Q: Duherutse gutangira gukora akazi gasaba ko ibice bimwe na bimwe bikorwa ahanini mu byuma 304 bita "stainless steel", bihuzwa ubwabyo no mu byuma byoroheje. Twahuye n'ibibazo byo gushwanyagurika hagati y'ibyuma bita "stainless steel" n'ibyuma bita "stainless steel" bifite ubugari bwa santimetero 1.25. Byavuzwe ko dufite ferrite nkeya. Ushobora gusobanura icyo ari cyo n'uko wagikosora?
A: Icyo ni ikibazo cyiza. Yego, dushobora kugufasha gusobanukirwa icyo ferrite nkeya bivuze n'uko wayirinda.
Ubwa mbere, reka turebe ibisobanuro bya SS ku byuma bitagira umugese n'uburyo ferrite ifitanye isano n'imigozi ivanze. Ibyuma by'umukara n'ibyuma bivanze birimo icyuma kirenga 50%. Ibi birimo ibyuma byose bya karuboni n'ibyuma bitagira umugese, ndetse n'andi matsinda amwe n'amwe. Aluminiyumu, umuringa, na titaniyumu ntabwo birimo icyuma, bityo ni ingero nziza z'ibyuma bitagira umugese.
Ibice by'ingenzi by'iyi alloy ni icyuma cya karuboni gifite icyuma kingana na 90% n'icyuma kitagira umugese gifite icyuma kingana na 70 kugeza 80%. Kugira ngo ishyirwe mu cyiciro cya SS, igomba kuba ifite nibura 11.5% bya chromium. Urugero rwa chromium ruri hejuru y'iki gipimo ntarengwa rutuma habaho firime ya chromium oxide ku buso bw'icyuma kandi ikarinda ikorwa rya oxidation nka ingese (iron oxide) cyangwa corrosion.
Ibyuma bitanduye bigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu: austenitic, ferritic na martensitic. Izina ryabyo rikomoka ku miterere ya kristu ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba bigizwemo. Irindi tsinda risanzwe ni icyuma kitanduye gifite uduce dutatu, kikaba ari uburinganire hagati ya ferite na austenite mu miterere ya kristu.
Amanota ya Austenitic, 300 series, agizwe na 16% kugeza kuri 30% bya chromium na 8% kugeza kuri 40% bya nikeli, bigakora imiterere ya kristu ya austenitic yiganjemo. Ibintu bikomeza ubushyuhe nka nikeli, karuboni, manganese, na azote byongerwamo mu gihe cyo gukora icyuma kugira ngo bifashe mu gukora igipimo cya austenite-ferrite. Amanota amwe asanzwe ni 304, 316 na 347. Bitanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese neza; ahanini bikoreshwa mu nganda zirimo ibiribwa, imiti, imiti n'ibikomoka ku bimera. Kugenzura ikorwa rya ferrite bitanga ubukomere bwiza mu bushyuhe buke.
Ferritic SS ni ubwoko bwa serivise 400 bufite ingufu za rukuruzi zose, igizwe na chromium kuva kuri 11.5% kugeza kuri 30%, kandi ifite imiterere ya crystal ya ferritic yiganjemo ferritic. Kugira ngo ferrite irusheho gukora neza, ibintu bitera imbaraga birimo chromium, silicon, molybdenum na niobium mu gihe cyo gukora icyuma. Ubwo bwoko bwa SS bukunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bw'ibyuka biva mu modoka no mu mashini zikoresha amashanyarazi kandi bufite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubwoko bwinshi bukunze gukoreshwa: 405, 409, 430 na 446.
Ingano za Martensitic, zizwi kandi nka 400 series, nka 403, 410, na 440, ni magnetic, zirimo chromium kuva kuri 11.5% kugeza kuri 18%, kandi zifite imiterere ya crystal ya martensitic. Iyi vange ifite zahabu nkeya, bigatuma ihenda cyane kuyikora. Itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese, imbaraga nyinshi, kandi ikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo ku meza, ibikoresho by'amenyo n'iby'ubuganga, ibikoresho byo guteka, n'ibindi bikoresho bimwe na bimwe.
Iyo usudira icyuma kitagira umuze, ubwoko bw'icyuma n'uburyo gikoreshwa bizagena icyuma gikwiye cyo kuzura kizakoreshwa. Niba ukoresha uburyo bwo gukingira gazi, ushobora gukenera kwitondera cyane uruvange rwa gazi kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bifitanye isano no gusudira.
Kugira ngo uhuze 304 kuri yo, uzakenera electrode ya E308/308L. "L" isobanura karuboni nkeya, ifasha mu gukumira ingese hagati y’uduce duto. Ingano ya karuboni muri izi electrode iri munsi ya 0.03%, iyo iki giciro kirenze, ibyago byo gushyira karuboni ku mbibi z’ibinyampeke no guhuza chromium kugira ngo habeho karuboni za chromium biriyongera, ibyo bikaba bigabanya neza ingese yo kudakomera kw’icyuma. Ibi bigaragara iyo ingese ibaye mu gace gafite ubushyuhe (HAZ) k’ibyuma bitagira umugese. Ikindi kintu cyo kwitaho ku byuma bitagira umugese bya grade L ni uko bifite imbaraga nke zo gukurura ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ugereranyije n’ibyuma bitagira umugese bya straight stainless steel.
Kubera ko 304 ari ubwoko bw'icyuma kitagira umugese cya austenitic, icyuma gikoreshwa mu gusukamo amazi kizaba kirimo igice kinini cya austenite. Ariko, electrode ubwayo izaba irimo ferrite stabilizer, nka molybdenum, kugira ngo itere imbere ikorwa rya ferrite mu cyuma gisukamo amazi. Abakora ubusanzwe bandika ingano isanzwe ya ferrite ku cyuma gisukamo amazi. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, karuboni ni icyuma gikomeye gisukamo amazi kandi kubera izo mpamvu ni ngombwa kwirinda ko cyongerwamo icyuma gisukamo amazi.
Imibare ya Ferrite ikomoka ku mbonerahamwe ya Scheffler na WRC-1992, ikoresha formula zingana na nikeli na chromium kugira ngo ibare agaciro iyo gashushanyijwe ku mbonerahamwe gatanga umubare usanzwe. Umubare wa ferrite uri hagati ya 0 na 7 uhuye n'ijanisha ry'ingano y'imiterere ya crystal ya ferritic iri mu cyuma cyometseho, ariko, ku ijanisha riri hejuru, umubare wa ferrite wiyongera vuba. Wibuke ko ferrite muri SS atari kimwe na ferrite ya carbon steel, ahubwo ni phase yitwa delta ferrite. Austenitic stainless steel ntabwo ihinduka mu byiciro bifitanye isano n'ubushyuhe bwinshi nko kuvura ubushyuhe.
Ikorwa rya ferrite ni ryiza kuko ripfukirana cyane kurusha austenite, ariko rigomba kugenzurwa. Ingano nke ya ferrite ishobora gutanga ubushuhe burwanya ingese mu buryo bwiza mu bikorwa bimwe na bimwe, ariko bukunze gushyuha cyane mu gihe cyo gusudira. Ku ikoreshwa rusange, umubare wa ferrite ugomba kuba hagati ya 5 na 10, ariko zimwe na zimwe zishobora gusaba agaciro kari hasi cyangwa hejuru. Ferrite zishobora kugenzurwa byoroshye mu kazi hakoreshejwe ikimenyetso cya ferrite.
Kubera ko wavuze ko ufite ibibazo byo kwangirika no kugabanuka kwa feri, ugomba gusuzuma neza icyuma cyawe cyuzuza ukareba neza ko gitanga feri zihagije - hafi 8 ni zo zikwiye gukora. Nanone, niba ukoresha flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), ubu busanzwe bukoresha gaze y’uburinzi ya 100% ya karuboni dioxyde cyangwa uruvange rwa 75% ya argon na 25% ya CO2, bishobora gutuma icyuma cyuzuza umunyururu cyinjiza karuboni. Ushobora guhindura inzira yo gusudira metal arc (GMAW) ugakoresha uruvange rwa 98% ya argon / 2% ya ogisijeni kugira ngo ugabanye amahirwe yo gutakaza karuboni.
Mu gusudira icyuma kitagira umwanda ku cyuma cya karuboni, ibikoresho byuzuza E309L bigomba gukoreshwa. Iki cyuma cyuzuza gikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gusudira icyuma gitandukanye, bigatuma habaho ingano runaka ya ferrite nyuma y’uko icyuma cya karuboni gishongeshejwe muri ubwo busudi. Kubera ko icyuma cya karuboni cyinjiza karuboni imwe, ferrite stabilizers zongerwa kuri ubwo busudi kugira ngo hirindwe imiterere ya karuboni yo gukora austenite. Ibi bizafasha gukumira ubushyuhe bucika mu gihe cyo gusudira.
Mu gusoza, niba ushaka gusana imyanya ishyushye mu byuma bicukurwamo ibyuma bita "austenitic stainless steel welds", reba niba icyuma gihagije cya "ferrite filler" kandi ukurikize uburyo bwiza bwo gusudira. Komeza ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 50 kJ/in, komeza ubushyuhe buri hagati y’ubushyuhe n’ubukonje, kandi urebe neza ko imiyoboro ya "solder" isukuye mbere yo kuyisudira. Koresha igipimo gikwiye kugira ngo urebe ingano ya "ferrite" ku byuma bicukurwamo ibyuma, ugamije kugera kuri 5-10.
WELDER, yahoze yitwa Practical Welding Today, ihagarariye abantu nyakuri bakora ibikoresho dukoresha kandi dukorana na byo buri munsi. Iki kinyamakuru kimaze imyaka irenga 20 gikorera umuryango w’abasudira muri Amerika ya Ruguru.
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