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Ko te tere o te whanaketanga o te nanotechnology me tōna whakaurunga ki ngā mahi o ia rā ka taea te whakararu i te taiao. Ahakoa kua tino whakapumautia ngā tikanga matomato mō te whakakino i ngā poke rauropi, ko te whakaora i ngā poke tioata kore-rauropi he mea nui te āwangawanga nā te iti o te aro ki te huringa koiora me te kore mārama ki ngā taunekeneke mata o ngā rauemi me ngā mea koiora. I konei, ka whakamahia e mātou he tauira MXenes 2D kore-rauropi e ahu mai ana i te Nb me te tikanga tātari tawhā āhua māmā hei whai i te tikanga whakaora koiora o ngā rauemi nano uku 2D e te microalgae matomato Raphidocelis subcapitata. I kitea e mātou ka whakakinohia e ngā microalgae ngā MXenes e ahu mai ana i te Nb nā ngā taunekeneke ā-tinana-matū e pā ana ki te mata. I te tīmatanga, i piri ngā nanoflakes MXene kotahi-paparanga me te maha-paparanga ki te mata o ngā microalgae, ā, i whakaiti i te tipu o ngā rimurimu. Heoi, i te roa o te taunekeneke ki te mata, ka whakakōkīhia e ngā microalgae ngā nanoflakes MXene, ā, ka whakakōkīhia anō ki te NbO me te Nb2O5. Nā te mea kāore ēnei waikura e paitini ki ngā pūtau moroiti, ka pau i a rātou ngā matūriki nano waikura Nb mā te tikanga mimiti e whakaora ana i te moroiti i muri i te 72 hāora o te maimoatanga wai. Ko ngā pānga o ngā matūkai e pā ana ki te mimiti ka kitea anō hoki i roto i te pikinga o te rahinga o te pūtau, tōna āhua maeneene me te huringa o te tere tipu. I runga i ēnei kitenga, ka whakatau mātou ko te noho poto me te roa o ngā MXenes e hangai ana ki te Nb i roto i ngā rauropi wai māori ka pā he iti noa iho ngā pānga ki te taiao. He mea nui kia mōhiotia, mā te whakamahi i ngā rauemi nano rua-ahu hei pūnaha tauira, ka whakaatuhia e mātou te āheinga ki te whai i te huringa āhua ahakoa i roto i ngā rauemi pai. I te nuinga, ka whakautua e tēnei rangahau tētahi pātai matua nui mō ngā tukanga e pā ana ki te taunekeneke mata e akiaki ana i te tikanga whakaora koiora o ngā rauemi nano 2D, ā, ka whakaratohia he pūtake mō ētahi atu rangahau poto me te roa mō te pānga ki te taiao o ngā rauemi nano tioata kore-waro.
Kua nui te hiahia ki ngā rauemi nano mai i tōna kitenga, ā, kua uru atu ngā hangarau nano ki te wā hou1. Engari, ko te whakaurunga o ngā rauemi nano ki ngā mahi o ia rā ka arahi pea ki ngā tukunga tūpono nā te kore e tika te tukunga, te whakahaere koretake, te hanganga haumaru koretake rānei. Nō reira, he mea tika kia whakaarohia ka taea te tuku i ngā rauemi nano, tae atu ki ngā rauemi nano rua-ahu (2D), ki te taiao tūturu, kāore anō kia tino mārama te whanonga me te mahi koiora o aua rauemi. Nō reira, ehara i te mea miharo kua arotahi ngā āwangawanga mō te paitini taiao ki te kaha o ngā rauemi nano 2D ki te uru ki ngā pūnaha wai2,3,4,5,6. I roto i ēnei pūnaha rauropi, ka taea e ētahi rauemi nano 2D te taunekeneke me ngā momo rauropi i ngā taumata trophic rerekē, tae atu ki ngā microalgae.
Ko ngā moroiti he rauropi taketake e kitea ana i roto i ngā rauropi wai māori me te moana e whakaputa ana i ngā momo hua matū mā te photosynthesis7. Nō reira, he mea nui rātou ki ngā rauropi wai8,9,10,11,12 engari he tohu tairongo, he iti te utu, ā, he whānuitia te whakamahinga mō te paitini taiao13,14. Nā te mea ka tere te whakanui me te tere o te urupare a ngā pūtau moroiti ki te aroaro o ngā momo matū, he mea whai hua rātou mō te whakawhanake i ngā tikanga pai mō te taiao mō te rongoā i te wai kua poke i ngā matū rauropi15,16.
Ka taea e ngā pūtau rimurimu te tango i ngā katote kore-waro mai i te wai mā te mimiti me te kohikohi17,18. Ko ētahi momo rimurimu pērā i a Chlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolifica, Stigeoclonium tenue me Synechococcus sp. Kua kitea kei te kawe, kei te whāngai hoki i ngā katote konganuku paitini pērā i a Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ me Mn2+19. Kua whakaatuhia e ētahi atu rangahau ko ngā katote Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+, Pb2+ rānei te whakawhāiti i te tipu o Scenedesmus mā te whakarerekē i te āhua o te pūtau me te whakangaro i ō rātou chloroplasts20,21.
Kua arohia e ngā kaipūtaiao me ngā miihini o te ao katoa ngā tikanga matomato mō te pirau o ngā poke rauropi me te tango i ngā katote konganuku taumaha. Ko te take nui o tēnei ko te ngāwari o te tukatuka i ēnei poke i roto i te wāhanga wai. Heoi, ko ngā poke tioata kore-rauropi he iti te wairewatanga ki te wai me te iti o te ngawari ki ngā momo huringa koiora, e puta ai he uauatanga nui ki te whakaora, ā, he iti noa te ahunga whakamua i mahia i tēnei wāhanga22,23,24,25,26. Nō reira, ko te rapu i ngā otinga taiao mō te whakatika i ngā rauemi nano he wāhanga uaua tonu, kāore anō kia tūhuratia. Nā te nui o te koretake e pā ana ki ngā pānga huringa koiora o ngā rauemi nano 2D, kāore he huarahi ngāwari ki te kimi i ngā ara pea o tō rātou pirau i te wā whakaiti.
I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia e mātou te moroiti matomato hei kaihoko whakaora koiora wai kaha mō ngā rauemi uku kore-waro, me te aroturukitanga ā-roto i te tukanga pirau o MXene hei tohu mō ngā rauemi uku kore-waro. Ko te kupu "MXene" e whakaata ana i te stoichiometry o te rauemi Mn+1XnTx, ko M he konganuku whakawhiti wawe, ko X he waro me/ranei he hauota, ko Tx he kaiwhakamutu mata (hei tauira, -OH, -F, -Cl), me n = 1, 2, 3, 427.28 rānei. Mai i te kitenga o MXenes e Naguib et al. Ngā Pūoko, te rongoā mate pukupuku me te tātari kiriuhi 27,29,30. Hei tāpiri, ka taea te whakaaro ko MXenes he pūnaha tauira 2D nā te mea he pai te pumau o te colloidal me ngā taunekeneke koiora pea31,32,33,34,35,36.
Nō reira, ko te tikanga i whakawhanakehia i roto i tēnei tuhinga me ā mātou whakapae rangahau e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 1. E ai ki tēnei whakapae, ka whakaitihia e ngā moroiti ngā MXenes e ahu mai ana i te Nb hei pūhui kore-paitini nā runga i ngā taunekeneke ā-tinana-matū e pā ana ki te mata, e āhei ai te whakaora anō i te rimurimu. Hei whakamātautau i tēnei whakapae, e rua ngā mema o te whānau o ngā warowaihā me/ngā nitrides whakarewa whakawhiti e ahu mai ana i te niobium o mua (MXenes), arā, ko Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX, i tīpakohia.
Te tikanga rangahau me ngā whakapae e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga mō te whakaora i te MXene e te moroiti matomato Raphidocelis subcapitata. Kia mōhio koe he whakaaturanga kauwhata noa iho tēnei o ngā whakapae e ahu mai ana i ngā taunakitanga. He rerekē te taiao o te roto i roto i te reo matūkai e whakamahia ana me ngā āhuatanga (hei tauira, te huringa awatea me ngā herenga o ngā matūkai nui e wātea ana). I hangaia ki BioRender.com.
Nō reira, mā te whakamahi i te MXene hei pūnaha tauira, kua whakatuwheratia e mātou te tatau ki te rangahau i ngā pānga koiora maha kāore e kitea me ētahi atu rauemi nano tikanga. Ina koa, ka whakaatuhia e mātou te āheinga o te whakaora koiora o ngā rauemi nano rua-ahu, pērā i ngā MXenes e ahu mai ana i te niobium, e ngā microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ka taea e ngā microalgae te whakaiti i ngā Nb-MXenes ki roto i ngā waikura kore-paitini NbO me Nb2O5, e whakarato ana hoki i ngā matūkai mā te tikanga tango niobium. I te nuinga, ka whakautua e tēnei rangahau tētahi pātai matua nui mō ngā tukanga e pā ana ki ngā taunekeneke ā-tinana me te matū o te mata e whakahaere ana i ngā tikanga whakaora koiora o ngā rauemi nano rua-ahu. Hei tāpiri, kei te whakawhanake mātou i tētahi tikanga ngāwari e hangai ana ki te āhua-tawhā hei aroturuki i ngā huringa ngawari o te āhua o ngā rauemi nano 2D. Ka whakaoho tēnei i ngā rangahau poto me te wā roa ki ngā pānga taiao maha o ngā rauemi nano tioata kore-waro. Nō reira, ka whakanuia e tā mātou rangahau te māramatanga o te taunekeneke i waenga i te mata o te rauemi me te rauemi koiora. Kei te whakarato hoki mātou i te pūtake mō ngā rangahau wā-poto me ngā rangahau wā-roa mō ōna pānga pea ki ngā rauropi wai māori, ā, ka taea te manatoko i ēnei inaianei.
He momo rauemi whakamere ngā MXenes, he āhua ā-tinana, ā-matū ahurei, ā, he maha ngā whakamahinga pea. Ko te nuinga o ēnei āhuatanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki ō rātou stoichiometry me te matū mata. Nō reira, i roto i tā mātou rangahau, i tirotirohia e mātou ngā momo MXenes paparanga kotahi (SL) whakarōpū Nb-based, arā, ko Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX, nā te mea ka kitea ngā pānga koiora rerekē o ēnei nanomaterials. Ka hangaia ngā MXenes mai i ō rātou rauemi tīmatanga mā te whakairo whiriwhiri mai i runga ki raro o ngā paparanga-A MAX-wāhanga angiangi. Ko te wāhanga MAX he uku ternary i hangaia mai i ngā poraka "hono" o ngā carbide whakarewa whakawhiti me ngā paparanga angiangi o ngā huānga "A" pērā i te Al, Si, me te Sn me te stoichiometry MnAXn-1. I tirohia te āhua o te wāhanga MAX tuatahi mā te karu hiko matawai (SEM) ā, he rite ki ngā rangahau o mua (Tirohia ngā Mōhiohio Tāpiri, SI, Pikitia S1). I whiwhihia te Nb-MXene Paparanga Maha (ML) i muri i te tango i te paparanga Al me te 48% HF (waikawa hydrofluoric). I tirotirohia te āhua o ML-Nb2CTx me ML-Nb4C3TX mā te karu hiko matawai (SEM) (Ngā Pikitia S1c me S1d) ā, i kitea he āhua MXene paparanga noa, he rite ki ngā nanoflakes rua-ahu e haere ana i roto i ngā kōhao roa rite ki te pūwero. He rite tonu ngā Nb-MXenes e rua ki ngā āhua MXene i hangaia i mua mā te keri waikawa27,38. I muri i te whakaū i te hanganga o MXene, i paparangahia e mātou mā te whakauru i te tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) ā, i muri mai ka horoia me te sonication, ā, i muri mai ka whiwhi mātou i ngā nanoflakes 2D Nb-MXene paparanga-kotahi, paparanga-iti rānei (SL).
I whakamahia e mātou te karu hiko tuku taumira teitei (HRTEM) me te X-ray diffraction (XRD) hei whakamātautau i te whai huatanga o te whakairo me te tihore atu. Ko ngā hua HRTEM i tukatukahia mā te whakamahi i te Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) me te Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) e whakaatuhia ana i te Pikitia 2. I whakahāngaihia ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene ki te taha whakarunga hei tirotiro i te hanganga o te paparanga ngota me te ine i ngā tawhiti i waenga i ngā papa. I whakaatuhia e ngā whakaahua HRTEM o ngā nanoflakes MXene Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX ō rātou āhua paparanga angiangi ngota (tirohia te Pikitia 2a1, a2), e ai ki te pūrongo o mua a Naguib et al.27 me Jastrzębska et al.38. Mō ngā paparanga kotahi Nb2CTx me Nb4C3Tx e rua e tata ana, i whakatauhia e mātou ngā tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga o te 0.74 me te 1.54 nm, ia (Pikitia 2b1,b2), e rite ana hoki ki ā mātou hua o mua38. I whakaūngia anō tēnei e te panonitanga Fourier tere whakamuri (Pikitia 2c1, c2) me te panonitanga Fourier tere (Pikitia 2d1, d2) e whakaatu ana i te tawhiti i waenga i ngā paparanga kotahi o Nb2CTx me Nb4C3Tx. E whakaatu ana te ahua i te rerekētanga o ngā whitiki mārama me te pōuri e rite ana ki ngā ngota niobium me te waro, e whakaū ana i te āhua paparanga o ngā MXenes i rangahauhia. He mea nui kia mōhio ko ngā paparanga X-ray marara pūngao (EDX) i whiwhihia mō Nb2CTx me Nb4C3Tx (Pikitia S2a me S2b) kāore i whakaatu i tētahi toenga o te wāhanga MAX taketake, nā te mea kāore i kitea he tihi Al.
Te whakaahua i ngā nanoflakes MXene SL Nb2CTx me Nb4C3Tx, tae atu ki (a) te whakaahua nanoflake 2D tirohanga-taha me te karu hiko teitei (HRTEM) me te aratau kaha e rite ana, (b) te aratau kaha, (c) te huringa Fourier tere whakamuri (IFFT), (d) te huringa Fourier tere (FFT), (e) ngā tauira hihi-X Nb-MXenes. Mō te SL 2D Nb2CTx, ka whakaatuhia ngā tau hei (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1). Mō te SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, ka whakaatuhia ngā tau hei (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
Kei roto i ngā Pikitia 2e1 me e2 ngā inenga hihi-X o ngā MXenes SL Nb2CTx me Nb4C3Tx. Ko ngā tihi (002) i te 4.31 me te 4.32 e rite ana ki ngā MXenes paparanga kua whakaahuatia i mua ake nei, arā, ko Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX38,39,40,41. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā hua XRD i te aroaro o ētahi hanganga ML toenga me ngā wāhanga MAX, engari ko te nuinga he tauira XRD e hono ana ki te SL Nb4C3Tx (Pikitia 2e2). Ko te aroaro o ngā matūriki iti ake o te wāhanga MAX pea te whakamārama i te tihi MAX kaha ake ki te whakataurite ki ngā paparanga Nb4C3Tx kua whakarārangihia matapōkeretia.
Kua arotahi atu ngā rangahau ki ngā moroiti matomato nō te momo R. subcapitata. I whiriwhiria e mātou ngā moroiti nā te mea he kaihanga nui rātou e uru ana ki ngā whatunga kai nui42. Ko rātou hoki tētahi o ngā tohu pai rawa atu o te paitini nā te kaha ki te tango i ngā matū paitini e haria ana ki ngā taumata teitei ake o te mekameka kai43. Hei tāpiri, ko te rangahau mō R. subcapitata ka whakamārama pea i te paitini tūpono o ngā SL Nb-MXenes ki ngā moroiti wai māori noa. Hei whakaatu i tēnei, i whakapae ngā kairangahau he rerekē te aro o ia moroiti ki ngā matū paitini kei roto i te taiao. Mō te nuinga o ngā rauropi, kāore ngā kukū iti o ngā matū e pā ki tō rātou tipu, engari ko ngā kukū i runga ake i tētahi rohe ka taea te aukati i a rātou, te mate rānei. Nō reira, mō ā mātou rangahau mō te taunekeneke mata i waenga i ngā moroiti me ngā MXenes me te whakaoranga e pā ana, i whakatau mātou ki te whakamātautau i ngā kukū kino me te paitini o ngā Nb-MXenes. Hei mahi i tēnei, i whakamātauria e mātou ngā kukū o te 0 (hei tohutoro), 0.01, 0.1 me te 10 mg l-1 MXene, ā, i tāpirihia atu ki ngā moroiti i pangia ki ngā kukū tino tiketike o te MXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), ka tino kino, ka whakamate hoki. . mō tētahi taiao koiora.
Ko ngā pānga o ngā SL Nb-MXenes ki ngā moroiti ka whakaaturia i te Pikitia 3, e whakaatuhia ana ko te ōrau o te whakatairanga tipu (+) te aukati rānei (-) i inehia mō ngā tauira 0 mg l-1. Hei whakatairite, i whakamatautauria hoki te wāhanga Nb-MAX me ngā ML Nb-MXenes, ā, ka whakaaturia ngā hua i roto i te SI (tirohia te Pikitia S3). Nā ngā hua i puta i whakaū ko te SL Nb-MXenes he tata kore rawa he paitini i roto i te awhe o ngā kukū iti mai i te 0.01 ki te 10 mg/l, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 3a,b. Mō te Nb2CTx, kāore i kitea e mātou he nui ake i te 5% te paitini taiao i roto i te awhe kua tohua.
Te whakaoho (+) te aukati rānei (-) i te tipu o ngā moroiti i te aroaro o te SL (a) Nb2CTx me te (b) Nb4C3TX MXene. I tātarihia ngā haora 24, 48 me te 72 o te taunekeneke MXene-moroiti. I tohua ngā raraunga hiranga (t-test, p < 0.05) ki te whetūriki (*). I tohua ngā raraunga hiranga (t-test, p < 0.05) ki te whetūriki (*). Значимые данные (t-критерий, p <0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Ko ngā raraunga hiranga (whakamātautau-t, p < 0.05) kua tohua ki te whetūriki (*).重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。 Важные данные (t-test, p <0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Ko ngā raraunga nui (whakamātautau-t, p < 0.05) kua tohua ki te whetūriki (*).Ko ngā pere whero e tohu ana i te whakakorenga o te whakaohooho aukati.
I tētahi atu taha, ko ngā kukū iti o te Nb4C3TX i kitea he paku paitini ake, engari kāore i teitei ake i te 7%. E ai ki te whakaaro, i kite mātou he nui ake te paitini me te aukati tipu o ngā MXenes i te 100mg L-1. He mea whakamīharo, kāore tētahi o ngā rauemi i whakaatu i te ia me te whakawhirinakitanga wā o ngā pānga paitini/paitini ki te whakataurite ki ngā tauira MAX, ML rānei (tirohia te SI mō ngā taipitopito). Ahakoa mō te wāhanga MAX (tirohia te Pikitia S3) i eke te paitini ki te 15–25% pea, ā, i piki ake i te wā, i kitea te ia whakamuri mō te SL Nb2CTx me te Nb4C3TX MXene. I heke te aukati i te tipu o ngā moroiti i te wā. I eke ki te 17% i muri i ngā hāora 24, ā, i heke ki raro iho i te 5% i muri i ngā hāora 72 (Pikitia 3a, b, ia).
He mea nui ake, mō te SL Nb4C3TX, i eke te aukati tipu o ngā moroiti ki te 27% i muri i ngā hāora 24, engari i muri i ngā hāora 72 i heke ki te 1%. Nō reira, i tapaina e mātou te pānga i kitea ko te aukati whakamuri o te whakaohooho, ā, he kaha ake te pānga mō te SL Nb4C3TX MXene. I kitea i mua te whakaohooho o te tipu o ngā moroiti ki te Nb4C3TX (te taunekeneke i te 10 mg L-1 mō te 24 hāora) ki te whakataurite ki te SL Nb2CTx MXene. I whakaaturia pai hoki te pānga whakahurihuri whakaohooho-aukati i roto i te pihi tere whakarua o te koiora (tirohia te Pikitia S4 mō ngā taipitopito). Tae noa ki tēnei wā, ko te paitini taiao anake o te Ti3C2TX MXene kua akohia i roto i ngā huarahi rerekē. Kāore i te paitini ki ngā kukune ika zebra44 engari he paitini taiao ki ngā tipu moroiti Desmodesmus quadricauda me Sorghum saccharatum45. Ko ētahi atu tauira o ngā pānga motuhake ko te paitini teitei ake ki ngā raina pūtau matepukupuku i ngā raina pūtau noa46,47. Ka taea te whakaaro ka pāngia ngā huringa o te tipu o ngā moroiti i kitea i te aroaro o ngā Nb-MXenes e ngā āhuatanga whakamātautau. Hei tauira, ko te pH tata ki te 8 i roto i te stroma chloroplast te mea tino pai mō te mahi whai hua o te whākōkī RuBisCO. Nō reira, ka pā kino ngā huringa pH ki te tere o te photosynthesis48,49. Heoi, kāore mātou i kite i ngā huringa nui o te pH i te wā o te whakamātautau (tirohia te SI, Pikitia S5 mō ētahi atu taipitopito). I te nuinga o te wā, i whakaitihia te pH o te otinga e ngā ahurea o ngā moroiti me ngā Nb-MXenes i roto i te wā. Heoi, he rite tēnei hekenga ki te huringa o te pH o tētahi reo parakore. Hei tāpiri, ko te whānuitanga o ngā rerekētanga i kitea he rite ki te mea i inehia mō tētahi ahurea parakore o ngā moroiti (tauira mana). Nō reira, ka whakatau mātou kāore te photosynthesis e pāngia e ngā huringa o te pH i roto i te wā.
Hei tāpiritanga, ko ngā pito mata o ngā MXene kua hangaia (e tohuhia ana ko Tx). Ko ēnei ko ngā rōpū mahi -O, -F me -OH te nuinga. Heoi, e pā tika ana te matū o te mata ki te tikanga hanga. E mōhiotia ana ko ēnei rōpū he tohatoha matapōkeretia ki runga i te mata, he uaua ki te matapae i ō rātou pānga ki ngā āhuatanga o MXene50. Ka taea te tautohe ko Tx pea te kaha whakatere mō te waikura o te niobium e te mārama. He pono, he maha ngā pae punga e whakaratohia ana e ngā rōpū mahi mata mō ā rātou kaiwhakaara whakaahua kei raro hei hanga i ngā hononga heterojunctions51. Heoi, kāore te hanganga o te reo tipu i whakarato i tētahi kaiwhakaara whakaahua whai hua (ka kitea te hanganga reo taipitopito i roto i te Ripanga SI S6). Hei tāpiritanga, he mea tino nui hoki tetahi whakarerekētanga mata, nā te mea ka taea te whakarerekē i te mahi koiora o ngā MXene nā te tukatuka-muri o te paparanga, te waikura, te whakarerekētanga mata matū o ngā pūhui waro me te kore-waro52,53,54,55,56, te hangarau utu mata rānei38. Nō reira, hei whakamātautau mēnā he pānga te niobium oxide ki te kore pumau o ngā rauemi i roto i te reo, i whakahaerehia e mātou he rangahau mō te pūmanawa zeta (ζ) i roto i te reo tipu moroiti me te wai whakakore iona (hei whakataurite). E whakaatu ana ā mātou hua he tino pumau ngā SL Nb-MXenes (tirohia te SI Fig. S6 mō ngā hua MAX me te ML). Ko te pūmanawa zeta o ngā SL MXenes he tata ki te -10 mV. Mō te SR Nb2CTx, he ahua kino ake te uara o ζ i tō te Nb4C3Tx. Ko tēnei huringa o te uara ζ ka tohu pea ka mimiti te mata o ngā nanoflakes MXene kua utua kinotia i ngā katote kua utua paitia mai i te reo ahurea. Ko ngā inenga wā poto o te pūmanawa zeta me te kawe hiko o ngā Nb-MXenes i roto i te reo ahurea (tirohia ngā Pikitia S7 me te S8 i roto i te SI mō ētahi atu taipitopito) te āhua nei e tautoko ana i tā mātou whakapae.
Heoi, he iti noa ngā panonitanga o ngā Nb-MXene SL e rua mai i te kore. E whakaatu mārama ana tēnei i tō rātou pumau i roto i te reo whakatipu moroiti. Hei tāpiri, i aromatawaihia e mātou mēnā ka pā te noho mai o ā mātou moroiti matomato ki te pumau o ngā Nb-MXenes i roto i te reo. Ko ngā hua o te pūmanawa zeta me te kawe hiko o ngā MXenes i muri i te taunekeneke me ngā moroiti i roto i ngā reo matūkai me te ahurea i roto i te wā ka kitea i roto i te SI (Pikitia S9 me te S10). He mea whakamīharo, i kite mātou ko te noho mai o ngā moroiti te āhua nei i whakau i te marara o ngā MXenes e rua. Mō te Nb2CTx SL, i heke paku te pūmanawa zeta i roto i te wā ki ngā uara kino ake (-15.8 versus -19.1 mV i muri i te 72 hāora o te whakatipu). I piki paku te pūmanawa zeta o te SL Nb4C3TX, engari i muri i te 72 hāora i whakaatu tonu i te pumau teitei ake i ngā nanoflakes me te kore he moroiti (-18.1 vs. -9.1 mV).
I kitea anō hoki e mātou he iti ake te kawe hiko o ngā otinga Nb-MXene i whakatōkia i te aroaro o ngā moroiti, e tohu ana i te iti iho o ngā katote i roto i te reo matūkai. He mea nui, ko te kore pumau o ngā MXenes i roto i te wai te take nui o te waikura o te mata57. Nō reira, e whakapae ana mātou i whakakorea e ngā moroiti matomato ngā waikura i hangaia i runga i te mata o te Nb-MXene, ā, i ārai anō hoki i tō rātou putanga mai (te waikura o te MXene). Ka kitea tēnei mā te ako i ngā momo matū e mimitihia ana e ngā moroiti.
Ahakoa i whakaatuhia e ā mātou rangahau paitini taiao he kaha te kaha o ngā moroiti ki te wikitoria i te paitini o ngā Nb-MXenes i roto i te wā me te aukati rerekē o te tipu whakaohooho, ko te whāinga o tā mātou rangahau he tirotiro i ngā tikanga mahi pea. Ina pāngia ngā rauropi pēnei i te moroiti ki ngā matū, ki ngā rauemi rānei kāore i te mōhiotia e ō rātou pūnaha taiao, ka taea e rātou te tauhohe i roto i ngā huarahi maha58,59. I te korenga o ngā waikura konganuku paitini, ka taea e ngā moroiti te whāngai i a rātou anō, ka taea ai e rātou te tipu tonu60. I muri i te horomitanga o ngā matū paitini, ka taea te whakahohe i ngā tikanga tiaki, pēnei i te huri i te āhua, i te āhua rānei. Me whai whakaaro hoki ki te āheinga o te mimiti58,59. He mea nui, ko tetahi tohu o tētahi tikanga tiaki he tohu mārama mō te paitini o te matū whakamātautau. Nō reira, i roto i ā mātou mahi i muri mai, i tirotirohia e mātou te taunekeneke mata pea i waenga i ngā nanoflakes SL Nb-MXene me ngā moroiti e te SEM me te āheinga o te mimiti o te MXene e ahu mai ana i te Nb mā te X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Kia mahara ko ngā tātaritanga SEM me XRF i mahia anake i te kukū teitei rawa o te MXene hei aro atu ki ngā take paitini ngohe.
Kei te Pikitia 4 ngā hua SEM. Ko ngā pūtau moroiti kore i rongoatia (tirohia te Pikitia 4a, tauira tohutoro) i whakaatu mārama i te āhua o te R. subcapitata me te āhua o te pūtau rite ki te croissant. He āhua papatahi, he āhua koretake hoki te whakaritenga o ngā pūtau. Ko ētahi pūtau moroiti i taupatupatu, i piri tetahi ki tetahi, engari ko te tukanga whakarite tauira pea i puta ai tēnei. I te nuinga o te wā, he maeneene te mata o ngā pūtau moroiti parakore, ā, kāore i whakaatu i ngā huringa āhua.
Ngā whakaahua SEM e whakaatu ana i te taunekeneke mata i waenga i ngā moroiti matomato me ngā nanosheets MXene i muri i te 72 hāora o te taunekeneke i te kukū nui rawa (100 mg L-1). (a) Ngā moroiti matomato kāore i rongoatia i muri i te taunekeneke ki te SL (b) Nb2CTx me (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes. Kia mahara ko ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene kua tohua ki ngā pere whero. Hei whakataurite, ka tāpirihia hoki ngā whakaahua mai i te karuārai whatu.
I te rerekētanga, i pakaru ngā pūtau moroiti i mimitihia e ngā nanoflakes SL Nb-MXene (tirohia te Pikitia 4b, c, ngā pere whero). Mō te Nb2CTx MXene (Pikitia 4b), ka tipu ngā moroiti me ngā nanoscales rua-ahu e piri ana, ka taea te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua. He mea nui, i kitea anō ēnei huringa i raro i te karuārai mārama (tirohia te Pikitia SI S11 mō ētahi atu kōrero). He pūtake pono tēnei whakawhiti āhua i roto i te mahi tinana o ngā moroiti me tō rātou kaha ki te tiaki i a rātou anō mā te whakarerekē i te āhua o te pūtau, pērā i te whakanui ake i te rōrahi pūtau61. Nō reira, he mea nui kia tirohia te maha o ngā pūtau moroiti e pā ana ki ngā Nb-MXenes. I whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau SEM tata ki te 52% o ngā pūtau moroiti i pāngia e ngā Nb-MXenes, i te mea 48% o ēnei pūtau moroiti i karo i te pā. Mō te SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, ka ngana ngā moroiti ki te karo i te pā ki te MXene, kia noho tata ai, kia tipu ai hoki mai i ngā nanoscales rua-ahu (Pikitia 4c). Heoi, kāore mātou i kite i te urunga o ngā unahi nano ki roto i ngā pūtau moroiti me ō rātou kino.
Ko te tiaki-ā-koe anō hoki he whanonga urupare e whakawhirinaki ana ki te wā ki te aukati i te photosynthesis nā te mimiti o ngā matūriki i runga i te mata o te pūtau me te mea e kiia nei ko te pānga atarangi (whakamarumaru)62. E mārama ana ko ia mea (hei tauira, ko ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene) kei waenganui i te microalgae me te pūtake mārama ka whakawhāiti i te nui o te mārama e mimitihia ana e ngā chloroplasts. Heoi, kāore mātou e ruarua he pānga nui tēnei ki ngā hua i puta. E ai ki ā mātou tirohanga moroiti, kāore ngā nanoflakes 2D i takai katoatia, i piri rānei ki te mata o te microalgae, ahakoa i te wā e pā ana ngā pūtau microalgae ki ngā Nb-MXenes. Engari, i puta ko ngā nanoflakes i ahu mai ki ngā pūtau microalgae me te kore e hipoki i tō rātou mata. Kāore e taea e tētahi huinga nanoflakes/microalgae pēnei te whakawhāiti i te nui o te mārama e mimitihia ana e ngā pūtau microalgae. Heoi anō, kua whakaatuhia e ētahi rangahau he whakapainga i te mimiti mārama e ngā rauropi photosynthetic i te aroaro o ngā nanomaterials rua-ahu63,64,65,66.
I te mea kāore i taea e ngā whakaahua SEM te whakaū tika i te mimiti o te niobium e ngā pūtau microalgae, i tahuri tā mātou rangahau atu ki te tātaritanga X-ray fluorescence (XRF) me te tātaritanga X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) hei whakamārama i tēnei take. Nō reira, i whakaritea e mātou te kaha o ngā tihi Nb o ngā tauira microalgae tohutoro kāore i taunekeneke ki ngā MXenes, ngā nanoflakes MXene i tangohia mai i te mata o ngā pūtau microalgae, me ngā pūtau microalgal i muri i te tangohanga o ngā MXenes e piri ana. He mea tika kia mōhiotia mēnā kāore he mimiti Nb, me kore te uara Nb i whiwhihia e ngā pūtau microalgae i muri i te tangohanga o ngā nanoscales e piri ana. Nō reira, mēnā ka puta te mimiti Nb, me whakaatu e ngā hua XRF me XPS he tihi Nb mārama.
Mō ngā hihi XRF, i whakaatuhia e ngā tauira moroiti ngā tihi Nb mō te SL Nb2CTx me te Nb4C3Tx MXene i muri i te taunekeneke ki te SL Nb2CTx me te Nb4C3Tx MXene (tirohia te Pikitia 5a, me mōhio hoki ko ngā hua mō ngā MAX me ngā ML MXene kei roto i te SI, Pikitia S12–C17). He mea whakamīharo, he rite tonu te kaha o te tihi Nb i ngā take e rua (ngā pae whero i te Pikitia 5a). I tohu tēnei kāore i taea e ngā moroiti te mimiti i te Nb nui ake, ā, i tutuki te kaha mōrahi mō te kohikohi Nb i roto i ngā pūtau, ahakoa e rua ngā wā i piri ai te Nb4C3Tx MXene ki ngā pūtau moroiti (ngā pae kikorangi i te Pikitia 5a). He mea nui, ko te kaha o ngā moroiti ki te mimiti i ngā konganuku e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kukū o ngā waikura konganuku i roto i te taiao67,68. I kitea e Shamshada et al.67 ka heke te kaha mimiti o ngā moroiti wai māori me te pikinga o te pH. I kite a Raize et al.68 ko te kaha o te rimu ki te mimiti i ngā konganuku he 25% teitei ake mō te Pb2+ i tō te Ni2+.
(a) Ngā hua XRF o te mimiti Nb taketake e ngā pūtau moroiti matomato i whaowhia ki te kukū nui rawa o ngā SL Nb-MXenes (100 mg L-1) mō ngā hāora 72. E whakaatu ana ngā hua i te aroaro o te α i roto i ngā pūtau moroiti parakore (tauira mana, pou hina), ngā nanoflakes 2D i wehea mai i ngā pūtau moroiti mata (pou kikorangi), me ngā pūtau moroiti i muri i te wehenga o ngā nanoflakes 2D mai i te mata (pou whero). Te nui o te Nb huānga, (b) ōrau o te hanganga matū o ngā wāhanga waro moroiti (C=O me CHx/C–O) me ngā waikura Nb kei roto i ngā pūtau moroiti i muri i te whaowhia ki ngā SL Nb-MXenes, (c–e) Te whakaurunga o te tihi hanganga o ngā XPS SL Nb2CTx spectra me (fh) SL Nb4C3Tx MXene i whakarotohia e ngā pūtau moroiti.
Nō reira, i tumanako mātou ka taea te mimiti i te Nb e ngā pūtau karamuku i te āhua o ngā waikura. Hei whakamātautau i tēnei, i whakahaerehia e mātou ngā rangahau XPS ki ngā MXenes Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX me ngā pūtau karamuku. Ko ngā hua o te taunekeneke o ngā moroiti karamuku me ngā Nb-MXenes me ngā MXenes i wehea mai i ngā pūtau karamuku e whakaaturia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 5b. E ai ki te tumanako, i kitea e mātou ngā tihi Nb 3d i roto i ngā tauira moroiti karamuku i muri i te tangohanga o te MXene mai i te mata o te moroiti karamuku. I tatauhia te whakataunga tauanga o ngā waikura C=O, CHx/CO, me Nb i runga i ngā hihi Nb 3d, O 1s, me C 1s i whiwhihia me te Nb2CTx SL (Pikitia 5c–e) me te Nb4C3Tx SL (Pikitia 5c–e). ) i whiwhihia mai i ngā moroiti karamuku kua whakatōkia. Pikitia 5f–h) MXenes. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga S1-3 i ngā taipitopito o ngā tawhā tihi me te matū whānui i puta mai i te taunga. He mea nui kia mōhiotia ko ngā rohe Nb 3d o Nb2CTx SL me Nb4C3Tx SL (Pikitia 5c, f) e rite ana ki te wāhanga kotahi o Nb2O5. I konei, kāore mātou i kite i ngā tihi e pā ana ki te MXene i roto i ngā irahiko, e tohu ana ko ngā pūtau moroiti ka mimiti noa i te āhua waikura o Nb. Hei tāpiri, i whakatata mātou ki te irahiko C 1 s me ngā wāhanga C–C, CHx/C–O, C=O, me te –COOH. I tohaina e mātou ngā tihi CHx/C–O me C=O ki te takoha waro o ngā pūtau moroiti. Ko ēnei wāhanga waro te 36% me te 41% o ngā tihi C 1s i roto i te Nb2CTx SL me te Nb4C3TX SL. Kātahi ka whakauruhia e mātou ngā irahiko O 1s o SL Nb2CTx me te SL Nb4C3TX ki te Nb2O5, ngā wāhanga waro o te moroiti (CHx/CO), me te wai mimiti mata.
Hei whakamutunga, i whakaatu mārama ngā hua XPS i te āhua o te Nb, ehara i te mea ko tōna aroaro anake. E ai ki te tūranga o te tohu Nb 3d me ngā hua o te wetewete, ka whakaū mātou ka mimitia te Nb i roto i te āhua o ngā waikura anake, ehara i te katote, i te MXene rānei. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatu ngā hua XPS he nui ake te kaha o ngā pūtau moroiti ki te tango i ngā waikura Nb mai i te SL Nb2CTx ki te whakaritea ki te SL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Ahakoa he mea whakamiharo ngā hua o ā mātou tangohanga Nb, ā, ka taea e mātou te tautuhi i te whakahekenga MXene, kāore he tikanga e wātea ana hei aroturuki i ngā huringa āhua e pā ana ki ngā nanoflakes 2D. Nō reira, i whakatau mātou ki te whakawhanake i tētahi tikanga e tika ana hei whakautu tika ki ngā huringa e puta ana i roto i ngā nanoflakes 2D Nb-MXene me ngā pūtau microalgae. He mea nui kia mōhio kei te whakaaro mātou mēnā ka pāngia ngā momo taunekeneke e tētahi panonitanga, te pirau, te whakawehewehe rānei, me tere te puta mai hei panonitanga i ngā tawhā āhua, pērā i te diameter o te horahanga porowhita ōrite, te porowhita, te whānui o te Feret, te roa rānei o te Feret. I te mea he pai ēnei tawhā mō te whakaahua i ngā matūriki roa, i ngā nanoflakes rua-ahu rānei, mā te aroturuki i te āhua matūriki hihiri ka homai he mōhiohio nui ki a mātou mō te panonitanga āhua o ngā nanoflakes SL Nb-MXene i te wā whakaiti.
Ko ngā hua i whiwhihia kei te Pikitia 6. Hei whakataurite, i whakamatauria hoki e mātou te wāhanga MAX taketake me ngā ML-MXenes (tirohia ngā Pikitia SI S18 me S19). I whakaatuhia e te tātari hihiri o te āhua o te matūriki he nui te huringa o ngā tawhā āhua katoa o ngā Nb-MXene SL e rua i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā moroiti. E ai ki te tawhā whānui o te rohe porowhita ōrite (Pikitia 6a, b), ko te kaha o te tihi kua heke o te wāhanga o ngā nanoflakes nui e tohu ana ka pirau rātou ki ngā kongakonga iti ake. I te pikitia 6c, e whakaatu ana te pikitia d i te hekenga o ngā tihi e pā ana ki te rahi whakawhiti o ngā kongakonga (te roa o ngā nanoflakes), e tohu ana i te huringa o ngā nanoflakes 2D ki tētahi āhua rite ki te matūriki. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6e-h i te whānui me te roa o te Feret, ia. Ko te whānui me te roa o te Feret he tawhā tāpiri, nō reira me whakaaro tahi. I muri i te whakatōnga o ngā nanoflakes 2D Nb-MXene i te aroaro o ngā moroiti, ka nekehia ō rātou tihi hononga Feret, ā, ka heke iho tō rātou kaha. I runga i ēnei hua me te āhua, te XRF me te XPS, i whakatau mātou he hononga kaha ngā huringa i kitea ki te waikura i te mea ka nui haere te miro o ngā MXene kua waikurahia, ka pakaru hei kongakonga me ngā matūriki waikura porowhita69,70.
Te tātari i te whakawhiti MXene i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā moroiti matomato. Ka whakaarohia e te tātari āhua matūriki hihiri ngā tawhā pēnei i (a, b) te whānui o te horahanga porowhita ōrite, (c, d) te porowhita, (e, f) te whānui o te Feret me te (g, h) te roa o te Feret. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, e rua ngā tauira moroiti tohutoro i tātarihia ngātahi me ngā SL Nb2CTx tuatahi me ngā SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, ngā SL Nb2CTx me ngā SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, ngā moroiti kua pakaru, me ngā moroiti kua rongoatia SL Nb2CTx me ngā SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes. E whakaatu ana ngā pere whero i ngā whakawhiti o ngā tawhā āhua o ngā nanoflakes rua-ahu i rangahauhia.
I te mea he tino pono te tātaritanga o ngā tawhā āhua, ka taea hoki e ia te whakaatu i ngā huringa āhua i roto i ngā pūtau moroiti. Nō reira, i tātarihia e mātou te whānui porowhita ōrite o te horahanga, te porowhita, me te whānui/roa o Feret o ngā pūtau moroiti parakore me ngā pūtau i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā nanoflakes 2D Nb. I te pikitia 6a–h e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa o ngā tawhā āhua o ngā pūtau moroiti, e whakaatuhia ana e te hekenga o te kaha tihi me te nekehanga o te mōrahi ki ngā uara teitei ake. Ina koa, i whakaatuhia e ngā tawhā porowhita pūtau he hekenga o ngā pūtau roa me te pikinga o ngā pūtau porowhita (Pikitia 6a, b). Hei tāpiri, i piki ake te whānui o te pūtau Feret mā te maha micrometers i muri i te taunekeneke ki te SL Nb2CTx MXene (Pikitia 6e) ki te whakataurite ki te SL Nb4C3TX MXene (Pikitia 6f). E whakapae ana mātou ko te kaha o te tango a ngā moroiti i ngā waikura Nb i te taunekeneke ki te Nb2CTx SR pea tēnei. Mā te piri iti o ngā maramara Nb ki tō rātou mata ka hua ake he tipu pūtau me te iti o te pānga atarangi.
Ko ā mātou kitenga i ngā panonitanga o ngā tawhā o te āhua me te rahi o ngā moroiti ka tautoko i ētahi atu rangahau. Ka taea e ngā moroiti matomato te whakarerekē i ō rātou āhua hei whakautu ki te ahotea taiao mā te whakarerekē i te rahi o te pūtau, te āhua, te pākia rānei61. Hei tauira, mā te whakarerekē i te rahi o ngā pūtau ka āwhina i te mimiti o ngā matūkai71. Ko ngā pūtau moroiti iti e whakaatu ana i te iti o te mimiti matūkai me te ngoikore o te tere tipu. I tetahi atu taha, ko ngā pūtau nui ake ka nui ake ngā matūkai ka pau, ka whakatakotoria ki roto i te pūtau72,73. I kitea e Machado rāua ko Soares ka taea e te harore triclosan te whakanui ake i te rahi o te pūtau. I kitea anō e rāua he panonitanga nui ki te āhua o te moroiti74. Hei tāpiri, i whakaatuhia anō hoki e Yin et al.9 ngā panonitanga āhua i roto i te moroiti i muri i te pānga ki ngā nanocomposites graphene oxide kua whakaitihia. Nō reira, he mārama ko ngā tawhā rahi/āhua kua whakarerekētia o te moroiti nā te aroaro o te MXene. I te mea ko tēnei panonitanga o te rahi me te āhua he tohu mō ngā panonitanga o te mimiti matūkai, e whakapono ana mātou ko te tātari i ngā tawhā rahi me te āhua i roto i te wā ka taea te whakaatu i te mimiti o te niobium oxide e ngā moroiti i te aroaro o ngā Nb-MXenes.
Heoi anō, ka taea te whakapūkara i ngā MXenes i te aroaro o ngā rimurimu. I kite a Dalai et al.75 kāore i te ōrite te āhua o ngā rimurimu matomato i whakararuraruhia ki te nano-TiO2 me te Al2O376. Ahakoa he rite ā mātou kitenga ki tēnei rangahau, he mea nui anake ki te rangahau i ngā pānga o te bioremediation e pā ana ki ngā hua whakapōrearea MXene i te aroaro o ngā nanoflakes 2D, ehara i te nanoparticles. I te mea ka taea e ngā MXenes te whakapōrearea hei waikura whakarewa,31,32,77,78 he tika ki te whakaaro ka taea hoki e ā mātou nanoflakes Nb te hanga waikura Nb i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā pūtau microalgae.
Hei whakamārama i te whakaiti i ngā nanoflakes 2D-Nb mā te tikanga wehewehe i runga i te tukanga whakapūngao, i whakahaerehia e mātou he rangahau mā te whakamahi i te karu hiko tuku taumira teitei (HRTEM) (Pikitia 7a,b) me te X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Pikitia 7). 7c-i me ngā ripanga S4-5). He pai ngā huarahi e rua mō te ako i te whakapūngao o ngā rauemi 2D, ā, he tautoko tetahi i tetahi. Ka taea e te HRTEM te tātari i te whakahekenga o ngā hanganga paparanga rua-ahu me te putanga mai o ngā nanoparticles waikura whakarewa, ko te XPS he tairongo ki ngā hononga mata. Mō tēnei kaupapa, i whakamatauria e mātou ngā nanoflakes 2D Nb-MXene i tangohia mai i ngā marara pūtau microalgae, arā, ko tō rātou āhua i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā pūtau microalgae (tirohia te Pikitia 7).
Ngā whakaahua HRTEM e whakaatu ana i te āhua o ngā (a) SL Nb2CTx me (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes kua whakahāngaihia, ngā hua tātaritanga XPS e whakaatu ana i (c) te hanganga o ngā hua whakahāngai i muri i te whakaiti, (d–f) te taurite o ngā tihi o ngā wāhanga o ngā hihi XPS o SL Nb2CTx me (g–i) Nb4C3Tx SL i whakatikatikaina ki ngā moroiti matomato.
I whakaūhia e ngā rangahau HRTEM te waikura o ngā momo nanoflakes Nb-MXene e rua. Ahakoa i mau tonu te āhua rua-ahu o ngā nanoflakes ki tētahi taumata, i hua ake te waikura i te putanga mai o te maha o ngā matūriki nano e kapi ana i te mata o ngā nanoflakes MXene (tirohia te Pikitia 7a,b). I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga XPS o ngā tohu c Nb 3d me O 1s i hangaia ngā waikura Nb i ngā take e rua. E ai ki te Pikitia 7c, he tohu Nb 3d kei ngā 2D MXene Nb2CTx me Nb4C3TX e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā waikura NbO me Nb2O5, ko ngā tohu O 1s ia e tohu ana i te maha o ngā hononga O–Nb e hono ana ki te mahi a te mata nanoflake 2D. I kite mātou he nui ake te takoha o te waikura Nb ki te Nb-C me Nb3+-O.
Kei te pikitia. E whakaatu ana ngā pikitia 7g–i i ngā hihi XPS o Nb 3d, C 1s, me O 1s SL Nb2CTx (tirohia ngā pikitia 7d–f) me te SL Nb4C3TX MXene i wehea mai i ngā pūtau moroiti. Kei roto i ngā Ripanga S4–5 ngā taipitopito o ngā tawhā tihi Nb-MXenes. I tātarihia tuatahitia e mātou te hanganga o Nb 3d. He rerekē ki te Nb i mimitihia e ngā pūtau moroiti, i roto i te MXene i wehea mai i ngā pūtau moroiti, i tua atu i te Nb2O5, i kitea ētahi atu wāhanga. I roto i te Nb2CTx SL, i kitea e mātou te takoha o te Nb3+-O i te nui o te 15%, ko te toenga o te hihi Nb 3d i te nuinga o te Nb2O5 (85%). Hei tāpiri, kei roto i te tauira SL Nb4C3TX ngā wāhanga Nb-C (9%) me te Nb2O5 (91%). I konei, ka ahu mai a Nb-C i ngā paparanga ngota o roto e rua o te karāhe whakarewa i roto i te Nb4C3Tx SR. Kātahi ka maherehia e mātou ngā hihi C 1s ki ngā wāhanga rerekē e whā, pērā i tā mātou i mahi ai i roto i ngā tauira kua whakatōkia. E ai ki te whakaaro, ko te hihi C 1s te mea nui rawa atu, ā, muri iho ko ngā takoha mai i ngā matūriki waro (CHx/CO me C=O) mai i ngā pūtau moroiti. Hei tāpiri, i roto i te hihi O 1s, i kitea e mātou te takoha o ngā āhua waro o ngā pūtau moroiti, te waikura niobium, me te wai kua mimitia.
Hei tāpiritanga, i tirotirohia e mātou mēnā he hononga te wehenga o ngā Nb-MXenes ki te aroaro o ngā momo hāora tauhohe (ROS) i roto i te reo matūkai me/ranei ngā pūtau moroiti. Hei whakatutuki i tēnei, i aromatawaihia e mātou ngā taumata o te hāora takitahi (1O2) i roto i te reo ahurea me te glutathione ā-roto, he thiol e mahi ana hei antioxidant i roto i ngā moroiti. Kei roto i te SI (Ngā Pikitia S20 me te S21) ngā hua. Ko ngā ahurea me te SL Nb2CTx me te Nb4C3TX MXenes i tohuhia e te nui o te 1O2 kua whakaitihia (tirohia te Pikitia S20). Mō te SL Nb2CTx, kua whakaitihia te MXene 1O2 ki te 83%. Mō ngā ahurea moroiti e whakamahi ana i te SL, kua heke ake te Nb4C3TX 1O2, ki te 73%. He mea whakamīharo, ko ngā huringa i roto i te 1O2 i whakaatu i te ia o te ia ki te pānga whakaoho-aukati i kitea i mua (tirohia te Pikitia 3). Ka taea te tautohe ka taea e te whakatipuranga i roto i te mārama kanapa te whakarerekē i te photooxidation. Heoi, i whakaatuhia e ngā hua o te tātaritanga whakahaere he tata tonu ngā taumata o te 1O2 i te wā o te whakamātautau (Pikitia S22). Mō ngā taumata ROS ā-roto, i kitea anō hoki e mātou te hekenga iho o taua ia (tirohia te Pikitia S21). I te tīmatanga, ko ngā taumata o te ROS i roto i ngā pūtau moroiti i whakatipuria i te aroaro o ngā Nb2CTx me ngā Nb4C3Tx SL i nui ake i ngā taumata i kitea i roto i ngā ahurea parakore o ngā moroiti. Heoi, i te mutunga, i te āhua nei i urutau ngā moroiti ki te aroaro o ngā Nb-MXenes e rua, i te mea kua heke ngā taumata ROS ki te 85% me te 91% o ngā taumata i inehia i roto i ngā ahurea parakore o ngā moroiti i werohia ki te SL Nb2CTx me te Nb4C3TX. Tērā pea he tohu tēnei he pai ake te noho o ngā moroiti i roto i te wā i te aroaro o te Nb-MXene i te mea i roto i te reo matūkai anake.
He rōpū kanorau ngā moroiti rimu o ngā rauropi whakaahua. I te wā whakaahua, ka hurihia e rātou te hauhā waro hauhā (CO2) ki te waro waro. Ko ngā hua o te whakaahua ko te hukahuka me te hāora79. E whakapae ana mātou he mea nui te hāora i hangaia i roto i te waikura o ngā Nb-MXenes. Ko tētahi whakamārama pea mō tēnei ko te hanganga o te tawhā hau rerekē i ngā pēhanga wāhanga iti me te teitei o te hāora i waho me roto i ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene. Ko te tikanga o tēnei, i ngā wāhi katoa he rerekē ngā pēhanga wāhanga o te hāora, ko te wāhi he iti rawa te taumata ka hanga i te anode 80, 81, 82. I konei, ka whai wāhi ngā moroiti rimu ki te hanganga o ngā pūtau hau rerekē i runga i te mata o ngā moroiti MXene, e whakaputa ana i te hāora nā ō rātou āhuatanga whakaahua. Nō reira, ka hangaia ngā hua waikura koiora (i tēnei take, ngā waikura niobium). Ko tētahi atu āhuatanga ko te kaha o ngā moroiti rimu ki te whakaputa i ngā waikawa waro ka tukuna ki roto i te wai83,84. Nō reira, ka hangaia he taiao kaha, ka huri i ngā Nb-MXenes. Hei tāpiritanga, ka taea e ngā moroiti te whakarerekē i te pH o te taiao ki te kawakore nā te mimiti o te hauhā waro, ka taea hoki e tēnei te whakapūpū i te waikura79.
He mea nui ake, ko te wā whakaahua pōuri/mārama i whakamahia i roto i tā mātou rangahau he mea nui ki te mārama ki ngā hua i puta. Kua whakaahuahia tēnei āhuatanga i roto i a Djemai-Zoghlache et al. 85 I whakamahia e rātou he wā whakaahua 12/12 hāora hei whakaatu i te waikura koiora e pā ana ki te pirau koiora e te microalgae whero Porphyridium purpureum. E whakaatu ana rātou ko te wā whakaahua e pā ana ki te whanaketanga o te pūmanawa me te kore waikura koiora, e whakaatuhia ana hei oscillations pseudoperiodic i te 24:00. I whakaūhia ēnei kitenga e Dowling et al. 86 I whakaatuhia e rātou ngā biofilms whakaahua o te cyanobacteria Anabaena. Ka hangaia te hāora rewa i raro i te mahi a te mārama, e pā ana ki te huringa, ki ngā pikinga rānei o te pūmanawa waikura koiora kore utu. Ko te hiranga o te wā whakaahua e whakanuia ana e te meka ka piki ake te pūmanawa kore utu mō te waikura koiora i te wāhanga mārama, ka heke iho i te wāhanga pōuri. Nā te hāora i hangaia e ngā moroiti whakaahua tēnei, e awe ana i te tauhohenga katote mā te pēhanga wāhanga e hangaia ana i te taha o ngā irahiko87.
Hei tāpiritanga, i whakahaerehia te Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) hei rapu mēnā i puta he huringa i roto i te hanganga matū o ngā pūtau moroiti i muri i te taunekeneke ki ngā Nb-MXenes. He uaua ēnei hua i whiwhihia, ā, ka whakaatuhia e mātou i roto i te SI (Ngā Pikitia S23-S25, tae atu ki ngā hua o te wāhanga MAX me ngā ML MXenes). I roto i te poto, ko ngā spectra tohutoro i whiwhihia o ngā moroiti e whakarato ana i ngā mōhiohio nui mō ngā āhuatanga matū o ēnei rauropi. Kei ngā auau o te 1060 cm-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C=C), 1730 cm-1 (C=O), 2850 cm-1, 2920 cm-1. kotahi. 1 1 (C–H) me te 3280 cm–1 (O–H). Mō ngā SL Nb-MXenes, i kitea e mātou he waitohu totoro hononga-CH e rite ana ki tā mātou rangahau o mua38. Heoi, i kitea e mātou kua ngaro ētahi atu tihi e pā ana ki ngā hononga C=C me CH. E tohu ana tēnei tera pea ka paku rerekē te hanganga matū o ngā moroiti i te taunekeneke ki ngā SL Nb-MXenes.
Ina whakaarohia ngā panonitanga pea i roto i te matū koiora o ngā moroiti, me whakaaro anō ki te kohikohinga o ngā waikura kore-ora, pērā i te waikura niobium,59. Kei roto i tēnei ko te tangohanga o ngā konganuku e te mata o te pūtau, te kawe i a rātou ki roto i te cytoplasm, te hononga ki ngā rōpū carboxyl ā-roto, me te kohikohinga i roto i ngā polyphosphosomes o ngā moroiti20,88,89,90. Hei tāpiri, ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā moroiti me ngā konganuku ka puritia e ngā rōpū mahi o ngā pūtau. Mō tēnei take, ko te mimitinga ka whakawhirinaki hoki ki te matū o te mata o ngā moroiti, he tino uaua9,91. I te nuinga o te wā, e ai ki te whakaaro, kua paku rerekē te hanganga matū o ngā moroiti matomato nā te mimitinga o te waikura Nb.
He mea whakamīharo, ko te aukati tuatahi i kitea i roto i ngā moroiti ka taea te whakahuri i roto i te wā. E ai ki tā mātou i kite ai, i wikitoria ngā moroiti i te huringa taiao tuatahi, ā, i te mutunga ka hoki ki ngā tere tipu noa, ā, ka piki ake anō hoki. E whakaatu ana ngā rangahau mō te pūmanawa zeta i te pumau teitei ina whakaurua ki roto i ngā pāpāho matūkai. Nō reira, i mau tonu te taunekeneke mata i waenga i ngā pūtau moroiti me ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene puta noa i ngā whakamātautau whakaiti. I roto i tā mātou tātaritanga atu, ka whakarāpopototia e mātou ngā tikanga matua o te mahi e whai ana i tēnei whanonga whakamiharo o ngā moroiti.
Kua whakaatuhia e ngā tirohanga SEM he piri ngā moroiti ki ngā Nb-MXenes. Mā te whakamahi i te tātari whakaahua hihiri, ka whakaū mātou ko tēnei pānga ka arahi ki te whakawhiti o ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene rua-ahu ki ngā matūriki porowhita ake, e whakaatu ana ko te pirau o ngā nanoflakes e pā ana ki tō rātou waikura. Hei whakamātautau i tā mātou whakapae, i whakahaerehia e mātou he raupapa rangahau rauemi me te matū koiora. Whai muri i te whakamātautau, ka waikura haere ngā nanoflakes ka pirau ki ngā hua NbO me Nb2O5, kāore i tū hei mōrearea ki ngā moroiti matomato. Mā te whakamahi i te tirohanga FTIR, kāore i kitea he huringa nui i roto i te hanganga matū o ngā moroiti i whakatōkia i te aroaro o ngā nanoflakes Nb-MXene 2D. I te whakaaro ki te āheinga o te mimiti o te waikura niobium e ngā moroiti, i whakahaerehia e mātou he tātaritanga fluorescence hihi-X. E whakaatu mārama ana ēnei hua ko ngā moroiti i akohia e kai ana i ngā waikura niobium (NbO me Nb2O5), kāore e paitini ki ngā moroiti i akohia.