Tinokutendai nekushanyira Nature.com. Muri kushandisa vhezheni yebrowser ine rutsigiro rushoma rweCSS. Kuti muwane ruzivo rwakanaka, tinokurudzira kuti mushandise browser yakagadziridzwa (kana kuti mudzime Compatibility Mode muInternet Explorer). Panguva ino, kuti tive nechokwadi chekuti rutsigiro runoramba ruchienderera mberi, tichaisa saiti iyi isina masitayera uye JavaScript.
Inoratidza carousel yemasiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete. Shandisa mabhatani ekuti Previous ne Next kuti ufambe nemasiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete, kana kushandisa mabhatani ekuti slider ari kumagumo kuti ufambe nemasiraidhi matatu panguva imwe chete.
Kukurumidza kukura kwe nanotechnology uye kubatanidzwa kwayo mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kunogona kukanganisa nharaunda. Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzegirini dzekuparadza tsvina yeorganic dzakanyatsojeka, kudzoreredzwa kwetsvina ye inorganic crystalline kunonyanya kushungurudza nekuda kwekusagona kwayo kuchinjika ku biotransformation uye kusanzwisisa kusangana kwezvinhu pamusoro ne biological. Pano, tinoshandisa Nb-based inorganic 2D MXenes model yakasanganiswa nenzira iri nyore yekuongorora shape parameter kuti titevedzere bioremediation mechanism ye 2D ceramic nanomaterials ne green microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Takaona kuti microalgae inoderedza Nb-based MXenes nekuda kwekudyidzana kwe physico-chemical ne surface-related. Pakutanga, single-layer uye multilayer MXene nanoflakes dzakabatanidzwa pamusoro pe microalgae, izvo zvakaderedza kukura kwe algae. Zvisinei, pakubatana kwenguva refu ne surface, microalgae yakaoxidation MXene nanoflakes ndokuzowedzera kuaparadza kuita NbO neNb2O5. Nekuti maoxide aya haana chepfu kumasero e microalgae, anodya Nb oxide nanoparticles nenzira yekunyudza iyo inowedzera kudzoreredza microalgae mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekurapwa nemvura. Mhedzisiro yezvinovaka muviri zvine chekuita nekunyudzwa inoratidzwawo mukuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemasero, chimiro chawo chakatsetseka uye shanduko mukukura. Zvichibva pane zvakawanikwa izvi, tinogumisa kuti kuvapo kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu kweNb-based MXenes munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena kunogona kukonzera mhedzisiro diki diki nharaunda. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti, tichishandisa nanomaterials mbiri-dimensional semasisitimu emuenzaniso, tinoratidza mukana wekutevera kushanduka kwechimiro kunyangwe muzvinhu zvakacheneswa. Pakazara, chidzidzo ichi chinopindura mubvunzo wakakosha wepamusoro nezve maitiro ane chekuita nekudyidzana kwepamusoro achifambisa nzira ye bioremediation ye2D nanomaterials uye inopa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi uye zvenguva refu zvemhedzisiro yezvakatipoteredza yeinorganic crystalline nanomaterials.
Zvinhu zveNanomaterials zvakakonzera kufarira kukuru kubva pazvakawanikwa, uye matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana e nanotechnologies achangobva kupinda muchikamu chekuvandudza1. Zvinosuwisa kuti kubatanidzwa kwezvinhu zvenanomaterials mukushandiswa kwezuva nezuva kunogona kukonzera kuburitswa netsaona nekuda kwekurasa zvisina kunaka, kubata zvisina hanya, kana kusakwana kwezvivakwa zvekuchengetedza. Nokudaro, zvine musoro kufunga kuti zvinhu zvenanomaterials, kusanganisira zvinhu zvenanomaterials zvemativi maviri (2D), zvinogona kuburitswa munzvimbo yechisikigo, maitiro uye basa rehupenyu risati ranyatsonzwisiswa. Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti kunetseka nezve chepfu yezvakatipoteredza kwakatarisana nekukwanisa kwe2D nanomaterials kupinda muzvirongwa zvemvura2,3,4,5,6. Munzvimbo idzi dzezvakatipoteredza, mamwe ma2D nanomaterials anogona kusangana nezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana pamazinga akasiyana etrophic, kusanganisira microalgae.
Ma microalgae zvipenyu zvekare zvinowanikwa muzvipenyu zvemvura yakachena uye zvemugungwa zvinogadzira mhando dzakasiyana dzemakemikari kuburikidza ne photosynthesis7. Saka, zvakakosha kuzvisikwa zvemumvura8,9,10,11,12 asi zvakare zviratidzo zvekukuvadza zvakatipoteredza, zvisingadhuri uye zvinoshandiswa zvakanyanya. Sezvo masero e microalgae achiwanda nekukurumidza uye nekukurumidza kupindura kuvapo kwemakemikari akasiyana-siyana, ari kuvimbisa kugadzirwa kwenzira dzisingakuvadzi nharaunda dzekurapa mvura yakasvibiswa nezvinhu zvakasikwa15,16.
Masero ealgae anogona kubvisa maion asina kugadzirwa mumvura kuburikidza ne biosorption uye kuunganidza17,18. Mamwe marudzi ealga akadai seChlorella, Anabaena invar, Westiellopsis prolica, Stigeoclonium tenue uye Synechococcus sp. Yakawanikwa ichitakura uye ichitopa simba maion ane chepfu esimbi akadai seFe2+, Cu2+, Zn2+ uye Mn2+19. Zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti maion eCu2+, Cd2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ kana Pb2+ anoderedza kukura kweScenedesmus nekuchinja morphology yemasero uye kuparadza ma chloroplast awo20,21.
Nzira dzegirini dzekuparadza tsvina yeorganic uye kubvisa maion esimbi inorema dzakakwezva kutariswa kwevasayendisiti nemainjiniya pasi rese. Izvi zvinonyanya kukonzerwa nekuti tsvina iyi inogadziriswa zviri nyore muchikamu chemvura. Zvisinei, tsvina yekristaro isingasanganisike inoratidzwa nekunyungudika kwemvura kushoma uye kusakwanisa kubatwa nekuchinja kwakasiyana-siyana kwebio, izvo zvinokonzera matambudziko makuru mukugadzirisa, uye kufambira mberi kushoma kwakaitwa munzvimbo iyi22,23,24,25,26. Saka, kutsvaga mhinduro dzinochengetedza nharaunda dzekugadzirisa nanomaterials kuchiri nzvimbo yakaoma uye isina kuongororwa. Nekuda kwekusaziva kwakanyanya nezvemhedzisiro yebiotransformation ye2D nanomaterials, hapana nzira iri nyore yekuwana nzira dzinogona kukonzera kuora kwayo panguva yekudzikiswa.
Muchidzidzo ichi, takashandisa green algae sechinhu chinoshanda chekugadzirisa zvinhu zve ceramic zvisina kugadzirwa, pamwe nekutarisa maitiro ekuora kweMXene munzvimbo yacho semumiriri wezvinhu zve ceramic zvisina kugadzirwa. Izwi rekuti "MXene" rinoratidza stoichiometry yezvinhu zveMn+1XnTx, uko M iri simbi yekutanga kuchinja, X iri kabhoni uye/kana nitrogen, Tx isimbi inogumisa zvinhu (semuenzaniso, -OH, -F, -Cl), uye n = 1, 2, 3 kana 427.28. Kubva pakawanikwa MXenes naNaguib et al. Sensorics, cancer therapy uye membrane filtration 27,29,30. Pamusoro pezvo, MXenes dzinogona kutariswa senzira dze 2D dzemuenzaniso nekuda kwekugadzikana kwazvo kwe colloidal uye kugona kwekudyidzana kwe biological31,32,33,34,35,36.
Saka, nzira yakagadzirwa munyaya ino pamwe nepfungwa dzedu dzekutsvagisa dzinoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1. Zvichienderana nepfungwa iyi, microalgae inobvisa maMXenes akavakirwa paNb kuita macompounds asina chepfu nekuda kwekudyidzana kwefizikisi nemakemikari pamusoro, izvo zvinoita kuti algae idzoke zvakare. Kuti vaedze pfungwa iyi, nhengo mbiri dzemhuri ye early niobium-based transition metal carbides uye/kana nitrides (MXenes), dzinoti Nb2CTx naNb4C3TX, dzakasarudzwa.
Nzira yekutsvagisa uye fungidziro dzakavakirwa pauchapupu dzekudzoreredza MXene negreen microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata. Ndokumbirawo mucherechedze kuti iyi ingori fungidziro yefungidziro dzakavakirwa pauchapupu. Nzvimbo yedziva inosiyana muchimiro chezvinovaka muviri chinoshandiswa uye mamiriro ezvinhu (semuenzaniso, kutenderera kwezuva nezuva uye miganhu mune zvinovaka muviri zvakakosha zviripo). Yakagadzirwa neBioRender.com.
Saka, nekushandisa MXene senzira yekuenzanisira, takavhura mukana wekudzidza nezvemhedzisiro dzakasiyana dzezvipenyu dzisingagone kuonekwa nezvimwe zvinhu zvemazuva ano. Kunyanya, tinoratidza mukana wekuti zvinhu zvema nanomaterials zvine mativi maviri zvigadzirwe, zvakaita seMXenes dzine niobium, ne microalgae Raphidocelis subcapitata zvigadzirwe. Microalgae dzinokwanisa kusvibisa Nb-MXenes kuita ma oxides asina chepfu NbO naNb2O5, ayo anopawo zvinovaka muviri kuburikidza ne niobium uptake mechanism. Pakazara, chidzidzo ichi chinopindura mubvunzo wakakosha pamusoro pemaitiro ane chekuita nekudyidzana kwe physicochemical pamusoro pezvinhu zvinotonga mashandiro e bioremediation e nanomaterials dzine mativi maviri. Pamusoro pezvo, tiri kugadzira nzira iri nyore ye shape-parameter-based yekutevera shanduko dzakadzika muchimiro che 2D nanomaterials. Izvi zvinokurudzira kumwe kutsvagurudza kwenguva pfupi uye kwenguva refu mumhedzisiro dzakasiyana dzezvinhu zvema crystalline nanomaterials zvisina kugadzirwa. Saka, chidzidzo chedu chinowedzera kunzwisisa kwekudyidzana pakati pezvinhu zvepadenga nezvinhu zvepadenga. Tiri kupawo hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvenguva pfupi uye refu zvemhedzisiro yazvinoita pamamiriro ekunze emvura yakachena, izvo zvino zvinogona kusimbiswa zviri nyore.
MaMXenes anomiririra boka rinonakidza rezvinhu zvine hunhu hwakasiyana uye hunokwezva hwemuviri uye hwemakemikari saka mashandisirwo akawanda anogona kuitwa. Hunhu uhwu hunonyanya kutsamira pa stoichiometry yavo uye surface chemistry. Saka, muchidzidzo chedu, takaongorora mhando mbiri dzeNb-based hierarchical single-layer (SL) MXenes, Nb2CTx naNb4C3TX, sezvo mhedzisiro dzakasiyana dzezvinhu izvi zve nanomaterials dzaigona kuonekwa. MaMXenes anogadzirwa kubva pazvinhu zvavo zvekutanga nekubvisa atomic MAX-phase A-layers dzakatetepa. MAX phase i ternary ceramic inoumbwa nema "bonded" blocks e transition metal carbides uye ma "thin layers" e "A" elements akadai seAl, Si, naSn neMnAXn-1 stoichiometry. Maumbirwo echikamu chekutanga cheMAX akaonekwa ne scanning electron microscopy (SEM) uye aienderana nezvidzidzo zvekare (Ona Supplementary Information, SI, Mufananidzo S1). Multilayer (ML) Nb-MXene yakawanikwa mushure mekubvisa Al layer ne48% HF (hydrofluoric acid). Maumbirwo eML-Nb2CTx neML-Nb4C3TX akaongororwa nekushandisa scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Mifananidzo S1c neS1d zvichiteerana) uye maumbirwo eMXene akajairwa akaonekwa, akafanana netwo-dimensional nanoflakes achipfuura nepakati pemaburi akafanana nepore. Ose maNb-MXene akafanana zvakanyanya neMXene phases dzakagadzirwa kare neacid etching27,38. Mushure mekusimbisa chimiro cheMXene, takaiisa layer nekubatanidza tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAOH) zvichiteverwa nekusuka uye sonication, mushure mezvo takawana single-layer kana low-layer (SL) 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes.
Takashandisa high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) uye X-ray diffraction (XRD) kuyedza kushanda kwe etching uye kuwedzera peeling. Mhedzisiro yeHRTEM yakagadziriswa uchishandisa Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) uye Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) inoratidzwa muFig. 2. Nb-MXene nanoflakes dzakatariswa kumusoro kuti dzitarise chimiro cheatomu layer uye kuyera madaro e interplanar. Mifananidzo yeHRTEM yeMXene Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX nanoflakes yakaratidza hunhu hwadzo hwakatetepa hweatomu (ona Fig. 2a1, a2), sezvakambotaurwa naNaguib et al.27 naJastrzębska et al.38. Kune maviri ari pedyo Nb2CTx neNb4C3Tx monolayers, takaona madaro e interlayer e0.74 ne1.54 nm, zvichiteerana (Figs. 2b1,b2), izvo zvinobvumiranawo nemhedzisiro yedu yapfuura38. Izvi zvakasimbiswazve ne inverse fast Fourier transform (Mufananidzo 2c1, c2) uye fast Fourier transform (Mufananidzo 2d1, d2) inoratidza daro riri pakati peNb2CTx neNb4C3Tx monolayers. Mufananidzo unoratidza kuchinjana kwemabhandi echiedza nerima anoenderana ne niobium necarbon atoms, izvo zvinosimbisa hunhu hwe layered hwe MXenes dzakadzidzwa. Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) spectra yakawanikwa yeNb2CTx neNb4C3Tx (Mifananidzo S2a neS2b) haina kuratidza kusaririra kwechikamu chekutanga cheMAX, sezvo pasina Al peak yakawanikwa.
Kutsanangurwa kweSL Nb2CTx neNb4C3Tx MXene nanoflakes, kusanganisira (a) high resolution electron microscopy (HRTEM) side-view 2D nanoflake imaging uye inoenderana, (b) intensity mode, (c) inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT), (d) fast Fourier transform (FFT), (e) Nb-MXenes X-ray patterns. Kune SL 2D Nb2CTx, nhamba dzinoratidzwa se (a1, b1, c1, d1, e1). Kune SL 2D Nb4C3Tx, nhamba dzinoratidzwa se (a2, b2, c2, d2, e1).
Kuyerwa kweX-ray diffraction yeSL Nb2CTx neNb4C3Tx MXenes kunoratidzwa muMifananidzo 2e1 ne e2, zvichiteerana. Mapeaks (002) pa4.31 ne 4.32 anoenderana neMXenes Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX38,39,40,41 dzakatsanangurwa kare zvichiteerana. Mhedzisiro yeXRD inoratidzawo kuvapo kwemamwe ma residual ML structures neMAX phases, asi kazhinji XRD patterns dzine chekuita neSL Nb4C3Tx (Mufananidzo 2e2). Kuvapo kwezvidimbu zvidiki zveMAX phase kunogona kutsanangura MAX peak yakasimba zvichienzaniswa neNb4C3Tx layers dzakarongwa zvisina tsarukano.
Ongororo yakawedzerwa yakatarisana ne microalgae yegirini iri mumhando yeR. subcapitata. Takasarudza microalgae nekuti idzo dzinogadzira zvinhu zvakakosha mukudya kukuru42. Idzowo ndeimwe yezviratidzo zvakanakisa zvehupfu nekuda kwekukwanisa kubvisa zvinhu zvine chepfu zvinotakurwa kuenda kumazinga akakwirira echeni yechikafu43. Pamusoro pezvo, ongororo yaR. subcapitata inogona kujekesa chepfu yeSL Nb-MXenes kune tupukanana twakajairika twemvura yakachena. Kuti tiratidze izvi, vaongorori vakafungidzira kuti tupukanana twega twega tine kunzwa kwakasiyana kune makemikari ane chepfu aripo munharaunda. Kune tupukanana twakawanda, kuwanda kwakaderera kwezvinhu hakukanganisi kukura kwadzo, nepo kuwanda kuri pamusoro pemuganhu wakati kunogona kudzidzivisa kana kutokonzera rufu. Naizvozvo, pakudzidza kwedu kwekudyidzana kwepamusoro pakati pe microalgae neMXenes uye kupora kwakabatana nako, takasarudza kuyedza kuwanda kusina njodzi uye kune chepfu kweNb-MXenes. Kuti tiite izvi, takaedza huwandu hwe0 (sechinongedzo), 0.01, 0.1 uye 10 mg l-1 MXene uye takaedzawo microalgae ine hutachiona ine huwandu hwakawanda hweMXene (100 mg l-1 MXene), iyo inogona kuva yakaipisisa uye inouraya. . kune chero nharaunda yehupenyu.
Mhedzisiro yeSL Nb-MXenes pa microalgae inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 3, inoratidzwa sechikamu chekusimudzirwa kwekukura (+) kana kudziviswa (-) kwakayerwa kwemasampuli e0 mg l-1. Kuti tienzanise, Nb-MAX phase neML Nb-MXenes zvakaedzwawo uye mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa muSI (ona Mufananidzo S3). Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa yakasimbisa kuti SL Nb-MXenes inenge isina chepfu zvachose muhuwandu hwehuwandu hwakaderera kubva pa0.01 kusvika 10 mg/l, sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 3a,b. Panyaya yeNb2CTx, hatina kuona chepfu inopfuura 5% muhuwandu hwakatarwa.
Kukurudzira (+) kana kudziviswa (-) kwekukura kwe microalgae pamberi peSL (a) Nb2CTx uye (b) Nb4C3TX MXene. Maawa makumi maviri nemana, makumi mana nemasere nemakumi manomwe nemaviri ekubatana kweMXene-microalgae akaongororwa. Ruzivo rwakakosha (t-test, p < 0.05) rwakaiswa chiratidzo chenyeredzi (*). Ruzivo rwakakosha (t-test, p < 0.05) rwakaiswa chiratidzo chenyeredzi (*). Значимые данные (t-критерий, p < 0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Ruzivo rwakakosha (t-test, p < 0.05) rwakanyorwa nenyeredzi (*).重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。重要数据（t 检验，p < 0.05）用星号(*) 标记。 Важные данные (t-test, p < 0,05) отмечены звездочкой (*). Ruzivo rwakakosha (t-test, p < 0.05) rwakanyorwa nenyeredzi (*).Miseve mitsvuku inoratidza kubviswa kwekukurudzira kunodzivirira.
Kune rumwe rutivi, huwandu hwakaderera hweNb4C3TX hwakazove hune chepfu zvishoma, asi husina kupfuura 7%. Sezvaitarisirwa, takaona kuti MXenes dzaive nehupfu hwakanyanya uye kudzivirira kukura kwe microalgae pa 100mg L-1. Zvinofadza kuti hapana chimwe chezvinhu zvakaratidza mafambiro akafanana uye kuvimba kwenguva yemigumisiro ine chepfu/chepfu zvichienzaniswa nesamples dzeMAX kana ML (ona SI kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo). Kunyange zvazvo paMAX phase (ona Mufananidzo S3) chepfu yakasvika pa15–25% uye yakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva, mafambiro ekudzoka akaonekwa kune SL Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX MXene. Kudzivirira kukura kwe microalgae kwakadzikira nekufamba kwenguva. Yakasvika pa17% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana uye yakadzikira kusvika pasi pe5% mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri (Mufananidzo 3a, b, zvichiteerana).
Chinonyanya kukosha ndechekuti, kune SL Nb4C3TX, kudziviswa kwekukura kwe microalgae kwakasvika pa27% mushure memaawa makumi maviri nemana, asi mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri kwakadzikira kusvika pa1%. Nokudaro, takatumidza mhedzisiro yakaonekwa se inverse inhibition of stimulation, uye mhedzisiro yacho yakanga yakasimba kune SL Nb4C3TX MXene. Kukurudzirwa kwekukura kwe microalgae kwakaonekwa kare neNb4C3TX (kubatana pa10 mg L-1 kwemaawa makumi maviri nemana) zvichienzaniswa neSL Nb2CTx MXene. Mhedzisiro yekudzivirira-kukurudzira reversal effect yakaratidzwawo zvakanaka mu biomass doubling rate curve (ona Mufananidzo S4 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo). Kusvika parizvino, chete ecotoxicity yeTi3C2TX MXene yakadzidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Haina chepfu ku zebrafish embryos44 asi ine chepfu pakati nepakati ku microalgae Desmodesmus quadricauda neSorghum saccharatum plants45. Mimwe mienzaniso yemigumisiro chaiyo inosanganisira chepfu yakanyanya kumasero ekenza kupfuura kumasero akajairwa46,47. Zvinogona kufungidzirwa kuti mamiriro ebvunzo aizokanganisa shanduko mukukura kwe microalgae inoonekwa pamberi peNb-MXenes. Semuenzaniso, pH inosvika 8 mu chloroplast stroma ndiyo yakanakira kushanda zvakanaka kweRuBisCO enzyme. Nokudaro, shanduko dze pH dzinokanganisa zvakanyanya mwero we photosynthesis48,49. Zvisinei, hatina kuona shanduko dzakakura mu pH panguva yekuedza (ona SI, Mufananidzo S5 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo). Kazhinji, tsika dze microalgae dzine Nb-MXenes dzakaderedza zvishoma pH yemushonga nekufamba kwenguva. Zvisinei, kudzikira uku kwakafanana nekuchinja kwe pH yechinhu chakachena. Pamusoro pezvo, mhando dzekuchinja kwakawanikwa dzakafanana nedzakayerwa kune tsika yakachena ye microalgae (sample yekudzora). Saka, tinogumisa kuti photosynthesis haikanganisirwi nekuchinja kwe pH nekufamba kwenguva.
Pamusoro pezvo, maMXene akagadzirwa ane magumo epamusoro (anonzi Tx). Aya ndiwo mapoka anoshanda zvakanyanya -O, -F uye -OH. Zvisinei, kemikari yepamusoro ine chekuita zvakananga nenzira yekugadzira. Mapoka aya anozivikanwa nekupararira zvisina kurongeka pamusoro penzvimbo, zvichiita kuti zviome kufanotaura mhedzisiro yawo pahunhu hweMXene50. Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti Tx inogona kunge iri simba rekugadzirisa oxidation ye niobium nechiedza. Mapoka anoshanda pamusoro anopa nzvimbo dzakawanda dzekunamatira ma photocatalysts avo ari pasi kuti agadzire heterojunctions51. Zvisinei, kukura kwenzvimbo hakupi photocatalyst inoshanda (kuumbwa kwepakati kwakadzama kunogona kuwanikwa muSI Table S6). Pamusoro pezvo, chero shanduko yenzvimbo yakakoshawo, sezvo basa re MXenes rinogona kuchinjwa nekuda kwe layer post-processing, oxidation, chemical surface modification ye organic and inorganic compounds52,53,54,55,56 kana surface charge engineering38. Saka, kuti tiedze kana niobium oxide ine chekuita nekusagadzikana kwezvinhu zviri mukati memvura, takaita zvidzidzo zve zeta (ζ) potential mu microalgae growth medium uye deionized water (kuti tienzanise). Zvakabuda muongororo yedu zvinoratidza kuti SL Nb-MXenes dzakagadzikana (ona SI Fig. S6 yeMAX neML results). Zeta potential yeSL MXenes inenge -10 mV. Panyaya yeSR Nb2CTx, kukosha kweζ kwakaderera pane kweNb4C3Tx. Kuchinja kwakadaro mu ζ value kunogona kuratidza kuti pamusoro pe negative charged MXene nanoflakes inotora positive charged ions kubva mu culture medium. Temporal measurements ye zeta potential uye conductivity yeNb-MXenes mu culture medium (ona Mifananidzo S7 neS8 muSI kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo) zvinoita sekutsigira fungidziro yedu.
Zvisinei, maNb-MXene SL ese ari maviri akaratidza shanduko diki kubva pazero. Izvi zvinoratidza pachena kugadzikana kwawo mu microalgae growth medium. Pamusoro pezvo, takaongorora kana kuvapo kwe green microalgae yedu kwaizokanganisa kugadzikana kweNb-MXenes mu medium. Mhedzisiro ye zeta potential uye conductivity yeMXenes mushure mekudyidzana ne microalgae mu nutrient media uye culture nekufamba kwenguva inogona kuwanikwa mu SI (Mifananidzo S9 na S10). Zvinofadza kuti, takaona kuti kuvapo kwe microalgae kwakaita sekunge kwakagadzirisa kupararira kweMXenes ese ari maviri. Panyaya yeNb2CTx SL, zeta potential yakatodzikira zvishoma nekufamba kwenguva kusvika pa negative values ​​​​(-15.8 vs -19.1 mV mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri e incubation). Zeta potential yeSL Nb4C3TX yakawedzera zvishoma, asi mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri yakaramba ichiratidza kugadzikana kwakanyanya kupfuura nanoflakes pasina kuvapo kwe microalgae (-18.1 vs. -9.1 mV).
Takawanawo kuti mhinduro dzeNb-MXene dzine simba shoma rekufambisa mvura dzakaiswa mu microalgae, zvichiratidza kuti ma ions mashoma ari mu nutrient medium. Zvinoshamisa kuti kusagadzikana kweMXenes mumvura kunokonzerwa nekuoxidation yemvura pamusoro57. Saka, tinofungidzira kuti green microalgae yakabvisa ma oxides akaumbwa pamusoro peNb-MXene uye yakatodzivirira kuitika kwawo (oxidation yeMXene). Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa nekudzidza mhando dzezvinhu zvinotorwa ne microalgae.
Kunyange hazvo zvidzidzo zvedu zvekuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza zvakaratidza kuti ma microalgae akakwanisa kukunda chepfu yeNb-MXenes nekufamba kwenguva uye kudziviswa kusingawanzoitiki kwekukura kwakakurudzirwa, chinangwa chechidzidzo chedu chaive chekutsvaga nzira dzinobvira dzekuita. Kana zvipenyu zvakaita sealgae zvikasangana nemakemikari kana zvinhu zvisingazivikanwe ne ecosystem yazvo, zvinogona kuita nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana58,59. Kana pasina chepfu metal oxides, ma microalgae anogona kuzvidyisa, zvichibvumira kuti zvikure nguva dzose60. Mushure mekumedza zvinhu zvine chepfu, nzira dzekudzivirira dzinogona kuvhurwa, dzakadai sekuchinja chimiro kana chimiro. Mikana yekumedza inofanirawo kufungwa nezvayo58,59. Zvakakosha kuti, chero chiratidzo chekudzivirira chiratidzo chakajeka che chepfu ye test compound. Nokudaro, mubasa redu rakawedzerwa, takaongorora kudyidzana kwepamusoro pakati peSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes uye microalgae neSEM uye mukana wekumedza Nb-based MXene neX-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF). Cherechedza kuti SEM neXRF analysis zvakangoitwa chete pahuwandu hwakanyanya hweMXene kugadzirisa matambudziko e activity chepfu.
Mhedzisiro yeSEM ​​inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 4. Masero e microalgae asina kurapwa (ona Mufananidzo 4a, muenzaniso wekutarisa) akaratidza zvakajeka chimiro cheR. subcapitata uye chimiro chemasero chakafanana necroissant. Masero anoita seakatsetseka uye asina kurongeka. Mamwe masero e microalgae aipindirana uye akabatana, asi izvi zvingangodaro zvakakonzerwa nemaitiro ekugadzirira sampuro. Kazhinji, masero e microalgae akachena aive nepamusoro pakanaka uye haana kuratidza shanduko dzechimiro.
Mifananidzo yeSEM ​​inoratidza kusangana kwenzvimbo pakati pema microalgae egirini neMXene nanosheets mushure memaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri ekubatana pahuwandu hwakanyanya (100 mg L-1). (a) Ma microalgae egirini asina kurapwa mushure mekubatana neSL (b) Nb2CTx uye (c) Nb4C3TX MXenes. Cherechedza kuti ma nanoflakes eNb-MXene akanyorwa nemiseve mitsvuku. Kuti uenzanise, mifananidzo inobva kumaikorosikopu yemaziso inowedzerwawo.
Kusiyana neizvi, masero e microalgae anotorwa neSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes akakuvara (ona Mufananidzo 4b, c, miseve mitsvuku). Panyaya yeNb2CTx MXene (Mufananidzo 4b), microalgae inowanzo kukura ne nanoscales dzakabatana, izvo zvinogona kuchinja chimiro chadzo. Zvakakosha kuti takaonawo shanduko idzi pasi pechiedza che microscopy (ona SI Mufananidzo S11 kuti uwane rumwe ruzivo). Kuchinja uku kwechimiro kune hwaro hwakasimba mu physiology ye microalgae uye kugona kwayo kuzvidzivirira nekuchinja chimiro chemasero, zvakaita sekuwedzera vhoriyamu yemasero61. Nokudaro, zvakakosha kutarisa huwandu hwemasero e microalgae ari kusangana neNb-MXenes. Zvidzidzo zveSEM zvakaratidza kuti inenge 52% yemasero e microalgae akange asangana neNb-MXenes, nepo 48% yemasero aya e microalgae akadzivisa kusangana. Kune SL Nb4C3Tx MXene, microalgae inoedza kudzivirira kusangana neMXene, nokudaro ichikura kubva kuma nanoscales ane mativi maviri (Mufananidzo 4c). Zvisinei, hatina kuona kupinda kwema nanoscales mumasero e microalgae uye kukuvara kwawo.
Kuzvichengetedza kunoenderanawo nenguva inodzorwa nemaitiro ekupindura kuvharika kwe photosynthesis nekuda kwekunyudzwa kwezvidimbu pamusoro pesero uye chinonzi shading (shading) effect62. Zviri pachena kuti chinhu chimwe nechimwe (semuenzaniso, Nb-MXene nanoflakes) chiri pakati pe microalgae nechiedza chinodzikamisa huwandu hwechiedza chinonyudzwa nema chloroplasts. Zvisinei, hatina mubvunzo kuti izvi zvine simba guru pamhedzisiro yakawanikwa. Sezvakaratidzwa nekutarisa kwedu kwe microscopic, 2D nanoflakes dzakanga dzisina kuputirwa zvachose kana kunamatirwa pamusoro pe microalgae, kunyangwe apo microalgae cells dzaisangana neNb-MXenes. Pane kudaro, nanoflakes dzakazoonekwa kuti dzakanangana ne microalgae cells dzisina kufukidza pamusoro padzo. Seti yakadaro ye nanoflakes/microalgae haigoni kuderedza zvakanyanya huwandu hwechiedza chinonyudzwa ne microalgae cells. Uyezve, zvimwe zvidzidzo zvakatoratidza kuvandudzika mukutorwa kwechiedza nezvisikwa zvephotosynthetic kana paine zvinhu zvenanomaterials zvemativi maviri63,64,65,66.
Sezvo mifananidzo yeSEM ​​isina kukwanisa kusimbisa zvakananga kutorwa kwe niobium nemasero e microalgae, ongororo yedu yakawedzera yakatendeukira ku X-ray fluorescence (XRF) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis kuti ijekese nyaya iyi. Nokudaro, takaenzanisa kusimba kweNb peaks dze reference microalgae samples dzisina kusangana neMXenes, MXene nanoflakes dzakabviswa pamusoro pemasero e microalgae, uye microalgal cells mushure mekubviswa kweMXenes dzakanamirwa. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kana pasina Nb uptake, Nb value inowanikwa nemasero e microalgae inofanira kuva zero mushure mekubviswa kwe nanoscales dzakanamirwa. Saka, kana Nb uptake ikaitika, zvese XRF neXPS mhedzisiro dzinofanira kuratidza Nb peak yakajeka.
Panyaya yeXRF spectra, sampuro dze microalgae dzakaratidza Nb peaks dzeSL Nb2CTx neNb4C3Tx MXene mushure mekudyidzana neSL Nb2CTx neNb4C3Tx MXene (ona Mufananidzo 5a, onawo kuti mhedzisiro yeMAX neML MXenes inoratidzwa muSI, Mifananidzo S12–C17). Zvinofadza kuti, kusimba kweNb peak kwakafanana mune zvese zviitiko (mabars matsvuku muMufananidzo 5a). Izvi zvakaratidza kuti algae haigone kupinza Nb yakawanda, uye kugona kukuru kwekuunganidzwa kweNb kwakawanikwa mumasero, kunyangwe Nb4C3Tx MXene yakapetwa kaviri yakabatana nemasero e microalgae (mabars ebhuruu muMufananidzo 5a). Zvinonyanya kukosha, kugona kwe microalgae kupinza simbi kunoenderana nehuwandu hwesimbi oxides munzvimbo67,68. Shamshada et al.67 vakaona kuti kugona kunyudza kwemvura yakachena algae kunoderera nekuwedzera pH. Raize nevamwe vake 68 vakataura kuti kugona kwegungwa kunwisa simbi kwaive kwakakwira ne25% paPb2+ pane paNi2+.
(a) Mhedzisiro yeXRF yekutorwa kweNb kubva mumasero egirini e microalgae akachengetwa pahuwandu hwakanyanya hweSL Nb-MXenes (100 mg L-1) kwemaawa makumi manomwe nemaviri. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidza kuvapo kweα mumasero e microalgae akachena (sample yekudzora, grey columns), 2D nanoflakes dzakaparadzaniswa kubva kumasero e microalgae ari pamusoro (makoramu ebhuruu), uye masero e microalgae mushure mekuparadzaniswa kwe2D nanoflakes kubva pamusoro (makoramu matsvuku). Huwandu hwe elemental Nb, (b) chikamu chemakemikari e microalgae organic components (C=O uye CHx/C–O) uye Nb oxides dziri mumasero e microalgae mushure mekuiswa mu SL Nb-MXenes, (c–e) Kuiswa kwe compositional peak yeXPS SL Nb2CTx spectra uye (fh) SL Nb4C3Tx MXene yakaiswa mukati memasero e microalgae.
Saka, taitarisira kuti Nb inogona kunyudzwa nemasero ealgal muchimiro chema oxides. Kuti tiedze izvi, takaita zvidzidzo zveXPS paMXenes Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX nemasero ealgae. Mhedzisiro yekudyidzana kwe microalgae neNb-MXenes neMXenes zvakaparadzaniswa nemasero ealgae inoratidzwa muMifananidzo 5b. Sezvaitarisirwa, takaona Nb 3d peaks mu microalgae samples mushure mekubviswa kweMXene kubva pamusoro pe microalgae. Kuongororwa kwehuwandu hweC=O, CHx/CO, uye Nb oxides kwakaverengerwa zvichibva paNb 3d, O1s, uye C1s spectra yakawanikwa neNb2CTx SL (Mufananidzo 5c–e) uye Nb4C3Tx SL (Mufananidzo 5c–e). ) yakawanikwa kubva ku microalgae yakakamurwa. Mufananidzo 5f–h) MXenes. Tafura S1-3 inoratidza ruzivo rwe peak parameters uye chemistry yese inobva pakukwana. Zvinokosha kuziva kuti nzvimbo dzeNb 3d dzeNb2CTx SL neNb4C3Tx SL (Mufananidzo 5c, f) dzinoenderana nechikamu chimwe chete cheNb2O5. Pano, hatina kuwana peaks dzine chekuita neMXene muspectra, zvichiratidza kuti masero emicroalgae anongotora oxide form yeNb. Pamusoro pezvo, takafungidzira C1 s spectrum neC–C, CHx/C–O, C=O, uye –COOH components. Takaisa CHx/C–O neC=O peaks kune organic contribution yemicroalgae cells. Izvi organic components zvinosvika 36% uye 41% yeC1s peaks muNb2CTx SL neNb4C3TX SL, zvichiteerana. Takazoisa O 1s spectra yeSL Nb2CTx neSL Nb4C3TX neNb2O5, organic components yemicroalgae (CHx/CO), uye surface adsorbed water.
Pakupedzisira, mhedzisiro yeXPS yakaratidza zvakajeka chimiro cheNb, kwete chete kuvapo kwayo. Zvichienderana nenzvimbo yechiratidzo cheNb 3d uye mhedzisiro yekubvisa conconvolution, tinosimbisa kuti Nb inonyudzwa chete muchimiro chema oxide kwete maion kana MXene pachayo. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yeXPS yakaratidza kuti masero e microalgae ane kugona kukuru kwekutora maNb oxides kubva kuSL Nb2CTx zvichienzaniswa neSL Nb4C3TX MXene.
Kunyange zvazvo mhedzisiro yedu yekutora Nb ichishamisa uye ichitibvumira kuona kuora kweMXene, hapana nzira iripo yekutevera shanduko dzechimiro dzinoenderana mu2D nanoflakes. Nokudaro, takasarudzawo kugadzira nzira yakakodzera inogona kupindura zvakananga kune chero shanduko dzinoitika mu2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes uye microalgae cells. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti tinofunga kuti kana mhando dzinobatana dzikachinjwa, kuora kana kupatsanurwa, izvi zvinofanirwa kukurumidza kuzviratidza sekuchinja mumaparamita echimiro, senge dhayamita yenzvimbo yakaenzana yakatenderera, kutenderera, upamhi hweFeret, kana kureba kweFeret. Sezvo maparamita aya akakodzera kutsanangura zvidimbu zvirefu kana two-dimensional nanoflakes, kuteverwa kwavo ne dynamic particle shape analysis kuchatipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezve morphological change yeSL Nb-MXene nanoflakes panguva yekuderedza.
Mhedzisiro yakawanikwa inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 6. Kuti tienzanise, takaedzawo chikamu chekutanga cheMAX neML-MXenes (ona SI Figures S18 naS19). Kuongororwa kwakasimba kwechimiro cheparticle kwakaratidza kuti maparamita ese echimiro cheNb-MXene SLs maviri akachinja zvakanyanya mushure mekudyidzana ne microalgae. Sezvakaratidzwa neparamita yedenderedzwa renzvimbo yakaenzana (Mufananidzo 6a, b), kuderera kwepeak intensity yechikamu che nanoflakes hombe kunoratidza kuti anowanzo kuora kuita zvidimbu zvidiki. Pamufananidzo 6c, d inoratidza kudzikira kwepeaks dzakabatana nehukuru hwe transverse yeflakes (longation ye nanoflakes), zvichiratidza kushandurwa kwe2D nanoflakes kuita chimiro chakafanana neparticle. Mufananidzo 6e-h unoratidza upamhi nehurefu hweFeret, zvichiteerana. Feret width and length parameters inoenderana uye saka dzinofanira kufungwa pamwe chete. Mushure mekuiswa kwe2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes pamberi pe microalgae, Feret correlation peaks dzavo dzakachinja uye simba radzo rakaderera. Zvichibva pamhedzisiro iyi pamwe chete nechimiro, XRF neXPS, takagumisa kuti shanduko dzakaonekwa dzakabatana zvakanyanya neoxidation sezvo maMXenes ane oxidized anowedzera kukwenya uye kupwanyika kuita zvidimbu uye zvidimbu zvespherical oxide69,70.
Kuongororwa kwekushanduka kweMXene mushure mekudyidzana ne green microalgae. Kuongororwa kwechimiro chezvikamu zvine simba kunoongorora ma parameter akadai se (a, b) dhayamita yenzvimbo yakaenzana yakatenderera, (c, d) kutenderera, (e, f) upamhi hweFeret uye (g, h) kureba kweFeret. Kuti izvi zviitike, sampuli mbiri dze microalgae dzakaongororwa pamwe chete ne primary SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, microalgae yakaora, uye microalgae yakarapwa SL Nb2CTx uye SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes. Miseve mitsvuku inoratidza kushanduka kwema parameter echimiro che two-dimensional nanoflakes dzakadzidzwa.
Sezvo kuongorora chimiro che parameter kuchivimbika zvikuru, kunogonawo kuratidza shanduko dze morphological mu microalgae cells. Nokudaro, takaongorora dhayamita yenzvimbo yakatenderera, kutenderera, uye Feret width/length ye pure microalgae cells nemasero mushure mekudyidzana ne 2D Nb nanoflakes. Pamufananidzo 6a–h tinoratidza shanduko mu shape parameters ye algae cells, sezvinoratidzwa nekudzikira kwe peak intensity uye kuchinja kwe maxima kuenda ku high values. Kunyanya, masero roundness parameters akaratidza kudzikira kwemasero marefu uye kuwedzera kwemasero akatenderera (Mufananidzo 6a, b). Pamusoro pezvo, Feret cell width yakawedzera nema micrometer akati wandei mushure mekudyidzana ne SL Nb2CTx MXene (Mufananidzo 6e) zvichienzaniswa ne SL Nb4C3TX MXene (Mufananidzo 6f). Tinofungidzira kuti izvi zvinogona kunge zvichikonzerwa nekutorwa kwakasimba kweNb oxides ne microalgae pakubatana ne Nb2CTx SR. Kusabatanidzwa kwakasimba kweNb flakes pamusoro padzo kunogona kukonzera kukura kwemasero ne shading effect shoma.
Kuona kwedu shanduko muzvimiro zvechimiro nehukuru hwe microalgae kunozadzisa zvimwe zvidzidzo. Green microalgae inogona kushandura chimiro chayo mukupindura kushushikana kwezvakatipoteredza nekuchinja saizi yemasero, chimiro kana metabolism61. Semuenzaniso, kushandura saizi yemasero kunoita kuti zvinovaka muviri zvinyanye kunwa71. Masero madiki ealgae anoratidza kutorwa kwakaderera kwezvinovaka muviri uye kukura kwakashata. Kusiyana neizvi, masero makuru anowanzo dya zvinovaka muviri zvakawanda, izvo zvinobva zvaiswa mukati memasero72,73. Machado naSoares vakaona kuti fungicide triclosan inogona kuwedzera saizi yemasero. Vakawanawo shanduko huru muchimiro chealgae74. Pamusoro pezvo, Yin et al.9 vakaratidzawo shanduko dzechimiro mualgae mushure mekusangana ne graphene oxide nanocomposites shoma. Nokudaro, zviri pachena kuti parameters dzakachinjwa dzehukuru/chimiro che microalgae dzinokonzerwa nekuvapo kweMXene. Sezvo shanduko iyi muhukuru nechimiro ichiratidza shanduko mukutora zvinovaka muviri, tinotenda kuti kuongororwa kwehukuru nechimiro nekufamba kwenguva kunogona kuratidza kutora niobium oxide ne microalgae pamberi peNb-MXenes.
Uyezve, maMXene anogona kuoxidized kana paine algae. Dalai nevamwe vake 75 vakaona kuti chimiro chealgae yegirini yakavhenekerwa ku nano-TiO2 neAl2O376 chakanga chisina kufanana. Kunyangwe zvatakaona zvakafanana nekudzidza kwazvino, zvinongoshanda chete pakudzidza nezvemhedzisiro ye bioremediation maererano nezvigadzirwa zveMXene degradation kana paine 2D nanoflakes kwete nanoparticles. Sezvo maMXene achigona kuora kuita metal oxides, 31,32,77,78 zvine musoro kufunga kuti maNb nanoflakes edu anogonawo kuumba maNb oxides mushure mekubatana ne microalgae cells.
Kuti titsanangure kudzikiswa kwemananoflakes e2D-Nb kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekuora hwakavakirwa pamaitiro eoxidation, takaita zvidzidzo tichishandisa high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) (Mufananidzo 7a,b) uye X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) (Mufananidzo 7). 7c-i nematafura S4-5). Nzira dzese dziri mbiri dzakakodzera kudzidza oxidation yezvinhu zve2D uye dzinopindirana. HRTEM inokwanisa kuongorora kuora kwezvivakwa zvema layered uye kuoneka kwemetal oxide nanoparticles, nepo XPS inonzwa kune zvisungo zvepamusoro. Nechinangwa ichi, takaedza ma nanoflakes e2D Nb-MXene akatorwa kubva kuma microalgae cell dispersions, kureva kuti, chimiro chawo mushure mekubatana ne microalgae cells (ona Mufananidzo 7).
Mifananidzo yeHRTEM inoratidza chimiro che oxidized (a) SL Nb2CTx uye (b) SL Nb4C3Tx MXenes, mhedzisiro yekuongorora yeXPS inoratidza (c) kuumbwa kwezvigadzirwa zve oxide mushure mekuderedzwa, (d–f) kufananidzwa kwepamusoro kwezvikamu zveXPS spectra yeSL Nb2CTx uye (g– i) Nb4C3Tx SL yakagadziriswa ne green algae.
Zvidzidzo zveHRTEM zvakasimbisa kuoxidation kwemarudzi maviri eNb-MXene nanoflakes. Kunyangwe ma nanoflakes akaramba aine chimiro chawo chemativi maviri kusvika pamwero wakati, oxidation yakakonzera kuoneka kwema nanoparticles akawanda akafukidza pamusoro peMXene nanoflakes (ona Mufananidzo 7a,b). Kuongororwa kweXPS kwezviratidzo zve c Nb 3d neO 1s kwakaratidza kuti maNb oxides akaumbwa muzviitiko zvese zviri zviviri. Sezvakaratidzwa muMufananidzo 7c, 2D MXene Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX zvine zviratidzo zveNb 3d zvinoratidza kuvapo kweNbO neNb2O5 oxides, nepo zviratidzo zveO 1s zvichiratidza huwandu hwezvisungo zveO–Nb zvine chekuita nekushanda kwenzvimbo ye2D nanoflake. Takaona kuti mupiro weNb oxide wakanyanya kana tichienzanisa neNb-C neNb3+-O.
Pamufananidzo 7g–i inoratidza XPS spectra yeNb 3d, C 1s, uye O 1s SL Nb2CTx (ona Mifananidzo 7d–f) uye SL Nb4C3TX MXene yakabviswa kubva kumasero e microalgae. Ruzivo rweNb-MXenes peak parameters rwunopihwa muTables S4–5, zvichiteerana. Takatanga taongorora kuumbwa kweNb 3d. Kusiyana neNb yakatorwa nemasero e microalgae, muMXene yakabviswa kubva kumasero e microalgae, kunze kweNb2O5, zvimwe zvikamu zvakawanikwa. MuNb2CTx SL, takaona mupiro weNb3+-O muhuwandu hwe15%, nepo zvimwe zvese zveNb 3d spectrum zvakatongwa neNb2O5 (85%). Pamusoro pezvo, SL Nb4C3TX sample ine zvikamu zveNb-C (9%) uye Nb2O5 (91%). Pano Nb-C inobva muzvikamu zviviri zvemukati zveatomu zvesimbi carbide muNb4C3Tx SR. Tinobva taisa C 1s spectra kuzvikamu zvina zvakasiyana, sezvatakaita muzvikamu zvemukati. Sezvaitarisirwa, C 1s spectrum inodzorwa ne graphitic carbon, ichiteverwa nemipiro inobva ku organic particles (CHx/CO2 uye C=O3) kubva ku microalgae cells. Pamusoro pezvo, mu O 1s spectrum, takaona mupiro we organic forms dze microalgae cells, niobium oxide, uye adsorbed water.
Pamusoro pezvo, takaongorora kana kutsemuka kweNb-MXenes kwakabatana nekuvapo kwe reactive oxygen species (ROS) mu nutrient medium uye/kana microalgae cells. Kuti tiite izvi, takaongorora huwandu hwe singlet oxygen (1O2) mu culture medium uye intracellular glutathione, thiol inoshanda se antioxidant mu microalgae. Mhedzisiro yacho inoratidzwa mu SI (Mifananidzo S20 na S21). Cultures dzine SL Nb2CTx na Nb4C3TX MXenes dzakaratidzwa nehuwandu hwakaderera hwe 1O2 (ona Mufananidzo S20). Panyaya ye SL Nb2CTx, MXene 1O2 yakaderedzwa kusvika pa 83%. Kune microalgae cultures dzinoshandisa SL, Nb4C3TX 1O2 yakaderera zvakanyanya, kusvika pa 73%. Zvinofadza kuti shanduko mu 1O2 dzakaratidza maitiro akafanana neakaonekwa kare ekudzivirira-kukurudzira (ona Mufananidzo 3). Zvinogona kutaurwa kuti incubation muchiedza chakajeka inogona kuchinja photooxidation. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yekuongorora kwekutonga yakaratidza mazinga akafanana e1O2 panguva yekuedza (Mufananidzo S22). Panyaya yemazinga eROS ari mukati memasero, takaonawo kudzikira kwakafanana (ona Mufananidzo S21). Pakutanga, mazinga eROS mumasero emicroalgae akakurira muhupo hweNb2CTx neNb4C3Tx SLs akapfuura mazinga anowanikwa muhupo hwemicroalgae yakachena. Zvisinei, pakupedzisira, zvakaita sekuti microalgae yakajaira kuvapo kweNb-MXenes dzese, sezvo mazinga eROS akaderera kusvika 85% uye 91% yemazinga akayerwa muhupo hwemicroalgae yakachena yakabayiwa neSL Nb2CTx neNb4C3TX, zvichiteerana. Izvi zvinogona kuratidza kuti microalgae inonzwa yakasununguka nekufamba kwenguva muhupo hweNb-MXene pane muchimiro chezvinovaka muviri chete.
Microalgae iboka rakasiyana-siyana rezvipenyu zvinogadzira photosynthesis. Munguva yephotosynthesis, zvinoshandura mhepo ine carbon dioxide (CO2) kuita organic carbon. Zvigadzirwa zvephotosynthesis iglucose ne oxygen79. Tinofungidzira kuti okisijeni inogadzirwa nenzira iyi inoita basa rakakosha mukuoxidation yeNb-MXenes. Imwe tsananguro inogona kuitika yeizvi ndeyekuti differential aeration parameter inoumbwa pakumanikidzwa kwakaderera uye kwakakwira kweoxygen kunze uye mukati meNb-MXene nanoflakes. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero kupi kune nzvimbo dzine kumanikidzwa kwakasiyana kweoxygen, nzvimbo ine low level ichaumba anode 80, 81, 82. Pano, microalgae inobatsira mukuumbwa kwemasero ane mhepo yakasiyana pamusoro peMXene flakes, ayo anogadzira okisijeni nekuda kwehunhu hwawo hwephotosynthetic. Nekuda kweizvozvo, biocorrosion products (mune iyi kesi, niobium oxides) inoumbwa. Chimwe chinhu ndechekuti microalgae inogona kugadzira organic acids inoburitswa mumvura83,84. Nokudaro, nharaunda ine hukasha inoumbwa, nokudaro ichichinja Nb-MXenes. Pamusoro pezvo, microalgae inogona kushandura pH yenzvimbo iri kutenderedza kuita alkaline nekuda kwekutorwa kwecarbon dioxide, izvo zvinogonawo kukonzera ngura79.
Zvinonyanya kukosha ndezvekuti, nguva yerima/chiedza yakashandiswa muchidzidzo chedu yakakosha pakunzwisisa mhedzisiro yakawanikwa. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa zvakadzama muna Djemai-Zoghlache et al. 85. Vakashandisa nemaune nguva ye12/12 yemaawa kuratidza biocorrosion ine chekuita ne biofouling ne red microalgae Porphyridium purpureum. Vanoratidza kuti nguva ye photoperiod ine chekuita nekushanduka kwesimba risina biocorrosion, zvichizviratidza se pseudoperiodic oscillations kuma24:00. Izvi zvakacherechedzwa naDowling et al. 86. Vakaratidza photosynthetic biofilms ye cyanobacteria Anabaena. Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa inoumbwa pasi pechiito chechiedza, icho chinobatanidzwa nekuchinja kana kushanduka kwesimba re free biocorrosion. Kukosha kwe photoperiod kunosimbiswa nekuti mukana we free biocorrosion unowedzera muchikamu chechiedza uye unoderera muchikamu cherima. Izvi zvinokonzerwa neokisijeni inogadzirwa ne photosynthetic microalgae, iyo inokanganisa cathodic reaction kuburikidza nechikamu chekumanikidzwa chinogadzirwa pedyo nema electrodes87.
Pamusoro pezvo, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) yakaitwa kuti ione kana paine shanduko dzakaitika mumakemikari emasero e microalgae mushure mekudyidzana neNb-MXenes. Mhedzisiro iyi yakawanikwa yakaoma uye tinoiratidza muSI (Mifananidzo S23-S25, kusanganisira mhedzisiro yeMAX stage uye ML MXenes). Muchidimbu, ma reference spectra akawanikwa e microalgae anotipa ruzivo rwakakosha nezvehunhu hwemakemikari ezvisikwa izvi. Aya ma vibration anonyanya kuwanikwa ari pama frequency e1060 cm-1 (CO), 1540 cm-1, 1640 cm-1 (C=C), 1730 cm-1 (C=O), 2850 cm-1, 2920 cm-1. imwe. 1 1 (C–H) uye 3280 cm–1 (O–H). Kune SL Nb-MXenes, takawana siginecha yekutambanudza CH-bond inoenderana nekudzidza kwedu kwekare38. Zvisinei, takaona kuti mamwe mapeaks akabatana neC=C neCH bonds akanyangarika. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti makemikari ari mu microalgae anogona kuchinja zvishoma nekuda kwekudyidzana neSL Nb-MXenes.
Pakufunga nezvekuchinja kunogona kuitika mu biochemistry ye microalgae, kuunganidzwa kwema inorganic oxides, akadai se niobium oxide, kunofanirwa kuongororwazve59. Kunobatanidzwa mukutorwa kwesimbi nepamusoro pesero, kutakurwa kwadzo kuenda ku cytoplasm, kushamwaridzana kwadzo ne intracellular carboxyl groups, uye kuunganidzwa kwadzo mu microalgae polyphosphosomes20,88,89,90. Pamusoro pezvo, hukama huripo pakati pe microalgae nesimbi hunochengetedzwa nemapoka anoshanda emasero. Nechikonzero ichi, kunyudzwa kunoenderanawo ne microalgae surface chemistry, iyo yakaoma zvikuru9,91. Kazhinji, sezvaitarisirwa, kuumbwa kwemakemikari e green microalgae kwakachinja zvishoma nekuda kwekunyudzwa kweNb oxide.
Zvinofadza kuti, kudziviswa kwekutanga kwe microalgae kwakazogadziriswa nekufamba kwenguva. Sezvatakaona, microalgae yakakunda shanduko yekutanga yezvakatipoteredza uye pakupedzisira yakadzokera pakukura kwakajairika uye yakatowedzera. Zvidzidzo zve zeta potential zvinoratidza kugadzikana kwakanyanya pazvakaiswa muzvinovaka muviri. Saka, kudyidzana kwepamusoro pakati pemasero e microalgae neNb-MXene nanoflakes kwakaramba kuripo mukati mekuedza kwekuderedza. Mukuongorora kwedu kwakawedzerwa, tinopfupikisa nzira huru dzekuita dziri pasi pemaitiro aya anoshamisa e microalgae.
Zvakaonekwa neSEM zvakaratidza kuti ma microalgae anowanzo batana neNb-MXenes. Tichishandisa dynamic image analysis, tinosimbisa kuti izvi zvinotungamira mukushandurwa kwema nanoflakes eNb-MXene ane mativi maviri kuita zvidimbu zvakatenderera, zvichiratidza kuti kuora kwema nanoflakes kwakabatana nekuoxidation kwavo. Kuti tiedze fungidziro yedu, takaita zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvinhu uye zve biochemical. Mushure mekuedza, ma nanoflakes akaoxidation zvishoma nezvishoma ndokuora kuita zvigadzirwa zveNbO neNb2O5, izvo zvisina kutyisidzira ma microalgae egirini. Tichishandisa FTIR observation, hatina kuwana shanduko dzakakosha mumakemikari ema microalgae akaiswa mukati mekuvapo kwema 2D Nb-MXene nanoflakes. Tichifunga nezve mukana wekutorwa kwe niobium oxide ne microalgae, takaita X-ray fluorescence analysis. Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza zvakajeka kuti microalgae yakadzidzwa inodya niobium oxides (NbO neNb2O5), izvo zvisina chepfu kune microalgae yakadzidzwa.