T: Kwanan nan mun fara yin wasu ayyuka da ke buƙatar a yi wasu sassan musamman daga ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe 304, wanda aka haɗa shi da kansa da kuma zuwa ƙarfe mai laushi. Mun fuskanci wasu matsaloli tare da fashewar walda tsakanin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe da ƙarfe mai kauri har zuwa inci 1.25. An ambaci cewa muna da ƙarancin matakan ferrite. Za ku iya bayyana menene shi da kuma yadda za a gyara shi?
A: Wannan tambaya ce mai kyau. Eh, za mu iya taimaka muku fahimtar ma'anar ƙarancin ferrite da kuma yadda za a hana shi.
Da farko, bari mu dubi ma'anar bakin karfe (SS) da kuma yadda ferrite ke da alaƙa da haɗin da aka haɗa. Baƙin ƙarfe da ƙarfe suna ɗauke da ƙarfe sama da 50%. Wannan ya haɗa da dukkan ƙarfen carbon da bakin karfe, da kuma wasu ƙungiyoyi. Aluminum, jan ƙarfe, da titanium ba su ƙunshi ƙarfe ba, don haka misalai ne masu kyau na ƙarfen da ba na ƙarfe ba.
Babban sassan wannan ƙarfen ƙarfe shine ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe aƙalla kashi 90% da kuma bakin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarfe daga kashi 70 zuwa 80%. Domin a sanya shi a matsayin SS, dole ne a ƙara masa aƙalla kashi chromium 11.5%. Matakan chromium sama da wannan mafi ƙarancin ƙa'ida suna haɓaka samuwar fim ɗin chromium oxide akan saman ƙarfe kuma suna hana samuwar iskar shaka kamar tsatsa (iron oxide) ko lalata sinadarai.
Bakin karfe galibi an raba shi zuwa rukuni uku: austenitic, ferritic da martensitic. Sunansu ya fito ne daga tsarin lu'ulu'u a zafin ɗakin da aka haɗa su. Wani rukuni na gama gari shine bakin karfe mai duplex, wanda shine daidaito tsakanin ferrite da austenite a cikin tsarin lu'ulu'u.
Maki na Austenitic, jerin 300, yana ɗauke da chromium 16% zuwa 30% da kuma nickel 8% zuwa 40%, wanda hakan ke samar da tsarin lu'ulu'u na Austenitic. Ana ƙara masu daidaita ƙarfe kamar nickel, carbon, manganese, da nitrogen yayin aikin yin ƙarfe don taimakawa wajen samar da rabon austenite-ferrite. Wasu maki na gama gari sune 304, 316 da 347. Yana ba da kyakkyawan juriya ga tsatsa; galibi ana amfani da shi a masana'antar abinci, sinadarai, magunguna da kuma masana'antar cryogenic. Kula da samuwar ferrite yana ba da kyakkyawan tauri a ƙananan yanayin zafi.
Ferritic SS wani nau'in 400 ne mai cikakken ƙarfin maganadisu, yana ɗauke da chromium 11.5% zuwa 30%, kuma yana da tsarin crystal ferritic mafi yawa. Don haɓaka samuwar ferrite, masu daidaita abubuwa sun haɗa da chromium, silicon, molybdenum da niobium yayin samar da ƙarfe. Waɗannan nau'ikan SS ana amfani da su sosai a cikin tsarin fitar da hayaki na motoci da na'urorin powertrains kuma suna da iyakataccen amfani da zafin jiki mai yawa. Nau'ikan da aka fi amfani da su: 405, 409, 430 da 446.
Maki na Martensitic, wanda kuma ake kira jerin 400, kamar 403, 410, da 440, suna da maganadisu, suna ɗauke da chromium 11.5% zuwa 18%, kuma suna da tsarin lu'ulu'u na martensitic. Wannan haɗin yana da mafi ƙarancin adadin zinare, wanda hakan ya sa su zama mafi ƙarancin tsada don samarwa. Suna ba da juriya ga tsatsa, ƙarfi mai ƙarfi, kuma ana amfani da su sosai a cikin kayan teburi, kayan aikin haƙori da na tiyata, kayan girki, da wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki.
Idan ka yi walda da bakin karfe, nau'in substrate da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi zai tantance ƙarfen cikawa da ya dace da za a yi amfani da shi. Idan kana amfani da tsarin iskar gas mai kariya, za ka iya buƙatar kulawa ta musamman ga gaurayen iskar gas masu kariya don hana wasu matsalolin da ke tattare da walda.
Don haɗa 304 da kansa, za ku buƙaci lantarki na E308/308L. "L" yana nufin ƙarancin carbon, wanda ke taimakawa hana tsatsa tsakanin granular. Yawan carbon na waɗannan electrodes ɗin bai wuce 0.03% ba, idan aka wuce wannan ƙimar, haɗarin tarawar carbon a iyakokin hatsi da haɗin chromium don samar da chromium carbide yana ƙaruwa, wanda ke rage juriyar tsatsa na ƙarfe yadda ya kamata. Wannan zai bayyana idan tsatsa ta faru a yankin da zafi ya shafa (HAZ) na walda na bakin ƙarfe. Wani abin la'akari da ƙarfe mai daraja na L shine cewa suna da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yanayin zafi mai yawa fiye da madaidaicin ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe.
Tunda 304 nau'in bakin ƙarfe ne na austenitic, ƙarfen walda mai dacewa zai ƙunshi yawancin austenite. Duk da haka, lantarkin da kansa zai ƙunshi mai daidaita ferrite, kamar molybdenum, don haɓaka samuwar ferrite a cikin ƙarfen walda. Masana'antun galibi suna lissafa adadin ferrite don ƙarfen walda. Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, carbon ƙarfi ne mai daidaita austenitic kuma saboda waɗannan dalilai yana da mahimmanci a hana ƙara shi zuwa ƙarfen walda.
An samo lambobin Ferrite daga jadawalin Scheffler da jadawalin WRC-1992, waɗanda ke amfani da dabarun nickel da chromium daidai don ƙididdige ƙimar da lokacin da aka zana a kan jadawalin yana ba da lamba mai daidaitawa. Lambar ferrite tsakanin 0 da 7 ta yi daidai da kashi na girman tsarin crystal na ferritic da ke cikin ƙarfen walda, duk da haka, a mafi girman kashi, adadin ferrite yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Ka tuna cewa ferrite a cikin SS ba iri ɗaya bane da ferrite na ƙarfe na carbon, amma wani lokaci da ake kira delta ferrite. Bakin ƙarfe na Austenitic ba ya fuskantar canje-canje na matakai da ke da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyin zafin jiki kamar maganin zafi.
Tsarin Ferrite abin so ne domin yana da ƙarfi fiye da austenite, amma dole ne a sarrafa shi. Ƙarancin abubuwan da ke cikin ferrite na iya samar da walda mai kyau ga tsatsa a wasu aikace-aikace, amma suna da matuƙar saurin fashewa mai zafi yayin walda. Don amfani gabaɗaya, adadin ferrites ya kamata ya kasance tsakanin 5 zuwa 10, amma wasu aikace-aikacen na iya buƙatar ƙima ƙasa ko sama. Ana iya duba Ferrites cikin sauƙi a wurin aiki tare da alamar ferrite.
Tunda ka ambaci cewa kana da matsala da tsagewa da ƙarancin ferrites, ya kamata ka yi la'akari da ƙarfen cika kayanka sosai ka tabbatar yana samar da isasshen ferrites - kusan 8 ne ya kamata su yi wannan dabarar. Haka kuma, idan kana amfani da walda mai siffar flux-cored arc (FCAW), waɗannan ƙarfen cika kayan yawanci suna amfani da iskar gas mai kauri 100% na carbon dioxide ko cakuda 75% argon da 25% CO2, wanda zai iya sa ƙarfen walda ya sha carbon. Za ka iya canzawa zuwa tsarin walda mai siffar ƙarfe (GMAW) kuma ka yi amfani da cakuda iskar oxygen mai kashi 98% na argon/2% don rage yiwuwar tarawar carbon.
Lokacin da ake haɗa bakin ƙarfe da ƙarfen carbon, dole ne a yi amfani da kayan cikawa E309L. Ana amfani da wannan ƙarfen cikawa musamman don walda ƙarfe daban-daban, yana samar da wani adadin ferrite bayan an narkar da ƙarfen carbon a cikin walda. Saboda ƙarfen carbon yana shan wasu carbon, ana ƙara masu daidaita ferrite a cikin ƙarfen cikawa don magance yanayin carbon na samar da austenite. Wannan zai taimaka wajen hana tsagewar zafi yayin walda.
A ƙarshe, idan kuna son gyara tsagewar zafi a cikin walda na bakin ƙarfe na austenitic, duba don samun isasshen ƙarfe mai cika ferrite kuma ku bi kyakkyawan tsarin walda. Ku kiyaye shigar zafi ƙasa da 50 kJ/in, ku kula da matsakaicin zafin da ke tsakanin wurare, kuma ku tabbatar da cewa haɗin solder ɗin suna da tsabta kafin a haɗa su. Yi amfani da ma'auni mai dacewa don duba adadin ferrite akan walda, da nufin 5-10.
WELDER, wanda a da ake kira Practical Welding Today, yana wakiltar ainihin mutanen da ke yin kayayyakin da muke amfani da su da kuma waɗanda muke aiki da su kowace rana. Wannan mujallar ta shafe sama da shekaru 20 tana yi wa al'ummar walda hidima a Arewacin Amurka.
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Bugun dijital na Jaridar The Tube & Pipe yanzu ya zama cikakke, wanda ke ba da damar samun albarkatu masu mahimmanci a masana'antu cikin sauƙi.
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