Popanga makina opangira mapaipi oponderezedwa, wopanga makinawo nthawi zambiri amafotokozera kuti makina opangira mapaipi ayenera kugwirizana ndi gawo limodzi kapena zingapo za ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code.
Choyamba, injiniya ayenera kudziwa kuti ndi ndondomeko yanji yomwe iyenera kusankhidwa.Pa machitidwe a mapaipi oponderezedwa, izi sizingowonjezera ASME B31.Ma code ena operekedwa ndi ASME, ANSI, NFPA, kapena mabungwe ena olamulira akhoza kulamulidwa ndi malo a polojekiti, ntchito, etc.Mu ASME B31, pakali pano pali zigawo zisanu ndi ziwiri zosiyana zomwe zikugwira ntchito.
ASME B31.1 Mapaipi Amagetsi: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi amagetsi m'malo opangira magetsi, mafakitale ndi mafakitale, makina otenthetsera madzi, ndi makina otenthetsera ndi kuziziritsa apakati ndi chigawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo mapaipi akunja ndi osakhala a boilers akunja omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa ma boilers a ASME Gawo I. 100.1.3 ya ASME B31.1.Chiyambi cha ASME B31.1 chikhoza kuyambika ku zaka za m'ma 1920, ndi kope loyamba lovomerezeka lomwe linasindikizidwa mu 1935.Dziwani kuti kusindikiza koyamba, kuphatikizapo zowonjezera, kunali masamba osakwana 30, ndipo kope lamakono liri ndi masamba oposa 300.
ASME B31.3 Mapaipi a Njira: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi m'malo oyeretsera; mankhwala, mankhwala, nsalu, mapepala, semiconductor, ndi cryogenic zomera; ndi mafakitale opangira ma terminals ndi ma terminals. Gawoli ndi lofanana kwambiri ndi ASME B31.1, makamaka powerengera kuchuluka kwa khoma la chitoliro chowongoka.
ASME B31.4 Pipeline Transportation Systems for Liquids and Slurry: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi omwe amanyamula zinthu zamadzimadzi pakati pa mbewu ndi ma terminals, komanso mkati mwa ma terminals, popopa, poyimitsa, ndi poyimitsa mita. Gawoli poyambilira linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa padera mu 1959.
ASME B31.5 Refrigeration Paping and Heat Transfer Components: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi a firiji ndi zoziziritsa kukhosi zina.
ASME B31.8 Mapaipi Otumiza Gasi ndi Kugawira Mapaipi: Izi zikuphatikiza mapaipi onyamula zinthu zokhala ndi mpweya pakati pa magwero ndi matheminali, kuphatikiza ma compressor, malo opangira ma metering; ndi mapaipi osonkhanitsira gasi. Gawoli poyamba linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa padera mu 1955.
ASME B31.9 Building Services Mapaipi: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi omwe amapezeka nthawi zambiri m'mafakitale, mabungwe, malonda, ndi nyumba zaboma; ndi malo okhala ndi mayunitsi ambiri omwe safuna kukula, kupanikizika, ndi kutentha kwapakati pa ASME B31.1.Gawoli likufanana ndi ASME B31.1 ndi B31.3, koma ndilocheperako (makamaka powerengera makulidwe ochepera a khoma) ndipo lili ndi tsatanetsatane wochepa. Zimangowonjezera kutsika kwapansi, ntchito za kutentha kochepa monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu ASME B31001 ndime yoyamba ya ASME. 1982.
ASME B31.12 Mapaipi a Hydrogen ndi Mapaipi: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi amagetsi amagetsi a haidrojeni, komanso mapaipi amagetsi a haidrojeni. Gawoli lidasindikizidwa koyamba mu 2008.
Mapulani amtundu wanji akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi eni ake. Mawu oyamba a ASME B31 akuti, "Ndiudindo wa eni ake kusankha gawo la ma code lomwe limafanana kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa mapaipi." Nthawi zina, "magawo angapo amatha kugwira ntchito pamagawo osiyanasiyana oyika."
Kope la 2012 la ASME B31.1 lidzagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chiyambi chazokambirana zotsatila.Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndi kutsogolera injiniya wosankha kupyolera mu njira zina zazikulu popanga dongosolo la ma pipeni ogwirizana ndi ASME B31.Kutsatira malangizo a ASME B31.1 kumapereka chifaniziro chabwino cha dongosolo lachidziwitso. zotsalira za ASME B31 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazitsulo zochepetsetsa, makamaka pazinthu zinazake kapena zogwiritsira ntchito, ndipo sizidzakambidwanso.Ngakhale kuti njira zazikulu zogwirira ntchito zidzasonyezedwa apa, zokambiranazi sizikutha ndipo ndondomeko yonse iyenera kutchulidwa nthawi zonse panthawi ya ndondomeko.
Pambuyo posankha kachidindo koyenera, wopanga makinawo ayeneranso kuwunikanso zofunikira za dongosolo lililonse lokonzekera. Kuthamanga kwapadera kwa dongosolo ndi zofunikira za kutentha, komanso zoletsa zosiyanasiyana zaulamuliro zomwe zafotokozedwa pakati pa chowotchera, mapaipi akunja a boiler, ndi mapaipi akunja opanda boiler olumikizidwa ndi mapaipi a boiler a ASME Gawo I. tanthauzo.Chithunzi 2 chikuwonetsa zolephera izi za boiler ya ng'oma.
Wopanga dongosolo ayenera kudziwa kupanikizika ndi kutentha komwe dongosololi lidzagwire ntchito komanso momwe dongosololi liyenera kupangidwira kuti likwaniritse.
Malingana ndi ndime 101.2, kupanikizika kwapangidwe kwamkati sikungakhale kocheperapo kusiyana ndi kupanikizika kosalekeza kosalekeza (MSOP) mkati mwa makina opangira mapaipi, kuphatikizapo zotsatira za mutu wosasunthika.Piping yomwe ili ndi mphamvu yakunja idzapangidwira kuti pakhale kusiyana kwakukulu komwe kumayembekezeredwa pansi pa ntchito, kutsekedwa kapena kuyesedwa. Kuthamanga kwa mlengalenga, chitolirocho chidzapangidwa kuti chizitha kupirira kupanikizika kwa kunja kapena njira zomwe zidzatengedwe kuti ziwononge mpweya.Pamene kuwonjezereka kwamadzimadzi kungapangitse kupanikizika, makina a mapaipi ayenera kupangidwa kuti athe kupirira kupanikizika kowonjezereka kapena njira ziyenera kuchitidwa kuti athetse kupanikizika kwakukulu.
Kuyambira mu Gawo 101.3.2, kutentha kwachitsulo pamapangidwe a mapaipi kudzakhala kuyimira zomwe zikuyembekezeka.
Nthawi zambiri, okonza amawonjezera malire otetezedwa ku mphamvu yogwira ntchito kwambiri komanso / kapena kutentha. Chitsulo chimangopereka kupsinjika kwa 800 F. Kuwonetsa kwanthawi yayitali kwa chitsulo cha kaboni ku kutentha kopitilira 800 F kungayambitse chitoliro kuti chikhale cha carbonize, kupangitsa kuti chikhale cholimba kwambiri komanso chovuta kulephera.
Nthawi zina mainjiniya amathanso kufotokozera zovuta zoyeserera pa dongosolo lililonse.Ndime 137 imapereka chitsogozo pakuyesa kupsinjika. komabe, hoop ndi kupsyinjika kwautali mu payipi sikuyenera kupitirira 90% ya mphamvu zokolola za zinthu zomwe zili m'ndime 102.3.3 (B) panthawi yoyezetsa kuthamanga.Kwa machitidwe ena omwe sali a boilers kunja kwa mapaipi, kuyesa kutayikira muutumiki kungakhale njira yothandiza kwambiri yoyang'anira kutayikira chifukwa cha zovuta kudzipatula pazigawo zoyamba za dongosolo, chifukwa cha kutsika kwa dongosolo, kapena kuphweka, kumapangitsa kuti ntchitoyo ikhale yosavuta. Ndizovomerezeka, izi ndizovomerezeka.
Zomwe zimapangidwira zikakhazikitsidwa, mapaipi amatha kufotokozedwa.Choyamba chosankha ndichoti zinthu zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito.Monga tafotokozera kale, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi malire a kutentha.Ndime 105 imapereka zoletsa zina pazitsulo zosiyanasiyana zapaipi.Kusankha kwazinthu kumadaliranso pamadzimadzi a dongosolo, monga ma alloys a nickel muzowononga mankhwala a piping applications, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kuti zipereke mpweya woyera wa chida, kapena 0000000 carbon chromium kutulutsa mpweya wa carbon dioxide (0). Flow Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) ndi kukokoloka / dzimbiri zomwe zasonyezedwa kuti zimayambitsa kupatulira kwakhoma komanso kulephera kwa mapaipi muzinthu zina zovuta kwambiri zapaipi. kuvulaza wachitatu.
Equation 7 ndi Equation 9 mu ndime 104.1.1 imatanthawuza kukula kwa khoma lofunika kwambiri komanso kukakamiza kwakukulu kwa mapangidwe amkati, motero, kwa chitoliro chowongoka kutengera kupanikizika kwa mkati. zosintha zambiri zomwe zikukhudzidwa, kufotokozera zapaipi yoyenera, m'mimba mwake mwadzina, ndi makulidwe a khoma kungakhale njira yobwerezabwereza yomwe ingaphatikizepo kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi, kutsika kwamphamvu, komanso kutsitsa kwapaipi ndi kupopera ndalama.Kupanda kutero, makulidwe ochepera a khoma ayenera kutsimikiziridwa.
Malipiro owonjezera a makulidwe atha kuwonjezeredwa kuti alipire pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuphatikiza FAC. Zololeza zitha kufunidwa chifukwa cha kuchotsedwa kwa ulusi, mipata, ndi zina. Zinthu zomwe zimafunikira kupanga zolumikizira zamakina. Malinga ndi ndime 102.4.2, gawo locheperako lidzakhala lofanana ndi kuya kwa ulusi kuphatikiza kulolerana kwa makina. Chilolezo chingafunikenso kupereka mphamvu zowonjezera, kuwononga chitoliro chowonjezera, kuwononga chitoliro chowonjezera, kuwononga chitoliro champhamvu, kuwononga chitoliro chowonjezera, kuwononga chitoliro chowonjezera, kuwononga chitoliro. katundu kapena zifukwa zina zomwe takambirana m'ndime 102.4.4.Malipiro angawonjezedwe ku akaunti ya olowa (ndime 102.4.3) ndi elbows (ndime 102.4.5) kuyika mapaipi molingana ndi ndime 102.4.1.
Optional Annex IV amapereka chitsogozo pa dzimbiri. Zotchingira zoteteza, cathodic chitetezo, ndi magetsi kudzipatula (monga insulating flanges) ndi njira zonse kupewa dzimbiri kunja kwa mapaipi okwiriridwa kapena pansi pa madzi.Corrosion inhibitors kapena liners angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupewa dzimbiri mkati.Care ayeneranso kumwedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito hydrostatic purity, kukhetsa madzi hydrostatic, kukhetsa kwathunthu, kukhetsa ndi kukhetsa madzi a hydrostatic purity, kukhetsa ndi kukhetsa madzi. kuyesa.
Kuchulukira kwa khoma la chitoliro kapena ndandanda yofunikira pakuwerengera zam'mbuyomu sikungakhale kosasinthasintha m'mimba mwake ya chitoliro ndipo ingafunike madongosolo osiyanasiyana amitundu yosiyanasiyana. Ndondomeko yoyenera ndi makulidwe a khoma amatanthauzidwa mu ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Forged Steel Pipe.
Pofotokoza za chitoliro ndikuwerengera zomwe takambirana kale, ndikofunikira kuwonetsetsa kuti kupsinjika kovomerezeka komwe kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kumafanana ndi zinthu zomwe zatchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha A312 304L sichinatchulidwe molakwika ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha A312 304, makulidwe a khoma omwe aperekedwawo akhoza kukhala osakwanira chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu komwe kungatheke chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwakukulu. Njira yopangira chitolirocho iyenera kufotokozedwa moyenerera.Mwachitsanzo, ngati kupanikizika kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa chitoliro chosasunthika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera, chitoliro chosasunthika chiyenera kutchulidwa.Kupanda kutero, wopanga / woikapo angapereke chitoliro cha seam welded, chomwe chingayambitse kusakwanira kwa khoma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa kupsinjika maganizo.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kutentha kwapangidwe kwa payipi ndi 300 F ndipo kupanikizika kwa mapangidwe ndi 1,200 psig.2″ ndi 3″. Waya wachitsulo cha carbon (A53 Grade B opanda msoko) adzagwiritsidwa ntchito. Dziwani ndondomeko yoyenera yopopera kuti mufotokoze kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira za ASME B31.1 Equation 9. Choyamba, zafotokozedwa:
Kenako, dziwani kupsinjika kwakukulu kovomerezeka kwa A53 Grade B pamatenthedwe omwe ali pamwambapa kuchokera pa Table A-1. Dziwani kuti mtengo wa chitoliro chopanda msoko umagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chitoliro chopanda msoko chafotokozedwa:
Chilolezo cha makulidwe chiyeneranso kuonjezedwa.Pantchitoyi, 1/16 inch.Corrosion allowance imaganiziridwa.Kulolera kosiyana kogaya kudzawonjezedwa mtsogolo.
3 mainchesi. Chitolirocho chidzatchulidwa poyamba. Pongoganizira chitoliro cha ndondomeko 40 ndi kulolerana kwa 12.5%, kuwerengera kuthamanga kwakukulu:
Ndondomeko ya 40 chitoliro ndi yokhutiritsa kwa 3 inchi.chubu muzopangidwe zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambapa.Kenako, fufuzani mainchesi 2. Chitolirocho chimagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwewo:
2 mainchesi. Pansi pa mapangidwe omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, kupopera kudzafuna makulidwe a khoma lakuda kuposa Ndondomeko 40. Yesani mainchesi 2. Konzani mapaipi 80:
Ngakhale makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro nthawi zambiri ndizomwe zimalepheretsa kamangidwe kakanikizidwe, ndikofunikira kutsimikizira kuti zotengera, zida ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizoyenera malinga ndi zomwe zapangidwira.
Monga lamulo, molingana ndi ndime 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 ndi 107, mavavu onse, zolumikizira ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi mphamvu zopangidwa molingana ndi zomwe zalembedwa mu Table 126.1 zitha kuonedwa kuti ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pamiyezo yokhazikika kapena pansi pamiyezoyo ngati kukakamiza-kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono kuzindikirika ngati opanga akuyenera kudziwa kuti ma ratings akuyenera kutsatiridwa. malire okhwima pamipatuko kuchokera kuntchito yanthawi zonse kuposa zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASME B31.1, malire okhwima adzagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Pamphambano za mapaipi, mipiringidzo, mitanda, nthambi zowotcherera, ndi zina zotero, zopangidwa motsatira ndondomeko zomwe zalembedwa mu Table 126.1 zimalimbikitsidwa. Nthawi zina, mphambano ya mapaipi ingafunike kugwirizana kwapadera kwa nthambi.
Kuti mapangidwewo akhale osavuta, wopanga angasankhe kuyika mapangidwe apamwamba kuti akwaniritse kuchuluka kwa gulu lina lamphamvu (monga ASME kalasi 150, 300, etc.) monga momwe amafotokozera kalasi ya kutentha kwa zinthu zinazake zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASME B16. mu makulidwe a khoma kapena mapangidwe ena a zigawo.
Gawo lofunika kwambiri la mapangidwe a mapaipi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kukhulupirika kwapangidwe kachitidwe ka mapaipi kumasungidwa kamodzi zotsatira za kupanikizika, kutentha ndi mphamvu zakunja zikugwiritsidwa ntchito.Kukhulupirika kwadongosolo kwadongosolo nthawi zambiri kumamanyalanyazidwa pakupanga mapangidwe ndipo, ngati sikunapangidwe bwino, kungakhale imodzi mwa magawo okwera mtengo kwambiri a mapangidwe. 119: Kukula ndi Kusinthasintha.
Ndime 104.8 imatchula ndondomeko zoyendetsera ntchito zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire ngati makina opangira mapaipi amaposa kupanikizika kovomerezeka kwa code.Makodi awa amatchulidwa kawirikawiri ngati katundu wopitirira, nthawi zina, ndi katundu wosuntha.Katundu wosasunthika ndi zotsatira za kupanikizika ndi kulemera pa dongosolo la pipeni. amaganiziridwa kuti katundu aliyense mwangozi ntchito sadzachita pa katundu zina mwangozi pa nthawi yomweyo, kotero aliyense mwangozi katundu adzakhala osiyana katundu pa nthawi ya kusanthula.Kusamutsidwa katundu ndi zotsatira za kukula matenthedwe, zida kusamuka pa ntchito, kapena katundu wina kusamutsidwa.
Ndime 119 ikukamba za momwe mungagwirire kukula kwa chitoliro ndi kusinthasintha mu machitidwe a mapaipi ndi momwe mungadziwire katundu.
Kuti agwirizane ndi kusinthasintha kwa kayendedwe ka mapaipi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti dongosololi likuthandizidwa bwino, ndi bwino kuthandizira mapaipi achitsulo molingana ndi Table 121.5. Ngati mlengi amayesetsa kukwaniritsa malo omwe amathandizira pa tebulo ili, amakwaniritsa zinthu zitatu: amachepetsa kudzipatulira, amachepetsa katundu wokhazikika, ndipo amawonjezera kupanikizika komwe kulipo kwa wokonza mapulani. 121.5, zidzapangitsa kuti pakhale zosakwana 1/8 inchi yodzilemera yokha kapena kusamuka pakati pa chubu supports.Kuchepetsa kudziletsa kulemera kumathandiza kuchepetsa mwayi wa condensation mu mapaipi onyamula nthunzi kapena mpweya. mtengo.Malingana ndi Equation 1B, kupanikizika kovomerezeka kwa katundu wosuntha kumatsutsana mosagwirizana ndi katundu wokhazikika.Choncho, pochepetsa katundu wokhazikika, kulekerera kwapang'onopang'ono kungathe kukulitsidwa.Malo ovomerezeka a zothandizira zitoliro akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3.
Kuthandizira kuwonetsetsa kuti mayendedwe amapope amaganiziridwa moyenera komanso kuti kupanikizika kwa ma code kumakwaniritsidwa, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kupanga kusanthula kwapaipi kothandizidwa ndi makompyuta a system.Pali mitundu ingapo yamapaipi yowunikira kupsinjika kwamapulogalamu omwe alipo, monga Bentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, kapena imodzi mwazinthu zina zomwe zimapezeka pamalonda. makina opangira mapaipi kuti atsimikizire mosavuta komanso kuthekera kosintha kofunikira pakukonzekera.Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kuwonetsa ndikusanthula gawo la mapaipi.
Popanga dongosolo latsopano, okonza dongosolo amatchula kuti mapaipi onse ndi zigawo zake ziyenera kupangidwa, kuwotcherera, kusonkhanitsa, ndi zina zotero monga momwe zimafunira ndi code iliyonse yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Vuto lodziwika bwino lomwe limakumana ndi ntchito za retrofit ndi weld preheat (ndime 131) ndi chithandizo cha kutentha kwapambuyo-weld (ndime 132) Pakati pa zopindulitsa zina, mankhwalawa amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti athetse nkhawa, kupewa kusweka, ndi kuonjezera mphamvu ya weld. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza chisanadze kuwotcherera ndi pambuyo-weld kutentha kutentha zofunika zikuphatikizapo, koma si zokhazo, zinthu zotsatirazi: P chiwerengero cha chemistry ndi makulidwe olowa: welded.Chilichonse chomwe chalembedwa mu Zowonjezera Zowonjezera A chili ndi chiwerengero cha P. Pakuwotchera, ndime 131 imapereka kutentha kochepa komwe chitsulo choyambira chiyenera kutenthedwa chisanayambe kuwotcherera.Kwa PWHT, Table 132 imapereka kutentha kwa kutentha ndi kutalika kwa nthawi yogwira zone. code.Zoyipa zosayembekezeka pa malo owotcherera zimatha kuchitika chifukwa cholephera kutentha bwino.
Mbali ina yomwe ingakhale yodetsa nkhawa mu makina opopera oponderezedwa ndi mapaipi opindika. Kupindika mapaipi kungayambitse kupatulira khoma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti khoma likhale losakwanira. Malinga ndi ndime 102.4.5, malamulo amalola kupindika malinga ngati makulidwe ochepa a khoma akukhutitsa ndondomeko yomweyi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro chowongoka. zopindika zosiyanasiyana ma bend radii.Mapiritsi angafunikenso kupindika chisanadze ndi/kapena pambuyo kupindika kutentha chithandizo.Ndime 129 imapereka chitsogozo pakupanga zigongono.
Kwa machitidwe ambiri a mapaipi oponderezedwa, m'pofunika kukhazikitsa valavu yotetezera chitetezo kapena valavu yothandizira kuti muteteze kupanikizika kwambiri mu dongosolo.Pazinthu izi, zowonjezera zowonjezera II: Malamulo Opangira Kuyika kwa Valve Chitetezo ndizofunika kwambiri koma nthawi zina sizidziwika bwino.
Mogwirizana ndi ndime II-1.2, mavavu otetezera amakhala ndi mawonekedwe otseguka a gasi kapena ntchito ya nthunzi, pomwe mavavu otetezedwa amatseguka polumikizana ndi kumtunda kwa static ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pamadzi.
Ma valve otetezera chitetezo amadziwika ndi ngati ali otseguka kapena otsekedwa machitidwe otayira. Mu mpweya wotseguka, chigoba chomwe chimatuluka pa valve yotetezera nthawi zambiri chimatuluka mu chitoliro cha mpweya kupita ku mpweya. M'malo otsekedwa otsekedwa, kupanikizika kumawonjezeka pazitsulo za valve chifukwa cha kuponderezedwa kwa mpweya mu mzere wa mpweya, zomwe zingayambitse mafunde othamanga kuti azifalikira.
Kuyika ma valve otetezera chitetezo kungakhale ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana monga momwe tafotokozera m'ndime II-2. Mphamvuzi zimaphatikizapo zotsatira zowonjezera kutentha, kuyanjana kwa ma valve angapo othandizira kupuma panthawi imodzi, zivomezi ndi / kapena kugwedezeka, ndi zotsatira za kupanikizika pazochitika zothandizira kupanikizika. Makhalidwe a valve yotetezera.Mayesero amaperekedwa mu ndime II-2.2 kuti athe kudziwa kuthamanga ndi kuthamanga kwa chigoba chotulutsa, kutulutsa chitoliro, ndi kutulutsa chitoliro chazitsulo zotsegula ndi zotsekedwa.
Chitsanzo cha vuto la ntchito yotsegula yotseguka imaperekedwa mu ndime ya II-7. Njira zina zilipo zowerengera zizindikiro zoyenda muzitsulo zotulutsa valve, ndipo owerenga amachenjezedwa kuti atsimikizire kuti njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yosungira mokwanira.Njira imodzi yotereyi ikufotokozedwa ndi GS Liao mu "Power Plant Safety ndi Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group ASME5".
Valve yothandizira iyenera kukhala pamtunda wocheperapo wa chitoliro chowongoka kutali ndi bends iliyonse. Mtunda wocheperako umadalira utumiki ndi geometry ya dongosolo monga momwe tafotokozera mu ndime II-5.2.1.Kwa kuika ndi ma valve angapo othandizira, malo ovomerezeka a kugwirizana kwa nthambi za valve kumadalira radii ya nthambi ndi mapaipi a utumiki, monga momwe tawonetsera mu Note (10) (c) ya Table D-1.5. zimathandizira zomwe zili pamagetsi operekera chithandizo kupita ku mapaipi ogwiritsira ntchito m'malo mokhala ndi zida zoyandikana kuti achepetse zotsatira za kufalikira kwa kutentha komanso kuyanjana kwachivomezi.
Mwachiwonekere, sizingatheke kuphimba zofunikira zonse za mapangidwe a ASME B31 mkati mwa nkhaniyi.Koma injiniya aliyense wosankhidwa yemwe akukhudzidwa ndi mapangidwe a makina opopera oponderezedwa ayenera kudziwa bwino kachidindo kameneka.Mwachiyembekezo, ndi zomwe zili pamwambazi, owerenga adzapeza ASME B31 chinthu chofunika kwambiri komanso chopezeka.
Monte K. Engelkemier ndi mtsogoleri wa polojekiti ku Stanley Consultants.Engelkemier ndi membala wa Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, ndi ASME, ndipo akutumikira ku Komiti ya B31.1 Electrical Piping Code Committee ndi Subcommittee.Ali ndi zaka zoposa 12 zogwira ntchito popanga mapaipi, mapangidwe, bracing evaluation ndi Wilkey Engine analysis ndi Stanley Engine analysis. Consultants.Iye ali ndi zaka zoposa 6 za luso lopanga mapaipi amitundu yosiyanasiyana, makasitomala, mabungwe ndi mafakitale ndipo ndi membala wa ASME ndi Iowa Engineering Society.
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