Popanga makina opopera mphamvu, mainjiniya wosankha nthawi zambiri amanena kuti makina opopera mphamvu ayenera kutsatira gawo limodzi kapena angapo a ASME B31 Pressure Piping Code. Kodi mainjiniya amatsatira bwanji zofunikira pamakina popanga makina opopera mphamvu?
Choyamba, mainjiniya ayenera kusankha mtundu wa kapangidwe komwe kayenera kusankhidwa. Pa makina opopera mphamvu, izi sizimangokhudza ASME B31 yokha. Ma code ena operekedwa ndi ASME, ANSI, NFPA, kapena mabungwe ena olamulira akhoza kulamulidwa ndi malo a polojekiti, ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Mu ASME B31, pakadali pano pali magawo asanu ndi awiri osiyana omwe akugwira ntchito.
Mapaipi Amagetsi a ASME B31.1: Gawoli likufotokoza za mapaipi m'malo opangira magetsi, mafakitale ndi mabungwe, makina otenthetsera a geothermal, ndi makina otenthetsera ndi ozizira apakati ndi m'chigawo. Izi zikuphatikizapo mapaipi akunja a boiler ndi osagwiritsa ntchito boiler omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa ma boiler a ASME Section I. Gawoli silikugwira ntchito pazida zomwe zili mu ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, mapaipi ena otenthetsera ndi ozizira otsika, ndi machitidwe ena osiyanasiyana omwe afotokozedwa mu ndime 100.1.3 ya ASME B31.1. Chiyambi cha ASME B31.1 chikhoza kutsatiridwa kuyambira m'ma 1920, pomwe kope loyamba lovomerezeka linasindikizidwa mu 1935. Dziwani kuti kope loyamba, kuphatikiza zowonjezera, linali ndi masamba osakwana 30, ndipo kope lapano lili ndi masamba opitilira 300.
Mapaipi a ASME B31.3: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi m'mafakitale oyeretsera; mankhwala, mankhwala, nsalu, mapepala, semiconductor, ndi zomera zozizira; ndi mafakitale okonzera zinthu ndi malo omalizira. Gawoli likufanana kwambiri ndi ASME B31.1, makamaka powerengera makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro chowongoka. Gawoli poyamba linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa koyamba padera mu 1959.
ASME B31.4 Mayendedwe a Mapaipi a Madzi ndi Dothi: Gawoli likufotokoza za mapaipi omwe amanyamula makamaka zinthu zamadzimadzi pakati pa mafakitale ndi malo ofikira, komanso mkati mwa malo ofikira, malo opopera, oziziritsira, ndi malo oyezera. Gawoli poyamba linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa koyamba padera mu 1959.
Mapaipi a ASME B31.5 mufiriji ndi Zigawo Zosamutsira Kutentha: Gawoli likukhudza mapaipi a mafiriji ndi mafiriji ena. Gawoli poyamba linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa koyamba padera mu 1962.
Mapaipi Otumizira ndi Kugawa Magasi a ASME B31.8: Izi zikuphatikizapo mapaipi onyamula makamaka zinthu za gasi pakati pa magwero ndi malo ofikira, kuphatikizapo ma compressor, malo oziziritsira ndi malo oyezera; ndi mapaipi osonkhanitsa gasi. Gawoli poyamba linali gawo la B31.1 ndipo linatulutsidwa koyamba padera mu 1955.
ASME B31.9 Ntchito Zomanga Mapaipi: Gawoli likufotokoza za mapaipi omwe amapezeka kwambiri m'nyumba zamafakitale, zamabungwe, zamabizinesi, ndi za anthu onse; ndi nyumba zokhala ndi zipinda zambiri zomwe sizifuna kukula, kupanikizika, ndi kutentha komwe kumafotokozedwa mu ASME B31.1. Gawoli likufanana ndi ASME B31.1 ndi B31.3, koma silikusamala kwambiri (makamaka powerengera makulidwe ochepa a khoma) ndipo lili ndi tsatanetsatane wochepa. Limangokhudza kugwiritsa ntchito kupanikizika kochepa, kutentha kochepa monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu ASME B31.9 ndime 900.1.2. Izi zidasindikizidwa koyamba mu 1982.
ASME B31.12 Mapaipi a Hydrogen ndi Mapaipi: Gawoli likufotokoza za mapaipi mu ntchito ya haidrojeni ya gasi ndi yamadzimadzi, komanso mapaipi mu ntchito ya haidrojeni ya gasi. Gawoli linasindikizidwa koyamba mu 2008.
Ndi code iti yopangira yomwe iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pamapeto pake ili ndi mwiniwake. Mawu oyamba a ASME B31 amati, "Ndi udindo wa mwini kusankha gawo la code lomwe likugwirizana kwambiri ndi kukhazikitsa mapaipi komwe kukufunidwa." Nthawi zina, "magawo angapo a code angagwire ntchito ku magawo osiyanasiyana a kukhazikitsa."
Kope la 2012 la ASME B31.1 lidzakhala ngati chitsogozo chachikulu cha zokambirana zomwe zikubwera. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwongolera mainjiniya wosankha kudzera mu njira zazikulu zopangira makina opondereza ogwirizana ndi ASME B31. Kutsatira malangizo a ASME B31.1 kumapereka chithunzi chabwino cha kapangidwe ka makina onse. Njira zofanana zopangira zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ASME B31.3 kapena B31.9 ikutsatiridwa. Zotsala za ASME B31 zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu ochepa, makamaka pamakina kapena mapulogalamu enaake, ndipo sizidzakambidwanso. Ngakhale njira zofunika kwambiri pakupanga zidzafotokozedwa apa, kukambiranaku sikukwanira ndipo khodi yonse iyenera kutchulidwa nthawi zonse panthawi yopanga makina. Maumboni onse a zolemba amatanthauza ASME B31.1 pokhapokha ngati atchulidwa mwanjira ina.
Pambuyo posankha code yolondola, wopanga makina ayeneranso kuwunikanso zofunikira zilizonse za kapangidwe ka makina. Ndime 122 (Gawo 6) imapereka zofunikira za kapangidwe kogwirizana ndi makina omwe amapezeka kwambiri mu ntchito zamagetsi, monga nthunzi, madzi odyetsa, kupopera ndi kupopera, mapaipi ogwiritsira ntchito zida, ndi makina ochepetsera kupanikizika. ASME B31.3 ili ndi ndime zofanana ndi ASME B31.1, koma zili ndi tsatanetsatane wochepa. Zomwe zili mu ndime 122 zikuphatikizapo zofunikira za kuthamanga ndi kutentha kwa makina, komanso malire osiyanasiyana a ulamuliro omwe afotokozedwa pakati pa thupi la boiler, mapaipi akunja a boiler, ndi mapaipi akunja osapopera olumikizidwa ndi ASME Gawo I la mapaipi a boiler. Tanthauzo la Chithunzi 2 likuwonetsa zofooka izi za boiler ya ng'oma.
Wopanga makina ayenera kudziwa kuthamanga ndi kutentha komwe makinawo adzagwire ntchito komanso mikhalidwe yomwe makinawo ayenera kupangidwira kuti akwaniritse.
Malinga ndi ndime 101.2, kuthamanga kwa kapangidwe ka mkati sikuyenera kukhala kochepera kuposa kuthamanga kwakukulu kogwira ntchito kosalekeza (MSOP) mkati mwa dongosolo la mapaipi, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya mutu wosasinthasintha. Mapaipi omwe akukakamizidwa ndi kuthamanga kwakunja ayenera kupangidwira kuthamanga kwakukulu kosiyana komwe kumayembekezeredwa pansi pa ntchito, kutsekedwa kapena mikhalidwe yoyesera. Kuphatikiza apo, zotsatira zachilengedwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa. Malinga ndi ndime 101.4, ngati kuzizira kwa madzi kungachepetse kuthamanga kwa chitoliro kufika pansi pa kuthamanga kwa mpweya, chitolirocho chiyenera kupangidwa kuti chipirire kuthamanga kwakunja kapena njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti ziswe vacuum. Muzochitika zomwe kukulira kwa madzi kungawonjezere kuthamanga, njira zamapaipi ziyenera kupangidwa kuti zipirire kuthamanga kwakukulu kapena njira ziyenera kutengedwa kuti zichepetse kuthamanga kwambiri.
Kuyambira mu Gawo 101.3.2, kutentha kwachitsulo pakupanga mapaipi kuyenera kuyimira mikhalidwe yokhazikika yomwe ikuyembekezeka. Kuti zikhale zosavuta, nthawi zambiri zimaganiziridwa kuti kutentha kwachitsulo ndikofanana ndi kutentha kwamadzimadzi. Ngati mukufuna, kutentha kwapakati pachitsulo kungagwiritsidwe ntchito bola kutentha kwakunja kwa khoma kukudziwika. Chisamaliro chapadera chiyeneranso kuperekedwa kumadzimadzi omwe amatengedwa kudzera mu zosinthira kutentha kapena kuchokera ku zida zoyaka kuti zitsimikizire kuti mikhalidwe yoipa kwambiri ya kutentha ikuganiziridwa.
Kawirikawiri, opanga mapulani amawonjezera malire otetezeka ku kuthamanga kwakukulu kogwira ntchito ndi/kapena kutentha. Kukula kwa malire kumadalira momwe ntchitoyo ikuyendera. Ndikofunikanso kuganizira zoletsa za zinthu posankha kutentha kwa kapangidwe. Kutchula kutentha kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe (koposa 750 F) kungafunike kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zopangidwa ndi aloyi m'malo mwa chitsulo cha kaboni chokhazikika. Ma stress values ​​​​omwe ali mu Appendix A yofunikira amaperekedwa kokha pa kutentha kovomerezeka kwa chinthu chilichonse. Mwachitsanzo, carbon steel imangopereka ma stress values ​​​​mpaka 800 F. Kuyika carbon steel nthawi yayitali kutentha kopitilira 800 F kungayambitse kuti chitoliro chikhale ndi carbon, ndikupangitsa kuti chikhale chofooka komanso cholephera kulephera. Ngati chikugwira ntchito pamwamba pa 800 F, kuwonongeka kwachangu komwe kumakhudzana ndi carbon steel kuyeneranso kuganiziridwa. Onani ndime 124 kuti mukambirane mokwanira za malire a kutentha kwa zinthu.
Nthawi zina mainjiniya amathanso kutchula kupsinjika kwa mayeso pamakina aliwonse. Ndime 137 imapereka malangizo pa kuyesa kupsinjika. Nthawi zambiri, kuyesa kwa hydrostatic kumafotokozedwa pa kupsinjika kwa kapangidwe kake ka 1.5; komabe, kupsinjika kwa hoop ndi kutalika kwa mapaipi sikuyenera kupitirira 90% ya mphamvu yotulutsa ya zinthu zomwe zili mu ndime 102.3.3 (B) panthawi yoyesa kupsinjika. Pamakina ena akunja osaphika, kuyesa kutayikira mkati mwa ntchito kungakhale njira yothandiza kwambiri yowunikira kutayikira chifukwa cha zovuta pakusiyanitsa magawo amakina, kapena chifukwa chakuti kasinthidwe ka makina kamalola kuyesa kutayikira kosavuta panthawi yoyambira. Ndikugwirizana, izi ndizovomerezeka.
Mukakhazikitsa mikhalidwe ya kapangidwe kake, mapaipi amatha kufotokozedwa. Choyamba kusankha ndi zinthu zomwe mungagwiritse ntchito. Monga tanenera kale, zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zimakhala ndi malire osiyana a kutentha. Ndime 105 imapereka zoletsa zina pa zipangizo zosiyanasiyana za mapaipi. Kusankha zinthu kumadaliranso madzi a dongosolo, monga nickel alloys mu ntchito zowononga mapaipi, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri kuti chipereke mpweya woyera, kapena carbon steel yokhala ndi chromium yambiri (yoposa 0.1%) kuti ipewe dzimbiri lofulumira kuyenda. Kutupa Kofulumira kwa Flow (FAC) ndi vuto la kukokoloka/kutupa lomwe lawonetsedwa kuti limayambitsa kuchepetsedwa kwambiri kwa makoma ndi kulephera kwa mapaipi m'machitidwe ena ofunikira kwambiri a mapaipi. Kulephera kuganizira bwino kuchepetsedwa kwa zigawo za mapaipi kungakhale ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa, monga mu 2007 pamene chitoliro chochotsa kutentha kwambiri pa siteshoni yamagetsi ya KCP&L ya IATAN chinaphulika, kupha antchito awiri ndikuvulaza kwambiri wachitatu.
Chiyerekezo 7 ndi Chiyerekezo 9 m'ndime 104.1.1 zimafotokoza makulidwe ocheperako ofunikira a khoma ndi kuthamanga kwakukulu kwa kapangidwe ka mkati, motsatana, kwa chitoliro cholunjika chomwe chili ndi kupsinjika kwamkati. Zosintha mu ma equation awa zikuphatikizapo kupsinjika kwakukulu kovomerezeka (kuchokera ku Zowonjezera Zofunikira A), m'mimba mwake wakunja kwa chitoliro, chinthu chofunikira (monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Gome 104.1.2 (A)), ndi zina zowonjezera makulidwe (monga momwe zafotokozedwera pansipa). Ndi zosintha zambiri zomwe zikukhudzidwa, kufotokoza zida zoyenera za mapaipi, m'mimba mwake wodziwika, ndi makulidwe a khoma kungakhale njira yobwerezabwereza yomwe ingaphatikizeponso kuthamanga kwamadzimadzi, kutsika kwa kupanikizika, ndi ndalama zopopera mapaipi ndi kupopera. Mosasamala kanthu za momwe ntchito ikuyendera, makulidwe ocheperako a khoma ofunikira ayenera kutsimikiziridwa.
Ndalama zowonjezera zokhuthala zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zigwirizane ndi zifukwa zosiyanasiyana kuphatikizapo FAC. Ndalama zowonjezera zingafunike chifukwa chochotsa ulusi, mipata, ndi zina zotero zomwe zimafunika popanga maukonde a makina. Malinga ndi ndime 102.4.2, ndalama zochepa ziyenera kukhala zofanana ndi kuya kwa ulusi kuphatikiza kulekerera kwa makina. Ndalama zowonjezera zingafunikenso kuti zipereke mphamvu yowonjezera kuti zisawonongeke ndi chitoliro, kugwa, kugwedezeka kwambiri, kapena kugwedezeka chifukwa cha katundu woponderezedwa kapena zifukwa zina zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ndime 102.4.4. Ndalama zowonjezera zitha kuwonjezeredwanso kuti zigwirizane ndi maukonde olumikizidwa (ndime 102.4.3) ndi zigongono (ndime 102.4.5). Pomaliza, zolekerera zitha kuwonjezeredwa kuti zigwirizane ndi dzimbiri ndi/kapena kukokoloka. Kukhuthala kwa ndalama izi kuli pakufuna kwa wopanga ndipo kuyenera kukhala kogwirizana ndi moyo woyembekezeredwa wa mapaipi motsatira ndime 102.4.1.
Annex IV yosankha imapereka malangizo pakuwongolera dzimbiri. Zophimba zoteteza, chitetezo cha cathodic, ndi kudzipatula kwa magetsi (monga ma flange oteteza) zonse ndi njira zopewera dzimbiri lakunja la mapaipi obisika kapena oviikidwa m'madzi. Zoletsa dzimbiri kapena ma liners angagwiritsidwe ntchito kupewa dzimbiri lamkati. Samalaninso kugwiritsa ntchito madzi oyesera a hydrostatic oyera oyenera, ndipo ngati pakufunika, kukhetsa madzi onse a mapaipi pambuyo poyesa hydrostatic.
Kukhuthala kwa khoma la chitoliro kapena ndondomeko yofunikira pakuwerengera kale sikungakhale kofanana pa dayamita ya chitoliro ndipo kungafunike zofunikira pa ndondomeko zosiyanasiyana za dayamita zosiyanasiyana. Ndondomeko yoyenera ndi makulidwe a khoma zimafotokozedwa mu ASME B36.10 Welded and Seamless Forged Steel Pipe.
Pofotokoza zinthu za chitoliro ndikuchita mawerengedwe omwe takambirana kale, ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera kukugwirizana ndi zinthu zomwe zatchulidwa. Mwachitsanzo, ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha A312 304L chatchulidwa molakwika ngati chitoliro chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha A312 304, makulidwe a khoma omwe aperekedwa angakhale osakwanira chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu kwa mphamvu zomwe zingaloledwe pakati pa zinthu ziwirizi. Momwemonso, njira yopangira chitoliro iyenera kufotokozedwa moyenera. Mwachitsanzo, ngati kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zomwe zingaloledwe pa chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri kwagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera, chitoliro chosapanga dzimbiri chiyenera kufotokozedwa. Apo ayi, wopanga/wokhazikitsa akhoza kupereka chitoliro cholumikizidwa ndi msoko, zomwe zingayambitse makulidwe osakwanira a khoma chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa mphamvu zomwe zingaloledwe.
Mwachitsanzo, tiyerekeze kuti kutentha kwa kapangidwe ka payipi ndi 300 F ndipo kuthamanga kwa kapangidwe kake ndi 1,200 psig.2″ ndi 3″. Chitsulo cha carbon (A53 Grade B chopanda msoko) chigwiritsidwa ntchito. Dziwani dongosolo loyenera la mapaipi kuti mufotokoze kuti mukwaniritse zofunikira za ASME B31.1 Equation 9. Choyamba, mikhalidwe ya kapangidwe kake yafotokozedwa:
Kenako, dziwani kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika komwe kungaloledwe kwa A53 Giredi B pa kutentha kwa kapangidwe kamene kali pamwambapa kuchokera pa Tebulo A-1. Dziwani kuti mtengo wa chitoliro chosasunthika umagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chitoliro chosasunthika chatchulidwa:
Kuchuluka kwa makulidwe kuyeneranso kuwonjezeredwa. Pa ntchitoyi, 1/16 inchi. Kuchuluka kwa dzimbiri kukuyembekezeka. Kulekerera kosiyana kwa kugaya kudzawonjezedwa pambuyo pake.
Mainchesi atatu. Chitolirocho chidzatchulidwa kaye. Poganizira chitoliro cha Schedule 40 ndi kulekerera kwa kugaya kwa 12.5%, werengani kuthamanga kwakukulu:
Chitoliro cha Schedule 40 ndi chokwanira pa chubu cha mainchesi atatu. mu kapangidwe kake kamene katchulidwa pamwambapa. Kenako, onani mainchesi awiri. Chitolirocho chimagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro omwewo:
Mainchesi awiri. Pansi pa mikhalidwe ya kapangidwe yomwe yatchulidwa pamwambapa, mapaipi adzafunika makulidwe a khoma okhuthala kuposa Ndandanda 40. Yesani mainchesi awiri. Ndandanda Mapaipi 80:
Ngakhale kuti makulidwe a khoma la chitoliro nthawi zambiri amakhala chinthu choletsa kapangidwe ka mphamvu, ndikofunikirabe kutsimikizira kuti zolumikizira, zigawo ndi zolumikizira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndizoyenera pakupanga komwe kwatchulidwa.
Monga lamulo, malinga ndi ndime 104.2, 104.7.1, 106 ndi 107, ma valve onse, zolumikizira ndi zinthu zina zokhala ndi kupanikizika zopangidwa motsatira miyezo yomwe ili mu Table 126.1 ziyenera kuonedwa kuti ndizoyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa mikhalidwe yabwinobwino yogwirira ntchito kapena pansi pa miyezoyo, kupsinjika ndi kutentha komwe kwafotokozedwa mu .Ogwiritsa ntchito ayenera kudziwa kuti ngati miyezo ina kapena opanga angayike malire okhwima pa kusiyana ndi magwiridwe antchito abwinobwino kuposa omwe afotokozedwa mu ASME B31.1, malire okhwimawo ayenera kugwira ntchito.
Pamalo olumikizirana mapaipi, ma tee, ma transverse, ma cross, ma branch welded joints, ndi zina zotero, zopangidwa motsatira miyezo yomwe ili mu Table 126.1 zimalimbikitsidwa. Nthawi zina, malo olumikizirana mapaipi angafunike kulumikizana kwapadera kwa nthambi. Ndime 104.3.1 imapereka zofunikira zina zolumikizira nthambi kuti zitsimikizire kuti pali zida zokwanira zolumikizira mapaipi kuti zipirire kupsinjika.
Kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kosavuta, wopanga angasankhe kukhazikitsa mikhalidwe yapamwamba kwambiri kuti akwaniritse mulingo wa flange wa kalasi inayake ya kupanikizika (monga kalasi ya ASME 150, 300, ndi zina zotero) monga momwe tafotokozera ndi kalasi ya kupsinjika-kutentha kwa zinthu zina zomwe zafotokozedwa mu ASME B16 .5 Ma flange a mapaipi ndi ma flange, kapena miyezo yofanana yomwe yatchulidwa mu Table 126.1. Izi ndizovomerezeka bola ngati sizikupangitsa kuti makulidwe a khoma kapena mapangidwe ena azinthu achuluke.
Gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga mapaipi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti umphumphu wa kapangidwe ka mapaipi ukusungidwa bwino akangogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu za kupanikizika, kutentha ndi mphamvu zakunja. Umphumphu wa kapangidwe ka dongosolo nthawi zambiri umanyalanyazidwa popanga mapulani ndipo, ngati sunachitike bwino, ukhoza kukhala chimodzi mwa zinthu zodula kwambiri pakupanga. Umphumphu wa kapangidwe kake ukukambidwa makamaka m'malo awiri, Ndime 104.8: Kusanthula kwa Chigawo cha Paipi ndi Ndime 119: Kukula ndi Kusinthasintha.
Ndime 104.8 ikuwonetsa ma formula oyambira a ma code omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kudziwa ngati makina opachikira mapaipi amaposa mphamvu zomwe ziloledwa ndi ma code. Ma equation a ma code awa nthawi zambiri amatchedwa katundu wopitilira, katundu wocheperako, ndi katundu wosunthika. Katundu wokhazikika ndi zotsatira za kupanikizika ndi kulemera pa makina opachikira mapaipi. Katundu wokhazikika ndi katundu wopitilira kuphatikiza katundu wotheka wa mphepo, katundu wogwedezeka, katundu wa pamtunda ndi katundu wina wanthawi yochepa. Akuganiza kuti katundu aliyense wosagwirizana womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito sudzagwira ntchito pa katundu wina wosagwirizana nthawi imodzi, kotero katundu aliyense wosagwirizana udzakhala mlandu wosiyana wa katundu panthawi yowunika. Katundu wosunthika ndi zotsatira za kukula kwa kutentha, kusunthika kwa zida panthawi yogwira ntchito, kapena katundu wina uliwonse wosunthika.
Ndime 119 ikulongosola momwe mungagwirire ntchito ndi kufalikira kwa mapaipi ndi kusinthasintha kwa makina a mapaipi ndi momwe mungadziwire kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika. Kusinthasintha kwa makina a mapaipi nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pakulumikizana kwa zida, chifukwa kulumikizana kwa zida zambiri kumatha kupirira mphamvu zochepa komanso nthawi yochepa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamalo olumikizirana. Nthawi zambiri, kukula kwa kutentha kwa makina a mapaipi kumakhudza kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimachitika, kotero ndikofunikira kuwongolera kukula kwa kutentha kwa makinawo moyenerera.
Kuti makina opachikira mapaipi akhale osinthasintha komanso kuti makinawo athandizidwe bwino, ndi bwino kuthandizira mapaipi achitsulo motsatira Table 121.5. Ngati wopanga akuyesetsa kukwaniritsa malo ochirikiza tebulo ili, amachita zinthu zitatu: kuchepetsa kupotoka kwa kulemera kwake, kuchepetsa katundu wokhazikika, ndikuwonjezera kupsinjika komwe kulipo pa katundu wosuntha. Ngati wopanga ayika chithandizocho motsatira Table 121.5, nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kusamuka kosakwana 1/8 inchi kapena kutsika pakati pa zothandizira za chubu. Kuchepetsa kupotoka kwa kulemera kwake kumathandiza kuchepetsa mwayi woti mapaipi azisungunuka kapena mpweya. Kutsatira malangizo a malo omwe ali mu Table 121.5 kumathandizanso wopanga kuchepetsa kupsinjika komwe kulipo mu mapaipiwo kufika pafupifupi 50% ya mtengo wovomerezeka wa code. Malinga ndi Equation 1B, kupsinjika komwe kulipo pa katundu wosuntha kumakhudzana ndi katundu wokhazikika. Chifukwa chake, pochepetsa katundu wokhazikika, kulekerera kupsinjika komwe kulipo kumatha kukulitsidwa. Malo olimbikitsira othandizira mapaipi akuwonetsedwa mu Chithunzi 3.
Pofuna kuonetsetsa kuti katundu wokhudzana ndi mapaipi akuyang'aniridwa bwino komanso kuti ma code stress akwaniritsidwa, njira yodziwika bwino ndiyo kuchita kusanthula kwa mphamvu ya mapaipi othandizidwa ndi kompyuta. Pali mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana owunikira mphamvu ya mapaipi omwe alipo, monga Bentley AutoPIPE, Intergraph Caesar II, Piping Solutions Tri-Flex, kapena imodzi mwa ma phukusi ena omwe amapezeka pamsika. Ubwino wogwiritsa ntchito kusanthula mphamvu ya mapaipi othandizidwa ndi kompyuta ndikuti amalola wopanga kupanga chitsanzo cha chinthu chomaliza cha dongosolo la mapaipi kuti atsimikizire mosavuta komanso kuti athe kusintha zofunikira pakusintha. Chithunzi 4 chikuwonetsa chitsanzo cha kupanga ndi kusanthula gawo la mapaipi.
Popanga dongosolo latsopano, opanga makina nthawi zambiri amanena kuti mapaipi onse ndi zigawo zake ziyenera kupangidwa, kulumikizidwa, kusonkhana, ndi zina zotero monga momwe malamulo aliwonse omwe akugwiritsidwa ntchito amafunira. Komabe, muzinthu zina zokonzanso kapena ntchito zina, zingakhale bwino kuti injiniya wosankhidwa apereke malangizo pa njira zina zopangira, monga tafotokozera mu Chaputala V.
Vuto lofala lomwe limakumana nalo pokonzanso zinthu ndi kutentha koyambirira kwa weld (ndime 131) ndi kutentha koyambirira kwa weld (ndime 132). Pakati pa zabwino zina, kutentha kumeneku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchepetsa kupsinjika, kupewa ming'alu, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya weld. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza zofunikira pakutentha koyambirira kwa weld ndi kutentha koyambirira kwa weld zikuphatikizapo, koma sizimangokhala izi: Kuyika manambala a P, kapangidwe ka zinthu, ndi makulidwe a zinthu pamalo olumikizirana kuti zilumikizidwe. Chilichonse chomwe chalembedwa mu Appendix A yofunikira chili ndi nambala ya P yoperekedwa. Pa kutentha koyambirira, ndime 131 imapereka kutentha kochepa komwe chitsulo choyambira chiyenera kutenthedwa chisanalowetsedwe. Pa PWHT, Gome 132 limapereka kutentha kokhazikika komanso nthawi yogwira malo olumikizira. Kuchuluka kwa kutentha ndi kuzizira, njira zoyezera kutentha, njira zotenthetsera, ndi njira zina ziyenera kutsatira malangizo omwe ali mu code. Zotsatira zoyipa zosayembekezereka pamalo olumikizidwa zimatha kuchitika chifukwa cholephera kutentha bwino.
Gawo lina lomwe lingakhale lofunika kwambiri m'makina opopera mapaipi okhala ndi mphamvu ndi mapipe opindika. Mapaipi opindika angayambitse kupendekera kwa khoma, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti makulidwe a khoma asakwane. Malinga ndi ndime 102.4.5, malamulowa amalola mapipe opindika bola ngati makulidwe a khoma ocheperako akukwaniritsa njira yomweyo yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuwerengera makulidwe a khoma ocheperako a chitoliro cholunjika. Nthawi zambiri, gawo limawonjezeredwa kuti liwerenge makulidwe a khoma. Gome 102.4.5 limapereka njira zochepetsera mapipe opindika osiyanasiyana. Mapipe opindika angafunikenso chithandizo cha kutentha chisanagwedezeke ndi/kapena mutagwedeka. Ndime 129 imapereka chitsogozo pakupanga zigongono.
Pa makina ambiri opopera mpweya, ndikofunikira kukhazikitsa valavu yotetezera kapena valavu yothandiza kuti mupewe kupanikizika kwambiri m'dongosolo. Pa ntchito izi, Appendix II: Malamulo Opangira Mapangidwe a Valuvu Yotetezeka ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali kwambiri koma nthawi zina chosadziwika bwino.
Malinga ndi ndime II-1.2, ma valve oteteza amadziwika ndi njira yotseguka kwathunthu yogwiritsira ntchito mpweya kapena nthunzi, pomwe ma valve oteteza amatseguka poyerekeza ndi kuthamanga kwa mpweya wosasunthika ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pogwiritsira ntchito madzi.
Ma valve oteteza amadziwika ngati ndi otseguka kapena otsekedwa. Mu utsi wotseguka, chigongono chomwe chili pamalo otulukira valavu yotetezera nthawi zambiri chimatuluka mu chitoliro chotulutsa mpweya kupita mumlengalenga. Kawirikawiri, izi zimapangitsa kuti mphamvu yakumbuyo ikhale yochepa. Ngati mphamvu yakumbuyo yokwanira ipangidwa mu chitoliro chotulutsa mpweya, gawo la mpweya wotulutsa mpweya likhoza kutulutsidwa kapena kubwezeretsedwa kuchokera kumapeto kwa chitoliro chotulutsira mpweya. Kukula kwa chitoliro chotulutsira mpweya kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu mokwanira kuti kupewe kubwerera m'mbuyo. Mu ntchito zotsekera mpweya, mphamvu imawonjezeka pamalo otulutsira mpweya chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa mpweya mumzere wotulutsira mpweya, zomwe zingayambitse mafunde otsekera kufalikira. Mu ndime II-2.2.2, tikulimbikitsa kuti mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka mzere wotulutsira mpweya wotsekedwa ikhale yokulirapo kawiri kuposa mphamvu yogwira ntchito yokhazikika. Zithunzi 5 ndi 6 zikuwonetsa kuyika kwa valavu yotetezera yotseguka ndi yotsekedwa, motsatana.
Kukhazikitsa ma valavu achitetezo kungakhale ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana monga momwe zafotokozedwera mu ndime II-2. Mphamvu izi zikuphatikizapo zotsatira za kutentha, kuyanjana kwa ma valavu ambiri opumulira omwe amatuluka nthawi imodzi, zotsatira za chivomerezi ndi/kapena kugwedezeka, ndi zotsatira za kupsinjika panthawi ya zochitika zochepetsera kupsinjika. Ngakhale kuti kupanikizika kwa kapangidwe mpaka potulukira kwa valavu yachitetezo kuyenera kufanana ndi kupsinjika kwa kapangidwe ka payipi yotsika, kupsinjika kwa kapangidwe kake mu dongosolo lotulutsira madzi kumadalira kapangidwe ka dongosolo lotulutsira madzi ndi makhalidwe a valavu yachitetezo. Ma equation aperekedwa mu ndime II-2.2 kuti adziwe kupanikizika ndi liwiro pa chigongono chotulutsira madzi, malo olowera a payipi yotulutsira madzi, ndi malo otulutsira madzi a payipi yotulutsira madzi a payipi yotseguka ndi yotsekedwa. Pogwiritsa ntchito izi, mphamvu zochitira zinthu pamalo osiyanasiyana mu dongosolo lotulutsira madzi zitha kuwerengedwa ndikuwerengedwa.
Chitsanzo cha vuto la pulogalamu yotsegulira madzi yaperekedwa mu ndime II-7. Pali njira zina zowerengera makhalidwe a kayendedwe ka madzi m'makina otulutsira madzi a relief valve, ndipo owerenga akuchenjezedwa kuti atsimikizire kuti njira yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi yosamalitsa mokwanira. Njira imodzi yotereyi yafotokozedwa ndi GS Liao mu “Power Plant Safety and Pressure Relief Valve Exhaust Group Analysis” yofalitsidwa ndi ASME mu Journal of Electrical Engineering, Okutobala 1975.
Valavu yothandiza iyenera kukhala pamtunda wocheperako wa chitoliro cholunjika kutali ndi mapini aliwonse. Mtunda wocheperako uwu umadalira ntchito ndi mawonekedwe a dongosolo monga momwe tafotokozera mu ndime II-5.2.1. Pa kukhazikitsa ndi mavavu angapo othandiza, mtunda woyenera wolumikizira nthambi ya vavu umadalira radii ya nthambi ndi mapaipi otumikira, monga momwe zasonyezedwera mu Chidziwitso (10)(c) cha Table D-1. Mogwirizana ndi ndime II-5.7.1, kungakhale kofunikira kulumikiza zothandizira mapaipi zomwe zili pamalo otulutsira mavavu othandiza ku mapaipi ogwirira ntchito m'malo mwa nyumba zoyandikana kuti muchepetse zotsatira za kufalikira kwa kutentha ndi kuyanjana kwa zivomerezi. Chidule cha izi ndi zina zomwe ziyenera kuganiziridwa popanga magulu a mavavu oteteza zitha kupezeka mu ndime II-5.
Mwachionekere, sizingatheke kufotokoza zofunikira zonse za kapangidwe ka ASME B31 mkati mwa nkhani iyi. Koma injiniya aliyense wosankhidwa yemwe amagwira ntchito yopanga makina opopera mphamvu ayenera kudziwa bwino malamulo opangidwawa. Tikukhulupirira kuti, ndi zomwe zili pamwambapa, owerenga adzapeza kuti ASME B31 ndi chinthu chamtengo wapatali komanso chosavuta kupeza.
Monte K. Engelkemier ndi mtsogoleri wa polojekiti ku Stanley Consultants. Engelkemier ndi membala wa Iowa Engineering Society, NSPE, ndi ASME, ndipo amagwira ntchito mu Komiti ya B31.1 Electrical Piping Code ndi Subcommittee. Ali ndi zaka zoposa 12 zokumana nazo pakupanga, kupanga, kuwunika momwe mapaipi amagwirira ntchito komanso kusanthula kupsinjika. Matt Wilkey ndi Mainjiniya wa Makina ku Stanley Consultants. Ali ndi zaka zoposa 6 zokumana nazo pakupanga mapaipi a makasitomala osiyanasiyana ofunikira, a boma, mabungwe ndi mafakitale ndipo ndi membala wa ASME ndi Iowa Engineering Society.
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