanyo mbonera cy'umuyoboro uri hasi, umuvuduko w'igishushanyo mbonera mu buryo bwo gusohora amazi uterwa n'imiterere y'uburyo bwo gusohora amazi n'imiterere y'uburyo bwo gusohora amazi. Ibigereranyo bitangwa mu gika cya II-2.2 kugira ngo hamenyekane umuvuduko n'umuvuduko ku nkokora y'umuyoboro usohora amazi, aho umuyoboro usohora amazi ujya, n'aho umuyoboro usohora amazi ujya hanze usohoka. Hakoreshejwe aya makuru, imbaraga z'imikorere ku bintu bitandukanye mu buryo bwo gusohora amazi zishobora kubarwa no kubarwa.
Urugero rw'ikibazo cyo gusohora amazi mu buryo bufunguye rutangwa mu gika cya II-7. Hari ubundi buryo bwo kubara imiterere y'amazi mu buryo bwo gusohora amazi mu buryo bwo gusohora amazi mu buryo bworoshye, kandi umusomyi yihanangirizwa kugenzura ko uburyo bukoreshwa buhagije. Bumwe muri ubwo buryo busobanurwa na GS Liao mu "Isesengura ry'Itsinda ry'Abasohoka mu Ingufu z'Umutekano n'Umuvuduko w'Amashanyarazi" ryasohotse na ASME mu Kinyamakuru cy'Ubwubatsi bw'Amashanyarazi, Ukwakira 1975.
Valve yo gufasha igomba kuba iri ku ntera nibura y'umuyoboro ugororotse kure y'aho igoramye hose. Iyi ntera ntarengwa iterwa n'uburyo sisitemu ikora n'imiterere yayo nk'uko bivugwa mu gika cya II-5.2.1. Ku bijyanye no gushyiraho valve nyinshi zo gufasha, intera isabwa yo guhuza ishami rya valve iterwa n'uburebure bw'ishami n'imiyoboro ya serivisi, nk'uko bigaragara mu nyandiko (10) (c) y'Imbonerahamwe ya D-1. Dukurikije igika cya II-5.7.1, bishobora kuba ngombwa guhuza ibikoresho by'imiyoboro biri ku miyoboro ya valve yo gufasha n'imiyoboro ikora aho guhuza inyubako zegeranye kugira ngo bigabanye ingaruka zo kwaguka k'ubushyuhe n'imitingito. Incamake y'ibi n'ibindi bigomba kwitabwaho mu gushushanya amashami ya valve y'umutekano iboneka mu gika cya II-5.
Birumvikana ko bidashoboka gusesengura ibisabwa byose bya ASME B31 mu buryo bukubiye muri iyi ngingo. Ariko injeniyeri wese wagenwe mu gushushanya sisitemu y'imiyoboro y'umuvuduko agomba nibura kuba azi neza iyi kode y'igishushanyo. Twizere ko, hamwe n'amakuru yavuzwe haruguru, abasomyi bazasanga ASME B31 ari isoko y'agaciro kandi iboneka ku bantu benshi.
Monte K. Engelkemier ni umuyobozi w’umushinga muri Stanley Consultants. Engelkemier ni umwe mu bagize Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, na ASME, akaba ari mu bagize Komite n'Akanama Gato k'amategeko y'imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi ya B31.1. Afite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga 12 mu miterere y'imiyoboro, igishushanyo mbonera, isuzuma ry'imikoreshereze yayo no gusesengura imihangayiko. Matt Wilkey ni Injeniyeri w'ubukanishi muri Stanley Consultants. Afite uburambe bw'imyaka irenga 6 mu gushushanya imiyoboro y'amazi ku bakiriya batandukanye b'ibigo by'imari n'imigabane, abashinzwe amashanyarazi, ibigo n'inganda, akaba n'umunyamuryango wa ASME na Iowa Engineering Society.
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