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He raruraru nui te parahanga oneone nā ngā mahi a te tangata. He rerekē te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā huānga paitini pea (PTE) i te nuinga o ngā tāone nui me ngā rohe tata-tāone. Nō reira, he uaua ki te matapae ā-wāhi i te nui o ngā PTE i roto i aua oneone. I tangohia mai i Frydek Mistek i te Czech Republic te katoa o ngā tauira 115. I whakatauhia ngā kukū konupūmā (Ca), konupora (Mg), pāhare pāporo (K) me te nikara (Ni) mā te whakamahi i te ine tukunga plasma hono-ā-ira. Ko te taurangi urupare ko Ni, ā, ko ngā matapae ko Ca, Mg, me K. Ko te matihiko hononga i waenga i te taurangi urupare me te taurangi matapae e whakaatu ana i te hononga pai i waenga i ngā huānga. I whakaatuhia e ngā hua matapae he pai te mahi a te Support Vector Machine Regression (SVMR), ahakoa he teitei ake te hapa tapawhā pūtake toharite (RMSE) (235.974 mg/kg) me te hapa tino toharite (MAE) (166.946 mg/kg) i ngā tikanga kē atu i whakamahia. Ko ngā tauira whakauru mō te Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK-MLR) he kino te mahi, e ai ki te taunakitanga. mā te iti iho i te 0.1 ngā tauwehenga whakatau. Ko te tauira Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine Regression (EBK-SVMR) te tauira pai rawa atu, me ngā uara RMSE iti (95.479 mg/kg) me te MAE (77.368 mg/kg) me te tauwehenga whakatau teitei (R2 = 0.637). Ka whakaatuhia te putanga tikanga whakatauira EBK-SVMR mā te whakamahi i tētahi mahere whakarite-ake. Ko ngā neurons kua whakarōpūhia i roto i te papa o te tauira ranu CakMg-EBK-SVMR e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira tae maha e tohu ana i ngā kukū Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone me te taha-tāone. E whakaatu ana ngā hua he tikanga whai hua te whakakotahi i te EBK me te SVMR mō te tohu i ngā kukū Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone me te taha-tāone.
E kiia ana te Nikara (Ni) he matūkai iti mō ngā tipu nā te mea ka whai wāhi ki te whakapūmau hauota (N) i te hau me te pākia o te urea, e rua ēnei e hiahiatia ana mō te whakatipu purapura. Haunga tōna whai wāhi ki te whakatipu purapura, ka taea e te Ni te mahi hei aukati harore me te huakita me te whakatairanga i te whanaketanga o ngā tipu. Mā te kore o te nikara i roto i te oneone ka taea e te tipu te mimiti, ka hua ake te chlorosis o ngā rau. Hei tauira, me whakamahi ngā maniua nikara ki ngā pīni kau me ngā pīni matomato hei whakapai ake i te whakapūmau hauota2. Mā te whakamahi tonu i ngā maniua nikara hei whakarei ake i te oneone me te whakanui ake i te kaha o ngā pīni ki te whakapūmau hauota i roto i te oneone ka piki tonu te kukū nikara i roto i te oneone. Ahakoa he matūkai iti te nikara mō ngā tipu, ko tōna nui rawa o te kai i roto i te oneone ka nui ake te kino i te pai. Ko te paitini o te nikara i roto i te oneone ka whakaiti i te pH o te oneone, ā, ka aukati i te mimiti o te rino hei matūkai nui mō te tipu o te tipu1. E ai ki a Liu3, kua kitea ko te Ni te 17 o ngā huānga nui e hiahiatia ana mō te whanaketanga me te tipu o te tipu. Haunga te mahi a te nikara i roto i te whanaketanga me te tipu o te tipu, e hiahiatia ana e te tangata mō ngā momo tono. Ko te whakakikorua hiko, te hanga i te nikara Ko ngā koranu, me te hanga i ngā taputapu mura me ngā mono mura i roto i te umanga motuka, me whakamahi katoa i te nikara i roto i ngā momo ahumahi. Hei tāpiri, kua whakamahia whānuitia ngā koranu e hangai ana ki te nikara me ngā taonga whakakikoruatia ki ngā taputapu kīhini, ngā taputapu whare pōro, ngā taonga umanga kai, te hiko, te waea me te taura, ngā tāpoi hau, ngā mea whakato pokanga, ngā kakahu, me te hanga kaipuke5. Ko ngā taumata whai rawa o te Ni i roto i ngā oneone (arā, ngā oneone mata) kua kīia he pūtake tangata me te pūtake taiao, engari ko te nuinga, he pūtake taiao te Ni kaua ki te pūtake tangata4,6. Ko ngā pūtake taiao o te nikara ko ngā pahūtanga puia, ngā tipu, ngā ahi ngahere, me ngā tukanga whenua; heoi, ko ngā pūtake tangata ko ngā pākahiko nikara/cadmium i roto i te umanga maitai, te whakakikoruatia ki te hiko, te whakarewa arc, te hinu diesel me te wahie, me ngā tukunga hau mai i te tahunga waro me te tahunga para me te paruTe kohikohi nikara7,8.E ai ki a Freedman me Hutchinson9 me Manyiwa et al. 10, ko ngā pūtake matua o te parahanga o te oneone o runga i te taiao tata me te taiao e tata ana ko ngā whare whakarewa me ngā maina e ahu mai ana i te nikara-parahi. Ko te oneone o runga i te whare hanga nikara-parahi o Sudbury i Kanata te mea i nui rawa te parahanga o te nikara, arā, 26,000 mg/kg11. He rerekē, ko te parahanga mai i te hanga nikara i Rūhia kua hua ake he nui ake te kukū nikara i roto i te oneone o Nōwei11. E ai ki a Alms et al. 12, ko te nui o te nikara tango-HNO3 i roto i te whenua ahuwhenua o te rohe (te whakaputa nikara i Rūhia) i waenga i te 6.25 ki te 136.88 mg/kg, e rite ana ki te toharite o te 30.43 mg/kg me te kukū turanga o te 25 mg/kg. E ai ki a kabata 11, ko te whakamahinga o ngā maniua whākawa ki roto i ngā oneone ahuwhenua i roto i ngā oneone tāone, i ngā oneone taha-tāone rānei i ngā wā hua ka taea te whakauru, te whakapoke rānei i te oneone. Ko ngā pānga pea o te nikara i roto i te tangata ka arahi pea ki te mate pukupuku mā te mutagenesis, te kino o te ira tangata, te whakaputa Z-DNA, te aukati i te whakatikanga tango DNA, ngā tukanga epigenetic rānei13. I roto i ngā whakamātautau kararehe, kua kitea he kaha te nikara ki te whakaputa i ngā momo pukupuku, ā, ko ngā matatini nikara carcinogenic ka taea te whakanui ake i aua pukupuku.
Kua tino puāwai ngā aromatawai poke oneone i ngā wā tata nei nā te whānuitanga o ngā take hauora e puta mai ana i ngā whanaungatanga oneone-tipu, ngā whanaungatanga koiora oneone me te oneone, te whakahekenga taiao, me te aromatawai pānga taiao. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, he mahi uaua, he roa hoki te matapae ā-wāhi mō ngā huānga paitini pea (PTE) pērā i te Ni i roto i te oneone mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tuku iho. Nā te taenga mai o te mahere oneone mamati (DSM) me tōna angitu o nāianei15 kua tino whakapai ake i te mahere oneone matapae (PSM). E ai ki a Minasny rāua ko McBratney16, kua whakamātauhia te mahere oneone matapae (DSM) hei wāhanga matua o te pūtaiao oneone. E whakamārama ana a Lagacherie rāua ko McBratney, 2006 i te DSM hei "te waihanga me te whakakī i ngā pūnaha mōhiohio oneone ā-wāhi mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga tirotiro ā-tūnga me te taiwhanga me ngā pūnaha whakatau oneone ā-wāhi me te kore-ā-wāhi".McBratney et al. E whakamārama ana te tuhinga 17 ko te DSM, te PSM rānei o nāianei, te tikanga tino whai hua mō te matapae, te mahere rānei i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā PTE, ngā momo oneone me ngā āhuatanga oneone. Ko ngā Pūnaha Geostatistics me te Ako Mīhini (MLA) he tikanga whakatauira DSM e hanga ana i ngā mahere matihiko mā te āwhina o ngā rorohiko mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga nui me ngā raraunga iti.
E whakamārama ana a Deutsch18 rāua ko Olea19 i te geostatistics hei "kohinga o ngā tikanga tau e pā ana ki te whakaaturanga o ngā āhuatanga ā-wāhi, e whakamahi ana i ngā tauira matapōkere, pērā i te āhua o te tātari raupapa wā e tohu ana i ngā raraunga ā-wā." Ko te tikanga matua, ko te geostatistics ko te aromatawai i ngā variograms, e āhei ai te Ine me te tautuhi i ngā whakawhirinakitanga o ngā uara ā-wāhi mai i ia huinga raraunga20. E whakaatu ana a Gumiaux et al. 20 ko te aromatawai o ngā variograms i roto i te geostatistics e ahu mai ana i ngā mātāpono e toru, tae atu ki (a) te tatau i te tauine o te hononga raraunga, (b) te tautuhi me te tatau i te anisotropy i roto i te rerekētanga huinga raraunga me te (c) hei tāpiri atu ki te. Haunga te whakaaro ki te hapa ā-roto o ngā raraunga ine i wehea mai i ngā pānga ā-rohe, ka whakatauhia hoki ngā pānga o te rohe. I runga i ēnei ariā, he maha ngā tikanga whakauru e whakamahia ana i roto i te geostatistics, tae atu ki te kriging whānui, te kriging tahi, te kriging noa, te kriging Bayesian empirical, te tikanga kriging māmā me ētahi atu tikanga whakauru rongonui hei mahere, hei matapae rānei i te PTE, ngā āhuatanga oneone, me ngā momo oneone.
He tikanga hou ngā Arorau Ako Mīhini (MLA) e whakamahi ana i ngā akomanga raraunga kore-raina nui ake, e whakakahangia ana e ngā arorau e whakamahia ana mō te keri raraunga, te tautuhi i ngā tauira i roto i ngā raraunga, ā, e whakamahia ana i ngā wā katoa ki te whakarōpūtanga i roto i ngā mara pūtaiao pēnei i te pūtaiao oneone me ngā mahi whakahoki. He maha ngā pepa rangahau e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā tauira MLA hei matapae i te PTE i roto i ngā oneone, pēnei i a Tan et al. 22 (ngā ngahere matapōkere mō te aromatawai konganuku taumaha i roto i ngā oneone ahuwhenua), Sakizadeh et al. 23 (te whakatauira mā te whakamahi i ngā mīhini tautoko vector me ngā whatunga io horihori) te parahanga oneone). Hei tāpiri, i whakamahia e Vega et al. 24 (CART mō te whakatauira i te pupuri me te mimiti konganuku taumaha i roto i te oneone) Sun et al. 25 (te tono o te cubist ko te tohatoha o te Cd i roto i te oneone) me ētahi atu arorau pēnei i te k-nearest neighbor, te generalized boosted regression, me te boosted regression. I whakamahia hoki e ngā Trees te MLA hei matapae i te PTE i roto i te oneone.
He maha ngā wero e pā ana ki te whakamahinga o ngā rauropi DSM i roto i te matapae, i te mahere rānei. He maha ngā kaituhi e whakapono ana he pai ake te MLA i ngā tatauranga whenua, ā, he pai ake anō hoki. Ahakoa he pai ake tētahi i tētahi, mā te whakakotahitanga o ngā mea e rua ka whakapai ake i te taumata o te tika o te mahere, o te matapae rānei i roto i te DSM15. Ko Woodcock rāua ko Gopal26 Finke27; ko Pontius rāua ko Cheuk28 me Grunwald29 e kōrero ana mō ngā ngoikoretanga me ētahi hapa i roto i te mahere oneone matapae. Kua whakamātauhia e ngā kaipūtaiao oneone ngā momo tikanga hei arotau i te whai huatanga, te tika, me te matapae o te mahere me te matapae DSM. Ko te whakakotahitanga o te koretake me te manatoko tētahi o ngā āhuatanga maha kua whakauruhia ki roto i te DSM hei arotau i te whai huatanga me te whakaiti i ngā hapa. Heoi, e whakamārama ana a Agyeman et al. 15 me whakamana motuhake te whanonga whakamana me te koretake i puta mai i te hanganga mahere me te matapae hei whakapai ake i te kounga o te mahere. Ko ngā herenga o te DSM nā te kounga oneone kua marara noa i te whenua, e uru ana ki tētahi wāhanga o te koretake; Heoi anō, ko te kore o te tino māramatanga i roto i te DSM ka puta mai i ngā pūtake hapa maha, arā, te hapa taurangi, te hapa tauira, te hapa tauwāhi, me te Hapa tātari 31. Ko ngā hapa whakatauira i puta i roto i te MLA me ngā tukanga geotatauranga e pā ana ki te kore māramatanga, ā, ka mutu, ka arahi ki te whakangawari rawa o te tukanga tūturu32. Ahakoa te āhua o te whakatauira, ka taea te kī ko ngā hapa he tawhā whakatauira, he matapae tauira pāngarau, he whakawhitiwhiti rānei33. Nō nā tata nei, kua puta he ia hou o te DSM e whakatairanga ana i te whakaurunga o te geotatauranga me te MLA ki te mahere me te matapae. He maha ngā kaipūtaiao oneone me ngā kaituhi, pērā i a Sergeev et al. 34; Subbotina et al. 35; Tarasov et al. 36 me Tarasov et al. 37 kua whakamahi i te kounga tika o te geotatauranga me te ako mīhini hei whakaputa tauira ranu e whakapai ake ana i te whai huatanga o te matapae me te mahere. kounga. Ko ētahi o ēnei tauira ranu, tauira whakakotahi rānei ko te Artificial Neural Network Kriging (ANN-RK), Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging (MLP-RK), Generalized Neural Network Residual Kriging (GR-NNRK)36, Artificial Neural Network Kriging-Multilayer Perceptron (ANN-K-MLP)37 me te Co-Kriging me te Gaussian Process Regression38.
E ai ki a Sergeev me ētahi atu, mā te whakakotahi i ngā tikanga whakatauira maha ka taea te whakakore i ngā hapa me te whakanui ake i te whai huatanga o te tauira ranu ka puta, kaua ki te whakawhanake i tana tauira kotahi. I roto i tēnei horopaki, e kī ana tēnei pepa hou he mea tika kia whakamahia he rauropi whakakotahi o te geostatistics me te MLA hei hanga tauira ranu tino pai hei matapae i te whakanui i te Ni i roto i ngā tāone nui me ngā rohe tata-tāone. Ka whakawhirinaki tēnei rangahau ki te Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) hei tauira turanga, ā, ka whakaranua ki ngā tauira Support Vector Machine (SVM) me te Multiple Linear Regression (MLR). Kāore i te mōhiotia te whakakotahitanga o te EBK me tētahi MLA. Ko ngā tauira whakauru maha e kitea ana he huinga o te kriging noa, toenga, regression, me te MLA. Ko te EBK he tikanga whakauru geostatistic e whakamahi ana i tētahi tukanga matapōkere ā-wāhi e nohoia ana hei mara matapōkere kore-tūturu/tūturu me ngā tawhā tauwāhi kua tautuhia i runga i te mara, e āhei ai te rerekētanga ā-wāhi39. Kua whakamahia te EBK i roto i ngā momo rangahau, tae atu ki te tātari i te tohatoha o te waro waro i roto i ngā oneone pāmu40, te aromatawai i te parahanga oneone41 me te mahere oneone. ngā āhuatanga42.
I tētahi atu taha, ko te Kauwhata Whakarite-Whaiaro (SeOM) he pūnaha ako kua whakamahia i roto i ngā tuhinga maha pērā i a Li et al. 43, Wang et al. 44, Hossain Bhuiyan et al. 45 me Kebonye et al.46 Te whakatau i ngā āhuatanga ā-wāhi me te whakarōpū i ngā huānga. E whakamārama ana a Wang et al. 44 ko te SeOM he tikanga ako kaha e mōhiotia ana mō tōna kaha ki te whakarōpū me te whakaaro i ngā raruraru kore-raina. He rerekē ki ētahi atu tikanga mōhio tauira pērā i te tātari wāhanga matua, te whakarōpūtanga pōuri, te whakarōpūtanga hierarchical, me te whakatau maha-paearu, he pai ake te SeOM ki te whakarite me te tautuhi i ngā tauira PTE. E ai ki a Wang et al. 44, ka taea e te SeOM te whakarōpū ā-wāhi i te tohatoha o ngā neuron e pā ana, me te whakarato i te whakaaturanga raraunga teitei-taumira. Ka whakaatuhia e SeOM ngā raraunga matapae Ni hei whiwhi i te tauira pai hei whakaahua i ngā hua mō te whakamaoritanga tika.
Ko te whāinga o tēnei pepa he whakaputa i tētahi tauira mahere pakari me te tika tino pai mō te matapae i te nui o te nikara i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone. E whakapae ana mātou ko te pono o te tauira whakauru e whakawhirinaki ana ki te awe o ētahi atu tauira e piri ana ki te tauira turanga. E whakaae ana mātou ki ngā wero e pā ana ki te DSM, ā, ahakoa kei te arohia ēnei wero i ngā taha maha, ko te whakakotahitanga o ngā ahunga whakamua i roto i ngā tatauranga whenua me ngā tauira MLA te āhua nei he piki haere; nō reira, ka ngana mātou ki te whakautu i ngā pātai rangahau ka puta pea he tauira whakauru. Heoi, he pehea te tika o te tauira ki te matapae i te huānga ūnga? Waihoki, he aha te taumata o te aromatawai whai huatanga i runga i te whakamana me te aromatawai tika? Nō reira, ko ngā whāinga motuhake o tēnei rangahau ko te (a) waihanga i tētahi tauira ranunga whakakotahi mō te SVMR, MLR rānei mā te whakamahi i te EBK hei tauira turanga, (b) whakatairite i ngā tauira hua (c) whakaaro i te tauira ranunga pai rawa atu mō te matapae i ngā kukū Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone, taha-tāone rānei, me te (d) te tono a SeOM ki te waihanga i tētahi mahere taumira teitei o te rerekētanga ā-wāhi nikara.
Kei te whakahaerehia te rangahau i roto i te Czech Republic, inā koa i te rohe o Frydek Mistek i te rohe o Moravia-Silesian (tirohia te Pikitia 1). He tino paripari te whenua o te rohe rangahau, ā, ko te nuinga o te wā he wāhanga o te rohe o Moravia-Silesian Beskidy, he wāhanga o te taha o waho o ngā Maunga Carpathian. Kei waenganui i te 49° 41′ 0′ N me te 18° 20′ 0′ E te rohe rangahau, ā, ko te teitei kei waenganui i te 225 me te 327 m; Heoi, ko te pūnaha whakarōpūtanga a Koppen mō te āhuarangi o te rohe e whakatauria ana ko Cfb = āhuarangi moana ngawari. He nui te ua ahakoa i ngā marama maroke. He paku rerekē ngā pāmahana puta noa i te tau i waenga i te −5 °C me te 24 °C, he onge te hekenga i raro i te −14 °C, i runga ake rānei i te 30 °C, ko te ua toharite ia tau kei waenga i te 685 me te 752 mm47. Ko te rohe rangahau e matapaetia ana o te rohe katoa he 1,208 kiromita tapawha, me te 39.38% o te whenua kua ngakia me te 49.36% o te kapi ngahere. I tētahi atu taha, ko te rohe i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau he tata ki te 889.8 kiromita tapawha. I roto me te taha o Ostrava, he tino kaha te umanga maitai me ngā mahi whakarewa. Ko ngā mira whakarewa, te umanga maitai e whakamahia ana te nikara ki roto i ngā maitai kore waikura (hei tauira, hei ātete ki te waikura o te hau) me ngā maitai koranu (ka whakanui ake te nikara i te kaha o te koranu me te pupuri tonu i tōna ngāwari me te pakari), me te ahuwhenua kaha pēnei i te tono tongi phosphate me te whakaputa kararehe he puna rangahau pea mō te nikara i roto i te rohe (hei tauira, te tāpiri nikara ki ngā reme hei whakanui ake i te tere tipu o ngā reme me ngā kau whāngai iti). Ko ētahi atu whakamahinga ahumahi o te nikara i roto i ngā wāhi rangahau ko tōna whakamahinga i roto i te whakakikorua hiko, tae atu ki te whakakikorua hiko i te nikara me ngā tukanga whakakikorua nikara kore-hiko. He ngāwari te wehewehe i ngā āhuatanga o te oneone mai i te tae o te oneone, te hanganga, me te ihirangi warowaihā. He reo ki te pai te kakano o te oneone, i ahu mai i te rauemi matua. He āhua colluvial, alluvial, aeolian rānei. Ko ētahi wāhi oneone he āhua kōwhaiwhai i te mata me te oneone o raro, he maha ngā wā he raima me te mā. Heoi, ko ngā cambisol me ngā stagnosol ngā momo oneone tino noa i te rohe48. Me ngā teitei mai i te 455.1 ki te 493.5 m, ko ngā cambisol te nuinga o te Czech Republic49.
Mahere rohe ako [I hangaia te mahere rohe ako mā te whakamahi i te ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, putanga 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
I tangohia mai i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone i te rohe o Frydek Mistek te katoa o ngā tauira oneone o runga, 115. Ko te tauira tauira i whakamahia he whatunga noa me ngā tauira oneone i wehea kia 2 × 2 km te tawhiti, ā, i inehia te oneone o runga i te hohonutanga o te 0 ki te 20 cm mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu GPS ringaringa (Leica Zeno 5 GPS). Ka tākaihia ngā tauira ki roto i ngā putea Ziploc, ka tohua tika, ā, ka tukuna ki te taiwhanga. I whakamaroketia ngā tauira ki te hau hei whakaputa i ngā tauira kua pakaru, i pakaru mā te pūnaha miihini (mira kōpae Fritsch), ā, ka tātarihia (rahi tātari 2 mm). Whakanohoia kia 1 karamu o ngā tauira oneone kua maroke, kua whakaranua, kua tātarihia ki roto i ngā pounamu teflon kua tohua mārama. I roto i ia oko Teflon, ringihia kia 7 ml o te 35% HCl me te 3 ml o te 65% HNO3 (mā te whakamahi i tētahi tohatoha aunoa - kotahi mō ia waikawa), taupokina mārire, ā, waiho kia tū ngā tauira mō te pō mō te tauhohenga (kaupapa aqua regia). Whakanohoia te wai i runga i te pereti whakarewa wera (mahana: 100 W me (160 °C) mō te 2 hāora hei whakahaere i te tukanga nakunaku o ngā tauira, kātahi ka whakamatao. Whakawhitihia te wai whakapūkara ki tētahi ipu rōrahi 50 ml ka whakaranua ki te 50 ml ki te wai whakakore iona. Whai muri i tēnā, tātarihia te wai whakapūkara kua whakaranua ki roto i tētahi ngongo PVC 50 ml me te wai whakakore iona. Hei tāpiri, i whakaranua te 1 ml o te otinga whakaranu ki te 9 ml o te wai whakakore iona, ā, i tātarihia ki roto i tētahi ngongo 12 ml kua whakaritea mō te kukū-pēnei PTE. I whakatauhia ngā kukū o ngā PTE (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Ca, Mg, K) mā te ICP-OES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy) (Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) e ai ki ngā tikanga paerewa me te whakaaetanga. Whakaritehia ngā tikanga Whakapūmau Kounga me te Mana Whakahaere (QA/QC) (SRM NIST 2711a Montana II Soil). I tangohia ngā PTE me ngā rohe kitenga i raro i te haurua i tēnei rangahau. Ko te rohe kitenga o te PTE i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau ko 0.0004.(koe). Hei tāpiri, ka whakapūmautia te tukanga whakahaere kounga me te whakapūmau kounga mō ia tātaritanga mā te tātari i ngā paerewa tohutoro. Hei whakarite kia whakaitihia ngā hapa, i whakahaerehia he tātaritanga takirua.
Ko te Empirical Bayesian Kriging (EBK) tētahi o ngā tikanga tātaritanga whenua maha e whakamahia ana i roto i te whakatauira i roto i ngā mara rerekē pēnei i te pūtaiao oneone. Kāore i rite ki ētahi atu tikanga tātaritanga kriging, he rerekē te EBK i ngā tikanga kriging tuku iho mā te whakaaro ki te hapa i whakatauhia e te tauira semivariogram. I roto i te tātaritanga EBK, he maha ngā tauira semivariogram ka tatauhia i te wā tātaritanga, kaua ki te semivariogram kotahi. Mā ngā tikanga tātaritanga ka wātea te koretake me te hōtaka e pā ana ki tēnei tuhi o te semivariogram e hanga ana i tētahi wāhanga tino uaua o tētahi tikanga kriging rawaka. Ko te tukanga tātaritanga o EBK e whai ana i ngā paearu e toru i whakatakotoria e Krivoruchko50, (a) ka whakatau te tauira i te semivariogram mai i te huinga raraunga whakauru (b) te uara matapae hou mō ia tauwāhi huinga raraunga whakauru i runga i te semivariogram i hangaia me te (c) ka tatauhia te tauira A whakamutunga mai i tētahi huinga raraunga whakaata. Ka hoatu te ture whārite Bayesian hei muri
Ko te \(Prob\left(A\right)\) e tohu ana i te tūponotanga o mua, ka warewarehia te tūponotanga taha \(Prob\left(B\right)\) i te nuinga o ngā wā, \(Prob (B,A)\). Ko te tataunga semivariogram e ahu mai ana i te ture a Bayes, e whakaatu ana i te āhua o ngā huinga raraunga tirotiro ka taea te hanga mai i ngā semivariogram. Kātahi ka whakatauhia te uara o te semivariogram mā te whakamahi i te ture a Bayes, e kī ana i te tūponotanga ki te hanga i tētahi huinga raraunga o ngā kitenga mai i te semivariogram.
Ko te mīhini tautoko vector he pūnaha ako mīhini e whakaputa ana i tētahi hyperplane wehewehe pai hei wehewehe i ngā akomanga ōrite engari kāore i te tū motuhake. I hangaia e Vapnik51 te pūnaha whakarōpūtanga whāinga, engari kua whakamahia tata nei hei whakaoti rapanga aro-whakamuri. E ai ki a Li et al.52, ko te SVM tētahi o ngā tikanga whakarōpū pai rawa atu, ā, kua whakamahia i roto i ngā mara maha. I whakamahia te wāhanga whakamuri o te SVM (Support Vector Machine Regression – SVMR) i roto i tēnei tātari. Nā Cherkassky rāua ko Mulier53 i tīmata te SVMR hei whakamuri e hangai ana ki te kernel, ko te tataunga i mahia mā te whakamahi i tētahi tauira whakamuri raina me ngā mahi ā-wāhi maha-whenua. E ai ki a John et al.54, e whakamahi ana te whakatauira SVMR i te whakamuri raina hyperplane, e hanga ana i ngā whanaungatanga kore-raina, ā, e āhei ai ngā mahi ā-wāhi. E ai ki a Vohland et al. 55, ka whakamahia e te epsilon (ε)-SVMR te huinga raraunga kua whakangungua hei tiki i tētahi tauira whakaaturanga hei mahi kore-epsilon e whakamahia ana hei mahere i ngā raraunga motuhake me te pānga epsilon pai rawa atu mai i te whakangungu i runga i ngā raraunga honohono. Ka warewarehia te hapa tawhiti kua whakaritea mai i te uara tūturu, ā, ki te nui ake te hapa i te ε(ε), ka whakatikatikahia e ngā āhuatanga oneone. Ka whakaitihia hoki e te tauira te uauatanga o ngā raraunga whakangungu ki tētahi huinga whānui o ngā whārite tautoko. Kei raro nei te whārite i whakaarohia e Vapnik51.
ko b te paepae tauine, ko \(K\left({x}_{,}{ x}_{k}\right)\) te mahi kernel, ko \(\alpha\) te whakarea Lagrange, ko N te huinga raraunga tau, ko \({x}_{k}\) te whakaurunga raraunga, ā, ko \(y\) te putanga raraunga. Ko tētahi o ngā kernel matua e whakamahia ana ko te mahi SVMR, he mahi pūtake radial Gaussian (RBF). Ka whakamahia te kernel RBF hei whakatau i te tauira SVMR tino pai, he mea nui hei whiwhi i te tauwehenga huinga whiu tino ngawari C me te tawhā kernel gamma (γ) mō ngā raraunga whakangungu PTE. Tuatahi, i arotakehia e mātou te huinga whakangungu, kātahi ka whakamatautauria te mahi tauira i runga i te huinga whakamana. Ko te tawhā urungi i whakamahia ko te sigma, ā, ko te uara tikanga ko te svmRadial.
Ko te tauira whakatauira rārangi maha (MLR) he tauira whakatauira e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i te taurangi urupare me te maha o ngā taurangi matapae mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā whakakotahi rārangi i tatauhia mā te whakamahi i te tikanga tapawhā iti rawa. I roto i te MLR, ko te tauira tapawhā iti rawa he mahi matapae o ngā āhuatanga oneone i muri i te kōwhiringa o ngā taurangi whakamārama. Me whakamahi te urupare hei whakatū i tētahi whanaungatanga rārangi mā te whakamahi i ngā taurangi whakamārama. I whakamahia te PTE hei taurangi urupare hei whakatū i tētahi whanaungatanga rārangi me ngā taurangi whakamārama. Ko te whārite MLR ko
ko y te taurangi urupare, ko \(a\) te taunga ārai, ko n te maha o ngā matapae, ko \({b}_{1}\) te taunga whakamuri ā-wāhanga o ngā taunga, ko \({x}_{ i}\) te tohu o tētahi matapae, o tētahi taurangi whakamārama rānei, ā, ko \({\varepsilon }_{i}\) te tohu o te hapa i roto i te tauira, e mōhiotia ana ko te toenga.
I whiwhihia ngā tauira whakauru mā te whakakotahi i te EBK ki te SVMR me te MLR. Ka mahia tēnei mā te tango i ngā uara matapae mai i te whakawhitinga EBK. Ko ngā uara matapae i whiwhihia mai i te Ca, K, me te Mg kua whakawhitingahia ka whiwhihia mā te tukanga whakakotahi hei whiwhi i ngā taurangi hou, pēnei i te CaK, CaMg, me te KMg. Kātahi ka whakakotahihia ngā huānga Ca, K me te Mg hei whiwhi i te taurangi tuawhā, ko CaKMg. I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā taurangi i whiwhihia ko Ca, K, Mg, CaK, CaMg, KMg me te CaKMg. I noho ēnei taurangi hei matapae mā mātou, hei āwhina i te matapae i ngā kukū nikara i roto i ngā oneone tāone me te taha-tāone. I whakahaerehia te rauropi SVMR ki ngā matapae hei whiwhi i te tauira whakauru Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM). Waihoki, ka tukuna hoki ngā taurangi mā te rauropi MLR hei whiwhi i te tauira whakauru Empirical Bayesian Kriging-Multiple Linear Regression (EBK_MLR). I te nuinga o te wā, ko ngā taurangi Ca, K, Mg, Ka whakamahia a CaK, CaMg, KMg, me CaKMg hei taurangi taurite hei matapae i te nui o te Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone. Kātahi ka whakaatuhia te tauira tino manakohia (EBK_SVM, EBK_MLR rānei) mā te whakamahi i tētahi kauwhata whakarite-ake. Kei te Pikitia 2 te tukanga mahi o tēnei rangahau.
Kua rongonui te whakamahi i te SeOM hei taputapu mō te whakarite, te aromatawai, me te matapae raraunga i roto i te rāngai pūtea, te hauora, te ahumahi, ngā tatauranga, te pūtaiao oneone, me ētahi atu. Ka hangaia te SeOM mā te whakamahi i ngā whatunga io horihori me ngā tikanga ako kore tirotiro mō te whakarite, te aromatawai, me te matapae. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i whakamahia te SeOM hei whakaatu i ngā kukū Ni i runga i te tauira pai rawa atu mō te matapae Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone me te taha-tāone. Ko ngā raraunga i tukatukahia i roto i te aromatawai SeOM ka whakamahia hei taurangi whārite-ahu-n43,56.Melssen et al. 57 te whakaahua i te hononga o tētahi whārite whakauru ki roto i tētahi whatunga io mā roto i tētahi paparanga whakauru kotahi ki tētahi whārite putanga me tētahi whārite taumaha kotahi. Ko te putanga i hangaia e SeOM he mahere rua-ahu kei roto ko ngā neuron rerekē, ko ngā pona rānei i whatua ki roto i ngā mahere topological hexagonal, porowhita, tapawhā rānei e ai ki tō rātou tata. Mā te whakatairite i ngā rahi mahere i runga i te ine, te hapa ine (QE) me te hapa topography (TE), ka tīpakohia te tauira SeOM me te 0.086 me te 0.904, ia, he waeine mahere 55 (5 × 11). Ka whakatauhia te hanganga neuron i runga i te maha o ngā pona i roto i te whārite empirical.
Ko te maha o ngā raraunga i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau he 115 ngā tauira. I whakamahia he huarahi matapōkere hei wehewehe i ngā raraunga ki ngā raraunga whakamātautau (25% mō te whakamana) me ngā huinga raraunga whakangungu (75% mō te whakatikatika). Ka whakamahia te huinga raraunga whakangungu hei whakaputa i te tauira whakatauira (whakatikatika), ā, ka whakamahia te huinga raraunga whakamātautau hei manatoko i te kaha whakawhanui58. I mahia tēnei hei aromatawai i te pai o ngā tauira rerekē mō te matapae i te ihirangi nikara i roto i ngā oneone. I haere ngā tauira katoa i whakamahia i roto i te tukanga whakamana-whakawhiti tekau-wā, e rima ngā wā i whakahokia. Ko ngā taurangi i hangaia e te whakawhitinga EBK ka whakamahia hei matapae, hei taurangi whakamārama rānei hei matapae i te taurangi ūnga (PTE). Ka whakahaerehia te whakatauira i roto i te RStudio mā te whakamahi i ngā kete whare pukapuka (Kohonen), whare pukapuka (caret), whare pukapuka (modelr), whare pukapuka ("e1071″), whare pukapuka ("plyr"), whare pukapuka ("caTools"), whare pukapuka ("prospectr") me ngā whare pukapuka ("Metrics").
I whakamahia ngā tawhā whakamana maha hei whakatau i te tauira pai rawa atu e tika ana mō te matapae i ngā kukū nikara i roto i te oneone, me te aromatawai i te tika o te tauira me tōna whakamana. I aromatawaihia ngā tauira whakaranu mā te whakamahi i te hapa tino toharite (MAE), te hapa tapawhā toharite pakiaka (RMSE), me te whakatau tauwehenga R-tapawhā, tauwehenga rānei (R2). Ka tautuhia e te R2 te rerekētanga o ngā ōwehenga i roto i te whakautu, e tohuhia ana e te tauira whakatau. Ko te RMSE me te rahi o te rerekētanga i roto i ngā inenga motuhake e whakaahua ana i te mana matapae o te tauira, ko te MAE ia e whakatau ana i te uara tauanga tuturu. Me teitei te uara R2 hei aromatawai i te tauira ranunga pai rawa atu mā te whakamahi i ngā tawhā whakamana, ko te tata atu o te uara ki te 1, ko te teitei ake o te tika. E ai ki a Li et al. 59, ko te uara paearu R2 o te 0.75, neke atu rānei, e kiia ana he matapae pai; mai i te 0.5 ki te 0.75 he mahi tauira e whakaaetia ana, ā, i raro iho i te 0.5 he mahi tauira e kore e whakaaetia. I te wā e whiriwhiri ana i tētahi tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga aromatawai paearu whakamana RMSE me te MAE, ko ngā uara iti i whiwhihia he rawaka, ā, i kiia ko te kōwhiringa pai rawa atu. Ko te whārite e whai ake nei e whakaahua ana i te tikanga manatoko.
ko te n te rahi o te uara i kitea\({Y}_{i}\) te tauhohenga i inehia, ā, ko te \({\widehat{Y}}_{i}\) hoki te uara tauhohenga i matapaetia, nō reira, mō ngā kitenga tuatahi i.
Kei te Ripanga 1 ngā whakaahuatanga tatauranga o ngā taurangi matapae me ngā taurangi urupare, e whakaatu ana i te toharite, te paerewa rerekētanga (SD), te tauwehenga rerekētanga (CV), te iti rawa, te mōrahi, te kurtosis, me te piko. Ko ngā uara iti rawa me te mōrahi o ngā huānga kei roto i te raupapa whakaheke o Mg < Ca < K < Ni me Ca < Mg < K < Ni, ia. Ko ngā kukū o te taurangi urupare (Ni) i tauirahia mai i te rohe rangahau i ahu mai i te 4.86 ki te 42.39 mg/kg. Ko te whakataurite i te Ni ki te toharite o te ao (29 mg/kg) me te toharite o Ūropi (37 mg/kg) i whakaatu ko te toharite ā-ira whānui mō te rohe rangahau kei roto i te awhe e taea ana te whakamanawanui. Heoi anō, e ai ki a Kabata-Pendias11, ko te whakataurite i te kukū nikara (Ni) toharite i roto i te rangahau o nāianei me ngā oneone ahuwhenua i Huitene e whakaatu ana he teitei ake te kukū nikara toharite o nāianei. Waihoki, ko te kukū toharite o Frydek Mistek i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone i roto i te rangahau o nāianei (Ni 16.15 mg/kg) he teitei ake i te rohe e whakaaetia ana. o te 60 (10.2 mg/kg) mō te Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone Pōrana i kōrerotia e Różański et al. I tua atu, i tuhia e Bretzel rāua ko Calderisi61 he tino iti te toharite o ngā kukū Ni (1.78 mg/kg) i roto i ngā oneone tāone i Tuscany ki te whakataurite ki te rangahau o nāianei. I kitea anō e Jim62 he iti ake te kukū nikara (12.34 mg/kg) i roto i ngā oneone tāone o Hong Kong, he iti iho i te kukū nikara o nāianei i roto i tēnei rangahau. I kōrero a Birke et al63 he toharite kukū Ni o te 17.6 mg/kg i roto i tētahi rohe maina tawhito me te ahumahi tāone i Saxony-Anhalt, Tiamana, he 1.45 mg/kg teitei ake i te toharite kukū Ni i roto i te rohe (16.15 mg/kg). Rangahau o nāianei. Ko te nui rawa o te ihirangi nikara i roto i ngā oneone i roto i ētahi rohe tāone me ngā tāone iti o te rohe rangahau ka taea te kī ko te umanga rino me te maitai me te ahumahi whakarewa. He rite tēnei ki te rangahau a Khodadoust et al. 64 ko te umanga rino me te mahi whakarewa ngā pūtake matua o te poke o te nikara i roto i te oneone. Heoi, i ahu mai ngā tohu i te 538.70 mg/kg ki te 69,161.80 mg/kg mō te Ca, 497.51 mg/kg ki te 3535.68 mg/kg mō te K, me te 685.68 mg/kg ki te 5970.05 mg/kg mō te Mg. Jakovljevic et al. I rangahauhia e 65 te tapeke o te ihirangi Mg me te K o ngā oneone i waenganui o Serbia. I kitea e rātou ko ngā tapeke kukū (410 mg/kg me 400 mg/kg, ia) he iti iho i ngā kukū Mg me te K o te rangahau o nāianei. Kāore i te kitea, i te rawhiti o Pōrana, i aromatawaihia e Orzechowski rāua ko Smolczynski66 te tapeke o te ihirangi Ca, Mg me te K, ā, i whakaatuhia he toharite kukū o te Ca (1100 mg/kg), Mg (590 mg/kg) me te K (810 mg/kg). He iti iho te ihirangi o te oneone mata i te huānga kotahi i roto i tēnei rangahau. I whakaatuhia e tētahi rangahau hou nā Pongrac et al. 67 ko te tapeke o te ihirangi Ca i tātarihia i roto i ngā oneone rerekē e 3 i Kōtirana, UK (oneone Mylnefield, oneone Balruddery me te oneone Hartwood) i tohu he nui ake te ihirangi Ca i roto i tēnei rangahau.
Nā te rerekētanga o ngā kukū i inehia o ngā huānga i tauirahia, he rerekē te piko o ngā tohatoha raraunga o ngā huānga. Ko te piko me te kurtosis o ngā huānga i waenga i te 1.53 ki te 7.24 me te 2.49 ki te 54.16. Ko ngā huānga katoa i tatauhia he piko me te kurtosis kei runga ake i te +1, e tohu ana he koretake te tohatoha raraunga, he piko ki te huarahi tika, ā, he tihi. E whakaatu ana hoki ngā CV whakatau tata o ngā huānga he rerekētanga ngawari te K, Mg, me Ni, engari he tino teitei te rerekētanga o Ca. Mā ngā CV o K, Ni me Mg e whakamārama tō rātou tohatoha ōrite. Hei tāpiri, kāore te tohatoha Ca i te ōrite, ā, ka pā pea ngā pūtake o waho ki tōna taumata whakarei ake.
Ko te hononga o ngā taurangi matapae me ngā huānga urupare i tohu i te hononga pai i waenga i ngā huānga (tirohia te Pikitia 3). I tohu te hononga he hononga taurite a CaK me te uara r = 0.53, pērā i a CaNi. Ahakoa he iti noa ngā hononga a Ca me K tetahi ki tetahi, ko ngā kairangahau pērā i a Kingston et al. E kī ana a 68 me Santo69 he rerekē te ōwehenga o ō rāua taumata i roto i te oneone. Heoi, he rerekē te Ca me te Mg ki te K, engari he pai te hononga o te CaK. Tērā pea nā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua pēnei i te pāhare pākawa waro, he 56% teitei ake te pāhare pākawa. He hononga taurite te pāhare pākawa ki te konupora (KM r = 0.63). I roto i te umanga maniua, he hononga tata ēnei huānga e rua nā te mea ka whakamahia te pāhare pākawa konupora whanariki, te pāhare pākawa konupora hauota, me te pāhare pākawa ki te oneone hei whakanui ake i ō rātou taumata ngoikore. He hononga taurite te nikara ki te Ca, K me te Mg me ngā uara r = 0.52, 0.63 me te 0.55, ia. He uaua ngā whanaungatanga e pā ana ki te konupūmā, te konupora, me ngā PTE pēnei i te nikara, engari ahakoa rā, ka aukati te konupora i te mimiti konupūmā, ka whakaitihia e te konupūmā ngā pānga o te konupora nui rawa, ā, ka whakaitihia e te konupora me te konupūmā ngā pānga paitini o te nikara i roto i te oneone.
He matihiko hononga mō ngā huānga e whakaatu ana i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā matapae me ngā urupare (Kia mahara: kei roto i tēnei pikitia he kauwhata marara i waenga i ngā huānga, ko ngā taumata hiranga e ahu mai ana i te p < 0,001).
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4 i te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā huānga. E ai ki a Burgos et al70, ko te whakamahinga o te tohatoha ā-wāhi he tikanga e whakamahia ana hei ine me te whakaatu i ngā wāhi wera i ngā wāhi poke. Ka kitea ngā taumata whakarei o te Ca i te Pikitia 4 i te taha raki-mā-uru o te mahere tohatoha ā-wāhi. E whakaatu ana te pikitia i ngā wāhi wera whakarei Ca waenga ki te teitei. Ko te whakarei o te konupūmā i te raki-mā-uru o te mahere he mea pea nā te whakamahinga o te raima tere (konupūmā waikura) hei whakaiti i te waikawa o te oneone me tōna whakamahinga i roto i ngā mira maitai hei hāora kawakore i roto i te tukanga hanga maitai. I tētahi atu taha, he pai ake ki ētahi atu kaimahi pāmu te whakamahi i te konupūmā hauwaiwai i roto i ngā oneone waikawa hei whakakore i te pH, e whakanui ana hoki i te ihirangi konupūmā o te oneone71. E whakaatu ana hoki te pāhare pākawa i ngā wāhi wera i te raki-mā-uru me te rawhiti o te mahere. He hapori ahuwhenua nui te Tai Tokerau-mā-uru, ā, ko te tauira ngawari ki te teitei o te pāhare pākawa pea nā ngā tono NPK me te pāhare pākawa. He rite tēnei ki ētahi atu rangahau, pērā i a Madaras me Lipavský72, Madaras et al.73, Pulkrabová et al.74, Asare et al.75, i kite i te pumau o te oneone me te Nā te maimoatanga ki te KCl me te NPK i hua ake ai te nui o te K i roto i te oneone. Ko te whakanui ake i te pāhare pāporo i te taha raki-mā-uru o te mahere tohatoha, tērā pea nā te whakamahinga o ngā maniua kei roto te pāhare pāporo pērā i te pāhare pāporo hauota, te pāhare pāporo whākawa, te pāhare pāporo hauota, te pāhare pāporo, me te pāhare pāporo hei whakanui ake i te nui o te pāhare pāporo i roto i ngā oneone rawakore. Zádorová et al. 76 me Tlustoš et al. 77 i whakamārama ko te tono o ngā maniua K-pūtake i whakanui ake i te ihirangi K i roto i te oneone, ā, ka nui ake te whakanui ake i te ihirangi matūkai o te oneone i te wā roa, inā koa ko te K me te Mg e whakaatu ana i te wāhi wera i roto i te oneone. Ko ngā wāhi wera āhua taurite i te raki-mā-uru o te mapi me te tonga-mā-rāwhiti o te mapi. Ko te piri o te colloidal i roto i te oneone ka whakaiti i te kukū o te konupora i roto i te oneone. Ko tōna korenga i roto i te oneone ka puta te kōwhai o te intervein chlorosis i roto i ngā tipu. Ko ngā maniua e hangai ana ki te konupora, pērā i te pāhare pāporo konupora whanariki, te konupora whanariki, me te Kieserite, ka rongoā i ngā ngoikoretanga (ka puta te papura, te whero, te parauri rānei o ngā tipu, e tohu ana i te korenga o te konupora) i roto i ngā oneone he awhe pH noa6. Ko te kohikohinga o te nikara ki runga i ngā mata oneone o te tāone me te taha-tāone ka puta pea i ngā mahi a te tangata pērā i te ahuwhenua me te hiranga o te nikara i roto i te hanga maitai kore waikura78.
Te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā huānga [i hangaia he mahere tohatoha ā-wāhi mā te whakamahi i te ArcGIS Desktop (ESRI, Inc, Putanga 10.7, URL: https://desktop.arcgis.com).]
Kei te Ripanga 2 ngā hua o te taupū mahi tauira mō ngā huānga i whakamahia i roto i tēnei rangahau. I tētahi atu taha, ko te RMSE me te MAE o te Ni e tata ana ki te kore (0.86 RMSE, -0.08 MAE). I tētahi atu taha, e whakaaetia ana ngā uara RMSE me te MAE o te K. He nui ake ngā hua RMSE me te MAE mō te konupūmā me te konupora. He nui ake ngā hua o te Ca me te K mō te MAE me te RMSE nā ngā huinga raraunga rerekē. I kitea he pai ake te RMSE me te MAE o tēnei rangahau e whakamahi ana i te EBK hei matapae i te Ni i ngā hua o John et al. 54 e whakamahi ana i te synergistic kriging hei matapae i ngā kukū S i roto i te oneone mā te whakamahi i ngā raraunga kua kohia. He hononga ngā putanga EBK i akohia e mātou ki ērā o Fabijaczyk et al. 41, Yan et al. 79, Beguin et al. 80, Adhikary et al. 81 me John et al. 82, inā koa ko te K me te Ni.
I aromatawaihia te mahi a ngā tikanga takitahi mō te matapae i te nui o te nikara i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone mā te whakamahi i te mahi a ngā tauira (Ripanga 3). Nā te whakamana me te aromatawai tika o te tauira i whakaū ko te matapae Ca_Mg_K i honoa ki te tauira EBK SVMR i hua ake te mahi pai rawa atu. Ko te tauira whakatikatika Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR tauira R2, te hapa pūtake toharite tapawhā (RMSE) me te hapa toharite tino (MAE) he 0.637 (R2), 95.479 mg/kg (RMSE) me te 77.368 mg/kg (MAE) Ca_Mg_K-SVMR he 0.663 (R2), 235.974 mg/kg (RMSE) me te 166.946 mg/kg (MAE). Ahakoa rā, i whiwhihia ngā uara R2 pai mō Ca_Mg_K-SVMR (0.663 mg/kg R2) me Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (0.643 = R2); He teitei ake ā rātou hua RMSE me MAE i ērā mō Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR (R2 0.637) (tirohia te Ripanga 3). Hei tāpiri, ko te RMSE me te MAE o te tauira Ca_Mg-EBK_SVMR (RMSE = 1664.64 me MAE = 1031.49) he 17.5 me te 13.4, ia, he nui ake i ērā o Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR. Waihoki, ko te RMSE me te MAE o te tauira Ca_Mg-K SVMR (RMSE = 235.974 me MAE = 166.946) he 2.5 me te 2.2 te nui ake i ērā o Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR RMSE me MAE. Ko ngā hua RMSE kua tatauhia e whakaatu ana i te kukū o te huinga raraunga me te rārangi pai rawa atu. I kitea te RSME me te MAE teitei ake. E ai ki a Kebonye et al. 46 me John et al. 54, ko te tata atu o te RMSE me te MAE ki te kore, ko te pai ake o ngā hua. He nui ake ngā uara RSME me te MAE kua inehia o SVMR me EBK_SVMR. I kitea ko ngā whakatau tata RSME he teitei ake i ngā uara MAE, e tohu ana i te aroaro o ngā mea o waho. E ai ki a Legates rāua ko McCabe83, ko te nui o te RMSE e hipa ake ana i te hapa tino toharite (MAE) e taunakitia ana hei tohu mō te aroaro o ngā mea o waho. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te nui ake o te rerekētanga o te huinga raraunga, ko te teitei ake o ngā uara MAE me te RMSE. Ko te tika o te aromatawai whakawhiti-manatoko o te tauira whakauru Ca_Mg_K-EBK_SVMR mō te matapae i te ihirangi Ni i roto i ngā oneone tāone me te tāone iti he 63.70%. E ai ki a Li et al. 59, ko tēnei taumata o te tika he reiti mahi tauira e whakaaetia ana. Ka whakaritea ngā hua o nāianei ki tētahi rangahau o mua nā Tarasov et al. 36 nā te tauira ranu i hanga te MLPRK (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), e pā ana ki te taupū aromatawai tika EBK_SVMR i pūrongohia i roto i te rangahau o nāianei, ko RMSE (210) me te MAE (167.5) he teitei ake i ā mātou hua i roto i te rangahau o nāianei (RMSE 95.479, MAE 77.368). Heoi, i te whakataurite i te R2 o te rangahau o nāianei (0.637) ki tā Tarasov et al. 36 (0.544), e mārama ana he teitei ake te tauwehenga whakatau (R2) i roto i tēnei tauira whakauru. Ko te tawhā hapa (RMSE me te MAE) (EBK SVMR) mō te tauira whakauru e rua ngā wā iti iho. Waihoki, i tuhia e Sergeev et al.34 te 0.28 (R2) mō te tauira ranu kua whakawhanakehia (Multilayer Perceptron Residual Kriging), ko Ni i roto i te rangahau o nāianei i tuhia te 0.637 (R2). Ko te taumata tika o te matapae o tēnei tauira (EBK SVMR) he 63.7%, ko te tika o te matapae i whiwhihia e Sergeev et al. 34 he 28%. Ko te mahere whakamutunga (Pikitia 5) i hangaia mā te whakamahi i te tauira EBK_SVMR me Ca_Mg_K hei matapae e whakaatu ana i ngā matapae o ngā wāhi wera me te nikara whakarara ki te nikara puta noa i te rohe rangahau katoa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te kukū o te nikara i roto i te rohe rangahau he whakarara te nuinga, me ngā kukū teitei ake i roto i ētahi rohe motuhake.
Ko te mahere matapae whakamutunga e whakaatuhia ana mā te whakamahi i te tauira ranu EBK_SVMR me te whakamahi i te Ca_Mg_K hei matapae. [I hangaia te mahere tohatoha ā-wāhi mā te whakamahi i te RStudio (putanga 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Kei te Whakaahua 6 ngā kukū PTE hei papa hanganga kei roto ko ngā neuron takitahi. Kāore tētahi o ngā papa wāhanga i whakaatu i te tauira tae ōrite e whakaaturia ana. Heoi, ko te maha tika o ngā neuron mō ia mahere kua tuhia ko te 55. Ka hangaia te SeOM mā te whakamahi i ngā momo tae, ā, ko te rite ake o ngā tauira tae, ko te ōrite ake o ngā āhuatanga o ngā tauira. E ai ki tā rātou tauine tae tika, i whakaatu ngā huānga takitahi (Ca, K, me te Mg) i ngā tauira tae ōrite ki ngā neuron kotahi teitei me te nuinga o ngā neuron iti. Nō reira, he rite tonu ngā CaK me te CaMg ki ngā neuron tino teitei me ngā tauira tae iti-ki-te-waenga. E matapae ana ngā tauira e rua i te kukū o te Ni i roto i te oneone mā te whakaatu i ngā tae reo-ki-te-teitei pērā i te whero, te karaka me te kōwhai. E whakaatu ana te tauira KMg i ngā tauira tae teitei maha i runga i ngā ōwehenga tika me ngā papa tae iti-ki-te-waenga. I runga i te tauine tae tika mai i te iti ki te teitei, i whakaatu te tauira tohatoha papatahi o ngā wāhanga o te tauira i tētahi tauira tae teitei e tohu ana i te kukū pea o te nikara i roto i te oneone (tirohia te Whakaahua 4). E whakaatu ana te papa wāhanga tauira CakMg i tētahi tauira tae kanorau mai i te iti ki te teitei i runga i te tae tika. tauine. Hei tāpiri, he rite te matapae a te tauira mō te ihirangi nikara (CakMg) ki te tohatoha ā-wāhi o te nikara e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5. E whakaatu ana ngā kauwhata e rua i ngā ōwehenga teitei, waenga me te iti o ngā kukū nikara i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 7 i te tikanga kōpiko i roto i te rōpū k-means i runga i te mapi, kua wehea kia toru ngā rōpū i runga i te uara matapae i roto i ia tauira. Ko te tikanga kōpiko te tohu i te maha pai o ngā rōpū. O ngā tauira oneone 115 i kohia, ko te kāwai 1 i whiwhi i te nuinga o ngā tauira oneone, 74. I whiwhi te rōpū 2 i te 33 tauira, ko te rōpū 3 i whiwhi i te 8 tauira. I whakangawarihia te huinga matapae papatahi e whitu-wāhanga kia taea ai te whakamaoritanga tika o ngā rōpū. Nā te maha o ngā tukanga anthropogenic me te taiao e pā ana ki te hanganga oneone, he uaua ki te wehewehe tika i ngā tauira rōpū i roto i te mapi SeOM tohatoha78.
Putanga o te papa wāhanga e ia taurangi Empirical Bayesian Kriging Support Vector Machine (EBK_SVM_SeOM). [I hangaia ngā mahere SeOM mā te whakamahi i te RStudio (putanga 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
Ngā wāhanga whakarōpūtanga rōpū rerekē [I hangaia ngā mahere SeOM mā te whakamahi i te RStudio (putanga 1.4.1717: https://www.rstudio.com/).]
E whakaatu mārama ana te rangahau o nāianei i ngā tikanga whakatauira mō ngā kukū nikara i roto i ngā oneone tāone me ngā oneone taha-tāone. I whakamātauhia e te rangahau ngā tikanga whakatauira rerekē, me te whakakotahi i ngā huānga me ngā tikanga whakatauira, kia whiwhi ai i te huarahi pai ki te matapae i ngā kukū nikara i roto i te oneone. Ko ngā āhuatanga ā-wāhi papatahi hanganga SeOM o te tikanga whakatauira i whakaatu i tētahi tauira tae teitei mai i te iti ki te teitei i runga i tētahi tauine tae tika, e tohu ana i ngā kukū Ni i roto i te oneone. Heoi, e whakaū ana te mahere tohatoha ā-wāhi i te tohatoha ā-wāhi papatahi o ngā wāhanga i whakaatuhia e EBK_SVMR (tirohia te Pikitia 5). E whakaatu ana ngā hua ko te tauira whakatauira mīhini tautoko vector (Ca Mg K-SVMR) e matapae ana i te kukū o te Ni i roto i te oneone hei tauira kotahi, engari ko ngā tawhā whakamana me te aromatawai tika e whakaatu ana i ngā hapa tino teitei i runga i te RMSE me te MAE. I tētahi atu taha, he hapa anō hoki te tikanga whakatauira i whakamahia me te tauira EBK_MLR nā te iti o te uara o te tauwehenga whakatau (R2). I whiwhi hua pai mā te whakamahi i te EBK SVMR me ngā huānga whakakotahi (CaKMg) me ngā hapa RMSE me te MAE iti me te tika o te 63.7%. I puta ko te whakakotahi i te raupaparorohiko EBK me tētahi raupaparorohiko ako mīhini ka taea te whakaputa i tētahi pūnaha ranu ka taea te matapae i te kukū o ngā PTE i roto i te oneone. E whakaatu ana ngā hua mā te whakamahi i te Ca Mg K hei matapae i ngā kukū Ni i roto i te rohe rangahau ka taea te whakapai ake i te matapae i te Ni i roto i ngā oneone. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ko te tono tonu o ngā maniua e ahu mai ana i te nikara me te parahanga ahumahi o te oneone e te umanga maitai he āhua ki te whakanui ake i te kukū o te nikara i roto i te oneone. I whakaatuhia e tēnei rangahau ka taea e te tauira EBK te whakaiti i te taumata o te hapa me te whakapai ake i te tika o te tauira o te tohatoha ā-wāhi oneone i roto i ngā oneone tāone, i ngā oneone taha-tāone rānei. I te nuinga o te wā, ka whakaaro mātou ki te whakamahi i te tauira EBK-SVMR hei aromatawai me te matapae i te PTE i roto i te oneone; hei tāpiri, ka whakaaro mātou ki te whakamahi i te EBK ki te ranu me ngā momo pūnaha ako mīhini. I matapaetia ngā kukū Ni mā te whakamahi i ngā huānga hei taurangi; heoi, mā te whakamahi i ngā taurangi maha atu ka tino whakapai ake i te mahi a te tauira, ka taea te kī he herenga o te mahi o nāianei. Ko tētahi atu herenga o tēnei rangahau ko te maha o ngā huinga raraunga he 115. Nō reira, ki te nui ake ngā raraunga e whakaratohia ana, ka taea te whakapai ake i te mahi a te tikanga ranu kua arotauhia.
PlantProbs.net.Nikira i roto i ngā Tipu me te Oneone https://plantprobs.net/plant/nutrientImbalances/sodium.html (I uru atu i te 28 o Paenga-whāwhā 2021).
Kasprzak, KS Nickel e ahu whakamua ana i roto i te pūtaiao paitini taiao hou.surroundings.toxicology.11, 145–183 (1987).
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