Ibyiza bishobora kuboneka mu gusobanukirwa urwego rumwe rw'imiterere y'ibinyampeke rugenzura imikorere y'icyuma kitagira umugese.Getty Images
Guhitamo ibyuma bitarangirika na aluminiyumu muri rusange bishingiye ku mbaraga, ubushobozi bwo kugenda, uburebure, no gukomera. Iyi miterere igaragaza uburyo ibyuma bikora iyo biremereye. Ni ikimenyetso cyiza cyo gucunga imbogamizi z'ibikoresho fatizo; ni ukuvuga uburyo bizagorama mbere yo kuvunika. Ibikoresho fatizo bigomba kuba bishobora kwihanganira inzira yo kubumba bitavunitse.
Gupima ubukana n'ubukana byangiza ni uburyo bwizewe kandi buhendutse bwo kumenya imiterere ya mekanike. Ariko, ibi bizamini ntibihora byizewe iyo ubunini bw'ibikoresho fatizo butangiye kugabanya ingano y'icyitegererezo cy'ikizamini. Gupima ubukana bw'ibikoresho by'icyuma birambuye biracyafite akamaro, ariko inyungu zishobora kuboneka urebye mu buryo bwimbitse urwego rumwe rw'imiterere y'ibinyampeke rugenzura imikorere yabyo ya mekanike.
Ibyuma bigizwe n'uruhererekane rwa kristu ntoya zitwa ibinyampeke. Bikwirakwizwa mu buryo butunguranye mu byuma. Atome z'ibintu bivangavanze, nka icyuma, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, karuboni, azote, fosifore na sulfur mu byuma bitarangirika bya austenitic, ni bimwe mu bigize ingano imwe. Izi atome zigize igisubizo gikomeye cya iyoni z'icyuma, zihurizwa mu ruziga rwa kristu binyuze muri electron zisangiye.
Imiterere y'imiti y'aluminiyumu igena imiterere y'atomu mu ngano ikunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bwa thermodynamic, izwi ku izina rya kristu. Ibice by'icyuma bingana birimo imiterere ya kristu isubiramo bigira ingano imwe cyangwa nyinshi zitwa phases. Imiterere ya mashini y'aluminiyumu ni imiterere ya kristu muri aluminiyumu. Ibyo ni kimwe no ku bunini n'imiterere y'utubuto twa buri cyiciro.
Abantu benshi bazi ibyiciro by'amazi. Iyo amazi y'amazi akonje, ahinduka urubura rukomeye. Ariko, iyo bigeze ku byuma, nta gice kimwe cy'ingenzi kibaho. Imiryango imwe n'imwe y'ibumba ry'amazi yitwa amazina yayo. Mu byuma bitagira umwanda, ibumba ry'i ...
Ibyo ni ko bigenda no ku mpande za titaniyumu. Izina rya buri tsinda ry’impande rigaragaza urwego rwazo rw’ingenzi mu bushyuhe bw’icyumba - alpha, beta cyangwa uruvange rwabyo byombi. Hari alpha, near-alpha, alpha-beta, beta na near-beta alloys.
Iyo icyuma gikonje, uduce duto tw’icyiciro gikundwa na thermodynamic tuzamanuka aho igitutu, ubushyuhe n’imiterere ya shimi byemerera. Ibi bikunze kubaho ahantu hahurira ibintu, nk’amakristale y’urubura ku buso bw’ikidendezi gishyushye ku munsi w’ubukonje. Iyo uduce duto tw’urutare duto, imiterere ya kristu ikura mu cyerekezo kimwe kugeza igihe uduce duto duhurira. Imbibi z’utubuto zikora aho uduce duto duhurira bitewe n’imiterere itandukanye y’utubuto twa kristu. Tekereza gushyira agace k’utubuto twa Rubik tw’ingano zitandukanye mu gasanduku. Buri tubuto dufite imiterere y’urusobe rw’amazi kare, ariko byose bizashyirwa mu cyerekezo gitandukanye. Imashini y’icyuma ikonje yuzuye igizwe n’uruhererekane rw’utubuto duto dusa n’aho duteye ku buryo butunguranye.
Igihe cyose ingano y’umubumbe ivutse, hari amahirwe yo kugira inenge mu murongo. Izi nenge ni ibice bibura by’imiterere ya kristu byitwa dislocations. Izi dislocations hamwe n’ingendo zabyo mu ngano no mu mbibi z’ingano ni ingenzi mu gutuma icyuma kidakora neza.
Igice cy’umugozi gishyirwamo, kigasigwa, kigasenywa kandi kigasigwa kugira ngo harebwe imiterere y’umugozi. Iyo bihuye kandi bingana, imiterere mito igaragara kuri mikorosikopi y’ijipo isa gato n’ishusho. Mu by’ukuri, imiterere y’umugozi ifite imiterere itatu, kandi igice cy’umugozi cya buri ngano kizatandukana bitewe n’icyerekezo cy’umugozi.
Iyo imiterere ya kristu yuzuyemo atome zayo zose, nta mwanya wo kugenda uretse kwaguka kw'imigozi ya atome.
Iyo ukuyemo igice cy'umurongo wa atome, uba uha amahirwe undi murongo wa atome yo kwinjira muri uwo mwanya, bigatuma ihinduka ry’ibintu rigenda neza. Iyo imbaraga zishyizwe ku gice cy’umurimo, ingendo z’ihinduka ry’ibintu mu miterere y’ibintu zituma rishobora kunama, kurambura cyangwa gukanda nta kuvunika cyangwa kuvunika.
Iyo imbaraga zikoze ku cyuma gikoze ku cyuma, sisitemu yongera ingufu. Iyo hongewemo ingufu zihagije kugira ngo pulasitiki ihinduke, imiterere y'urukuta irahinduka maze hagahinduka uduce dushya. Bisa n'aho byumvikana ko ibi byagombye kongera ubushobozi bwo kugenda, kuko bitanga umwanya munini bityo bigatuma habaho uburyo bwo kugenda cyane. Ariko, iyo uduce duhuye, dushobora gusana.
Uko umubare n'ubwinshi bw'ibice bihinduka birushaho kwiyongera, ibice byinshi bihinduka bifatanye, bigagabanya ubushobozi bwo guhindagurika. Amaherezo, ibice byinshi bihinduka bigaragara ku buryo gukora ubukonje bitagishoboka. Kubera ko ibice bihinduka bihinduka bidashobora kugenda, imigozi ya atome iri mu ruziga irakura kugeza igihe ivunitse cyangwa ivunitse. Iyi ni yo mpamvu ibyuma bikozwe mu cyuma bikora neza, kandi ni yo mpamvu hari aho icyuma gishobora kwihanganira guhindagurika kwa pulasitiki mbere yo gucika.
Ibinyampeke nabyo bigira uruhare runini mu gukurura. Gukurura ibikoresho byakozwe mu buryo bwa kijyambere bisubiza inyuma imiterere yabyo bityo bigasubiza ubushobozi bwo gukora neza. Mu gihe cyo gukurura, ibinyampeke bihinduka mu ntambwe eshatu:
Tekereza umuntu unyura mu modoka ya gari ya moshi yuzuye abantu. Abantu benshi bashobora gukandamizwa gusa iyo basize icyuho hagati y'imirongo, nk'aho bava mu nzira mu gitereko. Uko bagendaga, abantu bari inyuma yabo buzuzaga icyuho basize, mu gihe baremaga umwanya mushya imbere. Iyo bageze ku rundi ruhande rw'imodoka, imiterere y'abagenzi irahinduka. Iyo abantu benshi bagerageje kunyura icyarimwe, abagenzi bagerageza kubona umwanya wo kugenda bazagongana maze bagonge inkuta z'imodoka, bagafatana bose. Uko abantu benshi bava mu nzira, ni ko birushaho kubagora kugenda icyarimwe.
Ni ngombwa gusobanukirwa urwego ruto rw'ihinduka rikenewe kugira ngo habeho kongera guhindurwa. Ariko, niba icyuma kidafite ingufu zihagije zo guhinduka mbere yo gushyushya, kongera guhindurwa ntibizabaho kandi ibinyampeke bizakomeza gukura birenze ingano yabyo ya mbere.
Imiterere y'imashini ishobora guhindurwa hakoreshejwe kugenzura imikurire y'ibinyampeke. Umupaka w'ibinyampeke mu by'ukuri ni urukuta rw'ihindagurika ry'aho ibintu biherereye. Bibangamira ihinduka ry'ibintu.
Iyo umusaruro w’ibinyampeke ugabanijwe, umubare munini w’ibinyampeke bito uzatangwa. Izi mbuto nto zifatwa nk’izito cyane mu bijyanye n’imiterere y’ibinyampeke. Imbibi nyinshi z’ibinyampeke bivuze ko hari ukugabanuka kw’ihindagurika ry’ibinyampeke n’imbaraga nyinshi.
Iyo ibinyampeke bikura bitagabanijwe, imiterere y'ibinyampeke irushaho kuba ikomeye, ibinyampeke bikaba binini, imbibi zikaba nke, kandi imbaraga zikaba nke.
Ingano y'ibinyampeke ikunze kwitwa umubare utagira unit, hagati ya 5 na 15. Iki ni igipimo cy'ikigereranyo kandi gifitanye isano n'umurambararo mpuzandengo w'ibinyampeke. Uko umubare uba munini, niko ubunini burushaho kuba buto.
ASTM E112 igaragaza uburyo bwo gupima no gusuzuma ingano y'ingano. Bikubiyemo kubara ingano y'ingano mu gace runaka. Ibi bikorwa akenshi hakoreshejwe gukata igice cy'ibikoresho fatizo, kubisya no kubisukura, hanyuma ukabisya aside kugira ngo ugaragaze uduce duto. Kubara bikorwa hifashishijwe mikorosikopi, kandi ubwinshi bw'ingano butuma haboneka ingero zihagije z'ingano. Gutanga imibare y'ingano y'ingano ya ASTM bigaragaza urwego rukwiye rw'imiterere n'umurambararo w'ingano y'ingano. Ndetse bishobora no kuba byiza kugabanya ihindagurika ry'ingano y'ingano kugeza ku ngingo ebyiri cyangwa eshatu kugira ngo habeho imikorere ihamye ku gice cy'imirimo.
Mu gihe cyo gukomera kw'umurimo, imbaraga n'ubushobozi bwo gukora ibintu bihindagurika. Isano iri hagati y'ingano y'ingano ya ASTM n'imbaraga ikunda kuba nziza kandi ikomeye, muri rusange uburebure bufitanye isano ritandukanye n'ingano y'ingano ya ASTM. Ariko, kwiyongera cyane kw'ingano bishobora gutuma ibikoresho "bidakora neza" bitagikora neza.
Ingano y'ibinyampeke ikunze kwitwa umubare utagira unit, hagati ya 5 na 15. Iki ni igipimo cy'ikigereranyo kandi gifitanye isano n'umurambararo mpuzandengo w'ibinyampeke. Uko ingano y'ibinyampeke ya ASTM iba iri hejuru, niko ibinyampeke byinshi kuri buri gice.
Ingano y'ibinyampeke by'ibikoresho bipfundikiye iratandukana bitewe n'igihe, ubushyuhe n'umuvuduko wo gukonjesha. Gupfundikira ubusanzwe bikorwa hagati y'ubushyuhe bwo kongera gushyushya n'aho bishongesha by'icyuma. Ingano y'ubushyuhe isabwa ku gupfundikira kuri aloyi ya austenitic stainless steel 301 ni hagati ya dogere 1.900 na 2.050 Fahrenheit. Izatangira gushonga dogere 2.550 Fahrenheit. Mu buryo bunyuranye, titanium ya grade 1 ikoreshwa mu bucuruzi igomba gupfundikira kuri dogere 1.292 Fahrenheit hanyuma igashonga dogere 3.000 Fahrenheit.
Mu gihe cyo gukurura, inzira zo kugarura no kongera gukurura zihangana kugeza igihe imbuto zongeye gukurura zikoresha imbuto zose zangiritse. Igipimo cyo kongera gukurura kiratandukana bitewe n'ubushyuhe. Iyo kongera gukurura birangiye, gukura kw'ibinyampeke birafata umwanya. Igikoresho cya 301 cy'icyuma kitagira umugese gishyizwe ku bushyuhe bwa 1,900°F mu gihe cy'isaha imwe kizaba gifite imiterere myiza y'ibinyampeke kuruta icyo gice kimwe cyashyizwe ku bushyuhe bwa 2,000°F mu gihe kimwe.
Iyo ibikoresho bidafashe mu buryo bukwiye bwo gukurura igihe gihagije, imiterere ikomokaho ishobora kuba uruvange rw'ibinyampeke bishaje n'ibishya. Niba imiterere imwe y'icyuma ikenewe, inzira yo gukurura igomba kugamije kugera ku miterere imwe y'ibinyampeke. Ingano imwe bivuze ko ibinyampeke byose bifite ingano imwe, naho ingana bivuze ko bifite imiterere imwe.
Kugira ngo ubone imiterere imwe kandi ingana, buri gice cy’umurimo kigomba gushyirwa ku bushyuhe bungana mu gihe kingana kandi kigakonja ku kigero kimwe. Ibi si ko buri gihe byoroshye cyangwa birashoboka iyo ukoresheje uburyo bwo gukaraba, bityo ni ngombwa gutegereza nibura kugeza igihe igice cyose cy’umurimo cyuzuye ku bushyuhe bukwiye mbere yo kubara igihe cyo kuvoma. Igihe kirekire cyo kuvoma n’ubushyuhe bwinshi bizatuma imiterere y’ibinyampeke iba ikomeye/ibikoresho byoroshye kandi ibinyuranye n’ibyo.
Niba ingano n'imbaraga by'ingano bifitanye isano, kandi imbaraga zikaba zizwi, kuki wabarura ibinyampeke, sibyo? Ibipimo byose byangiza bifite itandukaniro. Gupima imbaraga, cyane cyane ku bunini buke, ahanini bishingiye ku itegurwa ry'icyitegererezo. Ibisubizo by'imbaraga z'imbaraga z'ingano zitagaragaza imiterere nyayo y'ibikoresho bishobora kwangirika imburagihe.
Niba imiterere idahuye mu gice cyose cy'umurimo, gufata icyitegererezo cy'igerageza cyangwa icyitegererezo ku ruhande rumwe bishobora kutagaragaza inkuru yose. Gutegura icyitegererezo no kugerageza nabyo bishobora gufata igihe. Ni ibizamini bingahe bishoboka ku cyuma runaka, kandi ni mu byerekezo bingahe bishoboka? Gusuzuma imiterere y'ingano ni ubwishingizi bw'inyongera ku bitunguranye.
Anisotropic, isotropic. Anisotropy yerekeza ku cyerekezo cy'imiterere ya mekanike. Uretse imbaraga, anisotropy ishobora kumvikana neza urebye imiterere y'ingano.
Imiterere y'ibinyampeke imwe kandi ingana igomba kuba isotropic, bivuze ko ifite imiterere imwe mu mpande zose. Isotropi ni ingenzi cyane mu gushushanya byimbitse aho gucengera ari ingenzi cyane. Iyo ahantu hashyizwemo ubusa hashyizwe mu ibumba, ibikoresho bya anisotropic ntibizatemba kimwe, bishobora gutera inenge yitwa earing. Impeta ibaho aho igice cyo hejuru cy'igikombe gikora ishusho y'umugozi. Gusuzuma imiterere y'ibinyampeke bishobora kugaragaza aho ibintu bihurira mu gikoresho kandi bigafasha kumenya impamvu nyamukuru.
Guteranya neza ni ingenzi cyane kugira ngo habeho isotropi, ariko ni ngombwa kandi gusobanukirwa ingano y’ihinduka mbere yo guteranya. Uko ibikoresho bigenda bihinduka mu buryo bwa pulasitiki, imbuto zitangira guhinduka. Mu gihe cyo guterura bikonje, bigahindura ubugari mu burebure, imbuto zizagenda ziyongera mu cyerekezo cyo guterura. Uko igipimo cy’ingano gihinduka, ni nako isotropi n’imiterere rusange ya mekanike bigenda. Mu gihe ibikoresho byangiritse cyane, icyerekezo kimwe gishobora kugumaho na nyuma yo guteranya. Ibi bivamo anisotropi. Ku bikoresho bikururwa mu buryo bwimbitse, rimwe na rimwe biba ngombwa kugabanya ingano y’ihinduka mbere yo guteranya burundu kugira ngo hirindwe kwangirika.
Igishishwa cy'umuhondo. Gutoragura si cyo kibazo cyonyine gikurura cyane gifitanye isano n'umuhondo. Igishishwa cy'umuhondo kibaho iyo ibikoresho fatizo bifite uduce duto cyane bikuruwe. Buri ngano ihinduka ukwayo kandi bitewe n'icyerekezo cyayo cya kristu. Itandukaniro mu guhinduka hagati y'ibishishwa byegeranye rituma habaho imiterere isa n'igishishwa cy'umuhondo. Imiterere ni imiterere y'ibishishwa igaragara hejuru y'urukuta rw'igikombe.
Kimwe n'amashusho ari kuri ecran ya televiziyo, afite imiterere myiza, itandukaniro riri hagati ya buri ngano ntirizagaragara cyane, bikongera ubushobozi bwo kureba neza. Kugaragaza imiterere ya mekanike byonyine bishobora kudahagije kugira ngo habeho ingano nziza ihagije kugira ngo hakumirwe ingaruka z'igishishwa cy'umuhondo. Iyo ihinduka ry'ingano y'igishishwa kiri munsi y'inshuro 10 z'umurambararo w'igishishwa, imiterere y'igishishwa kimwe izatera imyitwarire yo kurema. Ntibihindura imiterere ku bishishwa byinshi, ahubwo bigaragaza ingano n'icyerekezo byihariye bya buri ngano. Ibi bigaragarira ku ngaruka z'igishishwa cy'umuhondo ku nkuta z'ibikombe byakuruwe.
Ku ngano y'ingano ya ASTM ya 8, umurambararo w'ingano ni µ85. Ibi bivuze ko kugabanuka k'ubunini bwa santimetero 0.00885 cyangwa munsi yayo bishobora kugira ingaruka kuri iyi ngaruka ya microforming.
Nubwo uduce duto dushobora guteza ibibazo byo gushushanya cyane, rimwe na rimwe turasabwa gukoresha mu gushushanya. Gushyiraho sitampu ni inzira yo guhindura aho agace k'ubuso gashyirwamo ubusa kugira ngo gatange imiterere y'ubuso bwifuzwa, nk'igice cya kane cy'imiterere y'isura ya George Washington. Bitandukanye no gushushanya insinga, gushyiraho sitampu akenshi ntibisaba urujya n'uruza rw'ibikoresho byinshi, ahubwo bisaba imbaraga nyinshi, zishobora kwangiza ubuso bw'ubuso.
Kubera iyo mpamvu, kugabanya umuvuduko w’amazi unyuze mu gukoresha imiterere y’ibinyampeke bikomeye bishobora gufasha kugabanya imbaraga zisabwa kugira ngo zuzuze neza ibinyampeke. Ibi ni ukuri cyane cyane ku bijyanye no gupfundika ibinyampeke ku butaka, aho kwimuka kw’ibinyampeke ku butaka bishobora gutembera neza, aho kwirundanya ku mbibi z’ibinyampeke.
Ingengabihe ivugwa hano ni ibintu rusange bishobora kudakoreshwa ku bice runaka. Ariko, byagaragaje inyungu zo gupima no gupima ingano y'ibinyampeke by'ibikoresho fatizo mu gihe cyo gushushanya ibice bishya kugira ngo hirindwe inenge zisanzwe no kunoza ibipimo byo gushushanya.
Abakora imashini zitunganya ibyuma neza n'ibikorwa byo gushushanya ibyuma byimbitse ku byuma kugira ngo bikore ibice byabyo bazakorana neza n'abahanga mu by'ibyuma ku bikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga byabugenewe bishobora kubafasha kunoza ibikoresho kugeza ku rwego rw'ingano. Iyo impuguke mu by'ibyuma n'ubuhanga ku mpande zombi z'umubano zihujwe mu itsinda rimwe, bishobora kugira ingaruka nziza kandi bigatanga umusaruro mwiza.
STAMPING Journal ni cyo kinyamakuru cyonyine cy’inganda cyihaye intego yo guhaza ibyifuzo by’isoko ry’ibikoresho byo gusiga ibishushanyo by’ibyuma. Kuva mu 1989, iki kinyamakuru cyagiye kivuga ku ikoranabuhanga rigezweho, ibigezweho mu nganda, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora n’amakuru kugira ngo gifashe abanyamwuga mu gusiga ibishushanyo gukora ubucuruzi bwabo neza.
Ubu hamwe n'uburyo bwose bwo kubona igitabo cya The FABRICATOR gikoresha ikoranabuhanga, byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ikinyamakuru The Tube & Pipe Journal cyo kuri interineti ubu kiraboneka neza, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ishimire uburyo bwose bwo kubona STAMPING Journal yo mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, itanga iterambere rigezweho mu ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ndetse n'amakuru y'inganda ku isoko ry'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma.
Ubu dufite uburenganzira bwose bwo kubona igitabo cy’ikoranabuhanga cyitwa The Fabricator en Español, kandi byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by’agaciro by’inganda.