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Iterambere ryihuse rya nanotechnology no kuyishyira mu bikorwa bya buri munsi bishobora guteza akaga ku bidukikije. Nubwo uburyo bw’icyatsi kibisi bwo kwangiza imyanda y’ibinyabuzima buzwi neza, kugarura imyanda y’ibinyabutabire idafite umwimerere ni ikibazo gikomeye bitewe nuko idakunze kugaragara ku ihinduka ry’ibinyabuzima ndetse no kudasobanukirwa neza imikoranire y’ubuso bw’ibintu n’ibinyabutabire. Aha, dukoresha icyitegererezo cya 2D MXenes kidafite umwimerere gishingiye kuri Nb gihujwe n’uburyo bworoshye bwo gusesengura imiterere kugira ngo dukurikirane uburyo bwo kuvugurura imyanda y’ibinyabutabire bya 2D ceramic na microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Twasanze microalgae yangiza Nb-based MXenes bitewe n’imikoranire ifitanye isano na fiziki na shimi. Mbere na mbere, nanoflakes za MXene zo mu rwego rumwe n’izifite urwego rwinshi zashyizwe ku buso bw’ibinyabutabire, ibyo bikaba byaragabanyije gato ikura ry’ibinyabutabire. Ariko, iyo bimara igihe kinini bihuye n’ubuso, microalgae yashyiraga oxidation ya MXene nanoflakes hanyuma ikazihindura NbO na Nb2O5. Kubera ko izi okiside zitangiza uturemangingo twa microalgae, zikoresha nanoparticles za Nb oxide binyuze mu buryo bwo kwinjiza ibintu bukomeza gusubiza microalgae nyuma y'amasaha 72 yo gusukura amazi. Ingaruka z'intungamubiri zijyanye no kwinjiza ibintu zigaragarira no mu kwiyongera k'ingano y'uturemangingo, imiterere yatwo yoroshye n'impinduka mu muvuduko wo gukura. Dushingiye kuri ibi byavumbuwe, twanzuye ko kuba MXenes zishingiye kuri Nb mu gihe gito no mu gihe kirekire mu miyoboro y'amazi meza bishobora guteza ingaruka nke gusa ku bidukikije. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko, dukoresheje nanomaterials ebyiri nk'icyitegererezo, tugaragaza ko bishoboka gukurikirana ihinduka ry'imiterere ndetse no mu bikoresho bifite ibara rito. Muri rusange, ubu bushakashatsi busubiza ikibazo cy'ingenzi cy'ingenzi kijyanye n'imikorere ifitanye isano n'ubuso iyobora uburyo bwo kuvura indwara za nanomaterials za 2D kandi butanga ishingiro ry'ubundi bushakashatsi bw'igihe gito n'igihe kirekire ku ngaruka ku bidukikije za nanomaterials zidafite umwimerere.
Ibintu bito byakuruye abantu benshi kuva byavumburwa, kandi ikoranabuhanga ritandukanye rya nano riherutse kwinjira mu cyiciro cya 1 cyo kuvugurura. Ikibabaje ni uko gushyira hamwe ibikoresho bito bya nano mu bikorwa bya buri munsi bishobora gutuma birekurwa ku buryo butunguranye bitewe no gutabwa nabi, kubikoresha nabi, cyangwa ibikorwa remezo by’umutekano bidahagije. Kubwibyo, ni ibintu byumvikana gutekereza ko ibikoresho bito, harimo na nano bito bya 2D, bishobora kurekurwa mu bidukikije karemano, imyitwarire n'imikorere yabyo bitarasobanuka neza. Kubwibyo, ntibitangaje kuba impungenge z'uburozi bw'ibidukikije zibanze ku bushobozi bwa nano bito bya 2D bwo kwinjira mu buryo bwo mu mazi2,3,4,5,6. Muri izi nkomoko z'ibinyabuzima, bimwe mu bikoresho bito bya 2D bishobora gukorana n'ibinyabuzima bitandukanye ku rwego rutandukanye rw'ikirere, harimo n'udusimba duto.
Udukoko duto ni ibinyabuzima bya kera biboneka mu buryo busanzwe mu migezi no mu nyanja bitanga ibintu bitandukanye bya shimi binyuze muri fotosinthesi7. Bityo, ni ingenzi ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima byo mu mazi8,9,10,11,12 ariko kandi ni ibimenyetso by’uburozi bw’ibidukikije13,14. Kubera ko uturemangingo duto tw’udukoko twiyongera vuba kandi vuba iyo hari ibintu bitandukanye, bitanga icyizere cyo guteza imbere uburyo bwo kuvura amazi yanduye ibintu by’umwimerere15,16.
Uturemangingo tw’udukoko dushobora gukuramo iyoni zidakora mu mazi binyuze mu kuyungurura no gukusanya17,18. Amwe mu moko y’udukoko nka Chlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolica, Stigeoclonium tenue na Synechococcus sp. Byagaragaye ko dutwara ndetse tunatunga iyoni z’icyuma zirimo uburozi nka Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ na Mn2+19. Ubundi bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko iyoni za Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ cyangwa Pb2+ zigabanya ikura rya Scenedesmus binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo no kwangiza chloroplasts zatwo20,21.
Uburyo bw’icyatsi kibisi bwo kubora imyanda ihumanya ikirere no gukuraho iyoni z’ibyuma biremereye byakuruye ibitekerezo by’abahanga mu bya siyansi n’abahanga hirya no hino ku isi. Ibi biterwa ahanini n’uko iyi myanda itunganywa byoroshye mu cyiciro cy’amazi. Ariko, imyanda ihumanya ikirere irangwa no gushonga ku mazi make no kudahinduka mu buryo butandukanye, ibyo bigatera ingorane nyinshi mu kuvugurura, kandi nta ntambwe nini yatewe muri uru rwego22,23,24,25,26. Bityo, gushakisha ibisubizo birengera ibidukikije byo gusana nanomaterials biracyari agace kagoye kandi katarashakishwa. Bitewe n’ubwinshi bw’ibitagenda neza ku ngaruka za nanomaterials za 2D, nta buryo bworoshye bwo kumenya inzira zishobora kwangirika kwazo mu gihe cyo kugabanuka.
Muri ubu bushakashatsi, twakoresheje microalgae y'icyatsi nk'ikintu gifasha mu gutunganya ibintu bidafite umwimerere bya ceramic, hamwe no gukurikirana ibikorwa byo kwangirika kwa MXene nk'ikimenyetso cy'ibikoresho bidafite umwimerere bya ceramic. Ijambo "MXene" rigaragaza stoichiometry y'ibikoresho bya Mn+1XnTx, aho M ari icyuma cya mbere cy'impinduka, X ikaba ari karuboni na/cyangwa azote, Tx ni terminator y'ubuso (urugero, -OH, -F, -Cl), na n = 1, 2, 3 cyangwa 427.28. Kuva aho MXenes zavumbuwe na Naguib et al. Sensorics, therapy ya kanseri na membrane filtration 27,29,30. Byongeye kandi, MXenes zishobora gufatwa nk'icyitegererezo cya sisitemu ya 2D bitewe n'uko zihamye cyane mu mikorere ya colloidal hamwe n'imikoranire ishoboka ya biological31,32,33,34,35,36.
Bityo rero, uburyo bwakoreshejwe muri iyi nkuru n'ibitekerezo byacu by'ubushakashatsi bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 1. Dukurikije iyi nyigo, microalgae yangiza MXenes zishingiye kuri Nb zikaba ibintu bitari uburozi bitewe n'imikoranire ya fiziki n'imiti bifitanye isano n'ubuso, bigatuma algae yongera kugaruka. Kugira ngo hagenzurwe iyi nyigo, hatoranijwe abantu babiri bo mu muryango wa carbides z'icyuma zishingiye kuri niobium na/cyangwa nitrides (MXenes), ari bo Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX.
Uburyo bwo gukora ubushakashatsi n'ibitekerezo bishingiye ku bimenyetso byo kugarura MXene hakoreshejwe microalgae y'icyatsi kibisi Raphidocelis subcapitata. Nyamuneka menya ko iki ari ikimenyetso cy'ibitekerezo bishingiye ku bimenyetso. Imiterere y'ikiyaga itandukanye bitewe n'uburyo intungamubiri zikoreshwa n'imiterere (urugero, ukwezi kwa buri munsi n'imbogamizi mu ntungamubiri z'ingenzi zihari). Byakozwe na BioRender.com.
Kubwibyo, dukoresheje MXene nk'icyitegererezo, twafunguye amarembo yo kwiga ingaruka zitandukanye za biyolojiya zitaboneka hamwe n'izindi nanomaterial zisanzwe. By'umwihariko, twerekanye ko bishoboka ko ibintu bya nanomaterial bifite imiterere ibiri, nka MXenes zishingiye kuri niobium, hakoreshejwe microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Microalgae zishobora kwangiza Nb-MXenes zikaba oxydes zitari uburozi NbO na Nb2O5, nazo zitanga intungamubiri binyuze muri niobium uptake mechanism. Muri rusange, ubu bushakashatsi busubiza ikibazo cy'ingenzi ku bijyanye n'imikorere ijyanye n'imikoranire ya fizikikemike ku buso igenga uburyo bwo gutunganya ibintu bya nanomaterial bifite imiterere ibiri. Byongeye kandi, turimo gutegura uburyo bworoshye bushingiye ku miterere-parameter bwo gukurikirana impinduka zitoroshye mu miterere ya nanomaterial za 2D. Ibi bitera imbaraga ubushakashatsi bw'igihe gito n'igihe kirekire ku ngaruka zitandukanye ku bidukikije za nanomaterial zidafite umwimerere. Bityo, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwongera gusobanukirwa imikoranire iri hagati y'ubuso bw'ibintu n'ibintu bya biyoloji. Turimo kandi gutanga ishingiro ry’inyigo z’igihe gito n’igihe kirekire ku ngaruka zishobora kubaho ku rusobe rw’ibinyabuzima by’amazi meza, ubu bikaba bishobora kwemezwa byoroshye.
MXenes zihagarariye ubwoko bushimishije bw'ibikoresho bifite imiterere yihariye kandi ikurura imiterere y'umubiri n'iya chimique, bityo zikaba zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bwinshi. Iyi miterere ishingiye ahanini kuri stoichiometry yazo na chemistry yo hejuru. Kubwibyo, mu bushakashatsi bwacu, twasesenguye ubwoko bubiri bwa MXenes zishingiye kuri Nb-based hierarchical single-layer (SL), Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX, kubera ko ingaruka zitandukanye z'ibinyabuzima by'ibi bintu bya nanomaterials zashoboraga kugaragara. MXenes zikorwa mu bikoresho byazo byo gutangira binyuze mu gushushanya hejuru-hasi MAX-phase A-layers yoroshye cyane. MAX phase ni ceramic ternary igizwe n'uduce "dufatanye" twa carbides z'icyuma zihinduka hamwe n'uduce duto tw'ibintu bya "A" nka Al, Si, na Sn hamwe na MnAXn-1 stoichiometry. Imiterere y'igice cya mbere cya MAX yagaragaye hakoreshejwe mikorosikopu ya elegitoroniki (SEM) kandi yari ihuye n'ubushakashatsi bwabanje (Reba Amakuru Y'inyongera, SI, Ishusho S1). Nb-MXene nyinshi (ML) yabonetse nyuma yo gukuraho urwego rwa Al hamwe na 48% HF (aside hydrofluoric). Imiterere ya ML-Nb2CTx na ML-Nb4C3TX yasuzumwe hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki (SEM) (Ishusho S1c na S1d uko bikurikirana) kandi hagaragaye imiterere isanzwe ya MXene, isa na nanoflakes ebyiri zinyura mu duce turekure tumeze nk'uduce. Nb-MXene zombi zihuriyeho cyane n'imiterere ya MXene yakozwe mbere hakoreshejwe aside etching27,38. Nyuma yo kwemeza imiterere ya MXene, twayishyize hamwe dukoresheje tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) hagakurikiraho gukaraba no gukaraba, nyuma yaho tubona nanoflakes za 2D Nb-MXene zo mu rwego rumwe cyangwa urwego rwo hasi (SL).
Twakoresheje mikorosikopi ya elegitoroniki yo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru (HRTEM) na diffraction ya X-ray (XRD) kugira ngo tugerageze ubushobozi bwo gukata no gukurura ibintu. Ibisubizo bya HRTEM byatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) na Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2. Nanoflakes za Nb-MXene zashyizwe ku ruhande kugira ngo zigenzure imiterere y'urwego rwa atome no gupima intera hagati y'utubumbe. Amashusho ya HRTEM ya nanoflakes za MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX yagaragaje imiterere yazo y'urwego rwa atome (reba Ishusho ya 2a1, a2), nk'uko byatangajwe mbere na Naguib et al.27 na Jastrzębska et al.38. Ku tubumbe tubiri twegeranye twa Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx, twagennye intera hagati y'utubumbe ya 0.74 na 1.54 nm, uko bikurikirana (Ishusho ya 2b1, b2), ibyo bikaba bihuye n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bwacu bwa mbere38. Ibi byashimangiwe kandi n'impinduka ya Fourier yihuta (Ishusho ya 2c1, c2) n'impinduka ya Fourier yihuta (Ishusho ya 2d1, d2) igaragaza intera iri hagati ya monolayers za Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx. Ishusho igaragaza ihindagurika ry'imirongo y'urumuri n'umwijima ijyanye na atome za niobium na karuboni, ibi bikaba byemeza imiterere y'ibice bya MXenes byizwe. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko spectroscopy ya X-ray dispersive (EDX) yabonetse kuri Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx (Ishusho ya S2a na S2b) nta gisigaye cya MAX cya mbere cyagaragaye, kuko nta peak ya Al yabonetse.
Ishusho ya SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene nanoflakes, harimo (a) ifoto ya electron mikroskopi (HRTEM) ya side-view 2D nanoflake hamwe n'ibijyanye nayo, (b) uburyo bw'ubukana, (c) inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), (d) fast Fourier transform (FFT), (e) Nb-MXenes X-ray patterns. Kuri SL 2D Nb2CTx, imibare igaragazwa nka (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1). Kuri SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, imibare igaragazwa nka (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
Ibipimo bya X-ray diffraction bya SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXenes bigaragazwa ku mashusho ya 2e1 na e2, uko bikurikirana. Imisozo (002) kuri 4.31 na 4.32 ihuye na MXenes Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX38,39,40,41 byavuzwe mbere uko bikurikirana. Ibisubizo bya XRD bigaragaza kandi ko hari imiterere imwe n'imwe ya ML isigaye hamwe n'ibyiciro bya MAX, ariko cyane cyane imiterere ya XRD ifitanye isano na SL Nb4C3Tx (Ishusho ya 2e2). Kuba hari uduce duto twa MAX phase bishobora gusobanura uburebure bukomeye bwa MAX ugereranije n'ibyiciro bya Nb4C3Tx byashyizwe mu buryo butaziguye.
Ubushakashatsi bwibanze ku mikorobe y’icyatsi iri mu bwoko bwa R. subcapitata. Twahisemo mikorobe kuko ari bo bakora cyane mu gukora ibiribwa bikomeye42. Ni kimwe mu bimenyetso byiza by’uburozi bitewe n’ubushobozi bwo gukuraho ibintu by’uburozi bijyanwa ku rwego rwo hejuru rw’uruhererekane rw’ibiribwa43. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi kuri R. subcapitata bushobora kugaragaza uburozi buterwa n’uturemangingo dusanzwe two mu mazi meza SL Nb-MXenes. Kugira ngo tubigaragaze, abashakashatsi batekereje ko buri mikorobe ifite ubushobozi butandukanye bwo kumva ibintu by’uburozi biri mu bidukikije. Ku binyabuzima byinshi, ubunini buke bw’ibintu ntibugira ingaruka ku mikurire yabyo, mu gihe ubunini burenze urugero runaka bushobora kubibuza cyangwa bugatera urupfu. Kubwibyo, mu bushakashatsi bwacu ku mikoranire iri hagati y’imikorobe na MXenes no gukira bijyana nabyo, twahisemo kugerageza ubunini bw’imikorobe ya Nb-MXenes butagira ingaruka mbi kandi butari bubi. Kugira ngo tubigereho, twapimye igipimo cya 0 (nk'urugero), 0.01, 0.1 na 10 mg l-1 MXene ndetse tunapima n'udukoko twanduye dufite igipimo kinini cyane cya MXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), gishobora kwica cyane. . ku bidukikije byose.
Ingaruka za SL Nb-MXenes ku tunyangingo duto zigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 3, zigaragazwa nk'ijanisha ryo kuzamura ikura (+) cyangwa gukumira (-) bipimwe ku ngero za 0 mg l-1. Mu kugereranya, icyiciro cya Nb-MAX na ML Nb-MXenes nabyo byarageragejwe kandi ibisubizo bigaragazwa muri SI (reba Ishusho ya S3). Ibisubizo byabonetse byemeza ko SL Nb-MXenes hafi ya yose nta burozi ifite mu rugero rwo hasi kuva kuri 0.01 kugeza 10 mg/l, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 3a,b. Ku bijyanye na Nb2CTx, twabonye uburozi butarenze 5% mu rugero rwagenwe.
Gukangura (+) cyangwa kubuza (-) gukura kwa microalgae mu gihe hari SL (a) Nb2CTx na (b) Nb4C3TX MXene. Amasaha 24, 48 na 72 yo gukorana kwa MXene na microalgae yarasesenguwe. Amakuru y'ingenzi (ikizamini cya t, p < 0.05) yashyizweho ikimenyetso cy'inyenyeri (*). Amakuru y'ingenzi (ikizamini cya t, p < 0.05) yashyizweho ikimenyetso cy'inyenyeri (*). Значимые كاننىе (t-критерий, p <0,05) отмечены звезооой (*). Amakuru y'ingenzi (ikizamini cya t, p < 0.05) arangwa n'akanyenyeri (*).重要数据（ t 检验， p <0.05 ）用星号 (*) 标记。重要数据（ t 检验， p <0.05 ）用星号 (*) 标记。 Важные конные (t-ikizamini, p <0,05) отмечены звезооойой (*). Amakuru y'ingenzi (ikizamini cya t, p < 0.05) arangwa n'akanyenyeri (*).Utwambi dutukura tugaragaza ko guhagarika ibikorwa byo gukumira.
Ku rundi ruhande, igipimo gito cya Nb4C3TX cyagaragaye ko gifite uburozi bwinshi, ariko ntikirenza 7%. Nk’uko byari byitezwe, twabonye ko MXenes yari ifite uburozi bwinshi kandi ikabuza gukura kwa mikorobe kuri 100mg L-1. Igishimishije ni uko nta na kimwe muri ibyo bikoresho cyagaragaje icyerekezo kimwe n’igihe cy’ingaruka z’uburozi/uburozi ugereranije n’ingero za MAX cyangwa ML (reba SI ku bisobanuro birambuye). Mu gihe ku cyiciro cya MAX (reba Ishusho ya S3) uburozi bwageze kuri 15-25% kandi bwiyongera uko igihe kigenda gihita, icyerekezo gitandukanye cyagaragaye kuri SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXene. Kubuza gukura kwa mikorobe byagabanutse uko igihe kigenda gihita. Byageze kuri 17% nyuma y’amasaha 24 bigabanuka bigera munsi ya 5% nyuma y’amasaha 72 (Ishusho ya 3a, b, uko bikurikirana).
Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, kuri SL Nb4C3TX, kugabanya gukura kwa microalgae byageze kuri 27% nyuma y'amasaha 24, ariko nyuma y'amasaha 72 byagabanutse bigera kuri 1%. Kubwibyo, twavuze ingaruka zabonetse nk'izigabanya gukangura, kandi ingaruka zari zikomeye kuri SL Nb4C3TX MXene. Gukangura gukura kwa microalgae byagaragaye mbere kuri Nb4C3TX (imikoranire kuri 10 mg L-1 mu masaha 24) ugereranije na SL Nb2CTx MXene. Ingaruka zo guhindura uburyo bwo kugabanya gukangura na zo zagaragaye neza mu gipimo cyo gukuba kabiri kwa biomass (reba Ishusho ya S4 ku bisobanuro birambuye). Kugeza ubu, uburozi bwa Ti3C2TX MXene ni bwo bwonyine bwizweho mu buryo butandukanye. Ntabwo ari uburozi ku ntanga z'amafi ya zebrafish44 ahubwo ni uburozi buciriritse ku bimera bya microalgae Desmodesmus quadricauda na Sorghum saccharatum45. Izindi ngero z'ingaruka zihariye zirimo uburozi bwinshi ku miterere y'uturemangingo twa kanseri kuruta imiterere isanzwe y'uturemangingo46,47. Byashoboka ko imiterere y’ibizamini yagira ingaruka ku mpinduka mu mikurire y’utunyangingo duto twagaragaye mu gihe hari Nb-MXenes. Urugero, pH ya hafi 8 muri stroma ya chloroplast ni nziza cyane kugira ngo enzyme ya RuBisCO ikore neza. Kubwibyo, impinduka za pH zigira ingaruka mbi ku muvuduko wa fotositesi48,49. Ariko, ntabwo twabonye impinduka zikomeye muri pH mu gihe cy’igerageza (reba SI, Ishusho ya S5 ku bisobanuro birambuye). Muri rusange, imiterere ya microalgae hamwe na Nb-MXenes yagabanyije gato pH y’umuti uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Ariko, iri gabanuka ryari rimeze nk’impinduka muri pH y’ikintu cyuzuye. Byongeye kandi, urwego rw’impinduka zabonetse rwari rusa n’urwapimwe ku mikurire ya microalgae (icyitegererezo cyo kugenzura). Bityo, twanzuye ko fotositesi idahinduka n’impinduka muri pH uko igihe cyagiye gihita.
Byongeye kandi, MXenes zakozwe zifite impera z'ubuso (zizwi nka Tx). Izi ni amatsinda y'imikorere -O, -F na -OH. Ariko, shimi yo ku buso ifitanye isano itaziguye n'uburyo bwo gukora synthesis. Aya matsinda azwiho gukwirakwira ku buryo butunguranye hejuru y'ubuso, bigatuma bigorana kumenya ingaruka zabyo ku miterere ya MXene50. Bishobora kuvugwa ko Tx ishobora kuba imbaraga zituma niobium ikora hifashishijwe urumuri. Amatsinda y'imikorere yo ku buso atanga ahantu henshi ho guhagarara kuri fotokatalisiti zabo zo munsi kugira ngo habeho heterojunctions51. Ariko, imiterere y'uburyo bwo gukura ntiyatanze fotokatalisiti nziza (imiterere y'uburyo burambuye iboneka muri SI Table S6). Byongeye kandi, guhindura ubuso uko ari ko kose nabyo ni ingenzi cyane, kuko imikorere ya MXenes ishobora guhinduka bitewe no gutunganya urwego rw'ibice, oxidation, guhindura ubuso bwa shimi bw'ibinyabutabire n'ibitari organic52,53,54,55,56 cyangwa ikoranabuhanga ryo gushyushya amashanyarazi38. Kubwibyo, kugira ngo tugerageze niba niobium oxide ifite aho ihuriye no kudahindagurika kw'ibintu mu buryo bw'umwuka, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwa zeta (ζ) mu buryo bw'ikura ry'uturemangingo duto n'amazi yakuwemo iyoni (kugira ngo tugereranye). Ibisubizo byacu bigaragaza ko SL Nb-MXenes zihamye neza (reba Ishusho ya SI S6 ku bisubizo bya MAX na ML). ubushobozi bwa zeta bwa SL MXenes ni hafi -10 mV. Ku bijyanye na SR Nb2CTx, agaciro ka ζ ni gato hasi ugereranyije n'aka Nb4C3Tx. Impinduka nk'izo mu gaciro ka ζ zishobora kwerekana ko ubuso bwa nanoflakes za MXene zifite ingufu nke bukura iyoni zifite ingufu nziza ziva mu buryo bw'isuku. Ibipimo by'igihe gito by'ubushobozi bwa zeta n'uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu bwa Nb-MXenes mu buryo bw'isuku (reba Ishusho ya S7 na S8 muri SI kugira ngo umenye byinshi) bisa nkaho bishyigikira igitekerezo cyacu.
Ariko, SL zombi za Nb-MXene zagaragaje impinduka ntoya ugereranyije na zeru. Ibi bigaragaza neza ko zihamye mu miterere y’ibinyabuzima bito. Byongeye kandi, twasuzumye niba kuba hari ibinyabuzima bito bito byagira ingaruka ku miterere ya Nb-MXenes mu miterere. Ibisubizo by’ubushobozi bwa zeta n’uburyo MXenes zitwara amazi nyuma yo gukorana na ibinyabuzima bito mu miterere y’intungamubiri n’imirire uko igihe cyagiye gihita biboneka muri SI (Ishusho S9 na S10). Igishimishije ni uko twabonye ko kuba hari ibinyabuzima bito byasaga nkaho byagize uruhare mu gutuma MXenes zombi zikwirakwira. Ku bijyanye na Nb2CTx SL, ubushobozi bwa zeta bwagabanutseho gato uko igihe cyagiye gihita bugera ku gaciro katari hasi (-15.8 ugereranyije na -19.1 mV nyuma y’amasaha 72 yo gucukura). Ubushobozi bwa zeta bwa SL Nb4C3TX bwiyongereyeho gato, ariko nyuma y’amasaha 72 bwagaragaje ko buhagaze neza kurusha nanoflakes nta miterere y’ibinyabuzima bito (-18.1 ugereranyije na -9.1 mV).
Twasanze kandi ubushobozi bwo gutwara ibintu bwa Nb-MXene buri hasi mu gihe hari microalgae, bigaragaza ko hari ioni nke mu buryo bw'intungamubiri. Ikigaragara ni uko kudahindagurika kwa MXenes mu mazi biterwa ahanini no gushonga ku butaka57. Kubwibyo, dukeka ko microalgae y'icyatsi kibisi yakuyeho ogiside yakorewe ku buso bwa Nb-MXene ndetse ikabuza ko ibaho (ogiside ya MXene). Ibi bishobora kugaragara mu kwiga ubwoko bw'ibintu byinjizwa na microalgae.
Nubwo ubushakashatsi bwacu ku bijyanye n’uburozi bw’ibidukikije bwagaragaje ko uturemangingo duto twashoboye gutsinda uburozi bwa Nb-MXenes uko igihe kigenda gihita ndetse no kubuza gukura gukomeye kudasanzwe, intego y’ubushakashatsi bwacu kwari ugusuzuma uburyo bushoboka bwo gukora. Iyo ibinyabuzima nka algae bihuye n’ibintu bitamenyerewe mu miterere yabyo, bishobora kugira ingaruka mu buryo butandukanye58,59. Mu gihe nta okiside z’icyuma zirimo uburozi, uturemangingo duto dushobora kwigaburira, bigatuma bikura buri gihe60. Nyuma yo kunywa ibintu bihumanya, uburyo bwo kwirwanaho bushobora gukoreshwa, nko guhindura imiterere cyangwa imiterere. Birashoboka ko umuntu ashobora kwinjiza ibintu bigomba no kwitabwaho58,59. Ikigaragara ni uko ikimenyetso icyo ari cyo cyose cy’uburyo bwo kwirwanaho ari ikimenyetso cyerekana uburozi bw’ikintu cyo gupima. Kubwibyo, mu kazi kacu gakurikira, twasuzumye uburyo ubuso bushobora kuba buri hagati ya nanoflakes za SL Nb-MXene na microalgae na SEM ndetse n’uburyo bushoboka bwo kwinjiza MXene ishingiye kuri Nb hakoreshejwe X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Menya ko isesengura rya SEM na XRF byakozwe gusa ku rugero rwo hejuru rwa MXene kugira ngo hakemurwe ibibazo by’uburozi bw’ibikorwa.
Ibisubizo bya SEM bigaragazwa ku Ishusho ya 4. Uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tutavuwe (reba Ishusho ya 4a, icyitegererezo cy’icyitegererezo) twerekanye neza imiterere isanzwe ya R. subcapitata n’imiterere y’uturemangingo isa na croissant. Uturemangingo twerekana ko dusa n’aho duto kandi tudahuje gahunda. Uturemangingo tumwe na tumwe tw’uturemangingo ...
Amashusho ya SEM agaragaza imikoranire yo hejuru hagati y’uturemangingo tw’icyatsi kibisi n’uturemangingo twa MXene nyuma y’amasaha 72 yo gukorana ku rugero rukabije (100 mg L-1). (a) Uturemangingo tw’icyatsi kibisi tutavuwe nyuma yo gukorana na SL (b) Nb2CTx na (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes. Menya ko uturemangingo twa Nb-MXene twashyizweho ikimenyetso cy’utwambi dutukura. Kugira ngo ugereranye, hongeweho amafoto ya mikorosikopi y’urumuri.
Mu buryo bunyuranye, uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo twakuwemo na SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes twarangiritse (reba Ishusho ya 4b, c, utwambi dutukura). Ku bijyanye na Nb2CTx MXene (Ishusho ya 4b), uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo dukunda gukura hamwe na nanoscales z’ibice bibiri, bishobora guhindura imiterere yatwo. Icy'ingenzi ni uko twabonye izi mpinduka dukoresheje microscopy y’urumuri (reba Ishusho ya SI S11 kugira ngo umenye ibisobanuro birambuye). Uku guhinduka kw’imiterere y’uturemangingo gufite ishingiro rifatika mu mikorere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo n’ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kwirwanaho binyuze mu guhindura imiterere y’uturemangingo, nko kongera ingano y’uturemangingo61. Kubwibyo, ni ngombwa kugenzura umubare w’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo mu by’ukuri duhuye na Nb-MXenes. Ubushakashatsi bwa SEM bwagaragaje ko hafi 52% by’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo twahuye na Nb-MXenes, mu gihe 48% by’utu turemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo twirindaga gukorana natwo. Kuri SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, microalgae igerageza kwirinda guhura na MXene, bityo ikava mu turemangingo duto tw’ibice bibiri kandi ikura (Ishusho ya 4c). Ariko, ntabwo twabonye uburyo nanoscales zinjira mu turemangingo duto tw’ibice n’ibyangiritse byatwo.
Kwirinda ni uburyo bwo gusubiza ibintu mu buryo bujyanye n'igihe bitewe n'ifungwa rya fotositemu bitewe no kwinjira kw'uduce duto ku buso bw'ingirabuzimafatizo ndetse n'icyo bita shading (shading effect)62. Biragaragara ko buri kintu (urugero, Nb-MXene nanoflakes) kiri hagati y'uturemangingo duto n'isoko y'urumuri bigabanya ingano y'urumuri rwinjizwa na chloroplasts. Ariko, nta gushidikanya ko ibi bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku musaruro wabonetse. Nk'uko byagaragajwe n'ibyo twabonye muri mikroskopi, nanoflakes za 2D ntizapfunyitse cyangwa ngo zifatanye neza n'ubuso bw'uturemangingo duto, ndetse n'igihe uturemangingo duto twahuraga na Nb-MXenes. Ahubwo, nanoflakes zagaragaye ko zerekeza ku turemangingo duto twa mikroskopi tudapfutse ubuso bwazo. Utwo duce duto twa nanoflakes/microalgae ntidushobora kugabanya cyane ingano y'urumuri rwinjizwa na microalgae. Byongeye kandi, hari ubushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko hari iterambere mu kwinjiza urumuri n’ibinyabuzima bikoresha fotosite mu gihe hari ibikoresho bya nanomaterial bifite imiterere ibiri63,64,65,66.
Kubera ko amashusho ya SEM atashoboye kwemeza neza uburyo niobium yinjizwa n’uturemangingo twa microalgae, ubushakashatsi bwacu bwakomeje bwerekeje ku isesengura rya X-ray fluorescence (XRF) na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) kugira ngo dusobanure neza iki kibazo. Kubwibyo, twagereranije ubukana bw’ingero za Nb z’uturemangingo twa microalgae zitagize aho zihuriye na MXenes, MXene nanoflakes zakuwe ku buso bw’uturemangingo twa microalgae, n’uturemangingo twa microalgal nyuma yo gukuraho MXenes. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko niba nta Nb ifashwe, agaciro ka Nb kabonetse n’uturemangingo twa microalgae kagomba kuba zeru nyuma yo gukuraho nanoscales. Kubwibyo, niba Nb ifashwe, ibisubizo bya XRF na XPS bigomba kugaragaza Nb ifatwa neza.
Ku bijyanye na XRF spectra, ingero za microalgae zagaragaje imisozi miremire ya Nb kuri SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene nyuma yo gukorana na SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene (reba Ishusho ya 5a, kandi menya ko ibisubizo bya MAX na ML MXenes bigaragara muri SI, Ishusho ya S12–C17). Igishimishije ni uko ubukana bw'umutwe wa Nb ari bumwe muri ibyo bihe byombi (imirongo itukura iri ku Ishusho ya 5a). Ibi byagaragaje ko algae idashobora kwinjiza Nb nyinshi, kandi ubushobozi ntarengwa bwo kwegeranya Nb bwagezweho mu turemangingo, nubwo inshuro ebyiri Nb4C3Tx MXene yari ifatanye n'uturemangingo tw'imyuka migufi (imirongo y'ubururu iri ku Ishusho ya 5a). Ikigaragara ni uko ubushobozi bwa microalgae bwo kwinjiza ibyuma biterwa n'ubwinshi bwa okiside z'icyuma mu bidukikije67,68. Shamshada n'abandi67 basanze ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza algae zo mu mazi meza bugabanuka uko pH yiyongera. Raize n'abandi 68 bavuze ko ubushobozi bw'ibimera byo mu nyanja bwo kwinjiza ibyuma bwari hejuru ya 25% kuri Pb2+ kurusha Ni2+.
(a) Ibisubizo bya XRF by’uko basal Nb ifata uturemangingo tw’icyatsi kibisi twashyizwe mu kaga gakomeye ka SL Nb-MXenes (100 mg L-1) mu gihe cy’amasaha 72. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko hari α mu turemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo (icyitegererezo cy’igenzura, inkingi z’umukara), nanoflakes za 2D zakuwe mu turemangingo tw’utu ...
Kubwibyo, twiteze ko Nb ishobora kwinjizwa n'uturemangingo tw'ibimera mu buryo bwa okiside. Kugira ngo tubigerageze, twakoze inyigo za XPS ku turemangingo twa MXenes Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX n'utwo mu bwoko bwa algae. Ibisubizo by'imikoranire ya microalgae na Nb-MXenes na MXenes byakuwe mu turemangingo tw'ibimera bigaragara ku ishusho ya 5b. Nkuko byari byitezwe, twabonye imisozi ya Nb 3d mu bipimo bya microalgae nyuma yo gukuraho MXene ku buso bwa microalgae. Igenwa ry'ingano ya C=O, CHx/CO, na okiside za Nb ryabazwe hashingiwe kuri spectra ya Nb 3d, O 1s, na C 1s yabonetse hamwe na Nb2CTx SL (Ishusho ya 5c–e) na Nb4C3Tx SL (Ishusho ya 5c–e). ) yabonetse muri microalgae yashyizwemo. Ishusho ya 5f–h) MXenes. Imbonerahamwe S1-3 igaragaza ibisobanuro birambuye ku bipimo by'umuvuduko n'ubutabire rusange buturuka ku guhuza. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko uturere twa Nb 3d twa Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3Tx SL (Ishusho ya 5c, f) duhuye n'igice kimwe cya Nb2O5. Aha, nta mpande zifitanye isano na MXene twabonye muri spectra, bigaragaza ko uturemangingo twa microalgae twinjiza gusa imiterere ya okiside ya Nb. Byongeye kandi, twageranyije spectra ya C 1 s hamwe n'ibice bya C–C, CHx/C–O, C=O, na –COOH. Twashyize impuzandengo za CHx/C–O na C=O ku ruhare rwa organic rwa uturemangingo twa microalgae. Ibi bice bya organic bigira 36% na 41% by'impuzandengo za C 1 muri Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3TX SL, uko bikurikirana. Hanyuma twashyize spectra ya O 1s ya SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3TX hamwe na Nb2O5, ibice bya organic bya microalgae (CHx/CO), n'amazi yometse ku buso.
Amaherezo, ibisubizo bya XPS byagaragaje neza imiterere ya Nb, atari ukuboneka kwayo gusa. Dukurikije aho ikimenyetso cya Nb 3d giherereye n'ibyavuye mu gukuraho umwuka, twemeza ko Nb yinjizwa gusa mu buryo bwa okiside atari iyoni cyangwa MXene ubwayo. Byongeye kandi, ibyavuye muri XPS byagaragaje ko uturemangingo twa microalgae dufite ubushobozi bwo gufata okiside za Nb muri SL Nb2CTx ugereranije na SL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Nubwo ibisubizo byacu byo gufata Nb bitangaje kandi bidufasha kumenya iyangirika rya MXene, nta buryo buhari bwo gukurikirana impinduka zijyanye na morphology mu turemangingo twa 2D. Kubwibyo, twahisemo kandi gushyiraho uburyo bukwiye bushobora gusubiza mu buryo butaziguye impinduka iyo ari yo yose ibaho mu turemangingo twa 2D Nb-MXene na microalgae. Ni ngombwa kumenya ko dutekereza ko niba ubwoko bukorana buhura n'impinduka, ihinduka cyangwa ihinduka, ibi bigomba kwigaragaza vuba nk'impinduka mu bipimo by'imiterere, nk'umurambararo w'agace gahwanye n'uruziga, uburebure bw'uruziga, ubugari bwa Feret, cyangwa uburebure bwa Feret. Kubera ko ibi bipimo bikwiriye gusobanura utunyangingo turerure cyangwa nanoflakes zifite imiterere ibiri, gukurikirana kwabyo hakoreshejwe isesengura ry'imiterere y'utunyangingo bizaduha amakuru y'agaciro ku mpinduka za morphology za nanoflakes za SL Nb-MXene mu gihe cyo kugabanuka.
Ibisubizo byabonetse bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 6. Mu kugereranya, twanagerageje igice cya MAX cya mbere na ML-MXenes (reba Ishusho ya SI S18 na S19). Isesengura ry’imiterere y’uduce tw’ibumba ryagaragaje ko ibipimo byose by’imiterere ya Nb-MXene SL ebyiri byahindutse cyane nyuma yo gukorana na microalgae. Nk’uko bigaragazwa n’ibipimo by’umurambararo w’ubuso bw’uruziga (Ishusho ya 6a, b), kugabanuka k’ubukana bw’agace k’uduce tw’ibumba tunini bigaragaza ko dukunda kubora tukavamo uduce duto. Ku ishusho ya 6c, d yerekana kugabanuka k’uduce tw’ibamba rijyanye n’ingano y’uduce tw’ibamba (uburebure bwa nanoflakes), bigaragaza ihinduka rya 2D nanoflakes mu ishusho isa n’uduce tw’ibamba. Ishusho ya 6e-h yerekana ubugari n’uburebure bwa Feret, uko bikurikirana. Ubugari n’uburebure bya Feret ni ibipimo byuzuzanya bityo bigomba gusuzumwa hamwe. Nyuma yo gukurura 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes mu gihe hari microalgae, uburebure bwazo bwa Feret bwarahindutse kandi ubukana bwazo buragabanuka. Dushingiye kuri ibi bisubizo hamwe n’imiterere, XRF na XPS, twasanze impinduka zagaragaye zifitanye isano rikomeye na okiside kuko MXenes za okiside zirushaho gushwanyagurika no gusenyukamo ibice n’uduce duto twa okiside 69,70.
Isesengura ry’impinduka za MXene nyuma yo gukorana n’udusimba tw’icyatsi kibisi. Isesengura ry’imiterere y’udusimba rihinduka rireba ibipimo nka (a, b) umurambararo w’agace gahwanye n’uruziga, (c, d) uruziga, (e, f) ubugari bwa Feret na (g, h) uburebure bwa Feret. Muri urwo rwego, ingero ebyiri z’udusimba tw’ibanze zasesenguwe hamwe na SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, udusimba tw’ibanze twangiritse, hamwe n’udusimba tw’ibanze twavuwe SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes. Utwambi dutukura tugaragaza ihindagurika ry’ibipimo by’imiterere y’udusimba tw’ibice bibiri byigwa.
Kubera ko isesengura ry’imiterere y’ishusho ryizewe cyane, rishobora no kugaragaza impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo. Kubwibyo, twasesenguye umurambararo w’ubuso bw’uruziga, uburebure bw’uruziga, n’ubugari bwa Feret/uburebure bw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo nyuma yo gukorana na nanoflakes za 2D Nb. Ku ishusho ya 6a–h herekana impinduka mu miterere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo, nk’uko bigaragazwa no kugabanuka k’ubukana bw’inyongera n’impinduka ya maxima igana ku gaciro ko hejuru. By’umwihariko, ibipimo by’ubwizigame bw’uturemangingo byagaragaje kugabanuka k’uturemangingo turekure n’ubwiyongere bw’uturemangingo tw’uruziga (Ishusho ya 6a, b). Byongeye kandi, ubugari bw’uturemangingo twa Feret bwiyongereyeho mikorometero nyinshi nyuma yo gukorana na SL Nb2CTx MXene (Ishusho ya 6e) ugereranije na SL Nb4C3TX MXene (Ishusho ya 6f). Dukeka ko ibi bishobora guterwa no gufata cyane okiside za Nb na microalgae iyo ihuye na Nb2CTx SR. Gufatana guke kw’uturemangingo twa Nb ku buso bwatwo bishobora gutuma uturemangingo dukura neza kandi igicucu kikaba gito.
Ibyo twabonye ku mpinduka mu miterere n'ingano y'uturemangingo tw'ibinyabuzima bihuza n'ubundi bushakashatsi. Uturemangingo tw'icyatsi kibisi dushobora guhindura imiterere yatwo mu rwego rwo guhangana n'ibibazo by'ibidukikije binyuze mu guhindura ingano y'uturemangingo, imiterere cyangwa imikorere y'uturemangingo61. Urugero, guhindura ingano y'uturemangingo byoroshya uburyo intungamubiri zinjira71. Uturemangingo duto tw'uturemangingo tugaragaza ko intungamubiri zigera ku rugero ruto kandi bigatuma umuvuduko wo gukura ugabanuka. Ku rundi ruhande, uturemangingo tunini dukunda kurya intungamubiri nyinshi, hanyuma zigashyirwa mu turemangingo72,73. Machado na Soares basanze umuti wa fungicide witwa triclosan ushobora kongera ingano y'uturemangingo. Babonye kandi impinduka zikomeye mu miterere y'uturemangingo74. Byongeye kandi, Yin et al.9 nabo bagaragaje impinduka mu miterere y'uturemangingo nyuma yo guhura n'uturemangingo twa graphene oxide twagabanutse. Kubwibyo, biragaragara ko impinduka mu bunini/imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'ibinyabuzima ziterwa no kuba hari MXene. Kubera ko iri hinduka mu bunini n'imiterere bigaragaza impinduka mu mikoreshereze y'intungamubiri, twizera ko isesengura ry'ingano n'imiterere uko igihe kigenda gihita rishobora kwerekana ko niobium oxide yinjizwa na microalgae mu gihe hari Nb-MXenes.
Byongeye kandi, MXenes zishobora gukurwamo ogisijeni mu gihe hari algae. Dalai n'abandi 75 babonye ko imiterere y'algae y'icyatsi kibisi igaragara kuri nano-TiO2 na Al2O376 itari imwe. Nubwo ibyo twabonye bisa n'ubu bushakashatsi, ni ngombwa gusa ku inyigo y'ingaruka zo kuvugurura ubuzima mu bijyanye n'ibicuruzwa bya MXene byononekara mu gihe hari nanoflakes za 2D atari nanoparticles. Kubera ko MXenes zishobora kwangirika zikaba okiside z'icyuma, 31,32,77,78 ni byiza gutekereza ko nanoflakes zacu za Nb zishobora no gukora okiside za Nb nyuma yo gukorana n'uturemangingo twa microalgae.
Kugira ngo dusobanure uburyo nanoflakes za 2D-Nb zigabanuka binyuze mu buryo bwo kubora bushingiye ku nzira yo kubora, twakoze ubushakashatsi dukoresheje mikoroskopi ya elegitoroniki yo kohereza ibintu mu buryo bwo hejuru (HRTEM) (Ishusho ya 7a, b) na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Ishusho ya 7). 7c-i n'imbonerahamwe S4-5). Uburyo bwombi bukwiriye kwiga oxidation y'ibikoresho bya 2D kandi bwuzuzanya. HRTEM irashobora gusesengura kwangirika kw'imiterere y'ibice bibiri n'isura ya nanoparticles za oxide y'icyuma, mu gihe XPS ishobora kwiyumvamo imigozi yo hejuru. Muri iyi ntego, twagerageje nanoflakes za 2D Nb-MXene zakuwe mu turemangingo twa microalgae, ni ukuvuga imiterere yazo nyuma yo gukorana n'uturemangingo twa microalgae (reba Ishusho ya 7).
Amashusho ya HRTEM agaragaza imiterere ya oxidized (a) SL Nb2CTx na (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, ibisubizo by'isesengura rya XPS bigaragaza (c) imiterere y'ibikomoka kuri oxid nyuma yo kugabanuka, (d–f) guhuza ibice bya XPS spectra ya SL Nb2CTx na (g–i) Nb4C3Tx SL byasanwe hakoreshejwe microalgae y'icyatsi kibisi.
Ubushakashatsi bwa HRTEM bwemeje ko ubwoko bubiri bwa nanoflakes za Nb-MXene bwagize ogisijeni. Nubwo nanoflakes zagumanye imiterere yazo y’ibice bibiri ku rugero runaka, ogisijeni yatumye hagaragara uduce twinshi twa nano dutwikiriye ubuso bwa nanoflakes za MXene (reba Ishusho ya 7a, b). Isesengura rya XPS ry’ibimenyetso bya c Nb 3d na O 1s ryagaragaje ko ogiside za Nb zakozwe muri ibyo byiciro byombi. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 7c, 2D MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX bifite ibimenyetso bya Nb 3d bigaragaza ko hari ogiside za NbO na Nb2O5, mu gihe ibimenyetso bya O 1s bigaragaza umubare w’imigozi ya O–Nb ijyanye n’imikorere y’ubuso bwa nanoflake bwa 2D. Twabonye ko umusanzu wa ogiside ya Nb ari wo ukomeye ugereranije na Nb-C na Nb3+-O.
Ku ishusho ya 7g–i yerekana spectra ya XPS ya Nb 3d, C 1s, na O 1s SL Nb2CTx (reba Ishusho ya 7d–f) na SL Nb4C3TX MXene yakuwe mu turemangingo twa microalgae. Ibisobanuro birambuye ku bipimo by’ingenzi bya Nb-MXenes bitangwa mu mbonerahamwe ya S4–5, uko bikurikirana. Twabanje gusesengura imiterere ya Nb 3d. Bitandukanye na Nb yinjizwa n’uturemangingo twa microalgae, muri MXene yakuwe mu turemangingo twa microalgae, uretse Nb2O5, habonetse ibindi bice. Muri Nb2CTx SL, twabonye uruhare rwa Nb3+-O ku kigero cya 15%, mu gihe ibindi bice bya Nb 3d byiganjemo Nb2O5 (85%). Byongeye kandi, icyitegererezo cya SL Nb4C3TX kirimo ibice bya Nb-C (9%) na Nb2O5 (91%). Aha Nb-C ikomoka ku bice bibiri by'imbere bya atome bya karubide y'icyuma muri Nb4C3Tx SR. Hanyuma dushyira ku murongo spectra ya C 1s ku bice bine bitandukanye, nk'uko twabikoze mu ngero zashyizwe imbere. Nkuko byari byitezwe, spectra ya C 1s yiganjemo karuboni ya grafiti, ikurikirwa n'inyunganiramiterere y'uturemangingo tw'ibinyabuzima (CHx/CO na C=O) biva mu turemangingo tw'uturemangingo. Byongeye kandi, muri spectra ya O 1s, twabonye uruhare rw'imiterere y'uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo tw'uturemangingo, okiside ya niobium, n'amazi anyuzwe.
Byongeye kandi, twakoze ubushakashatsi ku birebana no kuba Nb-MXenes cleavage ifitanye isano no kuba hari ubwoko bwa ogisijeni (ROS) mu buryo bw’intungamubiri cyangwa uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo. Muri urwo rwego, twasuzumye urugero rwa ogisijeni imwe (1O2) mu buryo bw’imikurire na glutathione yo mu ngirabuzima fatizo, thiol ikora nk'ingufu zirwanya ogisijeni mu turemangingo tw’utu ... Ariko, ibyavuye mu isesengura ry’igenzura byagaragaje urugero ruhoraho rwa 1O2 mu gihe cy’igerageza (Ishusho ya S22). Ku birebana n’urugero rwa ROS mu turemangingo, twabonye kandi uko kugabanuka gukomeye (reba Ishusho ya S21). Mbere na mbere, urugero rwa ROS mu turemangingo twa microalgae twahinzwe imbere ya Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx SLs rwarenze urugero ruboneka mu miterere y’udukoko twa microalgae. Ariko, amaherezo, byagaragaye ko microalgae yahuye n’uko Nb-MXenes zombi zihari, kuko urugero rwa ROS rwagabanutse rugera kuri 85% na 91% by’urugero rupimwe mu miterere y’udukoko twa microalgae twatewe SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX, uko bikurikirana. Ibi bishobora kwerekana ko microalgae yumva amerewe neza uko igihe kigenda iyo ari kumwe na Nb-MXene kuruta iyo ari mu ntungamubiri gusa.
Microalgae ni itsinda ry’ibinyabuzima bitandukanye bigize fotosynthesis. Mu gihe cya fotosynthesis, bihindura carbon dioxide yo mu kirere (CO2) muri organic carbon. Ibikomoka kuri fotosynthesis ni glucose na ogisijeni79. Dukeka ko ogisijeni ikorwa muri ubwo buryo igira uruhare runini mu gusohora Nb-MXenes. Impamvu imwe ishoboka ni uko parameter y’umwuka utandukanye ikorwa ku gitutu gito kandi kinini cya ogisijeni hanze no mu binini bya Nb-MXene. Ibi bivuze ko ahantu hose hari igitutu gitandukanye cya ogisijeni, agace gafite urugero rwo hasi kazaba gakoze anode 80, 81, 82. Aha, microalgae igira uruhare mu kurema uturemangingo tw’umwuka dutandukanye ku buso bw’uduce twa MXene, dutanga ogisijeni bitewe n’imiterere yatwo ya fotosynthesis. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ibicuruzwa bya biocorrosion (muri iki gihe, niobium oxides) birakorwa. Ikindi kintu ni uko microalgae ishobora gukora aside organic irekurwa mu mazi83,84. Kubwibyo, ibidukikije bikomeye biraremwa, bityo bigahindura Nb-MXenes. Byongeye kandi, utwo tunyangingo duto dushobora guhindura pH y’ibidukikije ikaba alkaline bitewe no kwinjiza gaze karuboni, bishobora no gutera ingese79.
Icy'ingenzi kurushaho, igihe cy'umwijima/urumuri cyakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi bwacu ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo dusobanukirwe ibisubizo byabonetse. Iki gice cyasobanuwe birambuye muri Djemai-Zoghlache et al. 85 Bakoresheje nkana igihe cy'amasaha 12/12 kugira ngo bagaragaze ko habaho korora bifitanye isano no gukurura bikomoka ku binyabuzima na microalgae itukura Porphyridium purpureum. Bagaragaza ko igihe cy'ifoto gifitanye isano n'ihindagurika ry'ubushobozi budafite korora bikomoka ku binyabuzima, bikigaragaza nk'ihindagurika rya pseudoperiodic ahagana saa 24h00. Ibi byagaragajwe byemejwe na Dowling et al. 86 Bagaragaje ko biofilms za cyanobacteria Anabaena zikora kuri fotosite. Ogisijeni yashongeshejwe ikorwa n'urumuri, rufitanye isano n'impinduka cyangwa ihindagurika ry'ubushobozi bwa biocorrosion. Akamaro k'igihe cy'ifoto gashimangirwa n'uko ubushobozi bwa biocorrosion bwiyongera mu gihe cy'urumuri kandi bukagabanuka mu gihe cy'umwijima. Ibi biterwa na ogisijeni ikorwa na microalgae ya photosynthetic, igira ingaruka ku buryo cathodic reaction ikorwa hafi ya electrodes87.
Byongeye kandi, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yakozwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba hari impinduka zabayeho mu miterere y’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo nyuma yo gukorana na Nb-MXenes. Ibi bisubizo byabonetse biragoye kandi tubigaragaza muri SI (Ishusho S23-S25, harimo n’ibisubizo bya MAX stage na ML MXenes). Muri make, spectra y’ibanze ya microalgae iduha amakuru y’ingenzi ku miterere y’utu turemangingo. Ibi bisubizo bishoboka cyane biherereye ku murongo wa 1060 cm-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C=C), 1730 cm-1 (C=O), 2850 cm-1, 2920 cm-1. imwe. 1 1 (C–H) na 3280 cm–1 (O–H). Kuri SL Nb-MXenes, twabonye ikimenyetso cyo kunanura CH-bond gihuye n’ubushakashatsi bwacu bwabanje38. Ariko, twabonye ko hari izindi nsoba z’inyongera zifitanye isano na C=C na CH bonds zaburiwe irengero. Ibi bigaragaza ko imiterere y’ibinyabutabire bya microalgae ishobora kugira impinduka nto bitewe n’imikoranire na SL Nb-MXenes.
Mu gihe hatekerezwa ku mpinduka zishobora kubaho mu mikorere ya biochimique ya microalgae, kwirundanya kwa oxyde inorganic, nka niobium oxide, bigomba gusuzumwa59. Bigira uruhare mu kwinjiza ibyuma ku buso bw'uturemangingo, kubitwara muri cytoplasm, isano yabyo n'amatsinda ya carboxyl yo mu ngirabuzima fatizo, no kwirundanya kwabyo muri microalgae polyphosphosomes20,88,89,90. Byongeye kandi, isano iri hagati ya microalgae n'ibyuma ibungabungwa n'amatsinda imikorere y'uturemangingo. Kubera iyo mpamvu, kwinjiza biterwa kandi na shimi y'ubuso bw'microalgae, ikaba igoye cyane9,91. Muri rusange, nk'uko byari byitezwe, imiterere ya shimi ya microalgae y'icyatsi yahindutse gato bitewe no kwinjiza kwa Nb oxide.
Igishimishije ni uko uburyo bwa mbere bwo gukumira microalgae bwagiye buhinduka uko igihe cyagiye gihita. Nkuko twabibonye, ​​microalgae yatsinze impinduka za mbere ku bidukikije ndetse amaherezo isubira ku gipimo gisanzwe cyo gukura ndetse ikanazamuka. Ubushakashatsi ku bushobozi bwa zeta bwerekana ko ihamye cyane iyo yinjijwe mu ntungamubiri. Bityo, imikoranire y'ubuso hagati y'uturemangingo tw'microalgae na nanoflakes za Nb-MXene yakomeje mu igerageza ryo kugabanya. Mu isesengura ryacu rirambuye, turasobanura muri make uburyo bw'ingenzi bw'imikorere bushingiye kuri iyi myitwarire itangaje y'microalgae.
Ibyagaragaye muri SEM byagaragaje ko microalgae ikunda kwihambira kuri Nb-MXenes. Dukoresheje isesengura ry’ishusho rihindagurika, twemeza ko iyi ngaruka ituma habaho ihinduka rya two-dimensional Nb-MXene na nanoflakes zikamera nk'uduce tw’uruziga, bityo bigaragaza ko kubora kwa nanoflakes bifitanye isano na oxidation yazo. Kugira ngo tugerageze igitekerezo cyacu, twakoze ubushakashatsi butandukanye ku bikoresho na biochemical. Nyuma yo gupima, nanoflakes zagiye zihinduka oxidation buhoro buhoro zikavamo NbO na Nb2O5, ibyo bikaba bitagize ingaruka ku microalgae y’icyatsi. Dukoresheje isuzuma rya FTIR, nta mpinduka zikomeye twabonye mu miterere ya microalgae iterwa n’uduce twa 2D Nb-MXene. Dukurikije ubushobozi bwo kwinjiza niobium oxide na microalgae, twakoze isesengura rya X-ray fluorescence. Ibi byavuye mu bushakashatsi bigaragaza neza ko microalgae yigaga irya niobium oxides (NbO na Nb2O5), zitari uburozi ku microalgae yigaga.