Mabhenefiti anogona kuwanikwa nekuwana ruzivo rwechikamu chimwe chete chechimiro chezviyo chinodzora mashandiro esimbi isingatsvi.Getty Images
Kusarudzwa kwesimbi isina ngura nearuminiyamu kunowanzo tarisa kusimba, ductility, elongation, uye kuomarara. Hunhu uhwu hunoratidza kuti mabhuroko esimbi anopindura sei kune zvinhu zvinoshandiswa. Izvi zvinoratidza zvinonetsa kugadzirisa zvipingamupinyi zvezvinhu zvakachekwa; ndiko kuti, kuti ichakotama zvakadii isati yatyoka. Zvinhu zvakachekwa zvinofanira kukwanisa kumira pakuumbwa pasina kutyoka.
Kuedza kudhonza nekuomarara kunoparadza inzira yakavimbika uye inodhura zvishoma yekuona hunhu hwemakanika. Zvisinei, bvunzo idzi hadzisi dzechokwadi nguva dzose kana ukobvu hwezvinhu zvakabikwa hwatanga kudzikamisa saizi yemuenzaniso wekuyedza. Kuedza kudhonza kwezvinhu zvesimbi zvakati sandara kuchiri kubatsira, asi mabhenefiti anogona kuwanikwa nekutarisa zvakadzama pane imwe nhanho yechimiro chetsanga chinodzora maitiro ayo emakanika.
Simbi dzinoumbwa nemakristaro madiki anonzi zviyo. Anoparadzirwa zvisina kurongeka musimbi yese. Maatomu ezvinhu zvinosanganisa alloying, akadai sesimbi, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, kabhoni, nitrogen, phosphorus nesarufa musimbi dzisina kusimba dze austenitic, chikamu chetsanga imwe chete. Maatomu aya anoumba mhinduro yakasimba yemaion esimbi, ayo anosunganidzwa mu crystal lattice kuburikidza nemaerekitironi avo akagovaniswa.
Kuumbwa kwemakemikari emusanganiswa uyu kunosarudza kurongeka kwemaatomu muzviyo, kunozivikanwa sechimiro chekristaro. Zvikamu zvakafanana zvesimbi zvine chimiro chekristaro chinodzokorora zvinoumba tsanga imwe kana kupfuura dzinonzi phases. Hunhu hwemusanganiswa wemusanganiswa hunoenderana nechimiro chekristaro musanganiswa. Izvi zvinoshandawo pahukuru nekurongeka kwetsanga dzechikamu chimwe nechimwe.
Vanhu vazhinji vanoziva matanho emvura. Kana mvura yemvura yaoma, inova chando chakasimba. Zvisinei, kana zvasvika kusimbi, hapana chikamu chimwe chete chakasimba. Mamwe marudzi emhando dzealloy anotumidzwa mazita awo. Pakati pesimbi dzisina ngura, austenitic 300 series alloys inonyanya kuve austenite kana yaiswa. Zvisinei, 400 series alloys ine ferrite mu430 stainless steel kana martensite mu410 uye 420 stainless steel alloys.
Izvi zvinoshandawo kune titanium alloys. Zita reboka rega rega re alloy rinoratidza chikamu charo chikuru patembiricha yemumba - alpha, beta kana musanganiswa wezvose zviri zviviri. Kune alpha, near-alpha, alpha-beta, beta uye near-beta alloys.
Kana simbi yemvura yaoma, zvidimbu zvakasimba zvechikamu chinodiwa ne thermodynamically zvinowira pazvinobvumira kumanikidzwa, tembiricha uye makemikari. Izvi zvinowanzoitika panzvimbo dzakasiyana, semakristaro echando pamusoro pedziva rinodziya pazuva rinotonhora. Kana zvidimbu zvaoma, chimiro chekristaro chinokura kune rumwe rutivi kusvika tsanga yasangana neimwe. Miganhu yetsanga inoumbwa panosangana ma lattices asina kuenzana nekuda kwemaonero akasiyana ezvimiro zvekristaro. Fungidzira kuisa boka rema cubes eRubik ehukuru hwakasiyana mubhokisi. Cube yega yega ine grid rakarongwa, asi ese acharongwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Chishandiso chesimbi chakasimba chose chine nhevedzano yetsanga dzinoita sedzakarongwa zvisina kurongeka.
Chero nguva iyo tsanga inoumbwa, pane mukana wekuti pave nekukanganisika kwemutsara. Kukanganisika uku kunenge kusina zvikamu zvechimiro chekristaro chinonzi dislocations. Kukanganisika uku uye kufamba kwadzo kunotevera mukati metsanga uye kuburikidza nemiganhu yetsanga zvakakosha pakuita kwesimbi.
Chikamu chebasa chinoiswa, chinokweshwa, chinokweshwa uye chinochekwa kuti chione chimiro chegorosi. Kana chakafanana uye chakaenzana, magadzirirwo madiki anoonekwa pamaikorosikopu anotaridzika sejigsaw puzzle. Muchokwadi, gorosi rine mativi matatu, uye chikamu chegorosi chimwe nechimwe chinosiyana zvichienderana nekwakatarisana nechikamu chebasa.
Kana chimiro chekristaro chazara nemaatomu acho ese, hapana nzvimbo yekufamba kunze kwekutambanudza mabhondi eatomu.
Kana ukabvisa hafu yemutsara wemaatomu, unogadzira mukana wekuti mumwe mutsara wemaatomu upinde munzvimbo iyoyo, zvichifambisa kukanganiswa kwechinhu chacho. Kana simba rikashandiswa pabasa, kufamba kwakabatana kwekudzikira kwechinhu chacho muchimiro che microstructure kunoita kuti chikwanise kukotama, kutambanudza kana kudzvanya pasina kutyoka kana kutyoka.
Kana simba rikashanda pasimbi, sisitimu inowedzera simba. Kana simba rakakwana rikawedzerwa kukonzera kushanduka kwepurasitiki, lattice inoshanduka uye kubuda kwemasero matsva kunoumbwa. Zvinoita sezvine musoro kuti izvi zvinofanira kuwedzera ductility, sezvo zvichisunungura nzvimbo yakawanda uye nokudaro zvichigadzira mukana wekufamba kwakawanda kwekushanduka kwemasero. Zvisinei, kana kubuda kwemasero kwakabatana, zvinogona kugadzirisana.
Sezvo huwandu uye huwandu hwema "dislocations" zvichiwedzera, ma "dislocations" akawanda anobatanidzwa pamwe chete, zvichideredza ductility. Pakupedzisira ma "dislocations" akawanda anoonekwa zvekuti kutonhora hakuchagoneki. Sezvo ma "pinning dislocations" aripo asingachakwanisi kufamba, ma "atomic bonds" ari mu "lattice" anotambanuka kusvika apwanyika kana kupwanyika. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nei ma "metal alloys" achishanda zvakasimba, uye nei paine muganho wehuwandu hwe "plastic deformation" iyo simbi inogona kutsungirira isati yapwanyika.
Tsanga ine basa rakakoshawo mukunamira. Kunamira chinhu chakaomeswa nekushanda kunowanzo gadzirisa chimiro che microstructure nekudaro kunodzoreredza kugona kwayo. Munguva yekunamira, tsanga dzinoshandurwa mumatanho matatu:
Fungidzira munhu achifamba nemota yechitima yakazara vanhu. Vanhu vazhinji vanogona kudzvanywa nekusiya mipata pakati pemitsara, sekunge kutsemuka mugedhi. Pavaifamba, vanhu vari shure kwavo vaizadza nzvimbo yavakasiya, ukuwo vachigadzira nzvimbo itsva pamberi. Kana vasvika kune rimwe divi remota, kurongeka kwevafambi kunochinja. Kana vanhu vakawanda vakaedza kupfuura panguva imwe chete, vafambi vanoedza kuwana nzvimbo yekufamba kwavo vanozosangana vorova madziro emota dzechitima, vachisunga munhu wese panzvimbo. Kutsemuka kwakawanda kunoonekwa, zvinovaomera kuti vafambe panguva imwe chete.
Zvakakosha kunzwisisa huwandu hushoma hwekushanduka hunodiwa kuti pave nekugadziriswazve kwecrystallization. Zvisinei, kana simbi isina simba rakakwana rekushanduka isati yadziiswa, kudzokororwazve kwecrystallization hakuzoitiki uye tsanga dzichangoramba dzichikura kupfuura saizi yadzo yepakutanga.
Hunhu hwemakanika hunogona kugadziriswa nekudzora kukura kwezviyo. Muganhu wezviyo madziro ekubviswa kwenzvimbo. Zvinotadzisa kufamba.
Kana kukura kwezviyo kwakaganhurirwa, huwandu hwakawanda hwezviyo zvidiki huchagadzirwa. Zviyo zvidiki izvi zvinoonekwa sezvitete kana tichitarisa chimiro chezviyo. Miganhu yakawanda yezviyo zvinoreva kusafamba zvakanaka uye simba rakawanda.
Kana kukura kwezviyo kusina kuganhurirwa, chimiro chezviyo chinova chakakombama, zviyo zvinokura, miganhu inoderera, uye simba rinoderera.
Saizi yetsanga inowanzonzi nhamba isina unit, iri pakati pe5 ne15. Iyi irelation ratio uye ine chekuita neavhareji yedhayamita yetsanga. Nhamba yacho yakakura, uye granularity yacho inowedzerawo.
ASTM E112 inotsanangura nzira dzekuyera nekuongorora saizi yetsanga. Izvi zvinosanganisira kuverenga huwandu hwetsanga munzvimbo yakatarwa. Izvi zvinowanzoitwa nekucheka chikamu chechinhu chisina kugadzirwa, kuchikuya nekuchipukuta, wozochicheka neasidhi kuti zvionekwe. Kuverenga kunoitwa pasi pemaikorosikopu, uye kukwidziridza kunobvumira kutora sampuli yakakwana yetsanga. Kupa nhamba dzesaizi yetsanga yeASTM kunoratidza mwero wakakodzera wekufanana muchimiro chetsanga nedhayamita. Zvingave zvakanaka kudzikamisa musiyano wesaizi yetsanga kusvika pamapoinzi maviri kana matatu kuti uve nechokwadi chekuti mashandiro anowirirana pabasa rese.
Kana basa richioma, simba uye ductility zvine hukama hwakasiyana. Hukama huripo pakati pehukuru hweASTM nehukuru hwezviyo hunowanzova hwakanaka uye hwakasimba, kazhinji kureba kwakabatana nehukuru hwezviyo zveASTM. Zvisinei, kukura zvakanyanya kwezviyo kunogona kukonzera kuti zvinhu "zvakapfava" zvisashande zvakanaka.
Saizi yezviyo inowanzonzi nhamba isina unitless, iri pakati pe5 ne15. Iyi irelation ratio uye ine chekuita neavhareji yedhayamita yezviyo. Kana kukosha kwehukuru hwezviyo zveASTM kwakakwira, huwandu hwezviyo pachikamu chimwe nechimwe hunowedzera.
Hukuru hwetsanga yezvinhu zvakanyungudutswa hunosiyana nenguva, tembiricha uye mwero wekutonhodza. Kunyungudutswa kunowanzoitwa pakati petembiricha yekudzokororazve uye pokunyunguduka kwealloy. Tembiricha inokurudzirwa yeannealing yeaustenitic stainless steel alloy 301 iri pakati pe1,900 ne2,050 degrees Fahrenheit. Inotanga kunyunguduka inosvika 2,550 degrees Fahrenheit. Kusiyana neizvi, titanium yegiredhi 1 yakachena inotengeswa inofanira kunyungudutswa pa1,292 degrees Fahrenheit uye kunyunguduka inosvika 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Panguva yekunamira, maitiro ekudzoreredza uye ekugadzirazve anokwikwidzana kusvika tsanga dzakagadziriswazve dzadya tsanga dzese dzakakanganisika. Mwero wekugadzirazvezve unosiyana zvichienderana nekupisa. Kana kugadzikazve kwapera, kukura kwetsanga kunotanga. Chishandiso chesimbi chisina ngura che301 chakanamirwa pa1,900°F kweawa imwe chete chichava nechimiro chetsanga chakanaka kupfuura chishandiso chimwe chete chakanamirwa pa2,000°F kwenguva imwe chete.
Kana chinhu chacho chisina kuchengetwa munzvimbo yakakodzera yekunamira kwenguva yakareba, chimiro chinobuda chinogona kunge chiri musanganiswa wezviyo zvekare nezvitsva. Kana hunhu hwakaenzana huchidikanwa mukati mesimbi yese, maitiro ekunamira anofanira kunangana nekugadzira chimiro chezviyo zvakaenzana. Chimiro chakafanana chinoreva kuti zviyo zvese zvine saizi yakaenzana, uye chimiro chakaenzana chinoreva kuti zvine chimiro chakafanana.
Kuti pave nechimiro chakaenzana uye chakaenzana, workpiece yega yega inofanira kuiswa pakupisa kwakafanana kwenguva imwe chete uye inofanira kutonhora nekukurumidza kwakafanana. Izvi hazvisi nyore nguva dzose kana zvichibvira ne batch annealing, saka zvakakosha kumirira kusvika workpiece yese yazara patembiricha yakakodzera usati waverenga nguva yekunyikwa. Nguva refu yekunyikwa uye tembiricha yakakwira zvichaita kuti grind structure yacho ive yakaoma/yakapfava uye zvinopesana.
Kana saizi yetsanga nesimba rayo zvakabatana, uye simba rayo richizivikanwa, sei tichiverenga tsanga, handiti? Miedzo yese inoparadza ine musiyano. Kuyedzwa kwetsanga, kunyanya pakukora kwakaderera, kunonyanya kutsamira pakugadzirira kwemuenzaniso. Mhedzisiro yesimba retsanga isingamiriri hunhu hwezvinhu chaiyo inogona kutadza kushanda zvakanaka nguva isati yakwana.
Kana zvinhu zvacho zvisina kufanana mukati mebasa, kutora muenzaniso wekuyera kana muenzaniso kubva kune rimwe divi kunogona kusataura nyaya yacho yese. Kugadzirira nekuyedza muenzaniso kunogonawo kutora nguva. Ndeapi miedzo inogoneka yesimbi yakapihwa, uye inogoneka munzira dzipi? Kuongorora chimiro chegorosi ivimbiso yekuwedzera kubva pakushamisika.
Anisotropic, isotropic. Anisotropy inoreva kutungamira kwehunhu hwemakanika. Pamusoro pekusimba, anisotropy inogona kunzwisiswa zviri nani nekuongorora chimiro chezviyo.
Chimiro chezviyo chakafanana uye chakaenzana chinofanira kunge chiri isotropic, zvinoreva kuti chine hunhu hwakafanana kumativi ese. Isotropy inonyanya kukosha mukuita kwakadzika kwekudhirowa uko kuzara kwakakosha. Kana gomba rikadhonzwa muchiumbwa, zvinhu zve anisotropic hazvizoyerera zvakaenzana, izvo zvinogona kutungamira kune chikanganiso chinonzi earing. Mhete inoitika apo chikamu chepamusoro chekapu chinoumba chimiro chakafanana. Kuongorora chimiro chezviyo kunogona kuratidza nzvimbo yekusawirirana muchigadzirwa chebasa uye kubatsira kuona chikonzero chikuru.
Kunyudza kwakakodzera kwakakosha kuti pave ne isotropy, asi zvakakoshawo kunzwisisa huwandu hwekunyudza usati wanyudza. Sezvo zvinhu zvichichinja kuita plastic, tsanga dzinotanga kunyudza. Kana uchinyudza uchitonhora, uchichinja ukobvu kuita hurefu, tsanga dzichareba munzira yekunyudza. Sezvo chiyero chezviyo chichichinja, ndizvo zvinoitawo isotropy uye hunhu hwese hwemakanika. Kana zvinhu zvakanyudza zvakanyanya, kumwe kutenderera kunogona kuchengetwa kunyangwe mushure mekunyudza. Izvi zvinoguma ne anisotropy. Kune zvinhu zvakadhonzwa zvakadzika, dzimwe nguva zvinodikanwa kuderedza huwandu hwekunyudza usati wanyudza pakupedzisira kudzivirira kusakara.
ganda reorenji. Kutora harisi iro roga dambudziko rekudhonza zvakadzama rinokonzerwa nekufa. ganda reorenji rinoitika kana zvinhu zvisina kugadzirwa zvine zvidimbu zvakakora zvakanyanya zvikatorwa. Tsanga yega yega inoshanduka yoga uye nekuda kwekutarisa kwayo kwekristaro. Musiyano wekushanduka pakati petsanga dziri pedyo unoguma nechimiro chakafanana neganda reorenji. Hunhu chimiro chegranular chinoratidzwa pamusoro pemadziro ekapu.
Kungofanana nemapikiseli ari paTV screen, ane chimiro chakatsetseka, musiyano uripo pakati petsanga yega yega hauzoonekwe zvakanyanya, zvichiwedzera resolution. Kutsanangura hunhu hwemakanika chete kungasave kwakakwana kuve nechokwadi chekuti tsanga yakatsetseka yakakwana kudzivirira mhedzisiro yemaganda eorenji. Kana musiyano wedhigirii rebasa uri pasi pegumi redhayamita yemaganda, hunhu hwetsanga yega yega huchakurudzira maitiro ekuumba. Haikanganisike zvakaenzana pamusoro petsanga dzakawanda, asi inoratidza saizi chaiyo uye kurongeka kwetsanga yega yega. Izvi zvinogona kuonekwa kubva pamhedzisiro yemaganda eorenji pamadziro emakapu akadhonzwa.
Kune ASTM grain size ye8, avhareji ye grain dhayamita i885 µin. Izvi zvinoreva kuti chero kuderedzwa kweukobvu hwe 0.00885 inches kana pasi kunogona kukanganiswa ne microforming effect iyi.
Kunyange zvazvo tsanga dzakakora dzichigona kukonzera matambudziko ekudhirowa zvakadzama, dzimwe nguva dzinokurudzirwa kuti dzidhindwe. Kudhirowa inzira yekuchinja-chinja iyo gomba risina chinhu rinodzvinyirirwa kuti ripe chimiro chaunoda pamusoro, senge chikamu chimwe muzvina chezvimiro zvechiso zvaGeorge Washington. Kusiyana nekudhirowa kwewaya, kudhirowa hakuwanzo sanganisira kuyerera kwakawanda kwezvinhu, asi kunoda simba rakawanda, izvo zvinogona kungokanganisa pamusoro pegomba.
Nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, kuderedza kushushikana kwekuyerera kwemvura pamusoro nekushandisa chimiro chezviyo chakakora kunogona kubatsira kuderedza simba rinodiwa kuti mold izare zvakanaka. Izvi zvinonyanya kuitika pakudhindwa kwemvura isina chinhu, uko kupatsanurwa kwezviyo pamusoro pemvura kunogona kuyerera zvakasununguka, pane kuungana pamiganhu yezviyo.
Mafambiro ari kukurukurwa pano ndeekungotaura zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvingasashanda kuzvikamu zvakati. Zvisinei, vakaratidza mabhenefiti ekuyera nekuenzanisa saizi yetsanga yezvinhu zvakabikwa pakugadzira zvikamu zvitsva kudzivirira zvikanganiso zvakajairika uye kugadzirisa maparamita ekuumba.
Vagadziri vemichina yekudhirowa simbi nemazvo uye mabasa ekudhirowa akadzika pasimbi kuti vagadzire zvikamu zvavo vachashanda zvakanaka nenyanzvi dzesimbi dzine michina yekudhirowa ine hunyanzvi hwehunyanzvi iyo inogona kuvabatsira kugadzirisa zvinhu kusvika padanho regorosi. Kana nyanzvi dzesimbi nedzeinjiniya kumativi ese ehukama dzakabatanidzwa muchikwata chimwe chete, zvinogona kuva nemhedzisiro inochinja uye kuburitsa mhedzisiro yakanaka.
STAMPING Journal ndiyo yega magazini yeindasitiri yakatsaurirwa kuzadzisa zvinodiwa nemusika wesimbi. Kubva muna 1989, bhuku iri rave richinyora matekinoroji epamusoro-soro, mafambiro eindasitiri, maitiro akanakisa uye nhau dzekubatsira nyanzvi dzesimbi kuti dzifambise mabhizinesi avo zvinobudirira.
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