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Ihumana ry'ubutaka ni ikibazo gikomeye giterwa n'ibikorwa bya muntu. Ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu bishobora kuzana uburozi mu busitani riratandukanye mu mijyi myinshi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Kubwibyo, biragoye kumenya ingano ya PTE muri ubwo butaka. Ingero 115 zabonetse muri Frydek Mistek muri Repubulika ya Tchèque. Igipimo cya Kalisiyumu (Ca), Manyeziyumu (Mg), Potasiyumu (K) na Nikeli (Ni) byagenwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gupima imyuka ya plasma. Impinduka yo gusubiza ni Ni naho ibipimo ni Ca, Mg, na K. Impinduka yo guhuza hagati y'impinduka yo gusubiza n'impinduka yo guhanura igaragaza isano ishimishije hagati y'ibintu. Ibisubizo by'impinduka byagaragaje ko Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR) yakoze neza, nubwo ikosa ryayo rya kare ry'umuzi (RMSE) (235.974 mg/kg) n'impinduka y'umuzi (MAE) (166.946 mg/kg) ryari hejuru ugereranyije n'ubundi buryo bwakoreshejwe. Ingero zivanze za Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK-MLR) zikora neza. nabi, nk'uko bigaragazwa n'ibipimo byo kumenya biri munsi ya 0.1. Icyitegererezo cya Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine Regression (EBK-SVMR) ni cyo cyitegererezo cyiza cyane, gifite agaciro ka RMSE gake (95.479 mg/kg) na MAE (77.368 mg/kg) n'igipimo cyo kumenya kiri hejuru (R2 = 0.637). Umusaruro wa tekiniki yo gukora inyigo ya EBK-SVMR ugaragazwa hakoreshejwe ikarita yitunganya ubwayo. Uturemangingo tw’imitsi duhuriweho mu gice cy’icyitegererezo cya CakMg-EBK-SVMR kigaragaza imiterere myinshi y’amabara ahanura igipimo cya Ni mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z’umujyi. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko guhuza EBK na SVMR ari uburyo bwiza bwo kumenya igipimo cya Ni mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z’umujyi.
Nickel (Ni) ifatwa nk'intungamubiri ntoya ku bimera kuko igira uruhare mu gufata azote mu kirere (N) no mu mikorere ya urea, byombi bikaba bikenewe kugira ngo imbuto zimere. Uretse uruhare rwayo mu kumera kw'imbuto, Ni ishobora gukora nk'ikintu kibuza ibihumyo na bagiteri no guteza imbere iterambere ry'ibimera. Kubura nikeli mu butaka bituma ikimera kiyinjiramo, bigatera chlorosis y'amababi. Urugero, amashaza n'ibishyimbo bibisi bisaba gukoresha ifumbire ishingiye kuri nikeli kugira ngo irusheho gufata azote neza2. Gukomeza gukoresha ifumbire ishingiye kuri nikeli kugira ngo ikungahaze ubutaka no kongera ubushobozi bw'ibinyamisogwe bwo gufata azote mu butaka byongera ubunini bwa nikeli mu butaka buri gihe. Nubwo nikeli ari intungamubiri ntoya ku bimera, kuyirya cyane mu butaka bishobora kwangiza byinshi kuruta ibyiza. Uburozi bwa nikeli mu butaka bugabanya pH y'ubutaka kandi bukabangamira gufata ubutare nk'intungamubiri y'ingenzi mu gukura kw'ibimera1. Nk'uko Liu3 abivuga, Ni yagaragaye ko ari ikintu cya 17 cy'ingenzi gikenewe mu iterambere ry'ibimera no gukura. Uretse uruhare rwa nikeli mu iterambere ry'ibimera no gukura, abantu barayikenera mu bikorwa bitandukanye. Gutunganya, gukora nikeli ishingiye kuri nikeli aloyi, n'ikorwa ry'ibikoresho byo gutwika n'udukingirizo tw'imodoka byose bisaba ikoreshwa rya nikeli mu nzego zitandukanye z'inganda. Byongeye kandi, aloyi zishingiye kuri nikeli n'ibintu byakoreshejwe n'amashanyarazi byakoreshejwe cyane mu bikoresho byo mu gikoni, ibikoresho byo mu cyumba cy'imikino, ibikoresho by'inganda z'ibiribwa, amashanyarazi, insinga n'insinga, turbine za jet, implants zo kubaga, imyenda, no kubaka amato5. Ingano ikungahaye kuri Nikeli mu butaka (ni ukuvuga ubutaka bwo hejuru) yatewe n'ibintu bikomoka ku bantu n'ibintu karemano, ariko ahanini, Ni ni isoko karemano aho kuba isoko karemano4,6. Inkomoko karemano ya nikeli irimo iruka ry'ibirunga, ibimera, inkongi z'umuriro mu mashyamba, n'imikorere ya geologiya; icyakora, amasoko akomoka ku bantu arimo bateri za nikeli/kadiyumu mu nganda z'ibyuma, electroplating, arc welding, mazutu na lisansi, n'ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bivuye mu gutwika amakara no gutwika imyanda n'ibitaka Gukusanya nikeli7,8. Nk'uko Freedman na Hutchinson9 na Manyiwa et al. 10, inkomoko nyamukuru y’umwanda wo hejuru y’ubutaka mu bidukikije hafi n’ibikikije ni ibikoresho byo gushongesha umuringa n’ibirombe bicukurwamo amabuye y’agaciro. Ubutaka bwo hejuru bukikije uruganda rutunganya umuringa rwa Sudbury muri Kanada bwari bufite ingano yo hejuru y’umwanda wa nikeli ku kigero cya 26.000 mg/kg11. Mu buryo bunyuranye, umwanda uturuka ku musaruro wa nikeli mu Burusiya watumye ingano ya nikeli izamuka mu butaka bwa Noruveje11. Nk’uko Alms et al babivuga. 12, ingano ya nikeli ikomoka kuri HNO3 mu butaka buhingwa cyane mu karere (umusaruro wa nikeli mu Burusiya) yari hagati ya 6.25 na 136.88 mg/kg, bingana na 30.43 mg/kg n'igipimo cy'ibanze cya 25 mg/kg. Dukurikije kabata 11, gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ya fosifore mu butaka bw'ubuhinzi mu mijyi cyangwa mu nkengero z'umujyi mu bihe by'ihinga bikurikirana bishobora kwinjiza cyangwa kwanduza ubutaka. Ingaruka zishobora guterwa na nikeli ku bantu zishobora gutera kanseri binyuze mu guhinduka kw'ibinyabuzima, kwangirika kwa chromosomes, gukora Z-DNA, gufunga ADN excision repair, cyangwa inzira za epigenetic13. Mu bushakashatsi bw'inyamaswa, nikeli yagaragaye ko ishobora gutera indwara zitandukanye, kandi nikeli ishobora gutera kanseri ishobora kongera bene ibibyimba.
Isuzuma ry’ubwandu bw’ubutaka ryateye imbere mu bihe bya vuba aha bitewe n’ibibazo byinshi bifitanye isano n’ubuzima bituruka ku mibanire y’ubutaka n’ibimera, isano y’ubutaka n’ibinyabuzima, kwangirika kw’ibidukikije, n’isuzuma ry’ingaruka ku bidukikije. Kugeza ubu, guhanura ahantu hashobora kuba hari ibintu bishobora guteza uburozi (PTEs) nka Ni mu butaka byaragoye kandi bifata igihe kinini hakoreshejwe uburyo gakondo. Kuza kwa porogaramu yo gupima ubutaka mu buryo bw’ikoranabuhanga (DSM) n’intsinzi yayo ubu15 byanogeje cyane isuzuma ry’ubutaka (PSM). Nk’uko Minasny na McBratney babivuga16, gupima ubutaka mu buryo buhanura (DSM) byagaragaye ko ari igice gikomeye cy’ubumenyi bw’ubutaka. Lagacherie na McBratney, 2006 basobanura DSM nk “irema no kuzuza sisitemu z’amakuru ku butaka binyuze mu gukoresha uburyo bwo kwitegereza ahantu runaka no muri laboratwari hamwe na sisitemu zo gupima ubutaka mu buryo butari ubwo mu butaka”.McBratney n’abandi. 17 igaragaza ko DSM cyangwa PSM yo muri iki gihe ari bwo buryo bwiza cyane bwo guhanura cyangwa kugena aho PTE zikwirakwira, ubwoko bw'ubutaka n'imiterere y'ubutaka ikwirakwira. Ingano y'ubutaka n'imiterere y'imashini (MLA) ni uburyo bwa DSM bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bukora amakarita yifashishije mudasobwa hakoreshejwe amakuru make kandi ahagije.
Deutsch18 na Olea19 basobanura geostatistiki nk "ikusanyirizo ry'ubuhanga bw'imibare bujyanye no kwerekana imiterere y'ahantu, cyane cyane hakoreshejwe moderi za stochastic, nk'uburyo isesengura ry'uruhererekane rw'igihe riranga amakuru y'igihe." Mbere na mbere, geostatistiki ikubiyemo isuzuma rya variogramu, ryemerera Gupima no gusobanura ingano y'agaciro k'ahantu muri buri tsinda ry'amakuru20.Gumiaux et al. 20 bagaragaza kandi ko isuzuma rya variogramu muri geostatistiki rishingiye ku mahame atatu, arimo (a) kubara ingano y'isano ry'amakuru, (b) kumenya no kubara anisotropi mu itandukaniro ry'amakuru na (c) hiyongereyeho Uretse kuzirikana amakosa ari mu makuru yo gupima atandukanye n'ingaruka zo mu gace, ingaruka z'akarere nazo ziragereranywa. Dushingiye kuri ibi bitekerezo, uburyo bwinshi bwo kubara bukoreshwa muri geostatistiki, harimo kubara kriging rusange, kubara kriging isanzwe, kubara kriging isanzwe, kubara kriging isanzwe, uburyo bwo kubara kriging bworoshye n'ubundi buryo buzwi bwo kubara kugira ngo hamenyekane cyangwa hamenyekane PTE, imiterere y'ubutaka, n'ubwoko bw'ubutaka.
Algorithms zo Kwiga mu Imashini (MLA) ni uburyo bushya bukoresha ibyiciro binini by'amakuru bitari umurongo, bishyigikiwe na algorithme zikoreshwa cyane cyane mu gucukura amakuru, kumenya imiterere mu makuru, no gukoreshwa kenshi mu gushyira mu byiciro mu nzego za siyansi nko mu bumenyi bw'ubutaka n'imirimo yo kugarura. Inyandiko nyinshi z'ubushakashatsi zishingira kuri moderi za MLA kugira ngo zihanure PTE mu butaka, nka Tan et al. 22 (amashyamba adasanzwe yo gupima ibyuma bikomeye mu butaka bw'ubuhinzi), Sakizadeh et al. 23 (gushushanya hakoreshejwe imashini zishyigikira vector n'imiyoboro y'ubwonko y'ubukorano) umwanda w'ubutaka). Byongeye kandi, Vega et al. 24 (CART yo kwerekana uburyo ibyuma bikomeye bigumana no kwinjizwa mu butaka) Sun et al. 25 (gukoresha cubist ni ugukwirakwiza Cd mu butaka) n'izindi algorithme nka k-nearest near, generalized boosted regression, na boosted regression Trees nazo zakoresheje MLA kugira ngo zihanure PTE mu butaka.
Ikoreshwa rya algorithme za DSM mu guhanura cyangwa gushushanya ibishushanyo mbonera rihura n'imbogamizi nyinshi. Abanditsi benshi bemera ko MLA iruta geostatistics naho ibinyuranye. Nubwo kimwe kiri cyiza kurusha ikindi, guhuza ibi byombi byongera urwego rw'ukuri kw'ibishushanyo mbonera cyangwa guhanura muri DSM15. Woodcock na Gopal26 Finke27; Pontius na Cheuk28 na Grunwald29 bavuga ku ntege nke n'amakosa amwe na amwe mu gushushanya ubutaka byahanuwe. Abahanga mu by'ubutaka bagerageje uburyo butandukanye bwo kunoza imikorere, ukuri, no guhanura kwa DSM. Guhuza kudasobanukirwa no kugenzura ni kimwe mu bintu byinshi bitandukanye byashyizwe muri DSM kugira ngo binoze imikorere no kugabanya inenge. Ariko, Agyeman et al. 15 bagaragaza ko imyitwarire yo kwemeza no kudasobanukirwa byazanywe no gukora no guhanura ibishushanyo mbonera bigomba kwemezwa ku giti cyabo kugira ngo binoze ubwiza bw'ibishushanyo mbonera. Inzitizi za DSM ziterwa n'ubwiza bw'ubutaka butatanye mu gace runaka, burimo igice cy'ubudasobanutse; icyakora, kutagira icyizere muri DSM bishobora guterwa n’ibintu byinshi by’amakosa, ari byo ikosa rya covariate, ikosa rya moderi, ikosa ry’aho ibintu biri, n’ikosa ryo gusesengura 31. Gushushanya amakosa aterwa na MLA na geostatistique bifitanye isano no kubura ubumenyi, amaherezo biganisha ku koroshya inzira nyayo32. Uko imiterere y’ibishushanyo mbonera yaba iri kose, amakosa ashobora guterwa n’ibipimo by’ibishushanyo mbonera, iteganyagihe ry’ingero z’imibare, cyangwa interpolation33. Vuba aha, havutse icyerekezo gishya cya DSM gishishikariza guhuza geostatistics na MLA mu gushushanya no guhanura. Abahanga mu by’ubutaka benshi n’abanditsi, nka Sergeev et al. 34; Subbotina et al. 35; Tarasov et al. 36 na Tarasov et al. 37 bakoresheje ireme nyaryo rya geostatistics na machine learning kugira ngo bakore moderi zivanze zinoza imikorere yo guhanura no gushushanya. ubuziranenge. Zimwe muri izi moderi za hybrid cyangwa zivanze ni Artificial Neural Network Kriging (ANN-RK), Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging (MLP-RK), Generalized Regression Neural Network Residual Kriging (GR-NNRK)36, Artificial Neural Network Kriging-Multilayer Perceptron (ANN-K-MLP)37 na Co-Kriging na Gaussian Process Regression38.
Nk’uko Sergeev n’abandi babivuga, guhuza uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bifite ubushobozi bwo gukuraho inenge no kongera ubushobozi bw’icyitegererezo cy’imvange cyavuyemo aho guteza imbere icyitegererezo cyacyo kimwe. Muri uru rwego, iyi nyandiko nshya ivuga ko ari ngombwa gukoresha uburyo bwa geostatistics na MLA kugira ngo habeho ibishushanyo mbonera byiza byo guhanura uburumbuke bwa Ni mu mijyi no mu nkengero z’imijyi. Ubu bushakashatsi buzashingira kuri Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) nk'icyitegererezo cy’ibanze kandi buvange na Support Vector Machine (SVM) na Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Hybridization ya EBK na MLA iyo ari yo yose ntabwo izwi. Ibishushanyo mbonera byinshi bivanze byagaragaye ni uruvange rwa kriging isanzwe, isigaye, regression, na MLA.EBK ni uburyo bwo guhuza geostatistics bukoresha inzira yo gusiba ahantu runaka ishyirwa ahantu runaka nk'umurima udahoraho/udahagaze hamwe n'ibipimo byagenwe byo gushyira ahantu runaka hejuru y'umurima, bigatuma habaho itandukaniro ry'ahantu39.EBK yakoreshejwe mu bushakashatsi butandukanye, harimo gusesengura ikwirakwizwa rya karuboni organic mu butaka bw'ubuhinzi40, gusuzuma ihumana ry'ubutaka41 no gushushanya ubutaka. imitungo42.
Ku rundi ruhande, Imbonerahamwe yo Kwitunganya (SeOM) ni uburyo bwo kwigira bwakoreshejwe mu ngingo zitandukanye nka Li et al. 43, Wang et al. 44, Hossain Bhuiyan et al. 45 na Kebonye et al. 46. Kumenya imiterere y’ahantu n’itsinda ry’ibintu. Wang et al. 44 bagaragaza ko SeOM ari uburyo bukomeye bwo kwigira buzwiho ubushobozi bwo gushyira hamwe no kwiyumvisha ibibazo bitari umurongo. Bitandukanye n’ubundi buryo bwo kumenya imiterere nko gusesengura ibice by’ingenzi, gushyira hamwe ibintu mu buryo butunguranye, gushyira hamwe ibintu mu buryo bukurikiranye, no gufata ibyemezo mu buryo butandukanye, SeOM ni nziza mu gutunganya no kumenya imiterere ya PTE. Nk’uko Wang et al. 44 abivuga, SeOM ishobora gushyira hamwe ikwirakwizwa ry’imitsi ifitanye isano no gutanga amakuru afite ubushobozi bwo hejuru. SeOM izagaragaza amakuru ahanura Ni kugira ngo ibone icyitegererezo cyiza cyo kugaragaza ibisubizo kugira ngo isobanure neza.
Iyi nyandiko igamije gukora icyitegererezo gikomeye cyo gushushanya ibishushanyo mbonera gifite ubuziranenge buhagije bwo guhanura ingano ya nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Dutekereza ko kwizerwa kw'icyitegererezo kivanze ahanini biterwa n'ingaruka z'izindi ngero zifatanye n'icyitegererezo cy'ibanze. Twemera imbogamizi DSM ihura nazo, kandi mu gihe izi mbogamizi zirimo gukemurwa ku mpande nyinshi, guhuza iterambere mu mibare y'ubutaka n'icyitegererezo cya MLA bisa nkaho ari ukwiyongera; bityo, tuzagerageza gusubiza ibibazo by'ubushakashatsi bishobora gutanga imiterere ivanze. Ariko se, icyitegererezo ni ikihe mu guhanura ikintu kigamije? Nanone, ni uruhe rwego rw'isuzuma ry'imikorere rishingiye ku kwemeza no gusuzuma ubuziranenge? Kubwibyo, intego zihariye z'ubu bushakashatsi kwari uku: (a) gukora icyitegererezo cy'imvange ivanze ya SVMR cyangwa MLR hakoreshejwe EBK nk'icyitegererezo cy'ibanze, (b) kugereranya icyitegererezo cyavuyemo (c) gutanga icyitegererezo cyiza cyo gusesengura ingano ya Nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi cyangwa mu nkengero z'umujyi, na (d) ikoreshwa rya SeOM mu gukora ikarita ifite ubushobozi bwo hejuru bw'impinduka mu mwanya wa nikeli.
Ubu bushakashatsi burimo gukorwa muri Repubulika ya Tchèque, cyane cyane mu karere ka Frydek Mistek mu karere ka Moravia-Silesian (reba Ishusho ya 1). Imiterere y'agace k'ubushakashatsi ni ndende cyane kandi ahanini ni igice cy'agace ka Moravia-Silesian Beskidy, kari igice cy'inkombe y'inyuma y'imisozi ya Carpathian. Agace k'ubushakashatsi kari hagati ya 49° 41′ 0′ N na 18° 20′ 0′ E, kandi uburebure buri hagati ya metero 225 na 327; icyakora, uburyo bwa Koppen bwo gushyira mu byiciro imiterere y'ikirere cy'akarere bufatwa nka Cfb = ikirere cy'inyanja gishyushye, Imvura igwa cyane ndetse no mu mezi y'izuba. Ubushyuhe buratandukana gato mu mwaka hagati ya −5 °C na 24 °C, bugahita bugabanuka munsi ya −14 °C cyangwa hejuru ya 30 °C, mu gihe imvura isanzwe ku mwaka iri hagati ya 685 na 752 mm47. Ubuso bw'akarere kose bugereranywa ni kilometero kare 1.208, aho 39.38% by'ubutaka buhingwa na 49.36% by'ubuso bw'amashyamba. Ku rundi ruhande, ubuso bwakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni kilometero kare 889.8. Muri Ostrava no hafi yaho, inganda z'ibyuma n'ibikorwa by'ibyuma birakora cyane. Inganda z'ibyuma, inganda z'ibyuma aho nikeli ikoreshwa mu byuma bitangiza ikirere (urugero mu kurwanya ingese) n'ibyuma bya alloy (nikeli yongera imbaraga z'icyuma mugihe ikomeza ubushobozi bwayo bwo gukora no gukomera), n'ubuhinzi bwimbitse nko gukoresha ifumbire ya fosifore n'ubworozi ni isoko y'ubushakashatsi ishobora guturukamo nikeli muri ako karere (urugero, kongeramo nikeli ku bana b'intama kugira ngo bongere umuvuduko w'ubwiyongere bw'intama n'inka zitarya cyane). Izindi nganda zikoresha nikeli mu bushakashatsi zirimo kuyikoresha mu gushushanya amashanyarazi, harimo no gushushanya nikeli n'amashanyarazi. Imiterere y'ubutaka iratandukanye byoroshye n'ibara ry'ubutaka, imiterere, n'ingano ya karubone. Imiterere y'ubutaka iri hagati kugeza ku nto, ikomoka ku bintu byabugenewe. Ni ubwoko bw'ubutaka busanzwe, bukozwe mu butaka cyangwa mu kirere. Hari ahantu hagaragara nk'aho hari ibitonyanga ku buso no munsi y'ubutaka, akenshi hagashyirwamo sima n'ubururu. Ariko, cambisols na stagnosols ni byo bikunze kugaragara mu butaka muri ako karere48. Hamwe n'ubutumburuke buri hagati ya metero 455.1 na 493.5, cambisols ziganje muri Repubulika ya Tchèque49.
Ikarita y'agace k'ubushakashatsi [Ikarita y'agace k'ubushakashatsi yakozwe hakoreshejwe ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, verisiyo ya 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Ingero 115 z'ubutaka bwo hejuru zabonetse mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi mu karere ka Frydek Mistek. Ingero zakoreshejwe zari urusobe rusanzwe rufite ingero z'ubutaka zashyizwe hagati ya kilometero 2 × 2, kandi ubutaka bwo hejuru bwapimwe ku bujyakuzimu bwa cm 0 kugeza 20 hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya GPS gifatwa n'intoki (Leica Zeno 5 GPS). Ingero zipfunyikwa mu mifuka ya Ziploc, zigashyirwaho ikimenyetso gikwiye, hanyuma zoherezwa muri laboratwari. Ingero zarumitswe mu mwuka kugira ngo hakorwe ingero zahinduwe, zigahindurwa hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya mechanical (Fritsch disc mill), hanyuma zigatogoteshwa (ingano ya mm 2). Shyira garama 1 y'ubutaka bwumye, bwahinduwe kandi butogoteshejwe mu macupa ya teflon afite ikimenyetso gisobanutse neza. Muri buri gikoresho cya Teflon, tanga ml 7 za 35% HCl na ml 3 za 65% HNO3 (ukoresheje agakoresho gatanga amazi - kamwe kuri buri aside), twikira gato hanyuma ureke ingero zihagarare ijoro ryose kugira ngo habeho igisubizo (programu ya aqua regia). Shyira supernatant ku isahani y'icyuma gishyushye (ubushyuhe: 100 W na 160 °C) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2 kugira ngo byoroshye inzira yo gusya ingero, hanyuma ukonje. Shyira supernatant mu icupa rya 50 ml hanyuma uvange na 50 ml n'amazi yakuwemo ioni. Nyuma y'ibyo, yungurura supernatant yakuwemo ioni mu muyoboro wa PVC wa 50 ml n'amazi yakuwemo ioni. Byongeye kandi, 1 ml y'umuti wo gusogongera yakuwemo na 9 ml y'amazi yakuwemo ioni hanyuma iyungururwa mu muyoboro wa 12 ml wateguwe PTE pseudo-concentration. Ingano ya PTEs (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, K) yagenwe na ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) hakurikijwe uburyo busanzwe n'amasezerano. Reba neza uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge (QA/QC) (SRM NIST 2711a Montana II Soil). PTEs zifite imipaka yo kuvumbura iri munsi ya kimwe cya kabiri ntizakuwe muri ubu bushakashatsi. Ingano yo kuvumbura PTE Byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi byari 0.0004. (wowe). Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo kugenzura ubuziranenge no kwemeza ubuziranenge kuri buri sesengura byemezwa no gusesengura amahame ngenderwaho. Kugira ngo hamenyekane ko amakosa yagabanutse, hakozwe isesengura ryikubye kabiri.
Ubuhanga bwo gusesengura bwa Bayesian Kriging (EBK) ni bumwe mu buryo bwinshi bwo gusesengura imibare bukoreshwa mu gukora ibishushanyo mu nzego zitandukanye nko mu bumenyi bw'ubutaka. Bitandukanye n'ubundi buryo bwo gusesengura bwa kriging, EBK itandukanye n'uburyo gakondo bwa kriging bitewe n'ikosa ryagereranyijwe na moderi ya semivariogram. Muri interpolation ya EBK, moderi nyinshi za semivariogram zibarwa mu gihe cyo gusesengura, aho kuba semivariogram imwe. Ubuhanga bwo gusesengura butanga inzira yo kudasobanukirwa na gahunda bifitanye isano n'iyi shusho ya semivariogram igize igice kigoye cyane cy'uburyo buhagije bwa kriging. Inzira yo gusesengura ya EBK ikurikiza ibipimo bitatu byatanzwe na Krivoruchko50, (a) moderi ipima semivariogram ivuye mu makuru yinjiye (b) agaciro gashya kateganyijwe kuri buri hantu hashyirwa amakuru hashingiwe kuri semivariogram yakozwe na (c) moderi ya nyuma ya A ibarwa iturutse mu makuru yiganye. Itegeko ry'ikigereranyo cya Bayesian ritangwa nk'inyuma
Aho \(Prob\left(A\right)\) ihagarariye amahirwe y'imbere, \(Prob\left(B\right)\) yirengagizwa mu bihe byinshi, \(Prob (B,A)\ ).Ibarura rya semivariogram rishingira ku itegeko rya Bayes, rigaragaza ubushake bw'amakuru y'ibyerekanwe ashobora gukorwa muri semivariogram. Agaciro ka semivariogram gashyirwa mu gaciro hakoreshejwe itegeko rya Bayes, rivuga uburyo bishoboka ko habaho amakuru y'ibyerekanwe bivuye muri semivariogram.
Imashini ifasha vektori ni algorithme yo kwiga imashini itanga hyperplane nziza itandukanya kugira ngo itandukane n’ibyiciro bisa ariko bitari byigenga. Vapnik51 yashyizeho algorithme yo gushyira mu byiciro intego, ariko iherutse gukoreshwa mu gukemura ibibazo bishingiye ku gusubira inyuma. Nk’uko Li et al.52 abivuga, SVM ni imwe mu mayeri meza yo gushyira mu byiciro kandi yakoreshejwe mu nzego zitandukanye. Igice cyo gusubira inyuma cya SVM (Support Vector Machine Regression - SVMR) cyakoreshejwe muri ubu busesenguzi. Cherkassky na Mulier53 ni bo batangije SVMR nk'iregura rishingiye kuri kernel, aho kubara byakozwe hakoreshejwe model ya regression ikoresheje functions nyinshi z’ahantu. John et al54 batangaza ko modelie ya SVMR ikoresha hyperplane linear regression, ikora imibanire itari linear kandi yemerera functions z’ahantu. Nk’uko Vohland et al abivuga. 55, epsilon (ε)-SVMR ikoresha amakuru yatojwe kugira ngo ibone icyitegererezo cyo kwerekana nk'imikorere idashingiye kuri epsilon ikoreshwa mu gushushanya amakuru ku giti cyayo hakoreshejwe uburyo bwiza bwo gusesengura epsilon buva mu mahugurwa ku makuru afitanye isano. Ikosa ry'intera yateguwe mbere ryirengagijwe uhereye ku gaciro nyako, kandi niba ikosa riruta ε(ε), imiterere y'ubutaka irarikemura. Icyitegererezo kandi kigabanya ubukana bw'amakuru y'amahugurwa kugeza ku itsinda rinini ry'abaterankunga. Ikigereranyo cyatanzwe na Vapnik51 kigaragara hano hepfo.
aho b ihagarariye urwego rwa scalar, \(K\left({x}_{,}{ x}_{k}\right)\) ihagarariye imikorere ya kernel, \(\alpha\) ihagarariye Lagrange multiplier, N ihagarariye urutonde rw'amakuru y'imibare, \({x}_{k}\) ihagarariye kwinjiza amakuru, naho \(y\) ni umusaruro w'amakuru. Imwe mu ngingo z'ingenzi zikoreshwa ni imikorere ya SVMR, ikaba ari imikorere ya Gaussian radial basis (RBF). RBF kernel ikoreshwa kugira ngo hamenyekane imiterere ya SVMR nziza, ikaba ari ingenzi cyane kugira ngo haboneke penalty set factor C na kernel parameter gamma (γ) ku makuru ya PTE training. Ubwa mbere, twasuzumye itsinda ry'amahugurwa hanyuma tugerageza imikorere ya moderi kuri verification set. Urwego rw'ubuyobozi rwakoreshejwe ni sigma naho agaciro k'uburyo ni svmRadial.
Icyitegererezo cyo gusubira inyuma k'umurongo umwe (MLR) ni icyitegererezo cyo gusubira inyuma kigaragaza isano iri hagati y'impinduka mu gusubiza n'impinduka nyinshi zigaragaza ibipimo hakoreshejwe umurongo umwe zigaragaza ibipimo byashyizwe hamwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwa "least squares". Muri MLR, icyitegererezo cya "least squares" ni igikorwa cyo guhanura imiterere y'ubutaka nyuma yo guhitamo ibipimo bisobanura. Ni ngombwa gukoresha igisubizo kugira ngo hashyirweho isano iri hagati y'ibipimo bisobanura. PTE yakoreshejwe nk'impinduka mu gusubiza kugira ngo hashyirweho isano iri hagati y'ibipimo bisobanura. Ikigereranyo cya MLR ni
aho y ari ihinduka ry'igisubizo, \(a\) ni intercept, n ni umubare w'ibiteganya, \({b}_{1}\) ni ugusubira inyuma kw'igice cy'ibipimo, \({x}_{ i}\) ni ihinduka ry'igitekerezo cyangwa ibisobanuro, naho \({\varepsilon }_{i}\) ni ikosa riri muri moderi, izwi kandi nka residual.
Imiterere ivanze yabonetse hakoreshejwe EBK hamwe na SVMR na MLR. Ibi bikorwa hakoreshejwe gukuramo agaciro kateganyijwe muri interpolation ya EBK. Agaciro kateganijwe kabonetse muri Ca, K, na Mg yashyizwemo interpolation kaboneka binyuze mu nzira yo guhuza kugira ngo haboneke impinduka nshya, nka CaK, CaMg, na KMg. Ibintu Ca, K na Mg bihita bihuzwa kugira ngo haboneke impinduka ya kane, CaKMg. Muri rusange, impinduka zabonetse ni Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg na CaKMg. Izi mpinduka zabaye ibipimo byacu, bifasha mu guhanura ingano ya nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Algorithm ya SVMR yakozwe ku bipimo kugira ngo haboneke imashini ivanze ya Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM). Mu buryo nk'ubwo, impinduka nazo zinyuzwa muri algorithm ya MLR kugira ngo haboneke imashini ivanze ya Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK_MLR). Ubusanzwe, impinduka Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg, na CaKMg bikoreshwa nk'ibipimo nk'ibigaragaza ingano ya Ni mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Icyitegererezo cyemewe cyane cyabonetse (EBK_SVM cyangwa EBK_MLR) kizagaragazwa hakoreshejwe imbonerahamwe yigenga. Imikorere y'ubu bushakashatsi igaragara ku Ishusho ya 2.
Gukoresha SeOM byabaye igikoresho gikunzwe cyane mu gutegura, gusuzuma no guhanura amakuru mu rwego rw'imari, ubuvuzi, inganda, imibare, ubumenyi bw'ubutaka, n'ibindi. SeOM yakozwe hakoreshejwe imiyoboro y'ubwonko y'ubukorano n'uburyo bwo kwiga budakurikiranywe mu gutegura, gusuzuma no guhanura. Muri ubu bushakashatsi, SeOM yakoreshejwe mu kwerekana ingano ya Ni hashingiwe ku cyitegererezo cyiza cyo guhanura Ni mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Amakuru yatunganyijwe mu isuzuma rya SeOM akoreshwa nk'ibintu bihinduka bya vector yinjiye43,56. Melssen et al. 57 isobanura isano ya vekteri yinjiye mu muyoboro w'imitsi binyuze mu cyiciro kimwe cy’injira kuri vekteri yinjiye ifite vekteri imwe y’uburemere. Umusaruro uva muri SeOM ni ikarita ifite imiterere ibiri igizwe na neuron cyangwa nodes zitandukanye ziboheshejwe mu makarita ya hexagonal, uruziga, cyangwa kare bitewe n’aho ziri. Ugereranije ingano z’ikarita hashingiwe ku ikosa rya metric, quantization error (QE) na topographic error (TE), icyitegererezo cya SeOM gifite 0.086 na 0.904, uko bikurikirana, kiratoranywa, kikaba ari igice cy’ikarita 55 (5 × 11). Imiterere y’imitsi igenwa hakurikijwe umubare w’nodes muri equity empirical.
Umubare w'amakuru yakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi ni ingero 115. Uburyo bwo kugabanya amakuru bwakoreshejwe mu kugabanya amakuru mu makuru y'igerageza (25% yo kwemeza) n'amakuru y'amahugurwa (75% yo gupima). Amakuru y'imyitozo akoreshwa mu gukora icyitegererezo cyo gusubira inyuma (gupima), naho amakuru y'igerageza akoreshwa mu kugenzura ubushobozi bwo guhuza 58. Ibi byakozwe kugira ngo harebwe niba ingero zitandukanye zikwiriye mu guhanura ingano ya nikeli mu butaka. Ingero zose zakoreshejwe zanyuze mu nzira yo kwemeza inshuro icumi, zisubirwamo inshuro eshanu. Impinduka zakozwe na EBK interpolation zikoreshwa nk'ibiteganya cyangwa ibisobanuro bisobanuro kugira ngo hamenyekane impinduka zigamije (PTE). Gukora modelling bikorwa muri RStudio hakoreshejwe library ya packages (Kohonen), library (caret), library (modelr), library (“e1071″), library (“plyr”), library (“caTools”), library (“prospectr”) na library (“Metrics”).
Ibipimo bitandukanye byo kwemeza byakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane icyitegererezo cyiza gikwiriye guhanura ubunini bwa nikeli mu butaka no gusuzuma ukuri kw'icyitegererezo n'igenzura ryacyo. Icyitegererezo cyo guhuza ubutaka cyasuzumwe hakoreshejwe ikosa ry'ikigereranyo cyuzuye (MAE), ikosa ry'ikigereranyo cy'umuzi (RMSE), na R-square cyangwa coefficient determination (R2). R2 isobanura ihindagurika ry'ibipimo mu gisubizo, bigaragazwa na moderi yo gusubira inyuma. RMSE n'ubunini bw'ihindagurika mu bipimo byigenga bivuga imbaraga zo guhanura z'icyitegererezo, mu gihe MAE igena agaciro nyako k'imibare. Agaciro ka R2 kagomba kuba hejuru kugira ngo hasuzumwe moderi nziza yo kuvanga hakoreshejwe ibipimo byo kwemeza, uko agaciro kaba kageze kuri 1, niko ukuri kuba hejuru. Nk'uko Li et al. 59 abivuga, agaciro ka R2 ka 0.75 cyangwa karenga gafatwa nk'ikintu cyiza cyo guhanura; kuva kuri 0.5 kugeza kuri 0.75 ni imikorere yemewe y'icyitegererezo, naho munsi ya 0.5 ni imikorere yemewe y'icyitegererezo. Mu guhitamo moderi hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusuzuma ibipimo byo kwemeza RMSE na MAE, agaciro ko hasi kabonetse kari gahagije kandi kafatwaga nk'amahitamo meza. Ikigereranyo gikurikira gisobanura uburyo bwo kwemeza.
aho n ihagarariye ingano y'agaciro kabonetse\({Y}_{i}\) ihagarariye igisubizo cyapimwe, naho \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}\) ihagarariye kandi agaciro k'igisubizo cyahanuwe, bityo, ku byagaragaye bwa mbere bya i.
Ibisobanuro by'imibare ku bipimo by'ibizamini n'ibisubizo bigaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 1, bigaragaza impuzandengo, ihinduka risanzwe (SD), igipimo cy'ihindagurika (CV), igipimo gito, igipimo ntarengwa, kurtosis, n'ubusumbane. Agaciro gato n'igipimo ntarengwa by'ibintu biri mu cyiciro kigabanuka cya Mg < Ca < K < Ni na Ca < Mg < K < Ni, uko bikurikirana. Ingano y'itandukaniro ry'ihinduka ry'isubizo (Ni) ryatanzwe mu gace k'ubushakashatsi ryari hagati ya 4.86 na 42.39 mg/kg. Kugereranya Ni n'impuzandengo y'isi (29 mg/kg) n'impuzandengo y'i Burayi (37 mg/kg) byagaragaje ko impuzandengo rusange y'ubuso bw'ubushakashatsi yari mu rugero rwo kwihanganirwa. Nyamara, nk'uko bigaragazwa na Kabata-Pendias11, kugereranya igipimo mpuzandengo cya nickel (Ni) mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu n'ubutaka bw'ubuhinzi muri Suwede bigaragaza ko igipimo mpuzandengo cya nickel kiri hejuru. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, igipimo mpuzandengo cya Frydek Mistek mu butaka bw'imijyi n'ubw'impande z'umujyi mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu (Ni 16.15 mg/kg) cyari hejuru y'icyemerewe. ntarengwa ya 60 (10.2 mg/kg) kuri Ni mu butaka bwo mu mijyi bwa Polonye bwatangajwe na Różański et al. Byongeye kandi, Bretzel na Calderisi61 bagaragaje igipimo kiri hasi cyane cya Ni (1.78 mg/kg) mu butaka bwo mu mijyi muri Tuscany ugereranije n’ubushakashatsi buriho ubu. Jim62 yanasanze igipimo kiri hasi cya nikeli (12.34 mg/kg) mu butaka bwo mu mijyi bwa Hong Kong, kiri hasi ugereranije n’igipimo kiri hasi cya nikeli ubu muri ubu bushakashatsi. Birke et al63 bagaragaje igipimo kiri hagati ya Ni 17.6 mg/kg mu gace ka kera k’ubucukuzi bw’amabuye y’agaciro n’inganda zo mu mijyi muri Saxony-Anhalt, mu Budage, cyari hejuru ya 1.45 mg/kg ugereranyije n’igipimo kiri hagati ya Ni muri ako gace (16.15 mg/kg). Ubushakashatsi buriho ubu. Ubucucike bwinshi bwa nikeli mu butaka mu mijyi imwe n’imwe no mu nkengero z’akarere k’ubushakashatsi bushobora guterwa ahanini n’inganda z’ibyuma n’ibyuma. Ibi bihuye n’ubushakashatsi bwa Khodadoust et al. 64 ko inganda z'ibyuma n'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma ari byo soko nyamukuru y'ubwandu bwa nikeli mu butaka. Icyakora, ibyari byarahanuwe byari hagati ya 538.70 mg/kg na 69.161.80 mg/kg kuri Ca, 497.51 mg/kg na 3535.68 mg/kg kuri K, na 685.68 mg/kg na 5970.05 mg/kg kuri Mg.Jakovljevic n'abandi. 65 bakoze ubushakashatsi ku gipimo cya Mg na K mu butaka bwo hagati muri Seribiya. Basanze igipimo rusange (410 mg/kg na 400 mg/kg, uko bikurikirana) kiri hasi ugereranije n’igipimo cya Mg na K cy’ubushakashatsi buriho ubu. Nta gutandukanya, mu burasirazuba bwa Polonye, ​​Orzechowski na Smolczynski66 basuzumye igipimo cyose cya Ca, Mg na K maze bagaragaza igipimo mpuzandengo cya Ca (1100 mg/kg), Mg (590 mg/kg) na K (810 mg/kg). Ibikubiye mu butaka bwo hejuru biri hasi ugereranyije n’ikintu kimwe muri ubu bushakashatsi. Ubushakashatsi buherutse gukorwa na Pongrac et al. 67 bwagaragaje ko igipimo cyose cya Ca cyasesenguwe mu butaka butatu butandukanye muri Ecosse, mu Bwongereza (ubutaka bwa Mylnefield, ubutaka bwa Balruddery n’ubutaka bwa Hartwood) byagaragaje ko igipimo kinini cya Ca muri ubu bushakashatsi.
Bitewe n'uburyo butandukanye bwapimwe bw'ibice byapimwe, ikwirakwizwa ry'amakuru y'ibice rigaragaza ubusumbane butandukanye. Ubusumbane n'ubusumbane by'ibice byari hagati ya 1.53 na 7.24 na 2.49 na 54.16, uko bikurikirana. Ibice byose byabazwe bifite ubusumbane n'ubusumbane biri hejuru ya +1, bityo bigaragaza ko ikwirakwizwa ry'amakuru ritari risanzwe, rigoramye mu cyerekezo cyiza kandi ryageze ku rwego rwo hejuru. CV zigereranyijwe z'ibice zigaragaza kandi ko K, Mg, na Ni bigaragaza ubusumbane buri hagati, mu gihe Ca ifite ubusumbane bwinshi cyane. CV za K, Ni na Mg zisobanura uburyo zikwirakwizwamo. Byongeye kandi, ikwirakwizwa rya Ca ntabwo ringana kandi amasoko yo hanze ashobora kugira ingaruka ku rwego rwo gukungahara kwayo.
Isano ry’ibintu bigena imiterere y’ibintu bitanga igisubizo ryagaragaje isano ishimishije hagati y’ibintu (reba Ishusho ya 3). Isano ryagaragaje ko CaK yagaragaje isano iri hagati y’agaciro ka r = 0.53, kimwe na CaNi. Nubwo Ca na K bigaragaza isano iri hagati yabyo, abashakashatsi nka Kingston et al. 68 na Santo69 bigaragaza ko urugero rwabyo mu butaka rungana mu buryo bunyuranye. Nyamara, Ca na Mg birwanya K, ariko CaK ifitanye isano neza. Ibi bishobora guterwa no gukoresha ifumbire nka potassium carbonate, iri hejuru ya 56% muri potasiyumu. Potasiyumu yari ifite isano iri hagati ya magnesium na magnesium (KM r = 0.63). Mu nganda z'ifumbire, ibi bintu bibiri bifitanye isano ya hafi kuko potassium magnesium sulfate, potassium magnesium nitrate, na potasiyumu bishyirwa mu butaka kugira ngo byongere urugero rw'ibibura byabyo. Nikeli ifitanye isano iri hagati ya Ca, K na Mg hamwe n'agaciro ka r = 0.52, 0.63 na 0.55, uko bikurikirana. Isano iri hagati ya calcium, magnesium, na PTE nka nikeli ni igoye, ariko nubwo bimeze bityo, magnesium ibuza calcium kwinjiza, calcium igabanya ingaruka za magnesium nyinshi, kandi magnesium na calcium byombi bigabanya ingaruka z'uburozi bwa nikeli mu butaka.
Imiterere y'isano ku bintu bigaragaza isano iri hagati y'ibiteganyijwe n'ibisubizo (Icyitonderwa: iyi shusho irimo ishusho igaragara hagati y'ibintu, urwego rw'uburemere bushingiye kuri p < 0,001).
Ishusho ya 4 igaragaza uko ibintu bikwirakwira mu butaka. Nk’uko Burgos et al70 ibivuga, gukoresha uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ahantu ni uburyo bukoreshwa mu gupima no kugaragaza ahantu hashyushye mu turere twanduye. Igipimo cy’uburumbuke bwa Ca mu ishusho ya 4 kigaragara mu gice cy’amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’ikarita yo gukwirakwiza ahantu. Ishusho igaragaza ahantu hashyushye ha Ca mu burengerazuba bw’uburengerazuba bw’ikarita. Uburumbuke bwa Kalisiyumu mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’ikarita bushobora guterwa no gukoresha quicklime (calcium oxide) kugira ngo igabanye aside mu butaka no kuyikoresha mu nganda z’ibyuma nka ogisijeni ya alkaline mu gukora ibyuma. Ku rundi ruhande, abandi bahinzi bakunda gukoresha calcium hydroxide mu butaka bushyushye kugira ngo bahagarike pH, ibyo bikaba byongera calcium mu butaka71. Potasiyumu kandi igaragaza ahantu hashyushye mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba n’iburasirazuba bw’ikarita. Amajyaruguru y’uburengerazuba ni umuryango ukomeye w’abahinzi, kandi imiterere ya potasiyumu iri hagati kugeza hejuru ishobora guterwa na NPK na potasiyumu. Ibi bihuye n’ubundi bushakashatsi, nka Madaras na Lipavský72, Madaras et al.73, Pulkrabová et al.74, Asare et al.75, wabonye ko guhagarara neza kw'ubutaka no kuvura KCl na NPK byatumye habaho ingano nyinshi ya K mu butaka. Kurushaho gukungahara kwa Potasiyumu mu majyaruguru y'uburengerazuba bw'ikarita yo gukwirakwiza bishobora guterwa no gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ishingiye kuri potasiyumu nka potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium nitrate, potasiyumu, na potasiyumu kugira ngo hongerwe ingano ya potasiyumu mu butaka bubi. Zádorová et al. 76 na Tlustoš et al. 77 yagaragaje ko gukoresha ifumbire mvaruganda ishingiye kuri K byongera ingano ya K mu butaka kandi byakongera cyane ingano y’intungamubiri mu butaka mu gihe kirekire, cyane cyane K na Mg bigaragaza ahantu hashyushye mu butaka. Ahantu hashyushye cyane mu majyaruguru y’uburengerazuba bw’ikarita no mu majyepfo y’uburasirazuba bw’ikarita. Gufata koloyide mu butaka bigabanya ubwinshi bwa manyeziyumu mu butaka. Kubura kwayo mu butaka bituma ibimera bigaragaza chlorosis y’umuhondo. Ifumbire mvaruganda ishingiye kuri manyeziyumu, nka potassium magnesium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, na Kieserite, ivura ibura ry’ibimera (ibimera bisa n’umuhengeri, umutuku, cyangwa umukara, bigaragaza ko nta manyeziyumu ihagije) mu butaka bufite pH isanzwe6. Kwiyongera kwa nikeli ku butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z’umujyi bishobora guterwa n’ibikorwa by’abantu nk’ubuhinzi n’akamaro ka nikeli mu gukora ibyuma bitarangwamo ibyuma bitagira umuhengeri78.
Ikwirakwizwa ry'ibintu mu buryo bw'ahantu [ikarita yo gukwirakwiza ahantu yakozwe hakoreshejwe ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, Verisiyo ya 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Ibisubizo by'icyitegererezo cy'imikorere y'ibintu byakoreshejwe muri ubu bushakashatsi bigaragazwa mu mbonerahamwe ya 2. Ku rundi ruhande, RMSE na MAE bya Ni byombi biri hafi ya zeru (0.86 RMSE, -0.08 MAE). Ku rundi ruhande, agaciro ka RMSE na MAE ka K karemewe. Ibisubizo bya RMSE na MAE byari byinshi kuri kalisiyumu na manyeziyumu. Ibisubizo bya Ca na K MAE na RMSE ni binini bitewe n'amakuru atandukanye. RMSE na MAE by'ubu bushakashatsi hakoreshejwe EBK kugira ngo ihanure Ni byagaragaye ko ari byiza kuruta ibyavuye muri John et al. 54 hakoreshejwe kriging ihuza kugira ngo ihanure ingano ya S mu butaka hakoreshejwe amakuru amwe yakusanyijwe. Ibisubizo bya EBK twize bifitanye isano n'ibya Fabijaczyk et al. 41, Yan et al. 79, Beguin et al. 80, Adhikary et al. 81 na John et al. 82, cyane cyane K na Ni.
Imikorere y'uburyo bwihariye bwo guhanura ubunini bwa nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi yagenzuwe hakoreshejwe imikorere y'ingero (Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Isuzuma ry'icyitegererezo n'ubuziranenge byemeje ko Ca_Mg_K iteganyijwe hamwe na EBK SVMR model yatanze umusaruro mwiza. Calibration model Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR model R2, root mean square error (RMSE) na mean absolute error (MAE) byari 0.637 (R2), 95.479 mg/kg (RMSE) na 77.368 mg/kg (MAE) Ca_Mg_K-SVMR yari 0.663 (R2), 235.974 mg/kg (RMSE) na 166.946 mg/kg (MAE). Nyamara, agaciro keza ka R2 kabonetse kuri Ca_Mg_K-SVMR (0.663 mg/kg R2) na Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (0.643 = R2); ibisubizo byabo bya RMSE na MAE byari hejuru kurusha ibya Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR (R2 0.637) (reba Imbonerahamwe ya 3). Byongeye kandi, RMSE na MAE bya Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (RMSE = 1664.64 na MAE = 1031.49) ni 17.5 na 13.4, uko bikurikirana, biruta ibya Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, RMSE na MAE bya Ca_Mg-K SVMR (RMSE = 235.974 na MAE = 166.946) biruta ibya Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR RMSE na MAE uko bikurikirana. Ibisubizo bya RMSE byabazwe bigaragaza uburyo amakuru yiyongereye hamwe n'umurongo w'ibipimo byiza. Hagaragaye RSME na MAE biri hejuru. Dukurikije Kebonye et al. 46 na john et al. 54, uko RMSE na MAE byegeranye na zeru, niko ibisubizo biba byiza. SVMR na EBK_SVMR bifite agaciro ka RSME na MAE kari hejuru. Byagaragaye ko ibigereranyo bya RSME byari hejuru cyane ugereranyije n’agaciro ka MAE, bigaragaza ko hari ibirenze. Nk’uko Legates na McCabe83 babivuga, urwego RMSE irenga ikosa ry’ikigereranyo (MAE) ni rwo rusabwa nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko hari ibirenze. Ibi bivuze ko uko amakuru atandukanye, ni ko agaciro ka MAE na RMSE kaba hejuru. Ubunyangamugayo bwo gusuzuma icyitegererezo cya Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR kivanze mu guhanura ibikubiye muri Ni mu butaka bw’imijyi n’ubw’imijyi bwari 63.70%. Nk’uko Li et al. 59 babivuga, uru rwego rw’ubunyangamugayo ni igipimo cy’imikorere cyemewe. Ibisubizo by’ubu bigereranywa n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mbere na Tarasov et al. 36 bagize icyerekezo cy’imvange cyakoze MLPRK (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), kijyanye n’igipimo cy’isuzuma ry’ubunyangamugayo cya EBK_SVMR cyavuzwe mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu, RMSE (210) na MAE (167.5) byari hejuru kurusha ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi buriho ubu (RMSE 95.479, MAE 77.368). Ariko, iyo ugereranya R2 y’ubushakashatsi buriho ubu (0.637) n’ubwa Tarasov et al. 36 (0.544), biragaragara ko igipimo cyo kumenya (R2) kiri hejuru muri ubu buryo buvanze. Ingano y'ikosa (RMSE na MAE) (EBK SVMR) kuri ubu buryo buvanze ni munsi yikubye kabiri. Mu buryo nk'ubwo, Sergeev et al.34 banditse 0.28 (R2) kuri ubu buryo buvanze bwakozwe (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), mu gihe Ni mu bushakashatsi buriho bwanditse 0.637 (R2). Igipimo cyo kumenya neza ibiteganyijwe muri ubu buryo (EBK SVMR) ni 63.7%, mu gihe ukuri kw'ibiteganyijwe kwabonetse na Sergeev et al. 34 ni 28%. Ikarita ya nyuma (Ishusho ya 5) yakozwe hakoreshejwe ubu buryo bwa EBK_SVMR na Ca_Mg_K nk'igipimo cyerekana ibiteganyijwe ku hantu hashyushye kandi hagera kuri nikeli mu gace kose k'ubushakashatsi. Ibi bivuze ko igipimo cya nikeli mu gace k'ubushakashatsi kiri hagati cyane, hamwe n'ibipimo byinshi mu duce tumwe na tumwe twihariye.
Ikarita ya nyuma y’ubuhanuzi igaragazwa hakoreshejwe icyitegererezo cya EBK_SVMR hamwe na Ca_Mg_K nk’igipimo. [Ikarita y’ikwirakwizwa ry’ahantu yakozwe hakoreshejwe RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Ishusho ya 6 igaragaza ingano ya PTE nk'umubumbe ugizwe na neuron ku giti cyayo. Nta na kimwe mu bice by'itsinda cyagaragaje imiterere y'amabara nk'uko byagaragajwe. Ariko, umubare ukwiye wa neuron kuri buri karita yashushanyijwe ni 55. SeOM ikorwa hakoreshejwe amabara atandukanye, kandi uko imiterere y'amabara isa cyane, niko imiterere y'ibipimo irushaho kugereranywa. Dukurikije urwego rw'amabara rwazo nyarwo, ibintu byihariye (Ca, K, na Mg) byagaragaje imiterere y'amabara asa na neuron imwe nini hamwe na neuron nyinshi nkeya. Bityo, CaK na CaMg bisangiye bimwe na neuron zo mu rwego rwo hejuru cyane hamwe na imiterere y'amabara make kugeza ku rugero rwo hagati. Izo moderi zombi zihanura ingano ya Ni mu butaka zigaragaza amabara ari hagati kugeza hejuru nk'umutuku, orange n'umuhondo. Modeli ya KMg igaragaza imiterere myinshi y'amabara menshi hashingiwe ku bipimo nyabyo n'uduce tw'amabara make kugeza ku rugero rwo hagati. Ku gipimo nyacyo cy'amabara kuva hasi kugeza hejuru, imiterere y'ikwirakwizwa ry'ibice by'itsinda ry ... ingano. Byongeye kandi, uburyo bwo guhanura ingano ya nikeli (CakMg) bw’icyitegererezo busa n’uburyo nikeli ikwirakwira mu kirere nk’uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5. Imbonerahamwe zombi zigaragaza ingano iri hejuru, iri hagati n’iri hasi y’ingano ya nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z’umujyi. Ishusho ya 7 igaragaza uburyo bwo gushushanya mu itsinda rya k-means ku ikarita, rigabanyijemo amatsinda atatu hashingiwe ku gaciro kateganyijwe muri buri cyitegererezo. Uburyo bwo gushushanya bugaragaza umubare mwiza w’amatsinda. Mu ngero 115 z’ubutaka zakusanyijwe, icyiciro cya 1 cyabonye ingero nyinshi z’ubutaka, 74. Itsinda rya 2 ryakiriye ingero 33, mu gihe itsinda rya 3 ryakiriye ingero 8. Uruvange rw’ibice birindwi byateguwe byoroshye kugira ngo byemererwe gusobanura neza amatsinda. Bitewe n’imikorere myinshi y’abantu n’iy’umwimerere igira ingaruka ku miterere y’ubutaka, biragoye kugira imiterere y’amatsinda itandukanye neza mu ikarita ya SeOM ikwirakwijwe78.
Umusaruro w'ibice by'imashini ishyigikira vekteri ya Bayesian Kriging (EBK_SVM_SeOM) ukorwa hakoreshejwe RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Ibice bitandukanye byo gushyira mu byiciro amatsinda [Amakarita ya SeOM yakozwe hakoreshejwe RStudio (version 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Ubushakashatsi buriho bugaragaza neza uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera ku gipimo cya nikeli mu butaka bwo mu mijyi no mu nkengero z'umujyi. Ubushakashatsi bwagerageje uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera, buhuza ibintu n'uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera, kugira ngo bubone uburyo bwiza bwo guhanura igipimo cya nikeli mu butaka. Ibiranga imiterere ya SeOM mu buryo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera byagaragaje imiterere y'amabara menshi kuva hasi kugeza hejuru ku gipimo cy'amabara nyayo, bigaragaza igipimo cya Ni mu butaka. Ariko, ikarita yo gukwirakwiza ahantu yemeza ikwirakwizwa ry'ahantu mbonera ry'ibice byagaragajwe na EBK_SVMR (reba Ishusho ya 5). Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko icyerekezo cya vector machine regression (Ca Mg K-SVMR) gihanura igipimo cya Ni mu butaka nk'icyitegererezo kimwe, ariko ibipimo byo kwemeza no gusuzuma neza bigaragaza amakosa menshi cyane mu bijyanye na RMSE na MAE. Ku rundi ruhande, uburyo bwo gukora ibishushanyo mbonera bukoreshwa kuri icyerekezo cya EBK_MLR nabwo bufite inenge bitewe n'agaciro gato k'ikigereranyo cyo kumenya (R2). Ibisubizo byiza byabonetse hakoreshejwe EBK SVMR n'ibintu bivanze (CaKMg) hamwe n'amakosa make ya RMSE na MAE hamwe n'ubuziranenge bwa 63.7%. Byagaragaye ko guhuza EBK Algorithm ikoresheje algorithme yo kwiga imashini ishobora gukora algorithme y’uruvange ishobora guhanura ingano ya PTE mu butaka. Ibisubizo bigaragaza ko gukoresha Ca Mg K nk'ibipimo kugira ngo hamenyekane ingano ya Ni mu gace k’ubushakashatsi bishobora kunoza ihanurwa rya Ni mu butaka. Ibi bivuze ko ikoreshwa ry’ifumbire ishingiye kuri nikeli n’ihumana ry’ubutaka mu nganda n’inganda zikora ibyuma bifite umwihariko wo kongera ingano ya nikeli mu butaka. Ubu bushakashatsi bwagaragaje ko moderi ya EBK ishobora kugabanya urwego rw’amakosa no kunoza uburyo bwo gukwirakwiza ubutaka mu butaka bwo mu mijyi cyangwa mu nkengero z’umujyi. Muri rusange, turasaba gukoresha moderi ya EBK-SVMR kugira ngo dusuzume kandi duhanure PTE mu butaka; byongeye kandi, turasaba gukoresha EBK mu guhuza hakoreshejwe algorithme zitandukanye zo kwiga imashini. Ingano ya Ni yahanuwe hakoreshejwe ibintu nk'ibipimo; icyakora, gukoresha covariate nyinshi byanoza cyane imikorere y’imodeli, ishobora gufatwa nk’imbogamizi ku kazi kari gukorwa. Indi mbogamizi y’ubu bushakashatsi ni uko umubare w’amakuru ari 115. Kubwibyo, niba hatanzwe amakuru menshi, imikorere y’uburyo bwateguwe bwo guhuza bushobora kunozwa.
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