Kugira ngo imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro ikore neza kandi neza bisaba kunoza ibintu 10.000, harimo no kubungabunga ibikoresho. Bitewe n'uko hari ibice byinshi byimuka muri buri bwoko bw'urusyo na buri gikoresho cyo ku ruhande, gukurikiza gahunda yo kubungabunga isabwa n'uruganda si ibintu byoroshye. Ifoto: T & H Lemont Inc.
Icyitonderwa cy'umwanditsi: Iki ni igice cya mbere cy'uruhererekane rw'ibice bibiri ku kunoza imikorere y'imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro. Soma igice cya kabiri.
Gukora ibikoresho by’imiyoboro bishobora kugorana, ndetse no mu bihe byiza. Inganda ziragoye, zisaba gusanwa kenshi buri gihe, kandi bitewe n’ibyo zikora, ipiganwa riba rikomeye. Abakora imiyoboro y’ibyuma benshi bahura n’igitutu gikomeye cyo kongera igihe cyo gukora kugira ngo binjize amafaranga menshi, kandi nta mwanya w’ingirakamaro bafite wo gusana buri gihe.
Muri iki gihe nta buryo bwiza bwo gukora ku nganda. Ibikoresho birahenze kandi ko gutanga igice cy'ibikoresho bitakunze kugaragara. Ubu kurusha mbere hose, abakora imiyoboro bakeneye gukoresha igihe kinini kandi bakagabanya ibisigazwa, kandi kwakira igice cy'ibikoresho bivuze kugabanya igihe cyo gukora. Gukoresha igihe gito bivuze ko habaho impinduka nyinshi, atari ugukoresha igihe neza cyangwa imbaraga.
“Igihe cyo gukora kiri ku rwego rwo hejuru muri iki gihe,” ibi ni ibyatangajwe na Mark Prasek, Umuyobozi ushinzwe kugurisha imiyoboro ya Tubing yo muri Amerika y’Amajyaruguru muri EFD Induction.
Ibiganiro n'inzobere mu nganda ku nama n'ingamba zo kubyaza umusaruro uruganda rwawe byagaragaje ingingo zimwe na zimwe zigaruka kenshi:
Gukoresha uruganda ku buryo bunoze bivuze kunoza ibintu byinshi, ibyinshi muri byo bifitanye isano n'ibindi, bityo kunoza imikorere y'uruganda ntabwo byoroshye. Ijambo ryera ry'uwahoze ari umwanditsi wa The Tube & Pipe Journal, Bud Graham, ritanga igitekerezo: “Uruganda rukora imiyoboro ni igikoresho gifata ibikoresho.” Kwibuka iyi nteruro bifasha koroshya ibintu. Gusobanukirwa icyo buri gikoresho gikora, uko gikora, n'uko buri gikoresho gikorana n'ibindi bikoresho ni kimwe cya gatatu cy'urugamba. Gukomeza kubungabunga ibintu byose no kubihuza ni kimwe cya gatatu cyabyo. Igice cya gatatu cya nyuma kigizwe na gahunda z'amahugurwa y'abakoresha, ingamba zo gukemura ibibazo, n'uburyo bwihariye bwo gukora budasanzwe kuri buri mukozi ukora imiyoboro cyangwa imiyoboro.
Ikintu cy'ingenzi cyo kwitabwaho kugira ngo urusyo rukore neza ni ukwigenga ku rusyo. Ni ibikoresho fatizo. Kubona umusaruro ntarengwa uva mu rusyo bivuze kubona umusaruro ntarengwa uva kuri buri ruziga rugezwa ku ruganda. Bitangirana n'icyemezo cyo kugura.
uburebure bwa koili.Nelson Abbey, umuyobozi wa Fives Bronx Inc. Abbey Products, yagize ati: “Imashini zikora imiyoboro y'amashanyarazi zikura neza iyo koili ari ndende cyane. Gukora koili ngufi bivuze ko zikora impera nyinshi za koili. Buri mpera ya koili isaba koili ikoreshwa mu gusudira ku kibuno. Buri koili ikoreshwa mu gusudira ku kibuno ikora ibisigazwa.
Ingorane hano ni uko imigozi miremire ishoboka ishobora kugurishwa ku giciro cyiza. Imigozi migufi ishobora kuboneka ku giciro cyiza. Abashinzwe kugura bashobora gushaka kuzigama amafaranga, ariko ibi ntibihuye n'uko abakozi bo mu nganda babibona. Hafi ya buri wese uyobora uruganda yemera ko itandukaniro ry'ibiciro rigomba kuba rinini kugira ngo yishyure igihombo cy'umusaruro giterwa no gufunga kw'inganda.
Ikindi kintu cyatekerezwaho, Abbey yavuze, ni ubushobozi bw'icyuma gikuraho ibyuma n'izindi mbogamizi zose ku mpera y'urusyo. Bishobora kuba ngombwa gushora imari mu bikoresho byo kwinjira bifite ubushobozi bwo gutwara imigozi minini kandi iremereye kugira ngo inyungu zo kugura imigozi minini ziboneke.
Imashini yo gukata imashini nayo ni ingenzi, haba iyo gukata ikorerwa mu nzu cyangwa iyo hanze. Imashini zo gukata imashini zifite uburemere n'umurambararo munini zishobora gukoresha, bityo rero kubona uburyo bwiza bwo guhuza imashini n'imashini zo gukata imashini ni ingenzi kugira ngo umusaruro urusheho kwiyongera.
Muri make, ni imikoranire iri hagati y'ibintu bine: ingano n'uburemere bw'uruziga, ubugari bukenewe bw'uruvange, ubushobozi bw'uruvange, n'ubushobozi bw'ibikoresho byinjiriramo.
Ubugari n'imiterere y'imashini. Mu iduka, nta gushidikanya ko imashini zigomba kugira ubugari bukwiye n'igipimo gikwiye kugira ngo zikore ibicuruzwa, ariko amakosa ahora agaragara rimwe na rimwe. Abakora uruganda bashobora kwishyura ubugari bw'imashini ntoya cyangwa nini cyane, ariko ibi ni ikibazo cy'urwego gusa. Kwita ku bugari bw'imashini zigabanya imashini ni ingenzi cyane.
Imiterere y'inkombe y'umurongo ni na yo ngingo y'ingenzi cyane. Michael Strand, perezida wa T&H Lemont, avuga ko imiterere y'inkombe ihoraho, nta burrs cyangwa ibindi bintu bivuguruzanya, ari ingenzi kugira ngo hakomeze kubaho ubushuhe buhamye ku burebure bw'umurongo. Gutangira gukurura, gukata no gusubira inyuma nabyo birakenewe. Ibice bitafashwe neza bishobora kunama, ibyo bikaba ari ikibazo. Uburyo bwo gukora bwakozwe n'abahanga mu by'imizingo butangirana n'umurongo ugororotse aho kuba umurongo ugonze.
Ibisobanuro ku Gikoresho: “Igishushanyo cyiza cy’ibihumyo gitanga umusaruro mwinshi,” ibi byavuzwe na Stan Green, umuyobozi mukuru wa SST Forming Roll Inc. Agaragaza ko nta ngamba imwe ihari yo gukora imiyoboro, bityo nta ngamba imwe ihari yo gukora imiyoboro. Abatanga ibikoresho by’imiyoboro baratandukanye mu buryo batunganya imiyoboro bityo n’ibicuruzwa byabo. Umusaruro nawo uratandukanye.
Yagize ati: “Ubuso bw’umuzingo buhora buhinduka, bityo umuvuduko w’igikoresho uhinduka ku buso bw’igikoresho.” Birumvikana ko umuyoboro unyura mu ruganda ku muvuduko umwe gusa. Bityo, imiterere igira ingaruka ku musaruro. Imiterere mibi ipfusha ubusa ibikoresho iyo igikoresho ari gishya, kandi birushaho kuba bibi uko igikoresho kigenda gisaza, nk’uko yakomeje abivuga.
Ku bigo bidakurikiza inzira yo guhugura no kubungabunga, gutegura ingamba zo kunoza imikorere y'inganda bitangirira ku by'ibanze.
“Uko uruganda rwaba rumeze kose n’ibicuruzwa rukora, inganda zose zifite ibintu bibiri zihuriyeho—abazikoresha n’uburyo zikora,” Abbey yagize ati. Gukoresha uruganda mu buryo buhoraho uko bishoboka kose ni ugutanga amahugurwa asanzwe no gukurikiza amabwiriza yanditse. Kudahuza mu mahugurwa bishobora gutera itandukaniro mu gushyiraho no gukemura ibibazo.
Kugira ngo yungukire byinshi ku ruganda, kuva ku mukoresha umwe kugeza ku wundi, ku musimbura umwe kugeza ku wundi, buri mukoresha agomba gukoresha uburyo buhoraho bwo gushyiraho no gukemura ibibazo. Itandukaniro iryo ari ryo ryose mu mikorere akenshi riba rishingiye ku kutumvikana, ingeso mbi, inzira z'ubusamo, n'uburyo bwo gukemura ibibazo. Ibi bihora bigorana kuyobora urwego neza. Ibi bibazo bishobora guterwa n'abaturage cyangwa bigaterwa iyo abakora bahuguwe bashakishijwe n'abanywanyi, ariko isoko nta tandukaniro rigira. Guhuza ni ingenzi, harimo n'abakora bazana ubunararibonye.
“Bifata imyaka myinshi guhugura umukoresha w’uruganda rukora utwuma duto, kandi ntabwo ushobora kwiringira gahunda imwe ijyanye na byose,” Strand yagize ati. “Buri sosiyete ikeneye gahunda y’amahugurwa ijyanye n’uruganda rwayo n’ibikorwa byayo.”
“Ibintu bitatu by’ingenzi mu mikorere myiza ni ukubungabunga imashini, kubungabunga ibikoresho bikoreshwa no kubigenzura,” ibi byavuzwe na Dan Ventura, perezida wa Ventura & Associates. “Imashini ifite ibice byinshi bigenda – byaba ari urusyo ubwarwo cyangwa ibikoresho biri ku mpera y’aho yinjira cyangwa aho asohoka, cyangwa ameza yo gukubita, cyangwa se ufite iki – kandi kubungabunga buri gihe ni ingenzi kugira ngo imashini ikomeze kuba nziza.”
Strand arabyemera. Yagize ati: “Gukoresha gahunda yo kugenzura ibikorwa byo kubungabunga niho byose bitangirira.” Bitanga amahirwe meza yo kuyobora uruganda mu buryo bwunguka. Iyo uruganda rukora imiyoboro rugize uruhare mu bibazo byihutirwa gusa, ruba runaniwe. Biba biri mu maboko y’ikibazo gikurikiraho.”
Ventura yagize ati: “Ibikoresho byose biri ku ruganda bigomba guhuzwa.” Bitabaye ibyo, uruganda ruzarwana ubwarwo.”
Ventura yagize ati: “Akenshi, iyo imigozi irengeje igihe cyayo cy’ingirakamaro, irakora cyane kandi amaherezo iracikagurika.”
Ventura agira ati: “Niba imigozi idakozwe neza kandi ikorerwa isuku buri gihe, ikenera gusanwa byihutirwa. Niba ibikoresho byirengagijwe, kubisana byasaba gukuraho inshuro ebyiri cyangwa eshatu z'ibikoresho byagombaga gukuraho, nk'uko yabivuze. Binatwara igihe kirekire kandi bigatwara amafaranga menshi.
Strand yavuze ko gushora imari mu bikoresho byo gukingira bishobora gufasha gukumira ibibazo byihutirwa. Niba igikoresho gikoreshwa kenshi mu gihe kirekire, hazakenerwa ibice byinshi by'inyongera kuruta igikoresho gikoreshwa gake mu gihe gito. Imikorere y'igikoresho inagira ingaruka ku rwego rwo kubika. Amababa ashobora kuva ku gikoresho cyo gutwikira kandi imigozi yo gutwikira ishobora kugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'agasanduku ko gutwikira, ibibazo bidatera ibibazo mu gukora no gupima imigozi.
Yagize ati: “Gufata neza ibikoresho buri gihe ni byiza, kandi gushyira ibintu mu buryo bukwiye ni byiza ku bicuruzwa bikorerwamo.” Iyo ibi byirengagijwe, abakozi b’uruganda bamara igihe kinini bagerageza kubikemura. Iki gihe gishobora gukoreshwa mu gukora ibicuruzwa byiza kandi bigurishwa cyane. Ibi bintu bibiri ni ingenzi cyane kandi akenshi birengagizwa cyangwa birengagizwa ku buryo, mu bitekerezo bya Ventura, bitanga amahirwe meza yo kubona umusaruro mwinshi mu ruganda, kongera umusaruro no kugabanya ibisigazwa by’ibikomoka ku bimera.
Ventura igereranya gusana imashini n'ibikoresho bikoreshwa n'imodoka. Nta muntu uzatwara imodoka mu birometero ibihumbi mirongo hagati yo guhindura amavuta n'amapine yambaye ubusa. Ibi bizatera ibisubizo bihenze cyangwa bigasenyuka, ndetse no ku nganda zitarafatwa neza.
Yavuze ko igenzura ry’igikoresho buri gihe nyuma ya buri gikorwa naryo ari ngombwa. Ibikoresho byo kugenzura bishobora kugaragaza ibibazo nk'imirongo mito. Ibyo byangiritse biboneka ako kanya igikoresho kimaze gukurwa mu ruganda, aho kuboneka mbere yuko igikoresho gishyirwaho mu kindi gikorwa, bigatuma haboneka umwanya munini wo gukora igikoresho gisimbura ikindi.
“Hari amasosiyete arimo gukora mu gihe cyo gufunga ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwateganyijwe,” Green yagize ati. Yari azi ko byari bigoye kubahiriza itegeko ryo gufunga ibicuruzwa mu buryo bwateganyijwe muri iki gihe, ariko yagaragaje ko byari biteje akaga cyane. Amasosiyete atwara imizigo n’ayo gutwara imizigo yuzuye cyane cyangwa nta bakozi bahagije, cyangwa byombi, ku buryo ibyo gutwara ibicuruzwa bitagera ku gihe muri iyi minsi.
Yabajije ati: “Niba ikintu cyangiritse ku ruganda, ugomba gutumiza ikindi, uzakora iki kugira ngo kigerweho?” Birumvikana ko gutwara ibintu mu kirere ari amahitamo, ariko bishobora kongera ikiguzi cyo gutwara ibintu.
Gusana uruganda n'umuzingo biruta gukurikiza gahunda yo gusana gusa, ahubwo binahuza gahunda yo gusana n'ingengabihe yo gukora.
Mu nzego zose uko ari eshatu - ibikorwa, gukemura ibibazo no kubungabunga, ubugari n'ubugari bw'uburambe ni ingenzi. Warren Wheatman, visi perezida w'ishami ry'ubucuruzi rya T&H Lemont, yavuze ko amasosiyete afite uruganda rumwe cyangwa ebyiri gusa rwo gukora imiyoboro yazo bwite akenshi aba afite abantu bake bitangiye kubungabunga uruganda n'imiyoboro. Nubwo abakozi bashinzwe kubungabunga bafite ubumenyi, amashami mato afite uburambe buke ugereranyije n'amashami manini yo kubungabunga, bigatuma abakozi bato batagira icyo bakora. Niba ikigo kidafite ishami ry'ubuhanga, ishami rishinzwe kubungabunga rigomba kwikorera ibibazo no kubisana ubwaryo.
Strand yongeyeho ko amahugurwa ku mashami ashinzwe ibikorwa n'ubuvuzi ari ingenzi cyane kurusha mbere hose. Urugendo rw'abagiye mu kiruhuko cy'izabukuru rujyanye no gusaza kw'abana bavutse mu kigero cy'imyaka bivuze ko ubumenyi bw'abaturage bwahoze buhungabanya amasosiyete burimo gukama. Nubwo abakora ibikoresho byinshi byo mu bwoko bwa "tube" bagishobora kwishingikiriza ku nama n'inama ku batanga ibikoresho, ndetse n'ubu buhanga ntabwo buhagije nkuko byari bimeze mbere kandi burimo kugabanuka.
Uburyo bwo gusudira ni ingenzi nk'ubundi buryo ubwo ari bwo bwose bubaho mu gukora umuyoboro cyangwa umuyoboro, kandi uruhare rw'imashini isudira ntirushobora kurenza urugero.
Gusudira ibikoresho bigezweho. Prasek yagize ati: “Muri iki gihe, hafi bibiri bya gatatu by’ibyo twatumije ni ibyo kongera gukoresha.” Akenshi basimbuza ibikoresho bishaje kandi bifite ibibazo. Uburyo bwo gukoresha ibikoresho ni bwo butuma ibintu birushaho kuba byiza muri iki gihe.”
Yavuze ko benshi bari inyuma y’ibitego umunani kuko ibikoresho fatizo byaje bitinze. Yagize ati: “Akenshi iyo ibikoresho bisohotse, umusudi aragabanuka.” Umubare utangaje w’abakora imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi bakoresha imashini zishingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya vacuum tube, bivuze ko bakoresha imashini zifite nibura imyaka 30 mu kwita ku mashini. Ubumenyi bwa serivisi kuri izo mashini si bwinshi, kandi imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi ubwayo iragoye kuyibona.
Ikibazo abakora imiyoboro bagikoresha ni uburyo isaza. Ntabwo inanirwa cyane, ahubwo iragabanuka buhoro buhoro. Umuti umwe ni ugukoresha ubushyuhe buke bwo gusudira no gukoresha urusyo ku muvuduko muto kugira ngo bishyure, ibyo bikaba byakwirinda amafaranga menshi yo gushora imari mu mashini nshya. Ibi bitera imyumvire itari yo ko byose bimeze neza.
Prasek yavuze ko gushora imari mu isoko rishya ry’amashanyarazi rikoresha induction welding bishobora kugabanya cyane ikoreshwa ry’amashanyarazi mu ruganda. Intara zimwe na zimwe—cyane cyane izifite abaturage benshi n’imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi idafite ingufu—zitanga imisoro myinshi ku kugura ibikoresho bikoresha ingufu nke. Ikindi kintu gituma umuntu ashora imari mu bicuruzwa bishya ni ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bishya, nk’uko yabivuze.
Prasek yagize ati: “Ubusanzwe, icyuma gishya cyo gusudira gikora neza cyane kurusha igishaje, kandi gishobora kuzigama ibihumbi by’amadolari binyuze mu gutanga ubushobozi bwo gusudira bwinshi hatabayeho kongera serivisi z’amashanyarazi.”
Guhuza induction coil na resistor nabyo ni ingenzi. John Holderman, umuyobozi mukuru wa EHE Consumables, avuga ko induction coil yatoranijwe neza kandi ishyizweho ifite umwanya mwiza ugereranije n'umuzingo wo gusudira, kandi igomba kugumana umwanya ukwiye kandi uhoraho hafi y'umuyoboro. Iyo ishyizweho nabi, induction izapfa ikiri kare.
Akazi k'icyuma gifunga ni akoroshye - kibuza urujya n'uruza rw'amashanyarazi, kikayobora ku nkengero z'umurongo - kandi kimwe n'ibindi byose biri ku ruganda, aho gishyirwa ni ingenzi, nk'uko abivuga. Ahantu nyaho ni ku gasongero k'icyuma gifunga, ariko si cyo cyonyine cyo kwitabwaho. Gushyiraho ni ingenzi. Iyo gifatanye n'icyuma kidakomeye bihagije kugira ngo kigishyigikire, aho icyuma gifunga gishobora guhinduka, mu by'ukuri gikurura indangamuntu munsi y'umuyoboro.
Dukoresheje uburyo bugezweho mu gushushanya ibintu bishobora gukoreshwa mu gusudira, igitekerezo cya split coil gishobora kugira ingaruka zikomeye ku gihe cyo gukora kw'inganda.
“Inganda nini zifite uburebure bwa metero imwe zakoresheje imiterere ya split coil,” Haldeman yagize ati. “Gusimbuza igice kimwe cya induction coil bisaba gukata umuyoboro, gusimbuza coil no kongera kuyishyiramo insinga.” Igishushanyo cya split coil kiri mu bice bibiri, bikagufasha kuzigama umwanya wawe wose n’imbaraga zawe zose.
Yagize ati: “Zakoreshejwe mu nganda nini zikora ibikoresho byo gukurura, ariko byasabye ubuhanga buhanitse kugira ngo iri hame rikoreshwe ku nsinga nto.” Ndetse n’inganda zikora ibikoresho byo gukurura ibikoresho byo gukurura ibikoresho byo gukurura ibikoresho zo ...
Ku bijyanye n'uburyo bwo gukonjesha icyuma gifunga amazi, abakora imiyoboro bafite amahitamo abiri asanzwe: uburyo bwo gukonjesha hagati mu ruganda cyangwa uburyo butandukanye bwo gukoresha amazi, bushobora kuba buhenze.
Holderman yagize ati: “Ni byiza gukonjesha resistor ukoresheje icyuma gikonjesha gisukuye. Kubera iyo mpamvu, ishoramari rito muri sisitemu yihariye yo kuyungurura icyuma gikonjesha icyuma gishobora kongera cyane ubuzima bwa icyuma gikonjesha.
Udukoresho two gukonjesha dukoreshwa cyane ku gikoresho cyo gukaraba, ariko utwo dukoresho two gukonjesha dukusanya uduce tw'ibyuma. Nubwo hakorwa ibishoboka byose kugira ngo hafatwe uduce tw'ibyuma mu kayunguruzo ko hagati cyangwa kubifata hakoreshejwe sisitemu yo hagati ya rukuruzi, hari abantu banyura bakabona inzira igana ku mbogamizi. Aha siho hantu ho gukaraba ifu y'icyuma.
Holderman yagize ati: “Bishyushya mu gice cyo gushyushya hanyuma bikitwika mu gice cyo gushyushya gikozwe muri resistor na ferrite, bigatuma umuriro unanirwa vuba hanyuma bigahita bizimya kugira ngo bisimbuze resistor.” Nanone birunda ku miyoboro yo gushyushya hanyuma bigatera kwangirika bitewe no gukubita aho hantu.”