Phindu lingapezeke pozindikira gawo limodzi lamagulu ambewu omwe amawongolera machitidwe amakanika achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri.Getty Images
Kusankhidwa kwa zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi aluminiyamu nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupi ndi mphamvu, ductility, elongation, ndi hardness.Zinthuzi zimasonyeza momwe zitsulo zomangira zitsulo zimayankhira katundu wogwiritsidwa ntchito.Iwo ndi chisonyezero chogwira ntchito choyang'anira zovuta zakuthupi; ndiko kuti, zingapindire zingati asanaswe.The zopangira ayenera kupirira akamaumba popanda kusweka.
Kuyesa kowononga ndi kuuma kwake ndi njira yodalirika, yotsika mtengo yodziwira zinthu zamakina.Komabe, mayesowa sakhala odalirika nthawi zonse pamene makulidwe azinthu zopangira ayamba kuchepetsa kukula kwa mayeso.Kuyesa kwazitsulo zazitsulo zosalala kumakhalabe kothandiza, koma phindu lingapezeke poyang'ana mozama gawo limodzi la mbewu zomwe zimayendetsa machitidwe ake amakina.
Zitsulo amapangidwa ndi mndandanda wa makhiristo microscopic wotchedwa grains.They mosintha anagawira mu zitsulo.Maatomu a alloying zinthu, monga chitsulo, chromium, faifi tambala, manganese, pakachitsulo, carbon, nayitrogeni, phosphorous ndi sulfure mu austenitic zosapanga dzimbiri zitsulo, ndi mbali ya njere imodzi. latisi kudzera mu ma elekitironi omwe amagawana nawo.
Mapangidwe a mankhwala a alloy amatsimikizira makonzedwe a thermodynamically a ma atomu mumbewu, omwe amadziwika kuti crystal structure.Magawo osakanikirana a chitsulo omwe ali ndi mawonekedwe a kristalo obwerezabwereza amapanga njere imodzi kapena zingapo zomwe zimatchedwa phases.
Anthu ambiri amadziwa bwino magawo a madzi. Madzi amadzimadzi akamaundana, amakhala oundana olimba.Komabe, pankhani ya zitsulo, palibe gawo limodzi lolimba.Mabanja ena a alloy amatchulidwa pambuyo pa magawo awo.Pakati pazitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, austenitic 300 mndandanda wa alloys amapangidwa makamaka ndi austenite pamene annealed 00mndandanda wa 300 ferrite, zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri kapena martensite mu 410 ndi 420 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
Zomwezo zimapitanso ku titaniyamu alloys.Dzina la gulu lililonse la alloy limasonyeza gawo lawo lalikulu kutentha kwa chipinda - alpha, beta kapena kusakaniza kwa zonsezi.Pali alpha, pafupi-alpha, alpha-beta, beta ndi pafupi-beta alloys.
Pamene zitsulo zamadzimadzi zimalimba, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta gawo lokondedwa la thermodynamically zidzathamanga kumene kupanikizika, kutentha ndi mankhwala zimaloledwa. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika pamakina, monga makristasi a ayezi pamwamba pa dziwe lotentha pa tsiku lozizira. Zomangamanga.Tangoganizani kuika mulu wa ma cubes a Rubik a kukula kosiyana mu bokosi.Kyubu iliyonse ili ndi makonzedwe a gridi ya square, koma onse adzakonzedwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
Nthawi iliyonse yomwe njere imapangidwira, pali kuthekera kwa zolakwika za mzere.Zowonongeka izi zikusowa mbali za kristalo zomwe zimatchedwa dislocation.
Chigawo chamtanda cha workpiece chimakwera, chopukutidwa, chopukutidwa ndi chokhazikika kuti chiwone mawonekedwe a tirigu.Pamene yunifolomu ndi equiaxed, ma microstructures omwe amawonedwa pa microscope ya kuwala amawoneka ngati chithunzithunzi.
Pamene mawonekedwe a kristalo adzazidwa ndi maatomu ake onse, palibe malo osuntha kupatula kutambasula kwa ma atomu.
Mukachotsa theka la mzere wa ma atomu, mumapanga mwayi wa mzere wina wa ma atomu kuti alowe mu malo omwewo, mogwira mtima kusuntha dislocation.Pamene mphamvu ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ku workpiece, kusuntha kophatikizana kwa ma dislocations mu microstructure kumapangitsa kuti ikhale yokhotakhota, kutambasula kapena compress popanda kuswa kapena kuswa.
Pamene mphamvu ikugwira ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo, dongosololi limawonjezera mphamvu.Ngati mphamvu yokwanira ikuwonjezeredwa kuti iwononge pulasitiki, lattice imasintha ndi mawonekedwe atsopano a dislocations.Zikuwoneka zomveka kuti izi ziyenera kuonjezera ductility, chifukwa zimamasula malo ambiri ndipo motero zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuyenda.
Pamene chiwerengero ndi ndende ya dislocation zikuchulukirachulukira, zambiri dislocations kulumikizidwa palimodzi, kuchepetsa ductility.Pamapeto pake ambiri dislocations kuoneka kuti ozizira kupanga sikotheka.Popeza alipo pinning dislocations sangathenso kusuntha, zomangira atomiki mu lattice Tambasula mpaka kuthyoka kapena kusweka.Ichi ndi chifukwa chake zitsulo alloys ntchito malire kuthyola zitsulo, ndi chifukwa chake pali kuphwanya chitsulo ndi pulasitiki.
Mbewu zimagwiranso ntchito yofunikira pakuwonjeza. Kuwonjeza zinthu zowumitsidwa ndi ntchito kumabwezeretsanso kadulidwe kakang'ono ndipo motero kumapangitsanso ductility. Panthawi yophatikizika, njere zimasinthidwa m'njira zitatu:
Tangoganizani munthu akuyenda m'sitima yapamtunda yodzaza ndi anthu ambiri. Khamu la anthu likhoza kupanikizidwa mwa kusiya mipata pakati pa mizere, monga kusuntha kwa lattice. Pamene akupita patsogolo, anthu kumbuyo kwawo adadzaza malo omwe adasiya, pamene adapanga malo atsopano kutsogolo. zina ndi kugunda makoma a magalimoto sitima, kukanikiza aliyense m'malo.Pamene dislocations kwambiri kuti kuonekera, n'kovuta kwambiri kwa iwo kusuntha nthawi yomweyo.
Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa mlingo wocheperako wa deformation wofunikira kuti uyambe kukonzanso.
Zimango zimatha kusinthidwa poyang'anira kukula kwa mbewu. Malire a njere ndi khoma la dislocations.Amalepheretsa kuyenda.
Ngati mbewu zikulephereka, timbewu tating'ono tambiri timene timapangidwa.Timbewu zing'onozing'onozi zimaonedwa kuti ndizabwino kwambiri potengera kamangidwe kake.Malire a mbewu zambiri amatanthauza kusuntha kochepa komanso mphamvu yayikulu.
Ngati kukula kwa mbewu sikuletsedwa, mbewuyo imakhala yokulirapo, mbewuzo zimakhala zazikulu, malirewo amakhala ochepa, ndipo mphamvu imakhala yochepa.
Kukula kwa mbewu nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa nambala yopanda mayunitsi, kwinakwake pakati pa 5 ndi 15. Ichi ndi chiŵerengero chachibale ndipo chimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa mbeu.
ASTM E112 ikufotokoza njira zoyezera ndi kuyesa kukula kwa tirigu. Zimaphatikizapo kuwerengera kuchuluka kwa tirigu m'dera linalake. Izi kawirikawiri zimachitidwa ndi kudula gawo laling'ono lazinthu zopangira, kuzipera ndi kuzipukuta, kenaka kuziyika ndi asidi kuti ziwonetsere tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zingakhale zopindulitsa kuchepetsa kusiyana kwa kukula kwa tirigu kufika pa mfundo ziwiri kapena zitatu kuti zitsimikizidwe kuti zimagwira ntchito mofanana pa chogwirira ntchito.
Pankhani ya kuuma kwa ntchito, mphamvu ndi ductility zimakhala ndi chiyanjano chosiyana.Ubale pakati pa ASTM kukula kwa tirigu ndi mphamvu zimakhala zabwino komanso zamphamvu, kawirikawiri elongation imagwirizana mosagwirizana ndi kukula kwambewu ya ASTM.
Kukula kwambewu nthawi zambiri kumatchedwa nambala yopanda chigawo, kwinakwake pakati pa 5 ndi 15. Ichi ndi chiŵerengero chachibale ndipo chimagwirizana ndi kukula kwa mbeu.
Kukula kwa mbewu za annealing kumasiyanasiyana malinga ndi nthawi, kutentha ndi kuzizira.Annealing nthawi zambiri imachitika pakati pa kutentha kwa recrystallization ndi malo osungunuka a alloy.Kutentha kovomerezeka kwa annealing kwa austenitic stainless steel alloy 301 ndi pakati pa 1,900 ndi 2,050 madigiri Fahrenheit.Mu 2 madigiri Fahrenheit. giredi 1 titaniyamu iyenera kutenthedwa pa madigiri 1,292 Fahrenheit ndikusungunuka pafupifupi madigiri 3,000 Fahrenheit.
Panthawi ya annealing, njira zobwezeretsa ndi kubwezeretsanso zimapikisana wina ndi mzake mpaka mbewu zowonongeka zimadya mbewu zonse zowonongeka. The recrystallization rate imasiyanasiyana ndi kutentha.Kamodzi recrystallization itatha, kukula kwa tirigu kumatenga.A 301 stainless steel workpiece annealed pa 1,900 ° F kwa ola limodzi adzakhala ndi kamangidwe kake kabwino kwambiri kuposa nthawi yomweyo00 ° 2,00 ° yofanana.
Ngati zinthuzo sizikusungidwa mumtundu woyenera wa annealing kwautali wokwanira, chotsatiracho chikhoza kukhala chophatikizira cha mbewu zakale ndi zatsopano.Ngati katundu wa yunifolomu akufunidwa muzitsulo zonse, ndondomeko yowotchera iyenera kukhala ndi cholinga chokwaniritsa dongosolo la tirigu lofanana.
Kuti mupeze yunifolomu ndi equiaxed microstructure, workpiece iliyonse iyenera kuwonetseredwa ndi kutentha kofanana kwa nthawi yofanana ndipo iyenera kuzizira mofanana. Izi sizikhala zophweka kapena zotheka ndi batch annealing, kotero ndikofunika kudikirira mpaka workpiece yonse ikhale yodzaza ndi kutentha koyenera musanayambe kuwerengera nthawi yonyowa.Kutalikirapo nthawi zonyowa ndi chowotchera chowotchera chimachititsa kuti mbewuzo zikhale zotentha kwambiri.
Ngati kukula kwa tirigu ndi mphamvu zimagwirizana, ndipo mphamvu imadziwika, bwanji kuwerengera mbewu, sichoncho?Mayesero onse owononga amakhala ndi kusinthasintha.Kuyesa kwachitsulo, makamaka pa makulidwe apansi, kumadalira kwambiri chitsanzo chokonzekera.Zotsatira za mphamvu zowonongeka zomwe sizikuyimira katundu weniweni wa zinthu zikhoza kulephera msanga.
Ngati katundu sali yunifolomu pa workpiece yonse, kutenga chitsanzo choyesera kapena chitsanzo kuchokera kumphepete imodzi sikungafotokoze nkhani yonse.Kukonzekera ndi kuyesa zitsanzo kungakhalenso nthawi yambiri.Kodi ndi mayesero angati omwe angatheke pazitsulo zoperekedwa, ndipo ndi njira zingati zomwe zingatheke?
Anisotropic, isotropic.Anisotropy imatanthawuza kuwongolera kwa zinthu zamakina.Kuphatikiza pa mphamvu, anisotropy imatha kumveka bwino pofufuza kapangidwe kambewu.
Mpangidwe wa tirigu wofanana ndi wofanana uyenera kukhala wa isotropic, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti uli ndi zinthu zofanana kumbali zonse.Isotropy ndi yofunika kwambiri muzojambula zozama zomwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.Pamene chopanda kanthu chikukokera mu nkhungu, zinthu za anisotropic sizidzayenda mofanana, zomwe zingayambitse vuto lotchedwa earing.Mpheteyo imapezeka pamene gawo lapamwamba la kapu limapanga kapu. inhomogeneities mu workpiece ndikuthandizira kuzindikira chomwe chimayambitsa.
Annealing oyenerera n'kofunika kwambiri kuti tikwaniritse isotropy, koma n'kofunikanso kumvetsa mmene mapindikidwe pamaso annealing.Pamene zinthu plastically deforms, njere amayamba deform.Pankhani ozizira kugudubuzika, kutembenuza makulidwe kutalika, njere adzakhala elongate mu kugubuduza njira. kuyang'ana kungathe kusungidwa ngakhale pambuyo pa annealing.Izi zimabweretsa anisotropy.Kwa zipangizo zozama kwambiri, nthawi zina zimakhala zofunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mapindikidwe asanayambe kutsekemera komaliza kuti apewe kuvala.
peel lalanje.Kutola sichokhacho chojambula chozama chomwe chimagwirizanitsidwa ndi die.Peel ya lalanje imapezeka pamene zipangizo zokhala ndi tinthu tating'onoting'ono tambiri timakoka. Njere iliyonse imapunduka payokha komanso ngati ntchito ya mawonekedwe ake a kristalo.Kusiyana kwa mapindikidwe pakati pa njere zoyandikana kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe owoneka ngati peel.
Monga ma pixel a pa TV, okhala ndi mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, kusiyana pakati pa njere iliyonse kudzakhala kocheperako, kukulitsa bwino chigamulo. kukula ndi lathu la mbewu iliyonse.Izi zikhoza kuwoneka kuchokera ku lalanje peel zotsatira pa makoma a makapu okokedwa.
Kwa kukula kwambewu ya ASTM ya 8, kuchuluka kwambewu m'mimba mwake ndi 885 µin. Izi zikutanthauza kuti kuchepetsa makulidwe aliwonse a 0.00885 mainchesi kapena kuchepera kungakhudzidwe ndi microforming effect.
Ngakhale coarse njere kungayambitse mavuto kwambiri kujambula, nthawi zina akulimbikitsidwa imprinting.Stamping ndi mapindikidwe ndondomeko imene opanda kanthu ndi wothinikizidwa kupereka ankafuna pamwamba topography, monga kotala wa George Washington contours nkhope. Mosiyana ndi kujambula waya, masitampu nthawi zambiri safuna zambiri otaya chuma chochuluka, koma zimafuna mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zingangofooketsa chopanda kanthu.
Pachifukwa ichi, kuchepetsa kupanikizika kwa pamwamba pa madzi pogwiritsa ntchito chimanga chokwera kwambiri chambewu kungathandize kuchepetsa mphamvu zomwe zimafunikira kuti muzitha kudzaza nkhungu.
Zomwe takambirana pano ndizowonjezera zomwe sizingagwire ntchito ku magawo ena.Komabe, adawonetsa phindu la kuyeza ndi kulinganiza kukula kwambewu yambewu popanga magawo atsopano kuti apewe zolakwika wamba ndikuwongolera magawo owumba.
Opanga makina osindikizira azitsulo olondola komanso ozama kwambiri pazitsulo kuti apange ziwalo zawo adzagwira ntchito bwino ndi akatswiri azitsulo pazitsulo zodzigudubuza zomwe zingathe kuwathandiza kukonza zinthu mpaka kufika pamlingo wa tirigu.Akatswiri azitsulo ndi uinjiniya kumbali zonse za ubale akuphatikizidwa kukhala gulu limodzi, zitha kukhala ndi zotsatira zosintha ndikupanga zotsatira zabwino.
STAMPING Journal ndi magazini yokhayo yamakampani yomwe idadzipereka kuti ikwaniritse zosowa za msika wazitsulo.Kuyambira mchaka cha 1989, bukuli lakhala likulemba zaukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri, machitidwe amakampani, machitidwe abwino komanso nkhani zothandizira akatswiri osindikizira kuti azichita bizinesi yawo moyenera.
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