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Mmepe ngwa ngwa nke nanotechnology na ntinye ya na ngwa kwa ụbọchị nwere ike ime gburugburu ebe obibi egwu.Ọ bụ ezie na ụzọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka mmebi nke ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-edozi nke ọma, mgbake nke inorganic crystalline conteminants bụ ihe na-echegbu onwe ya n'ihi na ha nwere mmetụta dị ala na biotransformation na enweghị nghọta nke mmekọrịta dị n'elu ihe na ndị dị ndụ.N'ebe a, anyị na-eji Nb-based inorganic 2D MXenes nlereanya jikọtara ya na usoro nyocha ihe dị mfe iji chọpụta usoro bioremediation nke 2D ceramic nanomaterials site na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Anyị chọpụtara na microalgae na-emebi MXenes dabeere na Nb n'ihi mmekọrịta physico-chemical metụtara elu.Na mbụ, a na-ejikọta otu-layer na multilayer MXene nanoflakes n'elu microalgae, nke na-ebelata ntakịrị uto nke algae.Otú ọ dị, n'elu ogologo mmekọrịta ya na elu, microalgae oxidized MXene nanoflakes na n'ihu decomposed ha n'ime NbO na Nb2O5.N'ihi na oxides ndị a abụghị ihe na-egbu egbu na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae, ha na-eri Nb oxide nanoparticles site na usoro ntinye nke na-eweghachi microalgae mgbe awa 72 nke ọgwụgwọ mmiri gasịrị.A na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta nke nri ndị na-edozi ahụ na ntinye aka na mmụba nke cell cell, ọdịdị ha dị nro na mgbanwe na-eto eto.Dabere na nchoputa ndị a, anyị kwubiri na ọnụnọ dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge nke MXenes dabeere na Nb na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri nwere ike ịkpata naanị obere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi.Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na, na-eji nanomaterials akụkụ abụọ dị ka usoro ihe atụ, anyị na-egosipụta ohere nke ngbanwe mgbanwe ọdịdị ọbụna na ihe ndị dị mma.N'ozuzu, ọmụmụ a na-aza ajụjụ dị mkpa dị mkpa gbasara usoro metụtara mmekọrịta dị n'elu na-ebugharị usoro bioremediation nke 2D nanomaterials ma na-enye ihe ndabere maka ọmụmụ ihe dị mkpirikpi na ogologo oge maka mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke inorganic crystalline nanomaterials.
Nanomaterials ewepụtala mmasị dị ukwuu kemgbe achọpụtara ha, na teknụzụ nanotechnologies dị iche iche abanyela n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'usoro nkwalite.N'ụzọ dị mwute, ntinye nke nanomaterials n'ime ngwa kwa ụbọchị nwere ike iduga ntọhapụ na mberede n'ihi mkpofu na-adịghị mma, njikwa akpachapụghị anya, ma ọ bụ akụrụngwa nchekwa ezughị oke.Ya mere, ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche na nanomaterials, gụnyere akụkụ abụọ (2D) nanomaterials, nwere ike ịtọhapụ na gburugburu ebe obibi, omume na ọrụ ndu nke a na-aghọtabeghị nke ọma.Ya mere, ọ bụghị ihe ijuanya na nchegbu ecotoxicity lekwasịrị anya n'ikike nke 2D nanomaterials ịbanye n'ime sistemu mmiri2,3,4,5,6.Na gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, ụfọdụ 2D nanomaterials nwere ike imekọrịta ihe dị iche iche n'ụdị dị iche iche na ọkwa trophic, gụnyere microalgae.
Microalgae bụ ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-ahụ anya na mmiri dị ọcha na gburugburu ebe obibi nke mmiri na-emepụta ụdị kemịkal dị iche iche site na photosynthesis7.Dị ka ndị dị otú a, ha dị oke mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri8,9,10,11,12 mana ha nwekwara mmetụta dị nro, ndị dị ọnụ ala na ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke ecotoxicity13,14.Ebe ọ bụ na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-amụba ngwa ngwa na ngwa ngwa na-anabata ọnụnọ nke ogige dị iche iche, ha na-ekwe nkwa maka mmepe nke ụzọ enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịgwọ mmiri nke ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-emerụ emerụ15,16.
Mkpụrụ ndụ algae nwere ike wepụ ion inorganic na mmiri site na biosorption na nchịkọta17,18.Ụfọdụ ụdị algal dị ka Chlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolifica, Stigeoclonium tenue na Synechococcus sp.Achọpụtala na ọ na-ebu na ọbụna na-azụ ion ọla ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka Fe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ na Mn2+19.Nnyocha ndị ọzọ egosila na Cu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ ma ọ bụ Pb2+ ions na-egbochi uto nke Scenedesmus site n'ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ cell na ibibi chloroplasts20,21.
Ụzọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka ire ere nke ihe ndị na-emetọ organic na iwepụ ion metal dị arọ adọtala uche ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia gburugburu ụwa.Nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-edozi ihe ndị a n'ụzọ dị mfe na mmiri mmiri.Otú ọ dị, a na-eji ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta kristal inorganic site na mmiri dị ala na ike dị ala maka mgbanwe dị iche iche nke biotransformations, nke na-akpata nnukwu ihe isi ike na nhazigharị, na obere ọganihu enweela na mpaghara a22,23,24,25,26.Ya mere, ịchọ ihe ngwọta nke enyi na gburugburu ebe obibi maka ịrụzi nanomaterials na-anọgide na-adị mgbagwoju anya na nke a na-achọpụtabeghị.N'ihi oke ejighị n'aka banyere mmetụta biotransformation nke 2D nanomaterials, ọ dịghị ụzọ dị mfe iji chọpụta ụzọ ndị nwere ike imebi ha n'oge mbelata.
N'ime ọmụmụ ihe a, anyị na-eji microalgae akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ dị ka onye na-arụ ọrụ mmiri mmiri na-arụ ọrụ maka ihe seramiiki inorganic, jikọtara ya na nlekota ọnọdụ nke usoro mmebi nke MXene dị ka onye nnọchiteanya nke ihe seramiiki inorganic.Okwu "MXene" na-egosipụta stoichiometry nke ihe onwunwe Mn + 1XnTx, ebe M bụ metal mgbanwe mmalite, X bụ carbon na / ma ọ bụ nitrogen, Tx bụ njedebe elu (dịka, -OH, -F, -Cl), na n = 1, 2, 3 ma ọ bụ 427.28.Kemgbe nchoputa nke MXenes nke Naguib et al.Sensorics, ọgwụgwọ ọrịa kansa na nzacha akpụkpọ ahụ 27,29,30.Na mgbakwunye, MXenes nwere ike na-ewere dị ka ihe nlereanya 2D usoro n'ihi na ha magburu onwe colloidal nkwụsi ike na omume ndu mmekọrịta31,32,33,34,35,36.
Ya mere, usoro e mepụtara n'isiokwu a na nyocha anyị na-egosi na eserese 1. Dị ka nkwupụta a si kwuo, microalgae na-emebi MXenes nke Nb dabeere na ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu n'ihi njikọ physico-chemical metụtara elu, nke na-enye ohere ọzọ mgbake nke algae.Iji nwalee echiche a, a họpụtara ndị òtù abụọ nke ezinụlọ nke mmalite niobium mgbanwe metal carbides na / ma ọ bụ nitrides (MXenes), ya bụ Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX.
Usoro nyocha na echiche dabere na ihe akaebe maka mgbake MXene site na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Biko mara na nke a bụ naanị nleba anya n'ichepụta echiche dabere na ihe akaebe.Gburugburu ọdọ ahụ dị iche na usoro nri eji eme ihe yana ọnọdụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ, okirikiri ụbọchị na oke na nri dị mkpa dị).Ejiri BioRender.com mepụta ya.
Ya mere, site n'iji MXene mee ihe dị ka usoro ihe atụ, anyị emeghewo ụzọ maka ọmụmụ ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ịhụ na nanomaterials ndị ọzọ.Karịsịa, anyị na-egosipụta ohere nke bioremediation nke nanomaterials akụkụ abụọ, dị ka niobium dabeere MXenes, site microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata.Microalgae nwere ike imebi Nb-MXenes n'ime oxides na-adịghị egbu egbu NbO na Nb2O5, nke na-enyekwa nri site na usoro ntinye niobium.N'ozuzu, ọmụmụ a na-aza ajụjụ dị mkpa dị mkpa gbasara usoro metụtara mmekọrịta physicochemical elu nke na-achịkwa usoro nke bioremediation nke nanomaterials akụkụ abụọ.Na mgbakwunye, anyị na-etolite usoro dabere n'ụdị dị mfe maka nsuso mgbanwe aghụghọ n'ọdịdị nke nanomaterials 2D.Nke a na-akpalikwu nyocha nwa oge na ogologo oge n'ime mmetụta dị iche iche gburugburu ebe obibi nke inorganic crystalline nanomaterials.Ya mere, ọmụmụ ihe anyị na-abawanye nghọta nke mmekọrịta dị n'etiti elu ihe na ihe ndị dị ndụ.Anyị na-enyekwa ihe ndabere maka ịgbasawanye ọmụmụ nwa oge na ogologo oge gbasara mmetụta ha nwere ike ime na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị ọcha, nke enwere ike ịchọpụta ugbu a ngwa ngwa.
MXenes na-anọchite anya klaasị na-adọrọ mmasị nke nwere ihe pụrụ iche na nke anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ na ya mere ọtụtụ ngwa nwere ike.Njirimara ndị a dabere na stoichiometry ha na kemịkalụ elu.Ya mere, n'ime ọmụmụ ihe anyị, anyị nyochara ụdị abụọ nke Nb-based hierarchical single-layer (SL) MXenes, Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX, ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta dị iche iche dị ndụ nke nanomaterials ndị a.A na-emepụta MXenes site na ihe mmalite ha site na nhọpụta nke elu-ala na-ahọrọ nke atomically MAX-phase A-layers.Oge MAX bụ seramiiki ternary mebere nke “njikọ” nke ngbanwe metal carbides na akwa “A” dị ka Al, Si, na Sn nwere MnAXn-1 stoichiometry.A na-ahụ ọdịdị ọdịdị nke usoro MAX mbụ site n'inyocha microscopy eletrọnịkị (SEM) ma kwekọọ n'ihe ọmụmụ ndị gara aga (Lee Ozi Mgbakwụnye, SI, Figure S1).Enwetara Multilayer (ML) Nb-MXene mgbe o wepụsịrị Al oyi akwa na 48% HF (hydrofluoric acid).A na-enyocha morphology nke ML-Nb2CTx na ML-Nb4C3TX site na nyocha eletrọnịkị eletrọnịkị (SEM) (Figures S1c na S1d n'otu n'otu) na MXene morphology na-ahụkarị bụ nke a na-ahụ anya, dị ka nanoflakes nwere akụkụ abụọ na-agafe site na oghere pore dị ka slits.Ma Nb-MXenes nwere ọtụtụ ihe jikọrọ ya na usoro MXene nke acid etching27,38 mebere na mbụ.Mgbe o kwusịrị usoro nke MXene, anyị na-ekpuchi ya site na intercalation nke tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) na-esote ịsacha na sonication, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, anyị nwetara otu-layer ma ọ bụ obere oyi akwa (SL) 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.
Anyị na-eji elu mkpebi nnyefe eletrọn microscopy (HRTEM) na X-ray diffraction (XRD) iji nwalee irè nke etching na n'ihu peeling.A na-egosi nsonaazụ HRTEM site na iji Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) na Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) na Fig. 2. Nb-MXene nanoflakes na-adabere n'ọnụ ọnụ iji lelee nhazi nke oyi akwa atomic ma tụọ anya interplanar.HRTEM oyiyi nke MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX nanoflakes kpughere ha atomically mkpa layered ọdịdị (lee Fig. 2a1, a2), dị ka na mbụ kọrọ site Naguib et al.27 na Jastrzębska et al.38.N'ihi na abụọ n'akụkụ Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx monolayers, anyị kpebiri interlayer anya nke 0.74 na 1.54 nm, karị (fig. 2b1,b2), nke na-ekweta na anyị gara aga arụpụta38.Ekwupụtakwara nke a site na mgbanwe mgbanwe ngwa ngwa Fourier (Fig 2c1, c2) na ngwa ngwa Fourier mgbanwe (Fig 2d1, d2) na-egosi ebe dị anya n'etiti Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx monolayers.Onyonyo a na-egosi ngbanwe nke ìhè na ụgbụ gbara ọchịchịrị dabara na niobium na carbon carbon, nke na-akwado ọdịdị oyi akwa nke MXenes a mụrụ.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na ike na-ekesa X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra nke enwetara maka Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx (Figures S2a na S2b) egosighi ihe fọdụrụ na nke mbụ MAX, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị Al elu achọpụtara.
Njirimara nke SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene nanoflakes, gụnyere (a) elu mkpebi eletrọn microscopy (HRTEM) n'akụkụ-ele 2D nanoflake imaging na kwekọrọ, (b) ike mode, (c) inverse ngwa ngwa Fourier mgbanwe (IFFT), (d) ngwa ngwa Fourier mgbanwe (FFT), (e) X-MX Nbray.Maka SL 2D Nb2CTx, a na-egosipụta ọnụọgụgụ dịka (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1).Maka SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, a na-egosipụta ọnụọgụgụ dịka (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
Egosiputa nha diffraction X-ray nke SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXenes na fig.2e1 na e2 n'otu n'otu.Ọnụ elu (002) na 4.31 na 4.32 kwekọrọ na MXenes Nb2CTx nke a kọwara na mbụ na Nb4C3TX38,39,40,41 n'otu n'otu.Nsonaazụ XRD na-egosikwa ọnụnọ nke ụfọdụ akụkụ ML fọdụrụnụ na usoro MAX, mana ọtụtụ n'ime usoro XRD jikọtara ya na SL Nb4C3Tx (Fig. 2e2).Ọnụnọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dị nta nke usoro MAX nwere ike ịkọwa ọnụ ọgụgụ MAX siri ike ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọkwa Nb4C3Tx enweghị usoro.
Nnyocha ndị ọzọ lekwasịrị anya na microalgae ndụ ndụ bụ nke ụdị R. subcapitata.Anyị họọrọ microalgae n'ihi na ha bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe dị mkpa na-etinye aka na isi webs nri42.Ha bụkwa otu n'ime ihe kacha mma na-egosi nsi n'ihi ike iwepụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na-ebuga n'ọkwa dị elu nke usoro nri43.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, nchọpụta na R. subcapitata nwere ike ime ka ìhè na-egbu egbu nke SL Nb-MXenes na microorganisms mmiri dị ọcha.Iji kọwaa nke a, ndị nchọpụta ahụ chere na microbe ọ bụla nwere mmetụta dị iche iche na ogige ndị na-egbu egbu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi.Maka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ, obere mkpokọta ihe anaghị emetụta uto ha, ebe ntinye n'elu oke nwere ike igbochi ha ma ọ bụ ọbụna kpatara ọnwụ.Ya mere, maka ọmụmụ ihe anyị banyere mmekọrịta dị n'elu n'etiti microalgae na MXenes na mgbake metụtara, anyị kpebiri ịnwale ihe na-adịghị njọ na nsị nke Nb-MXenes.Iji mee nke a, anyị nwalere ntinye nke 0 (dị ka ntụaka), 0.01, 0.1 na 10 mg l-1 MXene na agbakwunyere microalgae nwere oke MXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), nke nwere ike ịdị oke egwu ma na-egbu egbu..maka ebe obibi ndu ọ bụla.
E gosipụtara mmetụta nke SL Nb-MXenes na microalgae na Figure 3, gosipụtara dị ka pasent nke nkwalite nkwalite (+) ma ọ bụ mgbochi (-) tụrụ maka 0 mg l-1 samples.Maka ntụnyere, a nwalekwara usoro Nb-MAX na ML Nb-MXenes ma gosipụta nsonaazụ ya na SI (lee fig. S3).Nsonaazụ enwetara kwadoro na SL Nb-MXenes fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-enweghị nsí na nsonazụ nke dị ala site na 0.01 ruo 10 mg / l, dị ka e gosiri na 3a,b.N'ihe banyere Nb2CTx, anyị hụrụ ihe karịrị 5% ecotoxicity na nso nso a.
Mkpali (+) ma ọ bụ mgbochi (-) nke uto microalgae na ọnụnọ SL (a) Nb2CTx na (b) Nb4C3TX MXene.24, 48 na 72 awa nke mmekọrịta MXene-microalgae tụlere. Akara akara ngosi (*). Akara akara ngosi (*). Значимые данные (t-критерий, p <0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Akara data dị mkpa (t-ule, p <0.05) nwere akara mmuke (*).重要数据（t 检验，p <0.05）用星号(*) 标记。重要数据（t 检验，p <0.05）用星号(*) 标记。 Важные данные (t-ule, p <0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Akara data dị mkpa (t-ule, p <0.05) na akara nrịbama (*).Àkú na-acha uhie uhie na-egosi nkwụsị nke mkpali ihe mgbochi.
N'aka nke ọzọ, obere mkpokọta Nb4C3TX tụgharịrị bụrụ ntakịrị ihe na-egbu egbu, mana ọ bụghị elu karịa 7%.Dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, anyị hụrụ na MXenes nwere nnukwu nsị na mgbochi microalgae na 100mg L-1.N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ọ dịghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe ndị ahụ gosipụtara otu ihe na-emekarị na oge ndabere nke mmetụta na-egbu egbu / egbu egbu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe atụ MAX ma ọ bụ ML (lee SI maka nkọwa).Ọ bụ ezie na maka oge MAX (lee Fig. S3) nsị ruru ihe dịka 15-25% ma na-abawanye na oge, a na-ahụ mgbanwe mgbanwe maka SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXene.Mgbochi nke uto microalgae belatara ka oge na-aga.Ọ ruru ihe dịka 17% mgbe awa 24 gachara wee gbadaa na ihe na-erughị 5% mgbe awa 72 gachara (Fig 3a, b, n'otu n'otu).
Nke kachasị mkpa, maka SL Nb4C3TX, mgbochi microalgae na-eto eto ruru ihe dịka 27% mgbe awa 24 gachara, mana mgbe awa 72 gachara, ọ gbadara ruo ihe dịka 1%.Ya mere, anyị kpọrọ mmetụta a na-ahụ anya dị ka nkwụsị nke mkpali, na mmetụta dị ike maka SL Nb4C3TX MXene.Achọpụtara mkpali nke uto microalgae na mbụ na Nb4C3TX (mmekọrịta na 10 mg L-1 maka 24 h) ma e jiri ya tụnyere SL Nb2CTx MXene.A na-egosipụtakwa mmetụta mweghachi nke mgbochi-mmetụta na ọnụọgụ ọnụọgụ abụọ nke biomass (lee fig. S4 maka nkọwa).Ka ọ dị ugbu a, naanị ecotoxicity nke Ti3C2TX MXene ka a na-amụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche.Ọ bụghị ihe na-egbu egbu nye embrayo zebrafish44 kama ọ bụ ihe ecotoxic dị ntakịrị na microalgae Desmodesmus quadricauda na Sorghum saccharatum osisi45.Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke mmetụta akọwapụtara gụnyere oke nsi na ahịrị mkpụrụ ndụ kansa karịa ka ahịrị sel nkịtị46,47.Enwere ike iche na ọnọdụ ule ahụ ga-emetụta mgbanwe na uto microalgae hụrụ na ọnụnọ Nb-MXenes.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, pH nke ihe dịka 8 na chloroplast stroma dị mma maka ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma nke enzyme RuBisCO.Ya mere, pH mgbanwe na-adịghị mma na-emetụta ọnụego nke photosynthesis48,49.Agbanyeghị, anyị ahụghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na pH n'oge nnwale (lee SI, Fig. S5 maka nkọwa).N'ozuzu, omenala microalgae na Nb-MXenes dị ntakịrị belata pH nke ngwọta na oge.Agbanyeghị, mbelata a yiri mgbanwe na pH nke ọkara dị ọcha.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, ọdịiche dị iche iche a chọtara yiri nke a tụrụ maka omenala dị ọcha nke microalgae (nchịkwa nchịkwa).Ya mere, anyị na-ekwubi na photosynthesis adịghị emetụta mgbanwe pH na oge.
Na mgbakwunye, MXenes synthesized nwere njedebe elu (nke akpọrọ Tx).Ndị a bụ ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ -O, -F na -OH.Otú ọ dị, kemịkalụ elu na-emetụta kpọmkwem usoro nke njikọ.A maara ndị otu ndị a na-ekesa na-enweghị usoro n'elu elu, na-eme ka o sie ike ịkọ mmetụta ha na ihe onwunwe nke MXene50.Enwere ike ịrụ ụka na Tx nwere ike ịbụ ike na-akpata oxidation nke niobium site na ìhè.Otu dị n'elu na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie na-enye ọtụtụ saịtị arịlịka maka fotocatalysts ha dị n'okpuru iji mepụta heterojunctions51.Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-emepụta ihe na-eto eto enyeghị fotocatalyst dị irè (enwere ike ịhụ ihe mejupụtara ọkara zuru ezu na SI Table S6).Ke adianade do, ọ bụla elu mgbanwe dịkwa ezigbo mkpa, dị ka ndu ọrụ nke MXenes nwere ike gbanwee n'ihi Layer post-processing, oxidation, chemical elu mgbanwe nke organic na inorganic ogige52,53,54,55,56 ma ọ bụ elu ụgwọ engineering38.Ya mere, iji nwalee ma ọ bụrụ na niobium oxide nwere ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ya na ihe na-adịghị ahụkebe ihe dị na etiti, anyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ banyere zeta (ζ) nwere ike na-eto eto microalgae na mmiri deionized (maka ntụnyere).Nsonaazụ anyị gosiri na SL Nb-MXenes kwụsiri ike (lee SI Fig. S6 maka nsonaazụ MAX na ML).Ike zeta nke SL MXenes bụ ihe dịka -10 mV.N'ihe banyere SR Nb2CTx, uru ζ dị ntakịrị karịa nke Nb4C3Tx.Mgbanwe dị otú ahụ na uru ζ nwere ike igosi na elu nke MXene nanoflakes na-ezighị ezi na-anakọta ion nke ọma site na omenala omenala.Ntụle oge nke ikike zeta na conductivity nke Nb-MXenes na omenala omenala (lee Figures S7 na S8 na SI maka nkọwa ndị ọzọ) yiri ka ọ kwadoro echiche anyị.
Agbanyeghị, ma Nb-MXene SL gosipụtara obere mgbanwe site na efu.Nke a na-egosipụta n'ụzọ doro anya nkwụsi ike ha na microalgae uto usoro.Na mgbakwunye, anyị nyochara ma ọnụnọ microalgae anyị na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ ga-emetụta nkwụsi ike nke Nb-MXenes na etiti.Nsonaazụ nke ikike zeta na conductivity nke MXenes mgbe mmekọrịta ya na microalgae na mgbasa ozi na-edozi ahụ na omenala n'ime oge nwere ike ịchọta na SI (Figures S9 na S10).N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, anyị chọpụtara na ọnụnọ nke microalgae yiri ka ọ na-eme ka mgbasa nke MXenes abụọ kwụsị.N'ihe banyere Nb2CTx SL, ikike zeta dị ntakịrị belata ka oge na-aga na ụkpụrụ ndị na-adịghị mma (-15.8 vs -19.1 mV mgbe 72 h nke incubation gasịrị).Ike zeta nke SL Nb4C3TX dị ntakịrị mụbara, ma mgbe 72 h ọ ka na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị elu karịa nanoflakes na-enweghị ọnụnọ microalgae (-18.1 vs. -9.1 mV).
Anyị chọpụtakwara conductivity dị ala nke Nb-MXene ngwọta agbakwunyere n'ihu microalgae, na-egosi obere ion nke ion na-edozi ahụ.N'ụzọ doro anya, enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke MXenes n'ime mmiri bụ n'ihi oxidation elu57.Ya mere, anyị na-eche na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ microalgae n'ụzọ ụfọdụ kpochapụ oxides kpụrụ n'elu Nb-MXene na ọbụna gbochie ha omume (oxidation nke MXene).Enwere ike ịhụ nke a site n'ịmụ ụdị ihe ndị microalgae na-etinye.
Ọ bụ ezie na ọmụmụ ihe ecotoxicological anyị gosiri na microalgae nwere ike imeri nsi nke Nb-MXenes n'oge na nkwụsị na-adịghị ahụkebe nke mkpali na-eto eto, ebumnuche nke ọmụmụ anyị bụ iji nyochaa usoro omume nwere ike ime.Mgbe ekpughere ihe ndị dị ka algae na ogige ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ha na-amaghị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha, ha nwere ike imeghachi omume n'ụzọ dịgasị iche iche58,59.Na enweghị metal oxides na-egbu egbu, microalgae nwere ike inye onwe ha nri, na-enye ha ohere itolite n'ihu 60.Mgbe ịtinyechara ihe ndị na-egbu egbu, usoro nchekwa nwere ike rụọ ọrụ, dị ka ịgbanwe ọdịdị ma ọ bụ ọdịdị.A ga-atụlekwa ohere nke mmịnye58,59.N'ụzọ doro anya, ihe ịrịba ama ọ bụla nke usoro nchebe bụ ihe ngosi doro anya nke nsí nke ogige ule ahụ.Ya mere, na ọrụ anyị na-aga n'ihu, anyị nyochara mmekọrịta dị n'elu ala dị n'etiti SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes na microalgae site na SEM na ntinye nke MXene dabeere na Nb site na X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF).Rịba ama na a na-eme nyocha SEM na XRF naanị na ntinye kachasị elu nke MXene iji dozie nsogbu nsị ọrụ.
E gosipụtara nsonaazụ SEM na Fig.4.Mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa (lee Fig. 4a, sample sample) gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ụdị R. subcapitata morphology na ụdị sel croissant yiri.Selụ na-egosi na ha gbawara agbawa ma bụrụ ndị a na-ahazighị nke ọma.Ụfọdụ mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae jikọtara ọnụ ma kekọta onwe ha, mana nke a nwere ike ịbụ usoro nkwadebe sample kpatara ya.N'ozuzu, mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae dị ọcha nwere elu dị larịị ma ọ dịghị egosi mgbanwe ọ bụla morphological.
Foto SEM na-egosi mmekọrịta dị n'elu n'etiti microalgae na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na MXene nanosheets mgbe 72 awa nke mmekọrịta na oke ntinye uche (100 mg L-1).(a) Microalgae akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ anaghị agwọ ọrịa mgbe mmekọrịta ya na SL (b) Nb2CTx na (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes.Rịba ama na akara nanoflakes Nb-MXene na akụ na-acha uhie uhie.Maka ntụnyere, a na-agbakwunyekwa foto sitere na microscope anya.
N'ụzọ dị iche, mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae nke SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes kwadoro mebiri (lee Fig. 4b, c, akụ na-acha uhie uhie).N'ihe banyere Nb2CTx MXene (Fig. 4b), microalgae na-etolite na-ejikọta nanoscales akụkụ abụọ, nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị ha.N'ụzọ doro anya, anyị hụkwara mgbanwe ndị a n'okpuru microscopy ọkụ (lee SI Figure S11 maka nkọwapụta).Mgbanwe a na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere ihe ndabere nwere ezi uche na physiology nke microalgae na ikike ha nwere iji chebe onwe ha site n'ịgbanwe mkpụrụ ndụ cell, dị ka ịba ụba cell 61.Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ịlele ọnụ ọgụgụ nke microalgae sel ndị na-akpakọrịta na Nb-MXenes.Ihe ọmụmụ SEM gosiri na ihe dịka 52% nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-ekpughere Nb-MXenes, ebe 48% nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae ndị a na-ezere kọntaktị.Maka SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, microalgae na-agbalị izere kọntaktị na MXene, si otú a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ebe na-eto eto site na nanoscales abụọ (Fig 4c).Agbanyeghị, anyị ahụghị ntinye nke nanoscales n'ime sel microalgae na mmebi ha.
Nchekwa onwe onye bụkwa omume nzaghachi na-adabere na oge na nkwụsị nke photosynthesis n'ihi mgbasa nke ihe dị n'elu cell na ihe a na-akpọ shading (shading) mmetụta62.O doro anya na ihe ọ bụla (dịka ọmụmaatụ, Nb-MXene nanoflakes) nke dị n'etiti microalgae na ìhè ọkụ na-egbochi oke ọkụ nke chloroplasts na-etinye.Agbanyeghị, anyị enweghị obi abụọ na nke a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na nsonaazụ enwetara.Dị ka egosipụtara site na nlele anya microscopic anyị, 2D nanoflakes ejighị kpamkpam ma ọ bụ rapara n'elu microalgae, ọbụlagodi mgbe mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-akpakọrịta na Nb-MXenes.Kama nke ahụ, nanoflakes tụgharịrị ka ọ dabere na sel microalgae na-ekpuchighị elu ha.Ụdị nanoflakes/microalgae dị otú ahụ enweghị ike igbochi oke ọkụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-etinye.Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ọmụmụ egosila mmụba nke mmịpụta ìhè site na ntule photoynthetic n'ihu nanomaterials akụkụ abụọ63,64,65,66.
Ebe ọ bụ na onyonyo SEM enweghị ike ịkwado nnabata nke niobium site na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae ozugbo, ọmụmụ ihe anyị gara n'ihu tụgharịrị na nyocha X-ray fluorescence (XRF) na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) iji dokwuo anya nke a.Ya mere, anyị na-atụnyere ike nke Nb ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe nlele microalgae nke na-adịghị emekọrịta ihe na MXenes, MXene nanoflakes na-apụ n'elu sel microalgae, na sel microalgal mgbe e wepụsịrị MXenes.Ọ dị mma ịmara na ọ bụrụ na enweghị Nb na-ebuli elu, uru Nb nwetara site na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae kwesịrị ịbụ efu mgbe e wepụsịrị nanoscales agbakwunyere.Ya mere, ọ bụrụ na iwere Nb emee, ma nsonaazụ XRF na XPS kwesịrị igosi ọkwa Nb doro anya.
N'ihe banyere XRF spectra, microalgae samples gosiri Nb ọnụ ọgụgụ maka SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene mgbe mmekọrịta ya na SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx MXene (lee Fig. 5a, chọpụtakwa na a na-egosipụta nsonaazụ MAX na ML MXenes na SI, Figs S12).N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, ike nke elu Nb bụ otu n'ime ihe abụọ ahụ (ogwe uhie na Fig. 5a).Nke a gosipụtara na algae enweghị ike ịmịnye Nb karịa, na ikike kachasị maka nchịkọta Nb nwetara na sel, ọ bụ ezie na okpukpu abụọ karịa Nb4C3Tx MXene na-ejikọta ya na sel microalgae (ogwe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na Fig. 5a).N'ụzọ doro anya, ikike nke microalgae ịmịkọrọ ọla na-adabere na ntinye nke metal oxides na gburugburu ebe obibi67,68.Shamshada et al.67 chọpụtara na ikike nnabata nke algae mmiri dị ọcha na-ebelata na pH na-abawanye.Raize et al.68 kwuru na ike nke ahịhịa mmiri na-amịkọrọ ọla bụ ihe dịka 25% dị elu maka Pb2 + karịa maka Ni2 +.
(a) Nsonaazụ XRF nke basal Nb na-enweta site na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ na-emepụta na oke mkpokọta SL Nb-MXenes (100 mg L-1) maka awa 72.Nsonaazụ na-egosi ọnụnọ nke α na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae dị ọcha (nchịkwa akara, ogidi isi awọ), 2D nanoflakes dịpụrụ adịpụ site na sel microalgae elu (ogidi na-acha anụnụ anụnụ), na sel microalgae mgbe nkewa nke 2D nanoflakes si n'elu (ogidi uhie).Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke elemental Nb, (b) pasent nke ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke microalgae organic components (C = O na CHx / C-O) na Nb oxides dị na sel microalgae mgbe etinyere ya na SL Nb-MXenes, (c-e) Ndozi nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke XPS SL Nb2CTx spectra na (fhene) SL Tx microbgae cell.
Ya mere, anyị tụrụ anya na mkpụrụ ndụ algal nwere ike itinye Nb n'ụdị oxides.Iji nwalee nke a, anyị mere ọmụmụ XPS na MXenes Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX na mkpụrụ ndụ algae.Nsonaazụ nke mmekọrịta nke microalgae na Nb-MXenes na MXenes dịpụrụ adịpụ na mkpụrụ ndụ algae na-egosi na fig.5b.Dị ka a tụrụ anya, anyị chọpụtara Nb 3d ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu na microalgae sample mgbe ewepụsịrị MXene n'elu microalgae.A na-agbakọ ọnụ ọgụgụ nke C = O, CHx / CO, na Nb oxides dabere na Nb 3d, O 1s, na C 1s spectra nwetara na Nb2CTx SL (Fig 5c-e) na Nb4C3Tx SL (Fig. 5c-e).) enwetara site na microalgae etinyere.Ọgụgụ 5f–h) MXenes.Tebụlụ S1-3 na-egosi nkọwa nke oke oke na kemịkalụ n'ozuzu sitere na dabara adaba.Ọ bụ ihe kwesịrị ịrịba ama na mpaghara Nb 3d nke Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3Tx SL (Fig 5c, f) kwekọrọ na otu akụkụ Nb2O5.N'ebe a, anyị ahụghị ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu metụtara MXene na spectra, na-egosi na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na-etinye naanị ụdị oxide nke Nb.Na mgbakwunye, anyị jiri akụkụ C–C, CHx/C–O, C=O, na –COOH were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were were sụọ ihe dị ka C 1.Anyị kenyere ọnụ ọgụgụ CHx/C–O na C=O na ntinye aka nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae.Ihe mejupụtara organic ndị a na-aza 36% na 41% nke ọnụ ọgụgụ C 1s na Nb2CTx SL na Nb4C3TX SL, n'otu n'otu.Anyị tinyeziri ihe ngosi O 1s nke SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3TX na Nb2O5, ihe ndị mejupụtara microalgae (CHx/CO), na mmiri a na-ekesa n'elu.
N'ikpeazụ, nsonaazụ XPS gosipụtara n'ụzọ doro anya ụdị Nb, ọ bụghị naanị ọnụnọ ya.Dị ka ọnọdụ nke Nb 3d mgbaàmà na nsonaazụ nke deconvolution, anyị na-akwado na Nb na-etinye uche naanị n'ụdị oxides ma ọ bụghị ions ma ọ bụ MXene n'onwe ya.Na mgbakwunye, nsonaazụ XPS gosiri na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae nwere ikike ka ukwuu iji nweta Nb oxides site na SL Nb2CTx ma e jiri ya tụnyere SL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Ọ bụ ezie na nsonaazụ nnabata Nb anyị na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-enye anyị ohere ịchọpụta mmebi nke MXene, ọ nweghị usoro dịnụ iji soro mgbanwe morphological metụtara na 2D nanoflakes.Ya mere, anyị kpebiri ịmepụta usoro kwesịrị ekwesị nke nwere ike ịzaghachi ozugbo na mgbanwe ọ bụla na-eme na 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes na microalgae cell.Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na anyị na-eche na ọ bụrụ na ụdị ndị na-emekọrịta ihe na-eme mgbanwe ọ bụla, nbibi ma ọ bụ defragmentation, nke a kwesịrị igosi ngwa ngwa dị ka mgbanwe na ọdịdị ọdịdị, dị ka dayameta nke mpaghara okirikiri kwekọrọ, okirikiri, obosara Feret, ma ọ bụ ogologo Feret.Ebe ọ bụ na paramita ndị a dabara adaba maka ịkọwa akụkụ elongated ma ọ bụ nanoflakes akụkụ abụọ, nleba anya ha site na nyocha ihe dị omimi ga-enye anyị ozi bara uru gbasara mgbanwe mgbanwe morphological nke SL Nb-MXene nanoflakes n'oge mbelata.
E gosipụtara nsonaazụ enwetara na eserese 6. Maka ntụnyere, anyị nwalekwara usoro MAX mbụ na ML-MXenes (lee SI Figures S18 na S19).Ntụle dị omimi nke udi ihe gosiri na ụdị ọdịdị niile nke abụọ Nb-MXene SL gbanwere nke ukwuu mgbe mmekọrịta ya na microalgae gasịrị.Dị ka e gosiri n'otu n'otu okirikiri dayameta oke (Fig. 6a, b), mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu nke ntakiri nke nnukwu nanoflakes na-egosi na ha na-emekarị ire ere n'ime obere iberibe.Na fig.6c, d na-egosi mbelata nke ọnụ ọgụgụ kasị elu jikọtara ya na transverse size nke flakes (elongation nke nanoflakes), na-egosi mgbanwe nke 2D nanoflakes n'ime a ọzọ urughuru-dị ka udi.Ọgụgụ 6e-h na-egosi obosara na ogologo nke Feret, n'otu n'otu.Obosara na ogologo ụkwụ bụ ihe mgbakwunye, yabụ ekwesịrị ịtụle ọnụ.Mgbe ntinye nke 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes na ọnụnọ nke microalgae, ọnụ ọgụgụ njikọ Feret ha gbanwere na ike ha belatara.Dabere na nsonaazụ ndị a jikọtara ya na morphology, XRF na XPS, anyị kwubiri na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ nwere njikọ siri ike na oxidation ka MXenes oxidized na-aghọwanye wrinkled wee gbarie n'ime iberibe na spherical oxide particles69,70.
Nyocha nke mgbanwe MXene mgbe mmekọrịta na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ microalgae.Nyocha urughuru udi nleba anya na-eburu n'uche paramita dị ka (a, b) dayameta nke mpaghara okirikiri nhata, (c, d) okirikiri, (e, f) obosara feret na (g, h) ogologo Feret.Iji mezuo nke a, a na-enyocha ihe nlele microalgae abụọ na isi SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, microalgae mebiri emebi, na mesoo microalgae SL Nb2CTx na SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes.Àkụ́ na-acha uhie uhie na-egosi ntụgharị nke ọdịdị ọdịdị nke nanoflakes akụkụ abụọ a mụrụ.
Ebe ọ bụ na nyocha nke ụdị ọdịdị dị nnọọ ntụkwasị obi, ọ nwekwara ike ikpughe mgbanwe morphological na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae.Ya mere, anyị nyochara otu dayameta okirikiri okirikiri, okirikiri, na Feret obosara / ogologo nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae dị ọcha na sel mgbe mmekọrịta ya na 2D Nb nanoflakes gasịrị.Na fig.6a-h na-egosi mgbanwe na ọdịdị ọdịdị nke mkpụrụ ndụ algae, dị ka egosipụtara site na mbelata nke ike kachasị elu na ngbanwe nke maxima gaa n'ụkpụrụ dị elu.Karịsịa, mkpụrụ ndụ okirikiri okirikiri gosipụtara mbelata nke mkpụrụ ndụ elongated yana mmụba nke mkpụrụ ndụ okirikiri (Fig 6a, b).Na mgbakwunye, obosara cell Feret mụbara site na ọtụtụ micrometers mgbe mmekọrịta ya na SL Nb2CTx MXene (Fig 6e) tụnyere SL Nb4C3TX MXene (Fig 6f).Anyị na-eche na nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmụba siri ike nke Nb oxides site na microalgae na mmekọrịta ya na Nb2CTx SR.Mkpịsị aka siri ike nke Nb flakes n'elu ha nwere ike ibute uto cell na obere mmetụta shading.
Nleba anya anyị banyere mgbanwe na paramita nke ọdịdị na nha nke microalgae na-emeju ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ.Green microalgae nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị ha na nzaghachi na nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi site n'ịgbanwe nha cell, ọdịdị ma ọ bụ metabolism61.Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ịgbanwe nha mkpụrụ ndụ na-eme ka nnabata nke nri71 dị mfe.Mkpụrụ ndụ algae pere mpe na-egosi nnabata nri dị ala yana ọzịza uto.N'aka nke ọzọ, sel ndị buru ibu na-erikarị nri ndị na-edozi ahụ, nke a na-edobezi intracellularly72,73.Machado na Soares chọpụtara na triclosan fungicides nwere ike ịbawanye nha cell.Ha hụkwara mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ụdị algae74.Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Yin et al.9 kpughekwara mgbanwe mgbanwe ọdịdị ọdịdị na algae mgbe ekpughere na graphene oxide nanocomposites belatara.Ya mere, o doro anya na mgbanwe nha / ọdịdị nke microalgae gbanwere site na ọnụnọ MXene.Ebe ọ bụ na mgbanwe a dị na nha na ọdịdị na-egosi mgbanwe nke ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ, anyị kwenyere na nyocha nke nha na ọdịdị ọdịdị n'ogologo oge nwere ike igosi ntinye nke niobium oxide site na microalgae n'ihu Nb-MXenes.
Ọzọkwa, MXenes nwere ike oxidized na ọnụnọ nke algae.Dalai et al.75 kwuru na morphology nke green algae kpughere nano-TiO2 na Al2O376 abụghị otu.Ọ bụ ezie na nleba anya anyị yiri nke a na-amụ ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị ihe gbasara ọmụmụ nke mmetụta nke bioremediation n'ihe gbasara ngwaahịa mmebi MXene n'ihu 2D nanoflakes na ọ bụghị nanoparticles.Ebe ọ bụ na MXenes nwere ike imebi n'ime metal oxides, 31,32,77,78 ọ bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya iche na Nb nanoflakes anyị nwekwara ike ịmepụta Nb oxides mgbe ha na microalgae sel na-akpakọrịta.
Iji kọwaa mbelata nke 2D-Nb nanoflakes site na usoro nbibi nke dabeere na usoro oxidation, anyị na-eduzi ọmụmụ ihe site na iji microscopy nnyefe dị elu (HRTEM) (Fig 7a,b) na X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Fig 7).7c-i na tebụl S4-5).Ụzọ abụọ a dabara adaba maka ịmụ oxidation nke ihe 2D na imeju ibe ha.HRTEM nwere ike nyochaa nbibi nke ihe owuwu nwere akụkụ abụọ yana mpụta nke metal oxide nanoparticles na-esote, ebe XPS na-enwe mmetụta maka njikọ elu.N'ihi nke a, anyị nwalere 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes amịpụtara si microalgae cell dispersions, ya bụ, ha udi mgbe mmekọrịta na microalgae cell (lee Fig. 7).
Ihe onyonyo HRTEM na-egosi ọdịdị nke oxidized (a) SL Nb2CTx na (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, nsonaazụ nyocha XPS na-egosi (c) ihe mejupụtara ngwaahịa oxide mgbe mbelata, (d – f) ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu nke akụkụ XPS spectra nke SL Nb2CTx na (g-i) Nb4C3T na-arụzi akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ.
Ọmụmụ HRTEM kwadoro oxidation nke ụdị abụọ nke Nb-MXene nanoflakes.Ọ bụ ezie na nanoflakes na-ejigide morphology ha abụọ ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, oxidation mere ka ọdịdị nke ọtụtụ nanoparticles na-ekpuchi elu nke MXene nanoflakes (lee Fig. 7a,b).Nyocha XPS nke c Nb 3d na O 1s akara gosiri na Nb oxides ka emebere n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ.Dị ka e gosiri na Figure 7c, 2D MXene Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX nwere Nb 3d akara na-egosi ọnụnọ nke Nbo na Nb2O5 oxides, mgbe O 1s akara na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ nke O-Nb bonds metụtara functionalization nke 2D nanoflake elu.Anyị chọpụtara na onyinye Nb oxide na-achị ma e jiri ya tụnyere Nb-C na Nb3+-O.
Na fig.Ọnụọgụ 7g-i na-egosi ụdị XPS nke Nb 3d, C 1s, na O 1s SL Nb2CTx (lee fig. 7d-f) na SL Nb4C3TX MXene dịpụrụ adịpụ na sel microalgae.A na-enye nkọwa zuru oke nke Nb-MXenes na Tebụl S4-5, n'otu n'otu.Anyị buru ụzọ nyochaa nhazi nke Nb 3d.N'adịghị ka Nb na-etinye uche na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae, na MXene dịpụrụ adịpụ na sel microalgae, ewezuga Nb2O5, a chọtara ihe ndị ọzọ.Na Nb2CTx SL, anyị hụrụ onyinye nke Nb3 + -O na ego nke 15%, ebe ndị ọzọ nke Nb 3d spectrum na-achịkwa Nb2O5 (85%).Na mgbakwunye, ihe nlele SL Nb4C3TX nwere akụkụ Nb-C (9%) na Nb2O5 (91%).N'ebe a Nb-C na-abịa site n'ígwé atọm abụọ dị n'ime nke metal carbide na Nb4C3Tx SR.Anyị na-edezi ihe ngosi C 1s ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ anọ dị iche iche, dịka anyị mere n'ime ihe nlele.Dị ka a na-atụ anya ya, ụdịdị C 1s na-achịkwa carbon graphitic, na-esote onyinye sitere na ihe ndị dị ndụ (CHx/CO na C = O) sitere na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae.Na mgbakwunye, na ụdịdị O 1s, anyị hụrụ onyinye nke ụdị organic nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae, niobium oxide, na mmiri adsorbed.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, anyị nyochara ma Nb-MXenes cleavage jikọtara ya na ọnụnọ nke ụdị oxygen reactive (ROS) na-edozi ahụ na / ma ọ bụ sel microalgae.Iji mezuo nke a, anyị nyochara ọkwa nke singlet oxygen (1O2) na omenala omenala na intracellular glutathione, thiol nke na-eme dị ka antioxidant na microalgae.E gosipụtara nsonaazụ ya na SI (Foto S20 na S21).Omenala nwere SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXenes ji mbelata nke 1O2 mara (lee eserese S20).N'ihe banyere SL Nb2CTx, MXene 1O2 na-ebelata ihe dịka 83%.Maka omenala microalgae na-eji SL, Nb4C3TX 1O2 belatara ọbụna karịa, ruo 73%.N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mgbanwe na 1O2 gosipụtara otu ihe ahụ dị ka ihe na-eme ka ihe mgbochi na-akpali akpali (lee Fig. 3).Enwere ike ịrụ ụka na incubation na ìhè na-egbuke egbuke nwere ike gbanwee photooxidation.Otú ọ dị, nsonaazụ nke nyocha njikwa gosipụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkwa 1O2 mgbe niile n'oge nnwale (Fig S22).N'ihe gbasara ọkwa ROS intracellular, anyị hụkwara otu ihe na-agbadata (lee foto S21).Na mbido, ọkwa ROS dị na mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae azụlitere n'ihu Nb2CTx na Nb4C3Tx SL karịrị ọkwa dị na omenala dị ọcha nke microalgae.N'ikpeazụ, Otú ọ dị, ọ pụtara na microalgae na-emegharị na ọnụnọ nke ma Nb-MXenes, dị ka ọkwa ROS na-ebelata ruo 85% na 91% nke ọkwa dị na omenala dị ọcha nke microalgae inoculated na SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX, n'otu n'otu.Nke a nwere ike igosi na microalgae na-enwe ahụ iru ala karịa oge n'ihu Nb-MXene karịa na nri nri naanị.
Microalgae bụ otu dị iche iche nke foto synthetic.N'oge photosynthesis, ha na-agbanwe ikuku carbon dioxide (CO2) ka ọ bụrụ carbon organic.Ngwaahịa nke photosynthesis bụ glucose na oxygen79.Anyị na-eche na ikuku oxygen si otú a na-arụ ọrụ dị oke mkpa na oxidation nke Nb-MXenes.Otu nkọwa nwere ike maka nke a bụ na a na-emepụta paramita ikuku dị iche iche na nrụgide dị ala na nke dị elu nke oxygen n'èzí na n'ime Nb-MXene nanoflakes.Nke a pụtara na n'ebe ọ bụla enwere akụkụ nke nrụgide akụkụ dị iche iche nke ikuku oxygen, mpaghara nwere ọkwa dị ala ga-eme ka anode 80, 81, 82. N'ebe a, microalgae na-enye aka n'ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche nke aerated n'elu MXene flakes, nke na-emepụta oxygen n'ihi na ha fotoynthetic Njirimara.N'ihi ya, a na-emepụta ngwaahịa biocorrosion (na nke a, niobium oxides).Akụkụ ọzọ bụ na microalgae nwere ike ịmepụta acids organic nke ewepụtara n'ime mmiri83,84.Ya mere, a na-emepụta ebe na-eme ihe ike, si otú ahụ gbanwee Nb-MXenes.Na mgbakwunye, microalgae nwere ike ịgbanwe pH nke gburugburu ebe obibi na alkaline n'ihi nnabata nke carbon dioxide, nke nwekwara ike ibute corrosion79.
Nke kachasị mkpa, oge photoperiod gbara ọchịchịrị/ọkụ ejiri mee ihe n'ọmụmụ ihe anyị dị oke mkpa iji ghọta nsonaazụ enwetara.A kọwara akụkụ a nke ọma na Djemai-Zoglache et al.85 Ha kpachaara anya jiri oge foto nke awa 12/12 gosiputara biocorrosion metụtara biofouling site na red microalgae Porphyridium purpureum.Ha na-egosi na oge photoperiod jikọtara ya na evolushọn nke nwere ike na-enweghị biocorrosion, na-egosipụta onwe ya dị ka pseudoperiodic oscillations gburugburu 24:00.Dowling et al kwadoro nleba anya ndị a.86 Ha gosiputara biofilms foto synthetic nke cyanobacteria Anabaena.A na-emepụta oxygen gbazere n'okpuru ọrụ nke ìhè, nke jikọtara ya na mgbanwe ma ọ bụ mgbanwe na ikike biocorrosion efu.A na-emesi ịdị mkpa nke photoperiod ike site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ikike nnwere onwe maka biocorrosion na-abawanye na oge ọkụ ma na-ebelata na oge ọchịchịrị.Nke a bụ n'ihi ikuku oxygen nke microalgae photosynthetic na-emepụta, nke na-emetụta mmeghachi omume cathodic site na nrụgide akụkụ nke na-emepụta n'akụkụ electrodes87.
Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-eme Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) iji chọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na mgbanwe ọ bụla mere na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae mgbe mmekọrịta ya na Nb-MXenes gasịrị.Nsonaazụ ndị a nwetara dị mgbagwoju anya ma anyị na-eweta ha na SI (Njirimara S23-S25, gụnyere nsonaazụ nke ọkwa MAX na ML MXenes).Na nkenke, akwụkwọ ntụaka enwetara nke microalgae na-enye anyị ozi dị mkpa gbasara njirimara kemịkalụ nke ihe ndị a.Mgbagwoju anya ndị a nwere ike ịdị na-adị na ugboro 1060 cm-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C = C), 1730 cm-1 (C = O), 2850 cm-1, 2920 cm-1.otu.1 1 (C–H) na 3280 cm–1 (O-H).Maka SL Nb-MXenes, anyị chọtara mbinye aka mgbatị CH nke dabara na ọmụmụ ihe gara aga38.Agbanyeghị, anyị hụrụ na ụfọdụ ọnụ ọgụgụ kacha elu jikọtara na njikọ C=C na CH kwụsịrị.Nke a na-egosi na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke microalgae nwere ike ịnwe obere mgbanwe n'ihi mmekọrịta ya na SL Nb-MXenes.
Mgbe a na-atụle mgbanwe ndị nwere ike ime na biochemistry nke microalgae, nchịkọta nke inorganic oxides, dị ka niobium oxide, kwesịrị ka e chegharịa.Ọ na-etinye aka n'ịkwalite ọla site n'elu cell, ibuga ha na cytoplasm, mkpakọrịta ha na intracellular carboxyl otu, na nchịkọta ha na microalgae polyphosphosomes20,88,89,90.Na mgbakwunye, mmekọrịta dị n'etiti microalgae na ọla na-eji otu mkpụrụ ndụ arụ ọrụ.N'ihi nke a, absorption na-adaberekwa na microalgae surface chemistry, nke bụ nnọọ mgbagwoju9,91.N'ozuzu, dị ka a tụrụ anya ya, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke microalgae ndụ ndụ gbanwere ntakịrị n'ihi nnabata nke Nb oxide.
N'ụzọ na-akpali mmasị, mgbochi mbụ a hụrụ na microalgae gbanwere ka oge na-aga.Dị ka anyị hụrụ, microalgae meriri mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi mbụ ma mesịa laghachi na ọnụego uto nkịtị na ọbụna mụbaa.Nnyocha nke ikike zeta na-egosi nkwụsi ike dị elu mgbe e webatara ya na mgbasa ozi na-edozi ahụ.Ya mere, a na-edobe mmekọrịta dị n'elu n'etiti mkpụrụ ndụ microalgae na Nb-MXene nanoflakes n'oge nyocha mbelata.N'ime nyocha ọzọ anyị, anyị na-achịkọta isi usoro nke ime ihe na-akpata àgwà a dị ịrịba ama nke microalgae.
Ihe nyocha SEM egosila na microalgae na-etinye aka na Nb-MXenes.N'iji nyocha ihe oyiyi dị ike, anyị na-akwado na mmetụta a na-eduga na ngbanwe nke akụkụ abụọ nke Nb-MXene nanoflakes n'ime ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, si otú ahụ na-egosi na decomposition nke nanoflakes jikọtara ya na oxidation ha.Iji nwalee echiche anyị, anyị mere usoro ọmụmụ ihe na biochemical.Mgbe anwalechara, nanoflakes jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaze ma mebie n'ime ngwaahịa NbO na Nb2O5, nke na-adịghị etinye egwu na microalgae green.N'iji nyocha FTIR, anyị ahụghị mgbanwe dị ịrịba ama na ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke microalgae etinyere na ọnụnọ 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.N'iburu n'uche ohere ịnweta niobium oxide site na microalgae, anyị mere nyocha nke fluorescence X-ray.Nsonaazụ ndị a na-egosi n'ụzọ doro anya na microalgae a mụrụ na-eri nri na niobium oxides (NbO na Nb2O5), nke na-adịghị egbu egbu na microalgae a mụrụ.