Enkosi ngokutyelela iNature.com. Inguqulelo yesikhangeli oyisebenzisayo inenkxaso encinci kwiCSS. Ukuze ufumane amava angcono, sicebisa ukuba usebenzise isikhangeli esihlaziyiweyo (okanye ucime imo yokuhambelana kwi-Internet Explorer). Okwangoku, ukuqinisekisa inkxaso eqhubekayo, siza kubonisa indawo ngaphandle kwezitayile kunye neJavaScript.
Ungcoliseko lomhlaba yingxaki enkulu ebangelwa zizenzo zabantu. Ukusasazwa kwendawo kwezinto ezinokuba yityhefu (ii-PTE) kuyahluka kwiindawo ezininzi zasezidolophini nezikufutshane nedolophu. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukuqikelela ngokwendawo umxholo wee-PTE kumhlaba onjalo. Iisampulu ezili-115 zifunyenwe kwiFrydek Mistek kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech. Uxinzelelo lweCalcium (Ca), imagnesium (Mg), ipotassium (K) kunye ne-nickel (Ni) luchongiwe kusetyenziswa i-inductively combined plasma emission spectrometry. Utshintsho lwempendulo yiNi kwaye izibikezeli yiCa, Mg, kunye neK. I-correlation matrix phakathi kotshintsho lwempendulo kunye notshintsho lwe-predictor lubonisa ulwalamano olwanelisayo phakathi kwezinto. Iziphumo zokuqikelela zibonise ukuba iSupport Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) iqhube kakuhle, nangona i-estimated root mean square error (RMSE) (235.974 mg/kg) kunye ne-all absolute error (MAE) (166.946 mg/kg) ziphezulu kunezinye iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo. Iimodeli ezixutyiweyo ze-Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK-MLR) ziyasebenza. imbi kakhulu, njengoko kungqinwa zii-coefficients zokumisela ezingaphantsi kwe-0.1. Imodeli ye-Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine Regression (EBK-SVMR) yayiyeyona modeli ilungileyo, inexabiso eliphantsi le-RMSE (95.479 mg/kg) kunye ne-MAE (77.368 mg/kg) kunye ne-coefficient ephezulu yokumisela (R2 = 0.637). Isiphumo sobuchule bokumisela i-EBK-SVMR sibonakala kusetyenziswa imephu yokuzilungiselela. Ii-neurons ezihlanganisiweyo kwiplani yecandelo le-hybrid model CakMg-EBK-SVMR zibonisa iipateni zemibala ezininzi ezixela kwangaphambili amazinga e-Ni kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukudibanisa i-EBK kunye ne-SVMR yindlela esebenzayo yokuqikelela amazinga e-Ni kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini.
I-Nickel (Ni) ithathwa njengesondlo esincinci kwizityalo kuba inegalelo ekufakweni kwe-nitrogen emoyeni (N) kunye ne-urea metabolism, zombini ezi zinto zifunekayo ukuze imbewu ikhule. Ukongeza kwigalelo layo ekukhuleni kwembewu, i-Ni ingasebenza njengesithinteli sefungus kunye nebhaktiriya kwaye ikhuthaze uphuhliso lwezityalo. Ukungabikho kwe-nickel emhlabeni kuvumela isityalo ukuba siyifunxe, nto leyo ebangela i-chlorosis yamagqabi. Umzekelo, ii-cowpeas kunye neembotyi eziluhlaza zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezisekwe kwi-nickel ukuze kuphuculwe ukugcinwa kwe-nitrogen2. Ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezichumisi ezisekwe kwi-nickel ukutyebisa umhlaba kunye nokwandisa amandla eembotyi okulungisa i-nitrogen emhlabeni rhoqo kwandisa uxinano lwe-nickel emhlabeni. Nangona i-nickel isondlo esincinci kwizityalo, ukutya kwayo kakhulu emhlabeni kunokwenza umonakalo omkhulu kunokuba kulunge. Ubuthi be-nickel emhlabeni bunciphisa i-pH yomhlaba kwaye buthintele ukufunxwa kwesinyithi njengesondlo esibalulekileyo ekukhuleni kwezityalo1. Ngokutsho kukaLiu3, i-Ni ifunyenwe njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo ye-17 efunekayo ekuphuhlisweni nasekukhuleni kwezityalo. Ukongeza kwindima ye-nickel ekuphuhlisweni nasekukhuleni kwezityalo, abantu bayayidinga kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusetyenziswa. Ukufakelwa kwe-electroplating, ukuveliswa kwe-nickel ii-alloys, kunye nokwenziwa kwezixhobo zokutsha kunye neeplagi ze-spark kwishishini leemoto zonke zifuna ukusetyenziswa kwe-nickel kumacandelo ahlukeneyo emizi-mveliso. Ukongeza, ii-alloys ezisekelwe kwi-nickel kunye nezinto ezenziwe nge-electroplated zisetyenziswe kakhulu kwizixhobo zasekhitshini, izixhobo ze-ballroom, izixhobo zoshishino lokutya, umbane, ucingo kunye nekhebula, ii-jet turbines, izixhobo zokufakelwa utyando, amalaphu, kunye nokwakhiwa kweenqanawa5. Amanqanaba atyebileyo kwimihlaba (oko kukuthi, umhlaba ongaphezulu) anxulunyaniswa nemithombo yendalo kunye neyomntu, kodwa ngokuyintloko, i-Ni ngumthombo wendalo kunokuba ibe yi-anthropogenic4,6. Imithombo yendalo ye-nickel ibandakanya ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo, izityalo, imililo yamahlathi, kunye neenkqubo zejoloji; nangona kunjalo, imithombo yendalo ibandakanya iibhetri ze-nickel/cadmium kwishishini lentsimbi, i-electroplating, i-arc welding, i-diesel kunye ne-fuel oils, kunye nokukhutshwa komoya okuvela ekutshisweni kwamalahle kunye nokutshiswa kwenkunkuma kunye nodaka Ukuqokelelwa kwe-nickel7,8. Ngokutsho kukaFreedman noHutchinson9 kunye noManiwa et al. 10, imithombo ephambili yongcoliseko lomhlaba ongaphezulu kwindawo ekufutshane nekufutshane ikakhulu ziingcibi kunye neemigodi ezisekwe kwi-nickel-copper. Umhlaba ongaphezulu ojikeleze ifektri yokucoca i-nickel-copper yaseSudbury eKhanada wawunamanqanaba aphezulu ongcoliseko lwe-nickel kwi-26,000 mg/kg11. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ungcoliseko oluvela kwimveliso ye-nickel eRashiya lubangele ukuba amanqanaba aphezulu e-nickel kumhlaba waseNorway11. Ngokutsho kuka-Alms et al. 12, isixa se-nickel ekhutshwayo ye-HNO3 kumhlaba olimekayo ophezulu kulo mmandla (imveliso ye-nickel eRashiya) yayiqala kwi-6.25 ukuya kwi-136.88 mg/kg, ehambelana nomyinge we-30.43 mg/kg kunye noxinzelelo olusisiseko lwe-25 mg/kg. Ngokutsho kwe-kabata 11, ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ze-phosphorus kumhlaba wezolimo kumhlaba wasezidolophini okanye ojikeleze idolophu ngexesha lezityalo ezilandelelanayo kunokufaka okanye kungcolise umhlaba. Iziphumo ezinokubakho ze-nickel ebantwini zinokukhokelela kumhlaza nge-mutagenesis, umonakalo we-chromosome, ukuveliswa kwe-Z-DNA, ukulungiswa kwe-DNA excision evaliweyo, okanye iinkqubo ze-epigenetic13. Kwizilingo zezilwanyana, i-nickel ifunyenwe inamandla okubangela iintlobo ngeentlobo zeethumba, kwaye ii-nickel complexes ze-carcinogenic zinokwenza iithumba ezinjalo zibe mandundu.
Uvavanyo lokungcoliswa komhlaba luye lwachuma kutshanje ngenxa yeengxaki ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene nempilo ezivela kubudlelwane bomhlaba nezityalo, ubudlelwane bomhlaba kunye nebhayoloji, ukonakala kwendalo, kunye novavanyo lwempembelelo kokusingqongileyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukuqikelela indawo yezinto ezinokuba yityhefu (ii-PTE) ezifana ne-Ni emhlabeni kube nzima kwaye kudla ixesha kusetyenziswa iindlela zemveli. Ukufika kwemephu yomhlaba yedijithali (i-DSM) kunye nempumelelo yayo yangoku15 kuyiphucule kakhulu imephu yomhlaba yokuqikelela (i-PSM). Ngokutsho kukaMinasny noMcBratney16, imephu yomhlaba yokuqikelela (i-DSM) ibonakalise ukuba yinxalenye ebalaseleyo yesayensi yomhlaba. ULagacherie noMcBratney, ngo-2006 bachaza iDSM "njengokudala nokuzalisa iinkqubo zolwazi lomhlaba wendawo ngokusebenzisa iindlela zokujonga kwindawo kunye nelebhu kunye neenkqubo zokuqikelela umhlaba zendawo kunye nezingezizo zendawo". UMcBratney et al. I-17 ichaza ukuba i-DSM okanye i-PSM yanamhlanje yeyona ndlela isebenzayo yokuqikelela okanye ukumapha ukusasazwa kwendawo kwee-PTE, iintlobo zomhlaba kunye neempawu zomhlaba. Ii-Geostatistics kunye nee-Algorithms zokufunda ngoomatshini (i-MLA) ziindlela ze-DSM modeling ezenza iimaphu zedijithali ngoncedo lweekhompyutha zisebenzisa idatha ebalulekileyo nencinci.
I-Deutsch18 kunye ne-Olea19 zichaza i-geostatistics njenge "ingqokelela yeendlela zamanani ezijongana nokumelwa kweempawu zendawo, ikakhulu zisebenzisa iimodeli ze-stochastic, njengokuthi uhlalutyo lwexesha luchaza njani idatha yexesha." Ngokuyintloko, i-geostatistics ibandakanya uvavanyo lwee-variograms, ezivumela i-Quantify kwaye ichaze ukuxhomekeka kwexabiso lendawo kwiseti nganye yedatha20. UGumiaux et al. 20 babonisa ngakumbi ukuba uvavanyo lwee-variograms kwi-geostatistics lusekelwe kwimigaqo emithathu, kubandakanya (a) ukubala ubungakanani bonxibelelwano lwedatha, (b) ukuchonga kunye nokubala i-anisotropy kukungalingani kweseti yedatha kunye (c) ukongeza kwi- Ukongeza ekuthatheni ingqalelo impazamo yendalo yedatha yokulinganisa eyahlulwe kwiziphumo zasekuhlaleni, iziphumo zendawo nazo ziyaqikelelwa. Ukwakha kwezi ngcamango, iindlela ezininzi zokudibanisa zisetyenziswa kwi-geostatistics, kubandakanya i-kriging eqhelekileyo, i-co-kriging, i-kriging eqhelekileyo, i-kriging ye-Bayesian empirical, indlela elula ye-kriging kunye nezinye iindlela zokudibanisa ezaziwayo ukumepha okanye ukuqikelela i-PTE, iimpawu zomhlaba, kunye neentlobo zomhlaba.
Ii-Algorithms zokufunda ngoomatshini (i-MLA) ziyindlela entsha esetyenziswa kwiiklasi ezinkulu zedatha ezingezizo ezithe ngqo, ezixhaswa zii-algorithms ezisetyenziselwa kakhulu ukumba idatha, ukuchonga iipateni kwidatha, kwaye zisetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo kuhlu lwezifundo zesayensi ezifana nesayensi yomhlaba kunye nemisebenzi yokubuyisela. Amaphepha amaninzi ophando axhomekeke kwiimodeli ze-MLA ukuqikelela i-PTE kumhlaba, njengoTan et al. 22 (amahlathi angacwangciswanga oqikelelo lwesinyithi esinzima kumhlaba wezolimo), uSakizadeh et al. 23 (ukumodela kusetyenziswa oomatshini be-vector yokuxhasa kunye neenethiwekhi ze-neural zokwenziwa) ungcoliseko lomhlaba). Ukongeza, uVega et al. 24 (IKHADI lokumisela ukugcinwa kwesinyithi esinzima kunye nokufunxwa komhlaba) uSun et al. 25 (ukusetyenziswa kwe-cubist kukusasazwa kwe-Cd kumhlaba) kunye nezinye ii-algorithms ezifana nommelwane osondeleyo we-k, uhlengahlengiso oluphuculweyo oluqhelekileyo, kunye nohlengahlengiso oluphuculweyo Imithi ikwasebenzise i-MLA ukuqikelela i-PTE kumhlaba.
Ukusetyenziswa kwee-algorithms ze-DSM ekubikezeleni okanye ekumapheni kujongene nemingeni emininzi. Ababhali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba i-MLA ingcono kune-geostatistics kwaye ngokuchaseneyo. Nangona enye ingcono kunenye, indibaniselwano yezi zimbini iphucula inqanaba lokuchaneka kwemephu okanye ukuqikelela kwi-DSM15. UWoodcock noGopal26 Finke27; uPontius noCheuk28 kunye noGrunwald29 bathetha ngeentsilelo kunye neempazamo ezithile kwimephu yomhlaba eqikelelweyo. Izazinzulu zomhlaba zizame iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuphucula ukusebenza, ukuchaneka, kunye nokuqikelela kwemephu ye-DSM kunye nokuqikelela. Indibaniselwano yokungaqiniseki kunye nokuqinisekiswa yenye yezinto ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ezidityaniswe kwi-DSM ukuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokunciphisa iziphene. Nangona kunjalo, u-Agyeman et al. 15 bachaza ukuba ukuziphatha kokuqinisekisa kunye nokungaqiniseki okuziswe kukudala imephu kunye nokuqikelela kufuneka kuqinisekiswe ngokuzimeleyo ukuphucula umgangatho wemephu. Imida ye-DSM ibangelwa kumgangatho womhlaba osasazeke ngokwendawo, obandakanya icandelo lokungaqiniseki; Nangona kunjalo, ukungabikho koqiniseko kwiDSM kunokuvela kwimithombo emininzi yempazamo, oko kukuthi impazamo ye-covariate, impazamo yemodeli, impazamo yendawo, kunye neMpazamo yohlalutyo 31. Ukulinganisa ukungachaneki okubangelwa yi-MLA kunye neenkqubo ze-geostatistical kunxulunyaniswa nokungaqondi, ekugqibeleni okukhokelela ekwenzeni lula kakhulu inkqubo yokwenyani32. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba uhlobo lokulinganisa, ukungachaneki kunokubangelwa ziiparameter zokulinganisa, uqikelelo lwemodeli yezibalo, okanye ukufakelwa33. Kutshanje, kuye kwavela umkhwa omtsha we-DSM okhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kwe-geostatistics kunye ne-MLA kwimephu kunye nokuqikelela. Iingcali ezininzi zesayensi yomhlaba kunye nababhali, abanjengoSergeev et al. 34; Subbotina et al. 35; Tarasov et al. 36 kunye noTarasov et al. 37 basebenzise umgangatho ochanekileyo we-geostatistics kunye nokufunda koomatshini ukuvelisa iimodeli ezixutyiweyo eziphucula ukusebenza kakuhle kokuqikelela kunye nokuhlela. umgangatho.Ezinye zezi modeli ze-algorithm ezidityanisiweyo okanye ezidityanisiweyo yi-Artificial Neural Network Kriging (ANN-RK), i-Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging (MLP-RK), i-Generalized Regression Neural Network Residual Kriging (GR-NNRK)36, i-Artificial Neural Network Kriging-Multilayer Perceptron (ANN-K-MLP)37 kunye ne-Co-Kriging kunye ne-Gaussian Process Regression38.
Ngokutsho kukaSergeev et al., ukudibanisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisela imodeli kunokukwazi ukususa iziphene kunye nokwandisa ukusebenza kakuhle kwemodeli ye-hybrid ephumayo endaweni yokuphuhlisa imodeli yayo enye. Kule meko, eli phepha litsha lithi kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa i-algorithm edibeneyo ye-geostatistics kunye ne-MLA ukwenza iimodeli ze-hybrid ezifanelekileyo ukuqikelela ukuchuma kwe-Ni kwiindawo zasezidolophini nakwiindawo ezikufutshane nedolophu. Olu phononongo luza kuxhomekeka kwi-Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) njengemodeli esisiseko kwaye luyixube neSupport Vector Machine (SVM) kunye neemodeli ze-Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Ukuxutywa kwe-EBK nayo nayiphi na i-MLA ayaziwa. Iimodeli ezininzi ezixutyiweyo ezibonwayo ziindibaniselwano ze-normal, residual, regression kriging, kunye ne-MLA. I-EBK yindlela ye-geostatistical interpolation esebenzisa inkqubo ye-spatially stochastic ebekwe kwindawo ethile njengentsimi engaguqukiyo/engaguqukiyo eneeparamitha ezichaziweyo zendawo phezu kwentsimi, okuvumela umahluko wendawo39. I-EBK isetyenziswe kwizifundo ezahlukeneyo, kubandakanya ukuhlalutya ukusasazwa kwe-organic carbon kumhlaba wefama40, ukuvavanya ungcoliseko lomhlaba41 kunye nokumapha umhlaba. iipropati42.
Kwelinye icala, i-Self-Organizing Graph (SeOM) yi-algorithm yokufunda esetyenziswe kumanqaku ahlukeneyo afana noLi et al. 43, uWang et al. 44, uHossain Bhuiyan et al. 45 kunye noKebonye et al. 46. Chonga iimpawu zendawo kunye nokudibanisa izinto. UWang et al. 44 bachaza ukuba iSeOM yindlela yokufunda enamandla eyaziwa ngokukwazi kwayo ukuhlanganisa nokucinga ngeengxaki ezingezizo ezithe ngqo. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlela zokuqaphela iipateni ezifana nohlalutyo lwecandelo eliphambili, ukuhlanganisa okufuzelisayo, ukuhlanganisa ngokwezikhundla, kunye nokwenza izigqibo ngemigangatho emininzi, iSeOM ingcono ekuhleleni nasekuchongeni iipateni zePTE. Ngokutsho kukaWang et al. 44, iSeOM inokuhlanganisa ngokweendawo ukusasazwa kwee-neurons ezinxulumeneyo kwaye ibonelele ngedatha enesisombululo esiphezulu. ISeOM iya kubona idatha yokuqikelela yeNi ukuze ifumane imodeli engcono yokubonisa iziphumo ukuze zitolikwe ngokuthe ngqo.
Eli phepha lijolise ekuveliseni imodeli yokumapha eqinileyo echanekileyo ngokuchanekileyo yokuqikelela umxholo we-nickel kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini. Sicinga ukuba ukuthembeka komzekelo oxutyiweyo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwimpembelelo yezinye iimodeli ezinamathele kwimodeli esisiseko. Siyayiqonda imingeni ejongene ne-DSM, kwaye ngelixa le mingeni ijongwa kwiinkalo ezininzi, indibaniselwano yokuqhubela phambili kwi-geostatistics kunye neemodeli ze-MLA ibonakala ikhula kancinci; ke ngoko, siza kuzama ukuphendula imibuzo yophando enokuvelisa iimodeli ezixutyiweyo. Nangona kunjalo, imodeli ichaneke kangakanani ekuqikeleleni into ekujoliswe kuyo? Kwakhona, lithini inqanaba lovavanyo lokusebenza ngokusekwe ekuqinisekisweni nasekuvavanyweni kokuchaneka? Ke ngoko, iinjongo ezithile zolu phononongo yayikuku (a) ukudala imodeli yomxube odibeneyo we-SVMR okanye i-MLR kusetyenziswa i-EBK njengemodeli esisiseko, (b) ukuthelekisa iimodeli ezivelayo (c) ukuphakamisa imodeli yomxube ongcono wokuqikelela uxinano lwe-Ni kumhlaba wasezidolophini okanye wasezidolophini, kunye (d) nokusetyenziswa kwe-SeOM ukudala imephu enesisombululo esiphezulu sokwahluka kwendawo ye-nickel.
Olu phononongo lwenziwa kwiRiphabliki yaseCzech, ngakumbi kwisithili saseFrydek Mistek kummandla waseMoravia-Silesian (jonga uMfanekiso 1). Ijografi yendawo yophando inzima kakhulu kwaye uninzi lwayo luyinxalenye yommandla waseMoravia-Silesian Beskidy, oyinxalenye yomda ongaphandle weeNtaba zaseCarpathian. Indawo yophando iphakathi kwe-49° 41′ 0′ N kunye ne-18° 20′ 0′ E, kwaye ukuphakama kuphakathi kwe-225 kunye ne-327 m; nangona kunjalo, inkqubo yokwahlulahlula iKoppen yemeko yemozulu yalo mmandla ilinganiswa njenge-Cfb = imozulu efudumeleyo yolwandle, Kukho imvula eninzi nakwiinyanga ezomileyo. Amaqondo obushushu ayahluka kancinci unyaka wonke phakathi kwe-−5 °C kunye ne-24 °C, angabi ngaphantsi kwe-−14 °C okanye ngaphezulu kwe-30 °C, ngelixa imvula eqhelekileyo yonyaka iphakathi kwe-685 kunye ne-752 mm47. Indawo eqikelelweyo yophando lwendawo yonke yi-1,208 square kilometers, kunye ne-39.38% yomhlaba olinyiweyo kunye ne-49.36% yokugubungela amahlathi. Kwelinye icala, indawo esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo imalunga ne-889.8 square kilometers. E-Ostrava nakwiindawo ezikufutshane, ishishini lentsimbi kunye nemisebenzi yesinyithi isebenza kakhulu. Ii-metal mills, ishishini lentsimbi apho i-nickel isetyenziswa kwiintsimbi ezingenasici (umz. ukumelana nokugqwala komoya) kunye neentsimbi ze-alloy (i-nickel yonyusa amandla e-alloy ngelixa igcina ukuguguleka kwayo okuhle kunye nokuqina), kunye nezolimo ezinzulu ezifana nokusetyenziswa kwesichumiso se-phosphate kunye nemveliso yemfuyo ziindawo zophando ezinokubakho ze-nickel kwi ummandla (umz., ukongeza i-nickel kwiimvana ukwandisa amazinga okukhula kwiimvana nakwiinkomo ezingondli kangako). Ezinye iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngayo kwimizi-mveliso ye-nickel kwiindawo zophando ziquka ukusetyenziswa kwayo kwi-electroplating, kubandakanya i-electroplating nickel kunye neenkqubo ze-electroless nickel plating. Iimpawu zomhlaba zahlulwa ngokulula kumbala womhlaba, isakhiwo, kunye nomxholo we-carbonate. Ubume bomhlaba buphakathi ukuya kobuncinci, buvela kwizinto ezizalayo. Ziyi-colluvial, alluvial okanye aeolian ngokwemvelo. Ezinye iindawo zomhlaba zibonakala zinamabala kumphezulu nangaphantsi komhlaba, zihlala zinekhonkrithi kunye ne-bleaching. Nangona kunjalo, ii-cambisols kunye nee-stagnosols zezona ntlobo zomhlaba zixhaphakileyo kulo mmandla48. Ngenxa yokuphakama okuphakathi kwe-455.1 ukuya kwi-493.5 m, ii-cambisols zilawula iRiphabliki yaseCzech49.
Imephu yendawo yokufunda [Imephu yendawo yokufunda yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, inguqulelo 10.7, i-URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Iisampulu zomhlaba ongaphezulu ezili-115 zifunyenwe kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini kwisithili saseFrydek Mistek. Ipateni yesampulu esetyenzisiweyo yayiyigridi eqhelekileyo eneisampulu zomhlaba ezibekwe kwindawo eyi-2 × 2 km ukusuka kwenye, kwaye umhlaba ongaphezulu ulinganiswe kubunzulu obuyi-0 ukuya kwi-20 cm kusetyenziswa isixhobo seGPS esiphathwa ngesandla (Leica Zeno 5 GPS). Iisampulu zipakishwa kwiingxowa zeZiploc, zibhalwe kakuhle, kwaye zithunyelwa kwilebhu. Iisampulu zomiswa ngomoya ukuze kuveliswe iisampulu ezicoliweyo, zicoliwe yinkqubo yoomatshini (i-Fritsch disc mill), kwaye zicoliwe (ubukhulu besihluzo yi-2 mm). Beka i-1 gram yesampulu zomhlaba owomileyo, oxutyiweyo kunye nohlungiweyo kwiibhotile ze-teflon ezibhalwe ngokucacileyo. Kwisitya ngasinye seTeflon, khupha i-7 ml ye-35% HCl kunye ne-3 ml ye-65% HNO3 (usebenzisa i-dispenser ezenzekelayo - enye ye-asidi nganye), gquma kancinci kwaye uvumele iisampulu zime ubusuku bonke ukuze kwenzeke ukusabela (inkqubo ye-aqua regia). Beka i-supernatant kwipleyiti yesinyithi eshushu (ubushushu: 100 W kunye ne-160 °C) iiyure ezi-2 ukuze kube lula inkqubo yokugaya iisampuli, uze uzipholise. Dlulisa i-supernatant kwi-flask ye-volumetric engama-50 ml uze uyixube ukuya kwi-50 ml ngamanzi axutyiweyo. Emva koko, hluza i-supernatant exutyiweyo kwityhubhu ye-PVC engama-50 ml ngamanzi axutyiweyo. Ukongeza, i-1 ml yesisombululo sokuxuba ixutywe ne-9 ml yamanzi axutyiweyo kwaye yahluzwa kwityhubhu ye-12 ml elungiselelwe i-PTE pseudo-concentration. Amanqanaba e-PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, K) amiselwe yi-ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) ngokweendlela ezisemgangathweni kunye nesivumelwano. Qinisekisa ukuba iinkqubo zoQinisekiso loMgangatho kunye noLawulo (QA/QC) (SRM NIST 2711a Montana II Soil). Ii-PTE ezinemida yokufumanisa engaphantsi kwesiqingatha azifakwanga kolu phononongo. Umda wokufumanisa we-PTE Kusetyenziswe kolu phononongo yayingu-0.0004.(wena). Ukongeza, inkqubo yolawulo lomgangatho kunye nokuqinisekiswa komgangatho kuhlalutyo ngalunye iqinisekiswa ngokuhlalutya imigangatho yesalathiso. Ukuqinisekisa ukuba iimpazamo zincitshisiwe, kwenziwe uhlalutyo oluphindwe kabini.
I-Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) yenye yeendlela ezininzi zokudibanisa i-geostatistical ezisetyenziswa ekuboniseni kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo ezifana nesayensi yomhlaba. Ngokungafaniyo nezinye iindlela zokudibanisa i-kriging, i-EBK yahlukile kwiindlela zendabuko ze-kriging ngokuqwalasela impazamo eqikelelwa yimodeli ye-semivariogram. Kwi-interpolation ye-EBK, iimodeli ezininzi ze-semivariogram ziyabalwa ngexesha lokudibanisa, endaweni ye-semivariogram enye. Iindlela zokudibanisa zenza indlela yokungaqiniseki kunye nenkqubo enxulumene nokudweliswa kwe-semivariogram eyakha inxalenye enzima kakhulu yendlela eyaneleyo ye-kriging. Inkqubo yokudibanisa ye-EBK ilandela iikhrayitheriya ezintathu ezicetywayo yiKrivoruchko50, (a) imodeli iqikelela i-semivariogram kwiseti yedatha yokufaka (b) ixabiso elitsha eliqikelelweyo lendawo nganye yedatha yokufaka ngokusekelwe kwi-semivariogram evelisiweyo kunye (c) imodeli yokugqibela ye-A ibalwa kwiseti yedatha elinganisiweyo. Umthetho we-Bayesian equation unikwe njenge-posterior
Apho \(Prob\left(A\right)\) imele i-previous, \(Prob\left(B\right)\) marginal probability ingahoywa kwiimeko ezininzi, \(Prob (B,A)\ ) .I-semivariogram calculation isekelwe kumthetho kaBayes, obonisa ukuthambekela kweedatha zokujonga ezinokudalwa kwi-semivariograms. Ixabiso le-semivariogram emva koko limiselwa kusetyenziswa umthetho kaBayes, ochaza ukuba kunokwenzeka kangakanani ukudala idatha yokujonga evela kwi-semivariogram.
Umatshini we-support vector yi-algorithm yokufunda komatshini evelisa i-hyperplane ehlukileyo yokwahlulahlula iiklasi ezifanayo kodwa ezingazimeleyo ngomgca. I-Vapnik51 yenze i-algorithm yokwahlula i-intent, kodwa kutshanje isetyenzisiwe ukusombulula iingxaki ezijolise kwi-regression. Ngokutsho kukaLi et al.52, i-SVM yenye yezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokwahlulahlula kwaye isetyenziswe kwiinkalo ezahlukeneyo. Icandelo lokubuyisela i-SVM (Support Vector Machine Regression - SVMR) lisetyenzisiwe kolu hlalutyo. UCherkassky kunye noMulier53 baqalise i-SVMR njenge-kernel-based regression, apho ukubalwa kwayo kwenziwa kusetyenziswa imodeli yokubuyisela i-linear enemisebenzi yendawo yamazwe amaninzi. UJohn et al54 baxela ukuba imodeli ye-SVMR isebenzisa i-hyperplane linear regression, edala ubudlelwane obungengomgca kwaye ivumela imisebenzi yendawo. Ngokutsho kukaVohland et al. 55, i-epsilon (ε)-SVMR isebenzisa iseti yedatha eqeqeshiweyo ukufumana imodeli yokumelwa njengomsebenzi ongakhathaliyo we-epsilon osetyenziswa ukuzoba idatha ngokuzimeleyo nge-epsilon bias engcono kakhulu evela kuqeqesho kwidatha edibeneyo. Impazamo yomgama omiselweyo ayihoywa kwixabiso lokwenyani, kwaye ukuba impazamo inkulu kune-ε(ε), iipropati zomhlaba ziyayihlawulela. Le modeli ikwanciphisa ubunzima bedatha yoqeqesho ukuya kwi-subset ebanzi yeevectors zenkxaso. I-equation ecetywayo yiVapnik51 iboniswe ngezantsi.
apho u-b umele umda we-scalar, \(K\left({x}_{,}{ x}_{k}\right)\) umele umsebenzi we-kernel, \(\alpha\) umele i-Lagrange multiplier, u-N umele iseti yedatha yamanani, \({x}_{k}\) umele ukufakwa kwedatha, kwaye \(y\) yimveliso yedatha.Enye yee-kernel eziphambili ezisetyenzisiweyo ngumsebenzi we-SVMR, ongumsebenzi we-Gaussian radial basis (RBF). I-RBF kernel isetyenziswa ukumisela imodeli ye-SVMR efanelekileyo, ebalulekileyo ekufumaneni eyona nto incinci ye-penalty set factor C kunye ne-kernel parameter gamma (γ) yedatha yoqeqesho lwe-PTE.Okokuqala, sivavanye iseti yoqeqesho saza savavanya ukusebenza kwemodeli kwiseti yokuqinisekisa. Iparameter yokuqondisa esetyenzisiweyo yi-sigma kwaye ixabiso lendlela yi-svmRadial.
Imodeli yohlengahlengiso olunemigca emininzi (i-MLR) yimodeli yohlengahlengiso emele ubudlelwane phakathi kotshintsho lwempendulo kunye nenani leenguqu ezichazayo ngokusebenzisa iiparameter ezidibeneyo ezibalwe kusetyenziswa indlela ye-least squares. Kwi-MLR, imodeli ye-least squares ngumsebenzi wokuqikelela weempawu zomhlaba emva kokukhethwa kweenguqu ezichazayo. Kubalulekile ukusebenzisa impendulo ukuseka ubudlelwane obunemigca kusetyenziswa iinguqu ezichazayo. I-PTE isetyenziswe njengenguqu ephendulayo ukuseka ubudlelwane obunemigca kunye neenguqu ezichazayo. I-MLR equation yi
apho u-y yi-response variable, \(a\) yi-intercept, u-n linani lee-predictors, \({b}_{1}\) yi-partial regression ye-coefficients, \({x}_{ i}\) imele i-predictor okanye i-explanatory variable, kwaye \({\varepsilon }_{i}\) imele impazamo kwimodeli, eyaziwa ngokuba yi-residual.
Iimodeli ezixutyiweyo zifunyenwe ngokuhlanganisa i-EBK nge-SVMR kunye ne-MLR. Oku kwenziwa ngokususa amaxabiso aqikelelweyo kwi-interpolation ye-EBK. Amaxabiso aqikelelweyo afunyenwe kwi-Ca, K, kunye ne-Mg edityanisiweyo afunyanwa ngenkqubo yokudibanisa ukuze kufunyanwe ii-variables ezintsha, ezifana ne-CaK, CaMg, kunye ne-KMg. Izinto ze-Ca, K kunye ne-Mg emva koko zidityaniswe ukuze kufunyanwe i-variable yesine, i-CaKMg. Ngokubanzi, ii-variables ezifunyenweyo yi-Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg kunye ne-CaKMg. Ezi-variables zaba zii-predictors zethu, zinceda ukuqikelela amanqanaba e-nickel kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini. I-algorithm ye-SVMR yenziwe kwii-predictors ukuze kufunyanwe imodeli exutyiweyo ye-Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM). Ngokufanayo, ii-variables nazo zihanjiswa ngepayipi kwi-algorithm ye-MLR ukuze kufunyanwe imodeli exutyiweyo ye-Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK_MLR). Ngokwesiqhelo, ii-variables ze-Ca, K, I-Mg, i-CaK, i-CaMg, i-KMg, kunye ne-CaKMg zisetyenziswa njengezinto ezibonisa ukuba kukho i-Ni kwimihlaba yasezidolophini neyasemaphandleni. Imodeli eyamkelekileyo efunyenweyo (i-EBK_SVM okanye i-EBK_MLR) iya kubonwa kusetyenziswa igrafu ezizilungiselelayo. Indlela yokusebenza kolu phononongo iboniswe kuMfanekiso 2.
Ukusebenzisa iSeOM kube sisixhobo esidumileyo sokuhlela, ukuvavanya, kunye nokuqikelela idatha kwicandelo lezemali, ukhathalelo lwempilo, ishishini, izibalo, isayensi yomhlaba, nokunye. ISeOM idalwe kusetyenziswa iinethiwekhi ze-neural zokwenziwa kunye neendlela zokufunda ezingalawulwayo zokuhlela, ukuvavanya, kunye nokuqikelela. Kolu phononongo, iSeOM isetyenziselwe ukubona uxinano lweNi olusekwe kwimodeli engcono yokuqikelela iNi kumhlaba wasezidolophini nakwimimandla engasezidolophini. Idatha ecutshungulwayo kuvavanyo lweSeOM isetyenziswa njengee-n input-dimensional vector variables43,56.UMelssen et al. 57 ichaza uqhagamshelo lwevektha yokufaka kwinethiwekhi ye-neural ngokusebenzisa umaleko omnye wokufaka kwivektha yokuphuma enevektha yobunzima obunye. Imveliso eveliswa yiSeOM yimephu enamacala amabini equlathe ii-neurons okanye amaqhuqhuva ahlukeneyo alukwe kwiimephu ze-topological ezine-hexagonal, circular, okanye square ngokweendawo ezikufutshane. Ukuthelekisa ubungakanani bemephu ngokusekelwe kwi-metric, quantization error (QE) kunye ne-topographic error (TE), imodeli yeSeOM ene-0.086 kunye ne-0.904, ngokulandelanayo, iyakhethwa, eyiyunithi yemephu engama-55 (5 × 11). Ulwakhiwo lwe-neuron lumiselwa ngokwenani lamaqhuqhuva kwi-empiric equation.
Inani ledatha esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo ziisampuli ezili-115. Indlela engacwangciswanga isetyenziswe ukwahlula idatha kwidatha yovavanyo (25% yokuqinisekisa) kunye neeseti zedatha yoqeqesho (75% yokulinganisa). Iseti yedatha yoqeqesho isetyenziselwa ukuvelisa imodeli yohlengahlengiso (ukulinganisa), kwaye iseti yedatha yovavanyo isetyenziselwa ukuqinisekisa amandla okuvelisa ngokubanzi58. Oku kwenzelwe ukuvavanya ukufaneleka kweemodeli ezahlukeneyo zokuqikelela umxholo we-nickel kumhlaba. Zonke iimodeli ezisetyenzisiweyo zidlule kwinkqubo yokuqinisekiswa okuphindwe kalishumi, ephindaphindwe kahlanu. Iinguqu eziveliswe yi-EBK interpolation zisetyenziswa njengezibikezeli okanye iinguqu ezichazayo ukuqikelela inguqu ekujoliswe kuyo (PTE). Ukumodela kuphathwa kwi-RStudio kusetyenziswa ilayibrari yeepakeji (Kohonen), ilayibrari (caret), ilayibrari (modelr), ilayibrari (“e1071″), ilayibrari (“plyr”), ilayibrari (“caTools”), ilayibrari (“prospectr”) kunye neelayibrari (“Metrics”).
Iiparameter ezahlukeneyo zokuqinisekisa zisetyenzisiwe ukumisela imodeli efanelekileyo yokuqikelela ubuninzi be-nickel emhlabeni kunye nokuvavanya ukuchaneka kwemodeli kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwayo. Iimodeli zeHybridization zivavanywe kusetyenziswa i-mean absolute error (MAE), i-root mean square error (RMSE), kunye ne-R-squared okanye i-coefficient determination (R2). I-R2 ichaza umahluko wemilinganiselo kwimpendulo, emelwe yimodeli yokubuyela umva. I-RMSE kunye nobukhulu bokungafani kwiimilinganiselo ezizimeleyo zichaza amandla okuqikelela emodeli, ngelixa i-MAE imisela ixabiso lokwenyani lobungakanani. Ixabiso le-R2 kufuneka libe phezulu ukuvavanya imodeli yomxube ongcono usebenzisa iiparameter zokuqinisekisa, okukhona ixabiso lisondele kwi-1, kokukhona ukuchaneka kuphezulu. Ngokutsho kukaLi et al. 59, ixabiso le-R2 criterion elingu-0.75 okanye ngaphezulu lithathwa njenge-predictor elungileyo; ukusuka kwi-0.5 ukuya kwi-0.75 kukusebenza kwemodeli okwamkelekileyo, kwaye ngaphantsi kwe-0.5 kukusebenza kwemodeli okwamkelekileyo. Xa ukhetha imodeli esebenzisa iindlela zokuvavanya iikhrayitheriya zokuqinisekisa ze-RMSE kunye ne-MAE, amaxabiso aphantsi afunyenweyo anele kwaye athathwa njengokhetho olungcono. Eli qela lilandelayo lichaza indlela yokuqinisekisa.
apho u-n emele ubungakanani bexabiso eliboniweyo\({Y}_{i}\) emele impendulo elinganisiweyo, kwaye \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}\) ikwamele ixabiso lempendulo eqikelelweyo, ke ngoko, kwimigqaliselo yokuqala ye-i.
Iinkcazo zezibalo zezinto ezibonisa ukuqikelela kunye neenguqu zempendulo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 1, zibonisa i-avareji, ukuphambuka okuqhelekileyo (SD), i-coefficient of variation (CV), ubuncinci, ubukhulu, i-kurtosis, kunye nokuthambekela. Amaxabiso aphantsi kunye naphezulu ezinto akwi-oda eliphantsi le-Mg < Ca < K < Ni kunye ne-Ca < Mg < K < Ni, ngokulandelanayo. Uxinzelelo lwe-response variable (Ni) ethathwe kwisampuli kwindawo yophando luqala kwi-4.86 ukuya kwi-42.39 mg/kg. Uthelekiso lwe-Ni nomndilili wehlabathi (29 mg/kg) kunye nomndilili waseYurophu (37 mg/kg) lubonise ukuba i-geometric mean iyonke ebaliweyo yendawo yophando yayingaphakathi koluhlu olunokunyamezeleka. Nangona kunjalo, njengoko kubonisiwe yi-Kabata-Pendias11, uthelekiso lomndilili we-nickel (Ni) kuphononongo lwangoku kunye nomhlaba wezolimo eSweden lubonisa ukuba umndilili we-nickel wangoku uphezulu. Ngokufanayo, umndilili we-Frydek Mistek kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini kuphononongo lwangoku (Ni 16.15 mg/kg) wawuphezulu kunovumelekileyo. umda wama-60 (10.2 mg/kg) kwiNi kumhlaba wasezidolophini wasePoland oxelwe nguRóżański et al. Ngaphezu koko, uBretzel kunye noCalderisi61 barekhode amanqanaba aphantsi kakhulu e-mean Ni (1.78 mg/kg) kumhlaba wasezidolophini eTuscany xa kuthelekiswa nophando lwangoku. UJim62 ukwafumene uxinano oluphantsi lwe-nickel (12.34 mg/kg) kumhlaba wasezidolophini waseHong Kong, oluphantsi kunoxinano lwangoku lwe-nickel kolu phononongo. UBirke et al63 babike uxinano oluphakathi lwe-Ni lwe-17.6 mg/kg kwindawo endala yemigodi nemizi-mveliso yasezidolophini eSaxony-Anhalt, eJamani, olwaluyi-1.45 mg/kg oluphezulu kunoxinano oluphakathi lwe-Ni kumhlaba (16.15 mg/kg). Uphando lwangoku. Umxholo ogqithisileyo we-nickel kumhlaba kwezinye iindawo zasezidolophini nakwiidolophu zasemaphandleni kwindawo yophando unokubangelwa ikakhulu ngumzi-mveliso wesinyithi nentsimbi kunye nomzi-mveliso wesinyithi. Oku kuhambelana nophando lukaKhodadoust et al. 64 ukuba ishishini lentsimbi kunye nokusebenza ngesinyithi zezona zinto ziphambili zokungcoliswa kwe-nickel emhlabeni. Nangona kunjalo, izinto ezixeliweyo zikwaqala kwi-538.70 mg/kg ukuya kwi-69,161.80 mg/kg kwi-Ca, 497.51 mg/kg ukuya kwi-3535.68 mg/kg kwi-K, kunye ne-685.68 mg/kg ukuya kwi-5970.05 mg/kg kwi-Mg.Jakovljevic et al. I-65 iphande ngomxholo we-Mg kunye ne-K opheleleyo womhlaba kumbindi weSerbia. Bafumanise ukuba ubuninzi be-Mg kunye ne-K bubonke bomhlaba kumbindi weSerbia. Bafumanise ukuba ubuninzi be-Mg kunye ne-K bubonke bomhlaba buphantsi kunobuninzi be-Mg kunye ne-K bolu phononongo lwangoku. Okungaqhelekanga, empuma yePoland, u-Orzechowski kunye no-Smolczynski66 bavavanye umxholo opheleleyo we-Ca, Mg kunye ne-K kwaye babonise ubuninzi be-Ca (1100 mg/kg), i-Mg (590 mg/kg) kunye ne-K (810 mg/kg). Umxholo ongaphezulu komhlaba uphantsi kunowomnye umntu kolu phononongo. Uphononongo lwakutshanje lukaPongrac et al. 67 lubonise ukuba umxholo opheleleyo we-Ca ohlalutyiweyo kumhlaba o-3 owahlukileyo eScotland, e-UK (umhlaba waseMylnefield, umhlaba waseBalruddery kunye nomhlaba waseHartwood) ubonise umxholo ophezulu we-Ca kolu phononongo.
Ngenxa yobuninzi obahlukeneyo obulinganisiweyo bezinto ezithathwe iisampulu, ukusasazwa kweseti yedatha yezinto kubonisa ukugoba okwahlukileyo. Ukugoba kunye ne-kurtosis yezinto zisusela kwi-1.53 ​​ukuya kwi-7.24 kunye ne-2.49 ukuya kwi-54.16, ngokwahlukeneyo. Zonke izinto ezibaliweyo zinamanqanaba okugoba kunye ne-kurtosis angaphezu kwe-+1, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ukusasazwa kwedatha akuqhelekanga, kugoba kwicala elifanelekileyo kwaye kufikelele kwincopho. Ii-CV eziqikelelweyo zezinto zibonisa nokuba i-K, i-Mg, kunye ne-Ni zibonisa ukugoba okuphakathi, ngelixa i-Ca inokuguquguquka okuphezulu kakhulu. Ii-CV ze-K, i-Ni kunye ne-Mg zichaza ukusasazwa kwazo okufanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukusasazwa kwe-Ca akufani kwaye imithombo yangaphandle inokuchaphazela inqanaba layo lokutyebisa.
Ulwalamano lweziguquguquko ezixela kwangaphambili kunye nezinto zempendulo lubonise ulwalamano olwanelisayo phakathi kwezinto (jonga uMfanekiso 3). Ulwalamano lubonise ukuba iCaK ibonise ulwalamano oluphakathi kunye nexabiso le-r = 0.53, njengoko kwenze iCaNi. Nangona iCa kunye ne-K zibonisa ulwalamano oluphantsi omnye komnye, abaphandi abanjengoKingston et al. I-68 kunye ne-Santo69 zibonisa ukuba amanqanaba azo emhlabeni alingana ngokuphambeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, i-Ca kunye ne-Mg zichasene ne-K, kodwa i-CaK ihambelana kakuhle. Oku kusenokuba kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezifana ne-potassium carbonate, ephezulu ngama-56% kwi-potassium. I-Potassium yayinxulumene ngokuphakathi ne-magnesium (KM r = 0.63). Kwishishini lezichumisi, ezi zinto zimbini zihlobene kakhulu kuba i-potassium magnesium sulfate, i-potassium magnesium nitrate, kunye ne-potassium zisetyenziswa emhlabeni ukuze zonyuse amanqanaba azo okuswela. I-Nickel inxulumene ngokuphakathi ne-Ca, K kunye ne-Mg ngamaxabiso e-r = 0.52, 0.63 kunye ne-0.55, ngokulandelelana. Ubudlelwane obubandakanya i-calcium, i-magnesium, kunye nee-PTE ezifana ne-nickel buyinkimbinkimbi, kodwa nangona kunjalo, i-magnesium ithintela ukufunxwa kwe-calcium, i-calcium inciphisa iziphumo ze-magnesium egqithisileyo, kwaye zombini i-magnesium kunye ne-calcium zinciphisa iziphumo ezinobuthi ze-nickel emhlabeni.
I-matrix yokuhambelana kwezinto ezibonisa ubudlelwane phakathi kwezinto eziqikelelayo kunye neempendulo (Qaphela: lo mfanekiso ubandakanya i-scatterplot phakathi kwezinto, amanqanaba okubaluleka asekelwe kwi-p <0,001).
Umfanekiso 4 ubonisa ukusasazwa kwendawo kwezinto. Ngokutsho kukaBurgos et al70, ukusetyenziswa kokusasazwa kwendawo yindlela esetyenziselwa ukulinganisa nokugqamisa iindawo ezishushu kwiindawo ezingcolileyo. Amanqanaba okutyebisa e-Ca kuMfanekiso 4 angabonakala kwicala elingasentla-ntshona lemephu yokusasazwa kwendawo. Lo mfanekiso ubonisa iindawo ezishushu zokutyebisa i-Ca eziphakathi ukuya kweziphezulu. Ukutyebisa i-calcium kumntla-ntshona wemephu kusenokwenzeka ukuba kungenxa yokusetyenziswa kwe-quicklime (i-calcium oxide) ukunciphisa i-acidity yomhlaba kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwiimayini zentsimbi njenge-alkaline oxygen kwinkqubo yokwenza intsimbi. Kwelinye icala, abanye abalimi bakhetha ukusebenzisa i-calcium hydroxide kumhlaba one-acidic ukuze banciphise i-pH, nto leyo ekwanyusa umxholo we-calcium womhlaba71. I-Potassium ikwabonisa iindawo ezishushu kumntla-ntshona nasempuma wemephu. I-Northwest yindawo enkulu yezolimo, kwaye ipateni ephakathi ukuya phezulu ye-potassium inokuba ngenxa ye-NPK kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-potash. Oku kuhambelana nezinye izifundo, ezifana neMadaras kunye neLipavský72, Madaras et al.73, Pulkrabová et al.74, Asare et al.75, abaqaphele ukuba ukuzinza komhlaba kunye nonyango nge-KCl kunye ne-NPK kubangele umxholo ophezulu we-K emhlabeni. Ukutyeba kwePotassium kwindawo ekumntla-ntshona wemephu yokusasazwa kusenokubangelwa kukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezisekelwe kwi-potassium ezifana ne-potassium chloride, i-potassium sulfate, i-potassium nitrate, i-potassium, kunye ne-potassium ukwandisa umxholo we-potassium kumhlaba ohlwempuzekileyo.Zádorová et al. 76 kunye noTlustoš et al. 77 ichaze ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezichumisi ezisekelwe kwi-K kwandisa umxholo we-K emhlabeni kwaye kuya kwandisa kakhulu umxholo wezondlo zomhlaba ekuhambeni kwexesha, ingakumbi i-K kunye ne-Mg ezibonisa indawo eshushu emhlabeni. Iindawo ezishushu ngokulinganayo kumntla-ntshona wemephu kunye nomzantsi-mpuma wemephu. Ukuqina kwe-Colloidal emhlabeni kunciphisa uxinano lwe-magnesium emhlabeni. Ukungabikho kwayo emhlabeni kubangela ukuba izityalo zibonise i-chlorosis ye-intervein etyheli. Izichumisi ezisekelwe kwi-magnesium, ezifana ne-potassium magnesium sulfate, i-magnesium sulfate, kunye ne-Kieserite, ziyanyanga ukusilela (izityalo zibonakala zimfusa, zibomvu, okanye zimdaka, nto leyo ebonisa ukungabikho kwe-magnesium) kumhlaba onomlinganiselo oqhelekileyo we-pH6. Ukuqokelelwa kwe-nickel kwiindawo zomhlaba zasezidolophini nakwiindawo ezikufutshane nedolophu kunokubangelwa yimisebenzi yabantu efana nezolimo kunye nokubaluleka kwe-nickel kwimveliso yentsimbi engagqwali78.
Ukusasazwa kwezinto ngokwesithuba [imephu yokusasazwa kwendawo yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, Version 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Iziphumo zesalathisi sokusebenza kwemodeli yezinto ezisetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo ziboniswe kwiTheyibhile 2. Kwelinye icala, i-RMSE kunye ne-MAE ye-Ni zombini zisondele ku-zero (0.86 RMSE, -0.08 MAE). Kwelinye icala, zombini ixabiso le-RMSE kunye ne-MAE le-K liyamkeleka. Iziphumo ze-RMSE kunye ne-MAE bezinkulu kwi-calcium kunye ne-magnesium. Iziphumo ze-Ca kunye ne-K MAE kunye ne-RMSE zikhulu ngenxa yedatha ezahlukeneyo. I-RMSE kunye ne-MAE yolu phononongo esebenzisa i-EBK ukuqikelela i-Ni zifunyenwe zingcono kuneziphumo zikaJohn et al. 54 zisebenzisa i-synergistic kriging ukuqikelela amazinga e-S emhlabeni kusetyenziswa idatha efanayo eqokelelweyo. Iziphumo ze-EBK esizifundileyo zihambelana nezo zikaFabijaczyk et al. 41, Yan et al. 79, Beguin et al. 80, Adhikary et al. 81 kunye noJohn et al. 82, ngakumbi i-K kunye ne-Ni.
Ukusebenza kweendlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqikelela umxholo we-nickel kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasemacaleni kwedolophu kuhlolwe kusetyenziswa ukusebenza kweemodeli (Itheyibhile 3). Ukuqinisekiswa kwemodeli kunye novavanyo lokuchaneka kuqinisekisile ukuba isibikezeli se-Ca_Mg_K kunye nemodeli ye-EBK SVMR sivelise ukusebenza okungcono kakhulu. Imodeli yokulinganisa i-Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR imodeli R2, impazamo yesikwere esiphakathi kweengcambu (RMSE) kunye nempazamo epheleleyo engaphantsi (MAE) yayiyi-0.637 (R2), 95.479 mg/kg (RMSE) kunye ne-77.368 mg/kg (MAE) i-Ca_Mg_K-SVMR yayiyi-0.663 (R2), 235.974 mg/kg (RMSE) kunye ne-166.946 mg/kg (MAE). Nangona kunjalo, amaxabiso amahle e-R2 afunyenwe kwi-Ca_Mg_K-SVMR (0.663 mg/kg R2) kunye ne-Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (0.643 = R2); iziphumo zabo ze-RMSE kunye ne-MAE beziphezulu kunezo ze-Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR (R2 0.637) (jonga iTheyibhile 3). Ukongeza, i-RMSE kunye ne-MAE zemodeli ye-Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (RMSE = 1664.64 kunye ne-MAE = 1031.49) ziyi-17.5 kunye ne-13.4, ngokulandelanayo, ezinkulu kunezo ze-Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR. Ngokufanayo, i-RMSE kunye ne-MAE zemodeli ye-Ca_Mg-K SVMR (RMSE = 235.974 kunye ne-MAE = 166.946) zinkulu nge-2.5 kunye ne-2.2 kunezo ze-Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR RMSE kunye ne-MAE, ngokulandelanayo. Iziphumo ze-RMSE ezibaliweyo zibonisa indlela iseti yedatha egxile ngayo kumgca wokulingana okungcono. I-RSME ephezulu kunye ne-MAE zibonwe. Ngokwe UKebonye et al. 46 kunye noJohn et al. 54, okukhona i-RMSE kunye ne-MAE zisondele kwi-zero, kokukhona iziphumo zingcono. I-SVMR kunye ne-EBK_SVMR zinexabiso eliphezulu le-RSME kunye ne-MAE elilinganisiweyo. Kuye kwabonwa ukuba uqikelelo lwe-RSME beluphezulu rhoqo kunexabiso le-MAE, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba kukho izinto ezingaphandle. Ngokutsho kukaLegates noMcCabe83, umlinganiselo apho i-RMSE idlula khona impazamo epheleleyo (i-MAE) uyacetyiswa njengophawu lobukho bezinto ezingaphandle. Oku kuthetha ukuba xa idatha ingafani, kokukhona ixabiso le-MAE kunye ne-RMSE liphezulu. Ukuchaneka kovavanyo lokuqinisekiswa kwemodeli exutyiweyo ye-Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR yokuqikelela umxholo we-Ni kumhlaba wasezidolophini nakwimimandla esemazantsi yayiyi-63.70%. Ngokutsho kukaLi et al. 59, eli nqanaba lokuchaneka lizinga lokusebenza elivumelekileyo lemodeli. Iziphumo zangoku zithelekiswa nophando lwangaphambili lukaTarasov et al. 36 enemodeli exutyiweyo eyadala i-MLPRK (i-Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), enxulumene ne-EBK_SVMR accuracy evaluation index exeliweyo kwisifundo sangoku, i-RMSE (210) kunye ne-MAE (167.5) yayiphezulu kuneziphumo zethu kwisifundo sangoku (RMSE 95.479, MAE 77.368). Nangona kunjalo, xa kuthelekiswa i-R2 yesifundo sangoku (0.637) nesikaTarasov et al. 36 (0.544), kuyacaca ukuba i-coefficient of determination (R2) iphezulu kule modeli ixutyiweyo. Umda wempazamo (RMSE kunye ne-MAE) (EBK SVMR) kwimodeli exutyiweyo uphantsi kabini. Ngokufanayo, uSergeev et al.34 barekhode u-0.28 (R2) kwimodeli exutyiweyo ephuhlisiweyo (iMultilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), ngelixa uNi kwisifundo sangoku barekhode u-0.637 (R2). Inqanaba lokuchaneka kokuqikelela kwale modeli (EBK SVMR) yi-63.7%, ngelixa ukuchaneka kokuqikelela okufunyenwe nguSergeev et al. 34 yi-28%. Imephu yokugqibela (Umzobo 5) eyenziwe kusetyenziswa imodeli ye-EBK_SVMR kunye ne-Ca_Mg_K njengesibikezeli ibonisa ukuqikelela kweendawo ezishushu kwaye iphakathi ukuya kwi-nickel kuyo yonke indawo yokufunda. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukuxinana kwe-nickel kwindawo yokufunda ikakhulu kuphakathi, kunye nokuxinana okuphezulu kwiindawo ezithile.
Imephu yokugqibela yokuqikelela imelwe kusetyenziswa imodeli ye-hybrid EBK_SVMR kwaye kusetyenziswa i-Ca_Mg_K njengesibikezeli.[Imephu yokusasazwa kwendawo yenziwe kusetyenziswa i-RStudio (inguqulelo 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Okuboniswe kuMfanekiso 6 kugxininiswa kwe-PTE njengomgca wokwakheka oquka ii-neurons nganye. Akukho nanye kwezi planes zecandelo ebonise ipateni yombala efanayo njengoko kubonisiwe. Nangona kunjalo, inani elifanelekileyo lee-neurons kwimephu nganye edwetyiweyo yi-55. I-SeOM iveliswa kusetyenziswa imibala eyahlukeneyo, kwaye okukhona iipateni zombala zifana ngakumbi, kokukhona iipropati zeesampuli zifana ngakumbi. Ngokwesikali sazo sombala esichanekileyo, izinto ezizodwa (i-Ca, i-K, kunye ne-Mg) zibonise iipateni zombala ezifanayo nee-neurons eziphezulu kunye nee-neurons ezininzi eziphantsi. Ke ngoko, i-CaK kunye ne-CaMg zabelana ngokufana okuthile nee-neurons ezikumgangatho ophezulu kakhulu kunye neepateni zombala eziphantsi ukuya kweziphakathi. Zombini iimodeli zixela ukuxinana kwe-Ni emhlabeni ngokubonisa imibala ephakathi ukuya phezulu efana nobomvu, i-orenji kunye nomthubi. Imodeli ye-KMg ibonisa iipateni ezininzi zombala ophezulu ngokusekelwe kubungakanani obuchanekileyo kunye namabala ombala aphantsi ukuya kweziphakathi. Kwisikali sombala esichanekileyo ukusuka kwesezantsi ukuya phezulu, ipateni yokusasazwa kwe-planar yamacandelo emodeli ibonise ipateni yombala ophezulu ebonisa ukuxinana okunokwenzeka kwe-nickel emhlabeni (jonga uMfanekiso 4). Iplani yecandelo lemodeli ye-CakMg ibonisa ipateni yombala eyahlukeneyo ukusuka kwesezantsi ukuya phezulu ngokwemibala echanekileyo. isikali.Ngaphezu koko, ukuqikelela komzekelo komxholo we-nickel (i-CakMg) kufana nokusasazwa kwendawo ye-nickel okuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5.Zombini iigrafu zibonisa umlinganiselo ophezulu, ophakathi nophantsi woxinzelelo lwe-nickel kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini.Umfanekiso 7 ubonisa indlela ye-contour kwiqela le-k-means kwimephu, yahlulwe yangamaqela amathathu ngokusekelwe kwixabiso eliqikelelweyo kumzekelo ngamnye.Indlela ye-contour imele inani elifanelekileyo lamaqela.Kwiisampulu zomhlaba ezili-115 eziqokelelweyo, udidi 1 lufumene uninzi lweesampulu zomhlaba, ezingama-74.Iqela lesi-2 lifumene iisampulu ezingama-33, ngelixa iqela lesi-3 lifumene iisampulu ezisi-8.Indibaniselwano ye-planar predictor yamacandelo asixhenxe yenziwe lula ukuvumela ukutolikwa kweqela ngokuchanekileyo.Ngenxa yeenkqubo ezininzi ze-anthropogenic nezendalo ezichaphazela ukwakheka komhlaba, kunzima ukuba neepateni zeqela ezahlulwe ngokufanelekileyo kwimephu ye-SeOM esasazwe78.
Imveliso yeplani yecandelo yi-Empirical Bayesian Kriging Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM_SeOM) variable nganye.[Iimephu zeSeOM zenziwe kusetyenziswa i-RStudio (uhlobo 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo zokuhlelwa kweqela [Iimephu zeSeOM zenziwe kusetyenziswa iRStudio (inguqulelo 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Olu phononongo lwangoku lubonisa ngokucacileyo iindlela zokumisela uxinano lwe-nickel kumhlaba wasezidolophini nowasezidolophini. Olu phononongo luvavanye iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokumisela, ludibanisa izinto kunye neendlela zokumisela, ukuze kufunyanwe eyona ndlela ilungileyo yokuqikelela uxinano lwe-nickel kumhlaba. Iimpawu ze-SeOM compositional planar space technique zibonise ipateni yombala ophezulu ukusuka ezantsi ukuya phezulu kwisikali sombala esichanekileyo, zibonisa uxinano lwe-Ni kumhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, imephu yokusasazwa kwendawo iqinisekisa ukusasazwa kwendawo okucwangcisiweyo kwezinto eziboniswe yi-EBK_SVMR (jonga uMfanekiso 5). Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba imodeli yokubuyisela umatshini we-support vector (Ca Mg K-SVMR) iqikelela uxinano lwe-Ni kumhlaba njengomzekelo omnye, kodwa iiparameter zokuvavanya ukuqinisekiswa kunye nokuchaneka zibonisa iimpazamo eziphezulu kakhulu ngokwe-RMSE kunye ne-MAE. Kwelinye icala, indlela yokumisela esetyenziswe kwimodeli ye-EBK_MLR nayo inesiphene ngenxa yexabiso eliphantsi le-coefficient of determination (R2). Iziphumo ezilungileyo zifunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-EBK SVMR kunye nezinto ezidibeneyo (CaKMg) kunye neempazamo eziphantsi ze-RMSE kunye ne-MAE kunye nokuchaneka kwe-63.7%. Kuvela ukuba ukudibanisa i-EBK I-algorithm ene-algorithm yokufunda koomatshini inokuvelisa i-algorithm exutyiweyo enokuqikelela uxinano lwee-PTE emhlabeni. Iziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukusebenzisa i-Ca Mg K njengezibikezeli ukuqikelela uxinano lwe-Ni kwindawo yophando kunokuphucula uqikelelo lwe-Ni emhlabeni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukusetyenziswa okuqhubekayo kwezichumisi ezisekwe kwi-nickel kunye nongcoliseko lomhlaba kwimizi-mveliso yentsimbi kunomdla wokunyusa uxinano lwe-nickel emhlabeni. Olu phononongo lutyhile ukuba imodeli ye-EBK inokunciphisa inqanaba lempazamo kwaye iphucule ukuchaneka kwemodeli yokusasazwa kwendawo yomhlaba kumhlaba wasezidolophini okanye ongasezidolophini. Ngokubanzi, sicebisa ukusebenzisa imodeli ye-EBK-SVMR ukuvavanya nokuqikelela i-PTE emhlabeni; ukongeza, sicebisa ukusebenzisa i-EBK ukuxubanisa ngee-algorithms ezahlukeneyo zokufunda koomatshini. Uxinano lwe-Ni luqikelelwe kusetyenziswa izinto njenge-covariates; nangona kunjalo, ukusebenzisa ii-covariates ezingaphezulu kuya kuphucula kakhulu ukusebenza kwemodeli, enokuthathwa njengomda womsebenzi wangoku. Omnye umda wolu phononongo kukuba inani leedatha li-115. Ke ngoko, ukuba kubonelelwa ngedatha engaphezulu, ukusebenza kwendlela ecetywayo yokuxuba ephuculweyo kunokuphuculwa.
PlantProbs.net.I-Nickel kwiZityalo nakuMhlaba https://plantprobs.net/plant/nutrientImbalances/sodium.html (Ifikelelwe nge-28 ka-Epreli 2021).
Kasprzak, KS Nickel iqhubela phambili kwi-toxicology yanamhlanje yokusingqongileyo. surroundings.toxicology.11, 145–183 (1987).
ICempel, M. kunye neNikel, G. Nickel: Uphononongo lwemithombo yayo kunye netyhefu yokusingqongileyo. Polish J. Environment.Stud.15, 375–382 (2006).
Freedman, B. kunye noHutchinson, TC Ungcoliseko oluvela emoyeni kunye nokuqokelelwa komhlaba kunye nezityalo kufutshane nomnyibilikisi we-nickel-copper eSudbury, eOntario, eCanada.can.J. Bot.58(1), 108-132.https://doi.org/10.1139/b80-014 (1980).
UManyiwa, T. et al. Iintsimbi ezinzima emhlabeni, kwizityalo kunye nemingcipheko enxulumene nezilwanyana ezitya imfuyo kufutshane nomgodi we-copper-nickel eSelebi-Phikwe eBotswana. surroundings.Geochemistry.Health https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00918-x (2021).
I-Cabata-Pendias.Kabata-Pendias A. 2011. Izinto ezilandelelanayo emhlabeni kunye… – Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=Kabata-Pendias+A.+2011.+Trace+ Elements+in+soils+and+plants.+4th+ed.+New+York+%28NY%29%3A+CRC+Press&btnG= (Ifikelelwe nge-24 kaNovemba 2020).
UAlmås, A., Singh, B., Ezolimo, TS-NJ ka & 1995, engachazwanga. Iziphumo zeshishini le-nickel laseRashiya kumanqanaba esinyithi esinzima kumhlaba wezolimo kunye nengca eSoer-Varanger, eNorway.agris.fao.org.
UNielsen, GD et al. Ukufunxwa kunye nokugcinwa kwe-nickel emanzini okusela kunxulumene nokutya kunye nokuziva ubuthathaka kwi-nickel.toxicology.application.Pharmacodynamics.154, 67–75 (1999).
UCosta, M. kunye noKlein, CB Nickel carcinogenesis, ukuguqulwa kwezakhi zofuzo, i-epigenetics okanye ukhetho.ezingqongileyo.Imbono yezeMpilo.107, 2 (1999).
U-Ajman, PC; U-Ajado, SK; UBorůvka, L.; UBini, JKM; USarkody, VYO; UCobonye, ​​​​NM; Uhlalutyo lweendlela zezinto ezinokuba yityhefu: uphononongo lwebhayibhile. I-Environmental Geochemistry kunye neMpilo. I-Springer Science & Business Media BV 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-020-00742-9.
UMinasny, B. kunye noMcBratney, AB Ukuzoba Umhlaba Ngedijithali: Imbali Emfutshane Nezifundo Ezithile.Geoderma 264, 301–311.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2015.07.017 (2016).
McBratney, AB, Mendonça Santos, ML & Minasny, B. Kwimephu yomhlaba wedijithali.Geoderma 117(1-2), 3-52.https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7061 (03) 00223-4 (2003).
Imodeli yeDeutsch.CV Geostatistical Reservoir,… – Google Scholar https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0%2C5&q=CV+Deutsch%2C+2002%2C+Geostatistical+Reservoir+Modeling%2C +Oxford+University+Press%2C+376+pages.+&btnG= (Ifikelelwe nge-28 ka-Epreli 2021).