Ua tsaug rau koj tuaj xyuas Nature.com.Qhov browser version koj siv tau txwv kev txhawb nqa rau CSS.Rau qhov kev paub zoo tshaj plaws, peb xav kom koj siv qhov browser tshiab (lossis kaw qhov kev sib raug zoo hauv Internet Explorer).
Cov av muaj kuab paug yog ib qho teeb meem loj uas tshwm sim los ntawm tib neeg kev ua ub no.Qhov spatial faib ntawm tej yam tshuaj lom cov ntsiab lus (PTEs) txawv nyob rau hauv feem ntau nroog thiab peri-nroog cheeb tsam.Yog li ntawd, nws yog ib qho nyuaj rau spatially kwv yees cov ntsiab lus ntawm PTEs nyob rau hauv xws li av.A tag nrho ntawm 115 cov qauv tau txais los ntawm Frydek Mistek nyob rau hauv lub Czech koom pheej (Czech koom pheej), magnesium (Caickum). (Ni) cov concentrations tau txiav txim siab siv inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometry.Cov lus teb kuj sib txawv yog Ni thiab cov kwv yees yog Ca, Mg, thiab K.Qhov kev sib raug zoo matrix ntawm cov lus teb sib txawv thiab tus kwv yees sib txawv qhia tau hais tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus.Cov kev kwv yees tau tshwm sim txawm hais tias kev txhawb nqa zoo Vector (SV Machine Response) (RMSE) (235.974 mg/kg) thiab txhais tau tias tsis raug (MAE) (166.946 mg/kg) tau siab dua lwm txoj kev siv.Mixed qauv rau Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK-MLR) ua tsis zoo, raws li pov thawj los ntawm Bay coefficients ntawm 0. Kriging-Support Vector Machine Regression (EBK-SVMR) tus qauv yog tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws, nrog qis RMSE (95.479 mg / kg) thiab MAE (77.368 mg / kg) qhov tseem ceeb thiab siab coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2 = 0.637).The EBK-SVMR qauv qauv kev tsim tawm ntawm tus kheej ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim tawm yog pom qhov pom ntawm lub dav hlau. hybrid qauv CakMg-EBK-SVMR tivthaiv qhia ntau yam xim qauv uas kwv yees Ni concentrations nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-urban av.Cov kev tshwm sim qhia tau hais tias combining EBK thiab SVMR yog ib tug zoo txheej txheem rau kwv yees Ni concentrations nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.
Nickel (Ni) suav hais tias yog micronutrient rau cov nroj tsuag vim tias nws muaj txiaj ntsig rau atmospheric nitrogen fixation (N) thiab urea metabolism, ob qho tib si yuav tsum tau rau cov noob germination. Ntxiv rau nws cov txiaj ntsig rau noob germination, Ni tuaj yeem ua cov fungal thiab kab mob inhibitor thiab txhawb cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob.Qhov tsis muaj npib tsib xee hauv av tso cai rau cov nroj tsuag kom nqus tau cov nplooj ntsuab, uas yuav tsum tau ua rau cov nplooj ntsuab. Daim ntawv thov ntawm cov chiv npib tsib xee los txhim kho nitrogen fixation2.Txawm hais tias nickel-raws li cov chiv ua kom cov av zoo thiab ua kom muaj peev xwm ntawm legumes los txhim kho nitrogen hauv cov av tsis tu ncua ua kom cov nickel concentration hauv av.Txawm hais tias nickel yog micronutrient rau cov nroj tsuag, nws cov khoom noj ntau dhau hauv cov av tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev phom sij ntau dua li cov av zoo. Raws li Liu3, Ni tau pom tias yog 17 lub ntsiab tseem ceeb ntawm cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob. Ntxiv nrog rau cov nickel lub luag haujlwm hauv cov nroj tsuag kev loj hlob thiab kev loj hlob, tib neeg xav tau nws rau ntau yam kev siv. nickel-based alloys thiab electroplated cov khoom tau siv dav hauv cov khoom siv hauv chav ua noj, cov khoom siv ballroom, cov khoom siv hauv kev lag luam, khoom siv hluav taws xob, hlau thiab cable, dav hlau turbines, phais cog, textiles, thiab shipbuilding5.Ni-nplua nuj theem nyob rau hauv cov av (xws li, nto av) tau raug ntaus nqi rau ob qho tib si anthropogenic thiab natural sources, tab sis yog prigenic. qhov chaw ntawm nickel muaj xws li volcanic eruptions, zaub, hav zoov hluav taws, thiab geological txheej txheem; Txawm li cas los xij, anthropogenic qhov chaw muaj xws li nickel / cadmium roj teeb hauv kev lag luam steel, electroplating, arc vuam, diesel thiab roj roj, thiab atmospheric emissions los ntawm thee combustion thiab pov tseg thiab sludge incineration Nickel accumulation7,8.Raws li Freedman thiab Hutchinson9 thiab Manyiwa. 10, lub ntsiab qhov chaw ntawm topsoil muaj kuab paug nyob rau hauv tam sim ntawd thiab nyob ib puag ncig yog cov nickel-tooj ​​liab-raws li smelters thiab mines.Cov av saum toj kawg nkaus nyob ib ncig ntawm lub Sudbury nickel-tooj ​​liab refinery nyob rau hauv Canada muaj siab tshaj plaws ntawm nickel paug ntawm 26,000 mg / kg11.In contrast los ntawm Russia ntau dua pollut. nyob rau hauv Norwegian av11.Raws li Alms li al. 12, tus nqi ntawm HNO3-extractable npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv lub cheeb tsam sab saum toj arable av (nickel ntau lawm nyob rau hauv Russia) ranged ntawm 6.25 mus rau 136.88 mg / kg, sib xws rau ib tug txhais tau tias ntawm 30.43 mg / kg thiab ib tug concentration ntawm 25 mg / kg.Raws li cov kabata 11 fertilizing av nyob rau hauv daim ntawv thov chiv. peri-urban av thaum lub caij cog qoob loo tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los yog paug cov av.Qhov muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm nickel hauv tib neeg tuaj yeem ua rau mob qog noj ntshav los ntawm mutagenesis, chromosomal puas, Z-DNA tiam, thaiv DNA excision kho, los yog epigenetic txheej txheem 13.Nyob rau hauv cov tsiaj thwmsim, nickel tau pom tias muaj peev xwm ua tau ntau yam ntawm cov qog nqaij hlav, thiab carcinogens.
Kev ntsuam xyuas cov kab mob hauv av tau vam meej nyob rau lub sijhawm tsis ntev los no vim muaj ntau yam teeb meem ntsig txog kev noj qab haus huv uas tshwm sim los ntawm kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov av-cog, kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov av thiab cov av lom neeg, kev puas tsuaj ntawm ecological degradation, thiab kev ntsuam xyuas ib puag ncig ntawm ib puag ncig.Tam sim no, spatial kwv yees ntawm cov khoom muaj kuab lom (PTEs) xws li Ni hauv av tau ua haujlwm hnyav thiab siv sij hawm-siv nws cov kev ua tiav ntawm cov qauv siv niaj hnub no. Raws li Minasny thiab McBratney16, kev kwv yees cov av ua pov thawj (DSM) tau ua pov thawj tias yog ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm kev tshawb fawb ntawm av.Lagacherie thiab McBratney, 2006 txhais DSM li "kev tsim thiab sau cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov av spatial los ntawm kev siv cov kev tshawb fawb thiab kev tshawb fawb hauv av. systems”.McBratney et al. 17 piav qhia tias DSM tam sim no lossis PSM yog cov txheej txheem zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kwv yees lossis daim ntawv qhia txog kev faib tawm ntawm PTEs, hom av thiab cov khoom siv hauv av.Geostatistics thiab Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) yog DSM qauv qauv uas tsim cov duab kos duab nrog kev pab ntawm cov khoos phis tawj siv cov ntaub ntawv tseem ceeb thiab tsawg heev.
Deutsch18 thiab Olea19 txhais geostatistics raws li "kev sau cov txheej txheem ntawm cov lej uas cuam tshuam nrog kev sawv cev ntawm cov yam ntxwv ntawm qhov chaw, feem ntau yog siv cov qauv stochastic, xws li lub sij hawm series tsom xam cov ntaub ntawv ntawm lub cev." Feem ntau, geostatistics cuam tshuam nrog kev ntsuas ntawm variograms, uas tso cai rau Quantify thiab txhais cov kev vam meej ntawm cov txiaj ntsig ntawm txhua qhov dataset20.Gumiaux li al. 20 piav qhia ntxiv tias qhov kev ntsuam xyuas ntawm variograms hauv geostatistics yog ua raws li peb lub hauv paus ntsiab lus, suav nrog (a) xam qhov ntsuas ntawm cov ntaub ntawv sib txheeb, (b) txheeb xyuas thiab suav cov anisotropy hauv dataset disparity thiab (c) Ntxiv rau qhov ntxiv rau kev suav nrog qhov yuam kev ntawm qhov kev ntsuas qhov cuam tshuam hauv cheeb tsam, kev kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv sib cais. Muaj ntau cov txheej txheem interpolation yog siv nyob rau hauv geostatistics, nrog rau cov dav dav kriging, co-kriging, zoo tib yam kriging, empirical Bayesian kriging, yooj yim kriging txoj kev thiab lwm yam zoo-paub interpolation cov tswv yim los qhia los yog kwv yees PTE, av yam ntxwv, thiab hom av.
Machine Learning Algorithms (MLA) yog cov txheej txheem tshiab uas siv cov chav kawm cov ntaub ntawv loj dua, siv los ntawm cov algorithms feem ntau siv rau cov ntaub ntawv mining, txheeb xyuas cov qauv hauv cov ntaub ntawv, thiab rov siv dua rau kev faib tawm hauv kev tshawb fawb xws li av science thiab rov qab ua haujlwm.Ntau cov ntaub ntawv tshawb fawb cia siab rau MLA qauv, xws li Tan. 22 (random forests rau hnyav hlau kwv yees nyob rau hauv cov av ua liaj ua teb), Sakizadeh li al. 23 (kev ua qauv siv kev txhawb nqa vector tshuab thiab cov khoom siv hluav taws xob neural networks) av kuab paug ) Tsis tas li ntawd, Vega li al. 24 (CART rau qauv hnyav hlau tuav thiab adsorption hauv av) Sun et al. 25 (daim ntawv thov cubist yog qhov faib ntawm Cd hauv av) thiab lwm yam algorithms xws li k-ze ze ze ze, generalized boosted regression, thiab boosted regression Ntoo kuj siv MLA los kwv yees PTE hauv av.
Daim ntawv thov ntawm DSM algorithms hauv kev kwv yees lossis daim duab qhia ntsib ntau qhov kev sib tw.Muaj ntau tus kws sau ntawv ntseeg tias MLA yog qhov zoo tshaj rau geostatistics thiab vice versa.Txawm hais tias ib qho zoo dua li lwm tus, kev sib xyaw ntawm ob pab txhim kho qib ntawm qhov tseeb ntawm daim duab qhia lossis kev kwv yees hauv DSM15.Woodcock thiab Gopal26 Finke27; Pontius thiab Cheuk28 thiab Grunwald29 tawm tswv yim txog qhov tsis zoo thiab qee qhov yuam kev hauv kev kwv yees av mapping.Soil cov kws tshawb fawb tau sim ntau hom kev ua kom zoo dua qub, qhov tseeb, thiab kev kwv yees ntawm DSM daim ntawv qhia thiab kev kwv yees.Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm qhov tsis paub tseeb thiab kev pov thawj yog ib qho ntawm ntau yam sib txawv ua ke rau hauv DSM thiab kev ua kom zoo dua qub. 15 piav qhia tias tus cwj pwm siv tau thiab qhov tsis paub tseeb qhia los ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev tsim thiab kev kwv yees yuav tsum tau ua pov thawj ntawm nws tus kheej los txhim kho daim ntawv qhia zoo.Qhov kev txwv ntawm DSM yog vim thaj av tawg mus rau qhov zoo, uas muaj feem cuam tshuam ntawm kev tsis paub meej; Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tsis muaj tseeb hauv DSM tuaj yeem tshwm sim los ntawm ntau qhov kev ua yuam kev, xws li covariate yuam kev, qauv yuam kev, qhov chaw yuam kev, thiab kev txheeb xyuas yuam kev 31.Modelling inaccuracies induced in MLA thiab geostatistical processes yog txuam nrog tsis muaj kev nkag siab, thaum kawg ua rau oversimplification ntawm cov txheej txheem tiag tiag. Qhov tsis raug tuaj yeem raug ntaus nqi rau cov qauv ntsuas, kev twv ua lej qauv, lossis kev sib cuam tshuam33.Tsis ntev los no, ib qho kev hloov tshiab DSM tau tshwm sim uas txhawb nqa kev koom ua ke ntawm geostatistics thiab MLA hauv kev kos duab thiab kev kwv yees.Muaj ntau cov kws tshawb fawb hauv av thiab cov kws sau ntawv, xws li Sergeev li al. 34; Subbotina et al. 35; Tarasov et al. 36 thiab Tarasov et al. 37 tau siv qhov tseeb zoo ntawm geostatistics thiab kev kawm tshuab los tsim cov qauv sib xyaw uas txhim kho kev ua tau zoo ntawm kev kwv yees thiab daim ntawv qhia. Zoo.Qee ntawm cov qauv hybrid los yog ua ke ua ke cov qauv no yog Artificial Neural Network Kriging (ANN-RK), Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging (MLP-RK), Generalized Regression Neural Network Residual Kriging (GR- NNRK) 36, Artificial Neural Network Kriging-Multi (Multi) thiab 7. Co-Kriging thiab Gaussian Txheej Txheem Regression38.
Raws li Sergeev li al., kev sib txuas ntau yam qauv qauv muaj peev xwm tshem tawm qhov tsis xws luag thiab ua kom cov txiaj ntsig ntawm qhov tshwm sim hybrid qauv ntau dua li tsim nws cov qauv ib leeg. Hauv cov ntsiab lus no, daim ntawv tshiab no tau sib cav tias nws yog qhov tsim nyog los siv ib qho kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm geostatistics thiab MLA los tsim cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws hybrid nyob rau hauv kev tshawb fawb ntawm Niban enrichment. Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) raws li lub hauv paus qauv thiab sib tov nrog Support Vector Tshuab (SVM) thiab Ntau Kab Rov Tav Regression (MLR) qauv.Hybridization ntawm EBK nrog txhua tus MLA tsis paub.Cov ntau hom qauv pom yog kev sib txuas ntawm qhov qub, seem, regression kriging, thiab MLA.EBK yog ib qho txheej txheem geostasis uas sib cuam tshuam. yog thaj chaw uas tsis yog-stationary/stationary random teb nrog cov ntsiab lus localization tsis nyob rau hauv lub tshav pob, tso cai rau spatial variation39.EBK tau siv nyob rau hauv ntau yam kev tshawb fawb, nrog rau kev soj ntsuam kev faib ntawm cov organic carbon nyob rau hauv cov av ua liaj ua teb40, soj ntsuam av pollution41 thiab daim ntawv qhia cov av properties42.
Ntawm qhov tod tes, Self-Organizing Graph (SeOM) yog ib qho kev kawm algorithm uas tau siv rau hauv ntau cov ntawv xws li Li et al. 43, Wang et al. 44, Hossain Bhuiyan et al. 45 thiab Kebonye et al.46 Txiav txim siab cov yam ntxwv spatial thiab pab pawg ntawm cov khoom.Wang li al. 44 piav qhia tias SeOM yog cov txheej txheem kev kawm muaj zog uas paub txog nws lub peev xwm los pab pawg thiab xav txog cov teeb meem uas tsis yog-linear.Tsis zoo li lwm cov qauv kev lees paub xws li kev tsom xam cov ntsiab lus tseem ceeb, kev sib cais tsis sib xws, pawg hierarchical, thiab kev txiav txim siab ntau yam, SeOM zoo dua ntawm kev teeb tsa thiab txheeb xyuas cov qauv PTE. Raws li Wang li al. 44, SeOM muaj peev xwm spatially pab pawg faib ntawm cov neurons cuam tshuam thiab muab cov ntaub ntawv daws teeb meem pom kev zoo.SeOM yuav pom Ni cov ntaub ntawv twv ua ntej kom tau txais cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws los qhia cov txiaj ntsig rau kev txhais ncaj qha.
Daim ntawv no yog tsim los tsim kom muaj ib tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws nrog qhov tseeb zoo rau kev kwv yees cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee hauv nroog thiab peri-urban av.Peb xav tias qhov kev ntseeg siab ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev cuam tshuam ntawm lwm cov qauv uas txuas nrog rau lub hauv paus qauv.Peb lees paub cov kev cov nyom uas ntsib DSM, thiab thaum cov kev cov nyom no tau raug hais txog ntawm ntau qhov kev sib tw ua ntej thiab cov qauv hauv MLA. nce ntxiv; Yog li ntawd, peb yuav sim teb cov lus nug tshawb fawb uas yuav ua rau cov qauv sib xyaw.Txawm li cas los xij, qhov tseeb npaum li cas yog tus qauv ntawm kev kwv yees lub hom phiaj lub hom phiaj?Thiab, qhov kev ntsuam xyuas kev ua tau zoo raws li kev siv tau thiab qhov tseeb yog dab tsi?Yog li ntawd, lub hom phiaj ntawm txoj kev tshawb no yog (a) tsim cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke rau SVMR lossis MLR siv cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws (EBK) piv rau cov qauv zoo tshaj plaws (cov qauv sib piv) kwv yees Ni concentrations nyob rau hauv nroog los yog peri-nroog av av, thiab (d) daim ntawv thov ntawm SeOM los tsim ib tug high-resolution daim ntawv qhia ntawm nickel spatial variation.
Txoj kev tshawb no yog ua nyob rau hauv Czech koom pheej, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv lub Frydek Mistek koog tsev kawm ntawv nyob rau hauv lub Moravia-Silesian cheeb tsam (saib daim duab 1).Lub geography ntawm qhov kev kawm cheeb tsam yog heev rugged thiab feem ntau yog ib feem ntawm lub Moravia-Silesian Beskidy cheeb tsam, uas yog ib feem ntawm lub sab ntug ntawm lub Carpathian cheeb tsam 4 ° 4 thiab 1. 18° 20′ 0′ E, thiab qhov siab yog nyob nruab nrab ntawm 225 thiab 327 m; Txawm li cas los xij, Koppen kev faib tawm rau thaj chaw huab cua hauv cheeb tsam tau ntsuas raws li Cfb = huab cua huab cua huab cua, Muaj dej nag ntau txawm tias nyob rau lub hlis qhuav.Tub kub sib txawv me ntsis thoob plaws hauv lub xyoo ntawm −5 ° C thiab 24 ° C, tsis tshua poob qis dua −14 ° C lossis siab dua 30 ° C, thaum qhov nruab nrab ntawm 7 hli thiab 28 ° C, thaum qhov nruab nrab ntawm 7 hli 28 ° C. daim ntawv ntsuam xyuas thaj tsam ntawm tag nrho cheeb tsam yog 1,208 square kilometers, nrog 39.38% ntawm cov av cultivated thiab 49.36% ntawm cov hav zoov npog.Ntawm qhov tod tes, thaj tsam siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshawb no yog hais txog 889.8 square kilometers.In thiab ib ncig ntawm Ostrava, cov steel kev lag luam thiab hlau ua hauj lwm yog heev active.Metal mills nyob rau hauv lub steel mills, qhov twg steel kuj siv nyob rau hauv kev lag luam mills. corrosion) thiab alloy steels (nickel nce lub zog ntawm cov alloy thaum tuav nws zoo ductility thiab toughness), thiab intensive kev ua liaj ua teb xws li phosphate fertilizer daim ntawv thov thiab cov tsiaj txhu ntau lawm yog kev tshawb fawb muaj peev xwm ntawm npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam (xws li, ntxiv nickel rau yaj kom nce tus nqi loj hlob nyob rau hauv lambs thiab cov nyuj uas tsis muaj noj). Plating txheej txheem.Soil khoom yog yooj yim distinguishable los ntawm cov av xim, qauv, thiab cov ntsiab lus carbonate.Cov av zoo nkauj yog nruab nrab mus rau nplua, muab tau los ntawm niam txiv cov ntaub ntawv.Lawv yog colluvial, alluvial los yog aeolian nyob rau hauv cov xwm.Qee cov av tshwm mottled nyob rau hauv lub nto thiab subsoil, feem ntau nrog pob zeb thiab bleaching.Txawm li cas los xij, cambinosols feem ntau yog hom av hauv cheeb tsam. Qhov siab ntawm 455.1 mus rau 493.5 m, cambisols dominate lub Czech koom pheej49.
Daim ntawv qhia cheeb tsam kawm [Daim ntawv qhia cheeb tsam kawm tau tsim siv ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, version 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Tag nrho ntawm 115 cov qauv ntawm cov av saum toj kawg nkaus tau txais los ntawm cov av hauv nroog thiab hauv nroog hauv nroog Frydek Mistek.Cov qauv qauv siv yog ib daim phiaj xwm niaj hnub nrog cov qauv av sib nrug ntawm 2 × 2 km, thiab cov av saum toj kawg nkaus tau ntsuas qhov tob ntawm 0 mus rau 20 cm siv lub tes tuav GPS ntaus ntawv (Leica Zeno 5 c cov hnab ntim khoom kom zoo, cov hnab ntim khoom siv GPS, thiab cov ntawv ntim rau hauv Zimples. Cov qauv no tau ua kom qhuav los ua cov qauv pulverized, pulverized los ntawm lub tshuab tshuab (Fritsch disc mill), thiab sieved (sieve loj 2 hli). Muab 1 gram ntawm qhuav, homogenized thiab sieved av kuaj nyob rau hauv kom meej meej sau npe teflon fwj. Nyob rau hauv txhua lub nkoj Teflon, dispense 5% H 3% H thiab 3 ml ntawm 3 ml ntawm 3% H. Tsis siv neeg dispenser - ib qho rau txhua tus kua qaub), npog maj mam thiab tso cai rau cov qauv sawv ntsug thaum hmo ntuj rau cov tshuaj tiv thaiv (aqua regia program). Muab lub supernatant rau ntawm lub phaj hlau kub (kub: 100 W thiab 160 ° C) rau 2 h los pab txhawb cov txheej txheem digestion ntawm cov qauv, ces txias.Hloov cov supernatant mus rau ib tug 50 ml ntawm cov dej flalute nrog 50 ml. uas, lim cov diluted supernatant mus rau hauv 50 ml PVC raj nrog dej deionized.Ntxiv mus, 1 ml ntawm cov tshuaj dilution yog diluted nrog 9 ml ntawm deionized dej thiab lim rau hauv 12 ml raj npaj rau PTE pseudo-concentration.Cov concentrations ntawm PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cub, Mn, ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) raws li cov qauv txheej txheem thiab kev pom zoo.Ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg thiab kev tswj hwm (QA/QC) cov txheej txheem (SRM NIST 2711a Montana II Av).PTEs nrog kev kuaj xyuas cov kev txwv tsis pub dhau ib nrab ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no tsis suav nrog. 0.0004.(koj). Tsis tas li ntawd, kev tswj xyuas qhov zoo thiab cov txheej txheem kev ruaj ntseg zoo rau txhua qhov kev soj ntsuam yog ua kom ntseeg tau los ntawm kev txheeb xyuas cov qauv siv.Yuav kom ntseeg tau tias qhov ua yuam kev raug txo qis, kev tshuaj xyuas ob zaug tau ua.
Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) yog ib qho ntawm ntau cov txheej txheem geostatistical interpolation siv hauv kev ua qauv hauv ntau thaj chaw xws li kev tshawb fawb hauv av.Tsis zoo li lwm cov txheej txheem kriging interpolation, EBK txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem kriging ib txwm los ntawm kev xav txog qhov yuam kev kwv yees los ntawm cov qauv semivariogram es.In EBK interpolation dua li cov qauv sib piv, ntau qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv sib txawv ntawm cov qauv semivariogram. semivariogram.Interpolation cov tswv yim ua txoj hauv kev rau qhov tsis paub meej thiab cov kev pab cuam cuam tshuam nrog qhov kev npaj ntawm lub semivariogram uas yog ib qho nyuaj heev ntawm txoj kev txaus kriging.Cov txheej txheem interpolation ntawm EBK ua raws li peb cov txheej txheem uas tau hais los ntawm Krivoruchko50, (a) tus qauv kwv yees lub semivariogram los ntawm cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim tshiab raws li cov ntaub ntawv teev tseg (b) semivariogram thiab (c) qhov kawg A qauv yog xam los ntawm ib tug simulated dataset.The Bayesian equation txoj cai yog muab raws li ib tug posterior
Qhov twg \(Prob\left(A\right)\) sawv cev ua ntej, \(Prob\left(B\right)\) marginal probability yog ignored nyob rau hauv feem ntau, \(Prob (B,A)\ ) .Qhov kev xam semivariogram yog raws li Bayes 'txoj cai, uas qhia tau hais tias lub propensity ntawm kev soj ntsuam datasets ntawm lub semivariogram tus nqi yog txiav txim siab los ntawm var. Bayes txoj cai, uas hais tias nws yuav zoo li cas los tsim cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev soj ntsuam los ntawm semivariogram.
Lub tshuab vector txhawb nqa yog lub tshuab kev kawm algorithm uas tsim kom muaj kev sib cais hyperplane kom paub qhov sib txawv tab sis tsis yog linearly ywj siab cov chav kawm.Vapnik51 tsim lub hom phiaj kev faib tawm algorithm, tab sis nws tsis ntev los no tau siv los daws cov teeb meem regression-oriented.Raws li Li li al.52, cov chav kawm tau siv ntau yam kev kawm thiab cov txheej txheem ntawm SVM. Cheebtsam ntawm SVM (Support Vector Machine Regression - SVMR) tau siv nyob rau hauv qhov kev tshuaj ntsuam no.Cherkassky thiab ​​Mulier53 pioneered SVMR raws li ib tug kernel-raws li regression, cov kev xam uas tau ua los ntawm ib tug linear regression qauv nrog ntau lub teb chaws spatial functions.John et alysplasion qhia txog kev ua qauv, uas yog cov qauv ntawm SVM4. tsim kev sib raug zoo nonlinear thiab tso cai rau spatial functions.Raws li Vohland li al. 55. kev cob qhia cov ntaub ntawv mus rau ib tug dav subset ntawm kev them nyiaj yug vectors.Qhov sib npaug ntawm Vapnik51 yog qhia hauv qab no.
qhov twg b sawv cev rau qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas, \(K\left({x}_{,}{x}_{k}\right)\) sawv cev rau kernel muaj nuj nqi, \(\alpha\) sawv cev rau Lagrange multiplier, N sawv cev tus lej dataset, \({x}_{k}\) sawv cev rau cov ntaub ntawv tawm tswv yim, thiab cov ntaub ntawv siv yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm OSV. Kev ua haujlwm, uas yog Gaussian radial hauv paus muaj nuj nqi (RBF).RBF kernel yog siv los txiav txim siab qhov zoo tshaj plaws SVMR qauv, uas yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tau txais qhov kev nplua nplua tshaj plaws C thiab cov ntsiab lus gamma (γ) rau PTE kev cob qhia cov ntaub ntawv. Ua ntej, peb soj ntsuam cov txheej txheem kev cob qhia thiab tom qab ntawd kuaj cov qauv kev ua haujlwm ntawm qhov kev siv qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov ntsuas qhov siv tau. svmRadial ua.
Ib tug ntau yam linear regression qauv (MLR) yog ib tug qauv regression uas sawv cev rau cov kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov lus teb sib txawv thiab ib tug xov tooj ntawm predicate variables los ntawm kev siv linear pooled parameters xam siv tus tsawg squares method.In MLR, tsawg kawg squares qauv yog ib tug kwv yees muaj nuj nqi ntawm cov av tom qab xaiv ntawm kev piav qhia kev sib raug zoo. tau siv los ua cov lus teb sib txawv los tsim kom muaj kev sib raug zoo nrog cov lus piav qhia.Qhov sib npaug MLR yog
qhov twg y yog cov lus teb sib txawv, \(a\) yog qhov cuam tshuam, n yog tus naj npawb ntawm cov kwv yees, \({b}_{1}\) yog ib nrab regression ntawm cov coefficients, \({x}_{i}\) sawv cev rau tus kwv yees los yog piav qhia txawv txav, thiab \({\varepsilon }_{i}\) sawv cev rau tus qauv, uas yog hu ua r.
Cov qauv sib xyaw tau txais los ntawm kev sib tsoo EBK nrog SVMR thiab MLR.Qhov no yog ua los ntawm kev rho tawm cov txiaj ntsig kwv yees los ntawm EBK interpolation.Qhov kev kwv yees tau txais los ntawm interpolated Ca, K, thiab Mg yog tau los ntawm cov txheej txheem combinatorial kom tau txais cov hloov pauv tshiab, xws li CaK, KM, CagMag thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke. Qhov sib txawv thib plaub, CaKMg.Zuag qhia tag nrho, qhov sib txawv tau txais yog Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg thiab CaKMg.Cov kev hloov pauv no tau dhau los ua peb cov neeg twv, pab kwv yees cov nickel concentrations hauv nroog thiab peri-urban av.The SVMR algorithm tau ua tiav ntawm cov qauv sib xyaw ua ke. Kriging-Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM). Ib yam li ntawd, qhov sib txawv kuj tau xa los ntawm MLR algorithm kom tau txais cov qauv sib xyaw Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK_MLR). Feem ntau, qhov sib txawv ntawm Ca , K , Mg , CaKari , Ca , Mg , Ca , Ca , Mg , Ca , Mg , Ca , Mg , Ca , Mg , Ca , Ca , Mg , Ca , Ca , Mg , Ca , Mg . Cov kev kwv yees ntawm Ni cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.Cov qauv siv tau zoo tshaj plaws tau txais (EBK_SVM lossis EBK_MLR) tom qab ntawd yuav pom tau siv daim duab qhia tus kheej.Qhov kev ua haujlwm ntawm txoj kev tshawb fawb no yog pom hauv daim duab 2.
Siv SeOM tau dhau los ua cov cuab yeej nrov rau kev teeb tsa, ntsuas, thiab kev kwv yees cov ntaub ntawv hauv kev lag luam nyiaj txiag, kev noj qab haus huv, kev lag luam, kev txheeb cais, kev tshawb fawb hauv av, thiab ntau dua.SeOM yog tsim los siv cov kev sib txuas ntawm cov neural thiab cov kev kawm uas tsis muaj kev saib xyuas rau lub koom haum, kev ntsuam xyuas, thiab kev kwv yees.Nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no, SeOM tau siv los pom Ni concentrations raws li tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws rau kev kwv yees ntawm cov ntaub ntawv hauv av. kev ntsuam xyuas yog siv raws li n input-dimensional vector variables43,56.Melssen li al. 57 piav qhia txog kev sib txuas ntawm cov input vector rau hauv ib lub neural network los ntawm ib txheej input mus rau ib qho kev tso zis vector nrog ib qhov hnyav vector.Cov zis generated los ntawm SeOM yog ib daim ntawv qhia ob-dimensional uas muaj cov neurons sib txawv los yog cov nodes woven rau hauv hexagonal, ncig, los yog square topological maps raws li lawv qhov sib thooj.Piv daim ntawv qhia qhov ntau thiab tsawg raws li metricr, quantum. (TE), tus qauv SeOM nrog 0.086 thiab 0.904, feem, yog xaiv, uas yog 55-daim ntawv qhia chav tsev (5 × 11).Cov qauv neuron yog txiav txim siab raws li tus naj npawb ntawm cov nodes nyob rau hauv empirical equation
Tus naj npawb ntawm cov ntaub ntawv siv nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no yog 115 tus qauv.A random mus kom ze yog siv los faib cov ntaub ntawv mus rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv xeem (25% rau validation) thiab kev cob qhia cov ntaub ntawv (75% rau calibration).Cov kev cob qhia dataset yog siv los tsim tus qauv regression (calibration), thiab cov ntaub ntawv ntsuam xyuas yog siv los xyuas cov generalization peev xwm 58.Qhov no tau ua los ntawm ntau yam qauv kev kwv yees siv cov qauv. tau dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev sib tw kaum-thib, rov ua dua tsib zaug.Cov kev hloov pauv uas tsim los ntawm EBK kev cuam tshuam yog siv los ua tus kwv yees lossis piav qhia qhov sib txawv los kwv yees lub hom phiaj sib txawv (PTE).Modeling yog tuav hauv RStudio siv cov pob ntawv qiv (Kohonen), lub tsev qiv ntawv (caret), tsev qiv ntawv (modelr), tsev qiv ntawv ("e1071"), tsev qiv ntawv ("e1071") prospectr") thiab cov tsev qiv ntawv ("Metrics").
Ntau qhov kev siv tau siv tau los txiav txim siab tus qauv zoo tshaj plaws tsim nyog rau kev kwv yees cov nickel concentrations hauv av thiab ntsuas qhov tseeb ntawm tus qauv thiab nws cov validation.Hybridization qauv tau soj ntsuam siv qhov tseeb tsis raug (MAE), lub hauv paus txhais tau tias square yuam kev (RMSE), thiab R-squared lossis coefficient kev txiav txim siab ntawm cov lus teb (R2). tus qauv regression.RMSE thiab variance magnitude nyob rau hauv cov kev ntsuas ywj siab piav qhia txog lub zog kwv yees ntawm tus qauv, thaum MAE txiav txim siab qhov muaj nuj nqis tiag tiag.R2 tus nqi yuav tsum siab los ntsuas cov qauv sib xyaw zoo tshaj plaws uas siv cov khoom siv validation, qhov ze dua tus nqi yog 1, qhov siab dua qhov tseeb.Raws li Li et al. 59, tus nqi R2 ntawm 0.75 lossis ntau dua yog suav tias yog tus kwv yees zoo; los ntawm 0.5 mus rau 0.75 yog qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv, thiab qis dua 0.5 yog qhov kev ua haujlwm tsis zoo ntawm tus qauv.Thaum xaiv tus qauv siv RMSE thiab MAE validation cov txheej txheem kev soj ntsuam, cov nqi qis dua tau txais tau txaus thiab raug suav tias yog qhov kev xaiv zoo tshaj plaws.Cov kab zauv hauv qab no piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem pov thawj.
qhov twg n sawv cev qhov loj ntawm tus nqi pom \({Y}_{i}\) sawv cev rau cov lus teb ntsuas, thiab \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}\) kuj sawv cev rau qhov kwv yees teb tus nqi, yog li ntawd, rau thawj kuv kev soj ntsuam.
Cov lus piav qhia txog kev kwv yees thiab cov lus teb sib txawv tau nthuav tawm hauv Table 1, qhia qhov txhais tau tias, tus qauv sib txawv (SD), coefficient ntawm kev hloov pauv (CV), yam tsawg kawg nkaus, siab tshaj plaws, kurtosis, thiab skewness.Qhov tsawg kawg nkaus thiab siab tshaj qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov ntsiab lus yog txo qis ntawm Mg < Ca< K< Ni thiab Ca< Mg < K< cov lus teb (Ni), hwm cov qauv. los ntawm qhov kev kawm thaj tsam li ntawm 4.86 mus rau 42.39 mg / kg.Piv txwv Ni nrog lub ntiaj teb nruab nrab (29 mg / kg) thiab European nruab nrab (37 mg / kg) qhia tau hais tias tag nrho cov xam geometric txhais tau tias nyob rau hauv lub tolerable ntau yam.Txawm li cas los xij, raws li qhia los ntawm Kabata-Pendias11, ib qho kev sib piv ntawm qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov av tam sim no qhia tau hais tias kev ua liaj ua teb nick. Tam sim no nruab nrab nickel concentration yog siab dua.Ib yam li ntawd, qhov nruab nrab concentration ntawm Frydek Mistek nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no tam sim no (Ni 16.15 mg / kg) yog siab tshaj qhov tso cai txwv ntawm 60 (10.2 mg / kg) rau Ni nyob rau hauv Polish nroog av qhia los ntawm Różański et al.Fr. Cov concentrations (1.78 mg/kg) hauv nroog cov av hauv Tuscany piv rau cov kev tshawb fawb tam sim no.Jim62 kuj pom cov nickel concentration qis (12.34 mg/kg) hauv Hong Kong nroog cov av, uas yog qis dua li cov nickel concentration tam sim no nyob rau hauv txoj kev tshawb no.Birke et al63 qhia qhov nruab nrab Ni concentration ntawm 17.6 mg/kg ntawm lub teb chaws Yelemees, ib qho chaw qub mining thiab saban. yog 1.45 mg/kg siab tshaj qhov nruab nrab Ni concentration nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam (16.15 mg/kg).Tam sim no kev tshawb fawb.Cov nickel ntau ntau nyob rau hauv cov av nyob rau hauv ib co nroog thiab suburban cheeb tsam ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb cheeb tsam tej zaum yuav mas ntaus nqi rau cov hlau thiab steel kev lag luam thiab hlau kev lag luam.Qhov no yog raws li kev tshawb fawb los ntawm Khodadoust li al. 64 hais tias kev lag luam steel thiab hlau ua haujlwm yog qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov kab mob npib tsib xee hauv cov av.Txawm li cas los xij, cov kwv yees kuj muaj li ntawm 538.70 mg / kg txog 69,161.80 mg / kg rau Ca, 497.51 mg / kg rau 3535.68 mg / kg rau K, thiab 680 mg / kg.6 rau 685 mg / kg. Mg.Jakovljevic et al. 65 tau tshawb xyuas tag nrho Mg thiab K cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av hauv nruab nrab Serbia.Lawv pom tias tag nrho cov concentrations (410 mg / kg thiab 400 mg / kg, feem) qis dua Mg thiab K concentrations ntawm txoj kev tshawb no.Indistinguishable, nyob rau sab hnub tuaj teb chaws Poland, Orzechowski thiab Smolczynski66 ntawm K soj ntsuam cov ntsiab lus nruab nrab thiab Ca. (1100 mg/kg), Mg (590 mg/kg) thiab K (810 mg/kg) Cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv topsoil yog qis dua ib lub caij hauv txoj kev tshawb no.Kev tshawb fawb tsis ntev los no los ntawm Pongrac li al. 67 tau qhia tias tag nrho cov ntsiab lus Ca tau txheeb xyuas hauv 3 qhov sib txawv hauv av hauv Scotland, UK (Mylnefield av, Balruddery av thiab Hartwood av) qhia tias muaj Ca cov ntsiab lus siab dua hauv txoj kev tshawb no.
Vim qhov sib txawv ntsuas qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv piv txwv, cov ntaub ntawv teeb tsa kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom muaj qhov sib txawv skewness.Qhov skewness thiab kurtosis ntawm cov ntsiab lus ranged ntawm 1.53 txog 7.24 thiab 2.49 txog 54.16, ntsig txog.Txhua lub ntsiab lus suav nrog skewness thiab kurtosis theem saum toj no +1, skew regular cov ntaub ntawv. Txoj kev coj ncaj ncees thiab peaked.Qhov kwv yees CVs ntawm cov ntsiab lus tseem qhia tau tias K, Mg, thiab Ni muaj qhov sib txawv nruab nrab, thaum Ca muaj qhov sib txawv heev.Cov CVs ntawm K, Ni thiab Mg piav qhia lawv cov kev faib tawm tsis sib xws. Tsis tas li ntawd, Ca faib tsis yog-uniform thiab lwm qhov chaw yuav cuam tshuam rau nws qib enrichment.
Kev sib raug zoo ntawm tus kwv yees sib txawv nrog cov ntsiab lus teb tau qhia tias muaj kev sib raug zoo ntawm cov ntsiab lus (saib daim duab 3).Qhov kev sib raug zoo qhia tau tias CaK nthuav tawm cov kev sib raug zoo nrog r tus nqi = 0.53, ib yam li CaNi.Txawm tias Ca thiab K qhia kev sib raug zoo nrog ib leeg, cov kws tshawb fawb. Txawm li cas los xij, Ca thiab Mg yog antagonistic rau K, tab sis CaK correlates zoo.Qhov no tej zaum yuav yog vim siv cov chiv xws li poov tshuaj carbonate, uas yog 56% siab dua nyob rau hauv poov tshuaj.Potassium yog nruab nrab correlated nrog magnesium (KM r = 0.6). sulfate, poov tshuaj magnesium nitrate, thiab potash yog siv rau cov av kom lawv deficiency ntau ntau.Nickel yog nruab nrab correlated nrog Ca, K thiab Mg nrog r qhov tseem ceeb = 0.52, 0.63 thiab 0.55, raws li.Cov kev sib raug zoo uas muaj calcium, magnesium, thiab PTEs xws li npib tsib xee cov tshuaj calcium uas tsis muaj zog, tab sis tsis muaj calcium uas tsis muaj zog, tab sis tsis muaj calcium ntxiv. magnesium, thiab magnesium thiab calcium txo cov tshuaj lom ntawm nickel hauv av.
Correlation matrix rau cov ntsiab lus uas qhia txog kev sib raug zoo ntawm kev kwv yees thiab cov lus teb (Ceeb Toom: daim duab no suav nrog kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus, qib tseem ceeb yog raws li p <0,001).
Daim duab 4 qhia txog qhov kev faib tawm ntawm cov ntsiab lus spatial.Raws li Burgos thiab al70, daim ntawv thov ntawm spatial faib yog ib qho txheej txheem siv los txheeb xyuas thiab qhia txog cov chaw kub kub hauv cov cheeb tsam uas muaj kuab paug.Cov qib enrichment ntawm Ca hauv daim duab 4 tuaj yeem pom nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm spatial faib cov ntawv qhia zaub mov rau siab Ca. sab qaum teb sab hnub poob ntawm daim ntawv qhia no yuav yog vim kev siv cov kua qaub (calcium oxide) kom txo cov av acidity thiab nws siv hauv steel mills raws li alkaline oxygen nyob rau hauv cov txheej txheem steelmaking.Ntawm qhov tod tes, lwm cov neeg ua liaj ua teb nyiam siv calcium hydroxide hauv cov av acidic kom tsis txhob muaj pH, uas kuj ua rau cov calcium cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av 71.Potassium nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj kuj qhia tau tias kub tshaj plaws hauv daim ntawv qhia. Cov zej zog ua liaj ua teb loj, thiab cov qauv nruab nrab-rau-siab ntawm cov poov tshuaj tuaj yeem yog vim NPK thiab potash applications.Qhov no zoo ib yam nrog rau lwm cov kev tshawb fawb, xws li Madaras thiab Lipavský72, Madaras et al.73, Pulkrabová et al.74, Asare et al.75, leej twg pom tias cov av stabilization thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm KCl tau kho nrog KCl. Spatial Potassium enrichment nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm daim ntawv qhia kev faib tawm tej zaum yuav yog vim kev siv cov poov tshuaj raws li cov chiv xws li potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potash, thiab potash kom cov poov tshuaj cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov av tsis zoo.Zádorová et al. 76 and Tlustoš et al. 77 tau piav qhia tias daim ntawv thov ntawm K-raws li cov chiv ua kom cov ntsiab lus K hauv cov av thiab yuav ua rau cov av muaj txiaj ntsig zoo nyob rau lub sijhawm ntev, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog K thiab Mg qhia qhov kub ntawm cov av.Relatively hotspots nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob ntawm daim ntawv qhia thiab sab qab teb ntawm daim ntawv qhia.Colloidal fixation hauv av depletes cov concentration ntawm magnesium nyob rau hauv cov av tsis muaj cov nroj tsuag. chlorosis.Magnesium-raws li chiv, xws li poov tshuaj magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, thiab Kieserite, kho deficiencies (cov nroj tsuag tshwm liab doog, liab, los yog xim av, qhia magnesium deficiency) nyob rau hauv cov av nrog ib tug ib txwm pH range6.Qhov tsub zuj zuj ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av nto tej zaum yuav yog vim anthropogenic cov dej num xws li kev ua liaj ua teb tseem ceeb.
Spatial faib ntawm cov ntsiab lus [spatial faib daim ntawv qhia tau tsim siv ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, Version 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Cov qauv kev ntsuas kev ua tau zoo rau cov ntsiab lus siv hauv qhov kev tshawb fawb no tau qhia hauv Table 2. Ntawm qhov tod tes, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ni yog ob qho tib si ze rau xoom (0.86 RMSE, -0.08 MAE).Ntawm qhov tod tes, ob qho tib si RMSE thiab MAE qhov tseem ceeb ntawm K tau txais.RMSE thiab MAE cov txiaj ntsig tau ntau dua rau cov txiaj ntsig ntawm calcium thiab magnesium.Ca. datasets.The RMSE thiab MAE ntawm txoj kev tshawb no siv EBK los kwv yees Ni tau pom tias zoo dua li cov txiaj ntsig ntawm John et al. 54 siv synergistic kriging los kwv yees S concentrations nyob rau hauv cov av siv tib cov ntaub ntawv sau.Cov EBK outputs peb kawm correlated nrog cov Fabijaczyk li al. 41, Yan et al. 79, Ib., et al. 80, Adhikary et al. 81 thiab John et al. 82, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog K thiab Ni.
Kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus kheej txoj hauv kev rau kev kwv yees cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av tau soj ntsuam los ntawm kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov qauv (Table 3).Model validation thiab raug ntsuam xyuas tau lees paub tias Ca_Mg_K kwv yees ua ke nrog EBK SVMR qauv yielded qhov kev ua tau zoo tshaj plaws.Calibration qauv EBK_SV_MR-square qauv (RMSE) thiab txhais tau tias yuam kev (MAE) yog 0.637 (R2), 95.479 mg/kg (RMSE) thiab 77.368 mg/kg (MAE) Ca_Mg_K-SVMR yog 0.663 (R2), 235.974 mg/kg (RMSE) thiab tsis zoo 16 mg/kg (RMSE94). cov nqi tau txais rau Ca_Mg_K-SVMR (0.663 mg/kg R2) thiab Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (0.643 = R2); lawv RMSE thiab MAE cov txiaj ntsig tau siab dua cov Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR (R2 0.637) (saib Table 3). Tsis tas li ntawd, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (RMSE = 1664.64 thiab MAE = 1031.49) qauv yog loj dua 13. lub Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR.Ib yam li ntawd, RMSE thiab MAE ntawm Ca_Mg-K SVMR (RMSE = 235.974 thiab MAE = 166.946) qauv yog 2.5 thiab 2.2 loj dua li cov ntawm Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR cov ntaub ntawv tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo li cas. nrog cov kab uas zoo tshaj plaws.Higher RSME thiab MAE tau pom.Raws li Kebonye li al. 46 thiab John et al. 54, qhov ze ntawm RMSE thiab MAE yog rau xoom, qhov txiaj ntsig tau zoo dua.SVMR thiab EBK_SVMR muaj ntau dua RSME thiab MAE qhov tseem ceeb.Nws tau pom tias qhov kev kwv yees RSME tau nce siab dua li MAE qhov tseem ceeb, qhia tias muaj cov outliers.Raws li Legates thiab McCabe83, qhov ntau tshaj li qhov uas tsis muaj (txhais tau tias) yog pom zoo raws li qhov taw qhia ntawm lub xub ntiag ntawm outliers.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov ntau heterogeneous dataset, qhov siab dua MAE thiab RMSE qhov tseem ceeb.Qhov tseeb ntawm cross-validation ntsuam xyuas ntawm Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR sib xyaw qauv rau kwv yees Ni cov ntsiab lus nyob rau hauv nroog thiab suburban xau yog 63.70%. 59, theem ntawm qhov tseeb no yog tus qauv ua tau zoo npaum li cas.Cov txiaj ntsig tam sim no tau muab piv rau kev kawm yav dhau los los ntawm Tarasov li al. 36 uas nws tus qauv hybrid tsim MLPRK (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), muaj feem xyuam rau EBK_SVMR qhov ntsuas qhov tseeb tau tshaj tawm hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no, RMSE (210) thiab MAE (167.5) tau siab dua peb cov txiaj ntsig hauv txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no (RMSE 95.4779). txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no (0.637) nrog Tarasov li al. 36 (0.544), nws yog qhov tseeb tias cov coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2) yog siab dua hauv cov qauv sib xyaw no.Cov npoo ntawm qhov yuam kev (RMSE thiab MAE) (EBK SVMR) rau cov qauv sib xyaw yog ob zaug qis dua.Ib yam li ntawd, Sergeev thiab al.34 tau sau tseg 0.28 (R2) rau cov qauv tsim Receptultilayer (M. txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no tau sau tseg 0.637 (R2).Qhov kev kwv yees qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv no (EBK SVMR) yog 63.7%, thaum qhov kev kwv yees qhov tseeb tau los ntawm Sergeev li al. 34 yog 28%. Daim ntawv qhia zaum kawg (Fig. 5) tsim los siv EBK_SVMR qauv thiab Ca_Mg_K raws li kev kwv yees qhia kev kwv yees ntawm cov chaw kub thiab nruab nrab rau nickel rau tag nrho cheeb tsam kawm.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias qhov concentration ntawm nickel nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam kawm yog feem ntau nruab nrab, nrog ntau dua concentrations nyob rau hauv tej qhov chaw tshwj xeeb.
Daim ntawv qhia kev twv ua ntej zaum kawg yog sawv cev siv tus qauv EBK_SVMR thiab siv Ca_Mg_K ua tus kwv yees.[Daim ntawv qhia kev faib tawm spatial tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Muab tso rau hauv daim duab 6 yog PTE concentrations raws li ib tug muaj pes tsawg leeg dav hlau muaj xws li ib tug neeg neurons.Tsis muaj ib tug ntawm cov tivthaiv dav hlau nthuav tawm tib xim qauv raws li qhia.Txawm li cas los xij, tus naj npawb tsim nyog ntawm cov neurons ib daim duab kos yog 55.SeOM yog tsim los siv ntau yam xim, thiab qhov sib xws ntawm cov xim xim, qhov sib piv ntau dua cov khoom ntawm lawv cov qauv.According, scale, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov xim. pom cov qauv xim zoo sib xws rau ib leeg siab neurons thiab feem ntau cov neurons qis. Yog li, CaK thiab CaMg qhia qee qhov zoo sib xws nrog cov neurons siab heev thiab cov qauv xim qis rau nruab nrab.Ob qauv kwv yees qhov concentration ntawm Ni hauv av los ntawm kev nthuav tawm nruab nrab mus rau siab hues ntawm cov xim xws li liab, txiv kab ntxwv thiab daj.Cov qauv KMg qhia ntau xim xim qauv raws li cov xim nruab nrab ntawm cov xim qis. qis mus rau siab, cov qauv kev faib tawm ntawm cov khoom ntawm cov qauv qhia pom cov xim siab uas qhia tau tias muaj peev xwm concentration ntawm npib tsib xee hauv av (saib daim duab 4).Lub CakMg qauv tivthaiv dav hlau qhia cov xim sib txawv los ntawm qis mus rau siab raws li qhov tseeb xim scale. Tsis tas li ntawd, tus qauv kev twv ua ntej ntawm cov ntsiab lus npib tsib xee (CakMg) yog zoo ib yam li cov duab patent. qhia siab, nruab nrab thiab qis proportions ntawm nickel concentrations nyob rau hauv nroog thiab peri-urban av.Daim duab 7 depicts contour txoj kev nyob rau hauv lub k- txhais tau tias pab pawg neeg nyob rau hauv daim ntawv qhia, muab faib ua peb pawg raws li tus nqi kwv yees nyob rau hauv txhua tus qauv.Cov contour txoj kev sawv cev rau qhov zoo tshaj plaws pes tsawg tus ntawm pawg.Of 115 av qeb C 1 cov qauv tau txais, feem ntau cov qauv 2. 33 cov qauv, thaum pawg 3 tau txais 8 cov qauv.Qhov kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm xya-txhim kho qhov kev kwv yees ua ke tau yooj yim kom tso cai rau kev txhais pawg kom raug.Vim ntau cov txheej txheem anthropogenic thiab ntuj cuam tshuam rau cov av tsim, nws yog ib qho nyuaj kom muaj cov qauv sib txawv hauv pawg SeOM daim ntawv qhia 78.
Cov khoom siv dav hlau tso tawm los ntawm txhua qhov Empirical Bayesian Kriging Support Vector Tshuab (EBK_SVM_SeOM) hloov pauv.[SeOM maps tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Cov khoom sib txawv ntawm pawg sib txawv [SeOM maps tau tsim siv RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Txoj kev tshawb fawb tam sim no qhia meej txog cov qauv kev ua qauv rau cov nickel concentrations hauv nroog thiab peri-nroog av.Cov kev tshawb fawb tau sim cov qauv kev sib txawv, sib txuas cov ntsiab lus nrog cov qauv kev ua qauv, kom tau txais txoj hauv kev zoo tshaj plaws los kwv yees npib tsib xee concentrations hauv av.The SeOM compositional planar spatial nta ntawm cov qauv txheej txheem nthuav tawm cov xim zoo nkauj ntawm cov xim tsis tshua muaj siab rau qhov tseeb. av.Txawm li cas los xij, daim ntawv qhia kev faib tawm spatial tau lees paub cov phiaj xwm spatial faib ntawm cov khoom uas tau nthuav tawm los ntawm EBK_SVMR (saib daim duab 5).Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias cov qauv kev txhawb nqa vector tshuab regression qauv (Ca Mg K-SVMR) kwv yees qhov concentration ntawm Ni hauv av raws li ib qho qauv, tab sis qhov kev siv tau thiab qhov tseeb ntawm MSE cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov kev ntsuas siab heev. tes, cov txheej txheem kev ua haujlwm nrog EBK_MLR qauv kuj yog qhov tsis zoo vim qhov qis ntawm tus nqi coefficient ntawm kev txiav txim siab (R2). Cov txiaj ntsig zoo tau txais kev siv EBK SVMR thiab cov khoom sib xyaw ua ke (CaKMg) nrog qis RMSE thiab MAE yuam kev nrog qhov tseeb ntawm 63.7%. hybrid algorithm uas tuaj yeem kwv yees qhov concentration ntawm PTEs hauv av.Cov txiaj ntsig tau pom tias siv Ca Mg K raws li kev kwv yees los kwv yees Ni concentrations hauv thaj chaw kawm tuaj yeem txhim kho qhov kev twv ua ntej ntawm Ni hauv cov av.Qhov no txhais tau hais tias kev siv tas li ntawm nickel-raws li chiv thiab kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov av los ntawm kev lag luam steel muaj kev nyiam ua kom cov concentration ntawm npib tsib xee nyob rau hauv cov ntaub ntawv no tuaj yeem txo qhov kev kawm ntawm cov qauv no. qhov tseeb ntawm cov qauv ntawm cov av spatial faib nyob rau hauv nroog los yog peri-nroog av. Feem ntau, peb thov kom siv tus qauv EBK-SVMR los soj ntsuam thiab kwv yees PTE hauv av; Tsis tas li ntawd, peb thov kom siv EBK los hybridize nrog ntau lub tshuab kev kawm algorithms.Ni cov ntsiab lus tau kwv yees siv cov ntsiab lus raws li covariates; Txawm li cas los xij, siv ntau covariates yuav ua kom zoo dua qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm tus qauv, uas tuaj yeem suav tias yog kev txwv ntawm kev ua haujlwm tam sim no.Lwm qhov kev txwv ntawm qhov kev tshawb fawb no yog tias cov ntaub ntawv muaj pes tsawg leeg yog 115.Yog li ntawd, yog tias muaj cov ntaub ntawv ntau ntxiv, qhov kev ua tau zoo ntawm cov txheej txheem optimized hybridization tuaj yeem txhim kho.
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