Hiki ke loaʻa nā pono ma ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻike i loko o hoʻokahi papa o ke ʻano palaoa e kāohi ana i ke ʻano mechanical o ke kila kila.Getty Images
ʻO ke koho ʻana o ke kila kila a me nā mea hoʻohui alumini e pili ana i ka ikaika, ka ductility, ka elongation, a me ka paʻakikī. Hōʻike kēia mau waiwai i ke ʻano o ka pane ʻana o nā poloka hale o ka metala i nā ukana i hoʻopili ʻia. He hōʻailona kūpono lākou no ka hoʻokele ʻana i nā palena o nā mea maka; ʻo ia hoʻi, pehea ka nui o kona kūlou ʻana ma mua o ka haki ʻana. Pono ka mea maka e kū i ke kaʻina hana hoʻoheheʻe me ka ʻole o ka haki ʻana.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka tensile luku a me ka paʻakikī he ʻano hilinaʻi a kūpono hoʻi no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole hilinaʻi mau kēia mau hoʻāʻo ke hoʻomaka ka mānoanoa o ka mea maka e kaupalena i ka nui o ka hāpana hoʻāʻo. ʻOiaʻiʻo, he mea pono nō ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka tensile o nā huahana metala pālahalaha, akā hiki ke loaʻa nā pono ma ka nānā hohonu ʻana i hoʻokahi papa o ka ʻano palaoa e kaohi ana i kāna ʻano mechanical.
Hana ʻia nā metala me kahi moʻo o nā kristal microscopic i kapa ʻia he mau grains. Hoʻolaha wale ʻia lākou ma loko o ka metala. ʻO nā ʻātoma o nā mea hoʻohuihui, e like me ka hao, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus a me ka sulfur i loko o nā kila kila austenitic, he ʻāpana ia o kahi grain hoʻokahi. Hoʻokumu kēia mau ʻātoma i kahi hopena paʻa o nā ion metala, i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i loko o ka lattice kristal ma o kā lākou mau electrons i kaʻana like ʻia.
ʻO ke ʻano kemika o ka alloy e hoʻoholo i ka hoʻonohonoho thermodynamically makemake ʻia o nā ʻātoma i loko o nā grains, i ʻike ʻia ʻo ke ʻano kristal. ʻO nā ʻāpana homogeneous o kahi metala e loaʻa ana kahi ʻano kristal e hana hou ana e hana i hoʻokahi a ʻoi aku paha nā grains i kapa ʻia ʻo phases. ʻO nā waiwai mechanical o kahi alloy he hana ia o ke ʻano kristal i loko o ka alloy. Pēlā nō ia no ka nui a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā grains o kēlā me kēia pae.
Ua kamaʻāina ka hapa nui o ka poʻe me nā pae o ka wai. Ke hoʻopaʻa ka wai wai, lilo ia i hau paʻa. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e pili ana i nā metala, ʻaʻohe pae paʻa hoʻokahi. Ua kapa ʻia kekahi mau ʻohana alloy ma hope o ko lākou mau pae. Ma waena o nā kila kila, ʻo nā alloys austenitic 300 series he austenite nui ia i ka wā e annealed ai. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo nā alloys series 400 he ferrite i loko o ke kila kila 430 a i ʻole martensite i loko o nā alloys kila kila 410 a me 420.
Pēlā nō hoʻi no nā hui titanium. Hōʻike ka inoa o kēlā me kēia hui hui i ko lākou pae nui ma ka mahana o ka lumi - alpha, beta a i ʻole ka hui ʻana o nā mea ʻelua. Aia nā hui alpha, kokoke-alpha, alpha-beta, beta a me kokoke-beta.
Ke paʻa ka metala wai, e hoʻokahe ʻia nā ʻāpana paʻa o ka pae thermodynamically i makemake ʻia ma kahi e ʻae ai ke kaomi, ka mahana a me ka hoʻohuihui kemika. Hana pinepine kēia ma nā interfaces, e like me nā kristal hau ma luna o ka ʻili o kahi loko mehana i kahi lā anuanu. Ke hoʻokumu ʻia nā hua, ulu ka ʻano kristal i hoʻokahi ʻaoʻao a hiki i ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi hua ʻē aʻe. Hoʻokumu ʻia nā palena o ka hua ma nā kihi o nā lattices mismatched ma muli o nā kuhikuhi like ʻole o nā ʻano kristal. E noʻonoʻo e kau ana i kahi puʻu o nā cubes Rubik o nā nui like ʻole i loko o kahi pahu. Loaʻa i kēlā me kēia cube kahi hoʻonohonoho grid square, akā e hoʻonohonoho ʻia lākou a pau ma nā kuhikuhi like ʻole. ʻO kahi hana metala paʻa piha i loaʻa i kahi moʻo o nā hua i hoʻonohonoho ʻia me ka random.
I kēlā me kēia manawa e hoʻokumu ʻia ai kahi hua, aia kahi hiki ke loaʻa nā kīnā laina. ʻO kēia mau kīnā he mau ʻāpana nalowale o ke ʻano kristal i kapa ʻia ʻo dislocations. ʻO kēia mau dislocations a me kā lākou neʻe ʻana ma hope o ka hua a ma waena o nā palena hua he mea nui ia i ka ductility metala.
Hoʻopaʻa ʻia kahi ʻāpana kea o ka mea hana, wili ʻia, hoʻowali ʻia a kālai ʻia e nānā i ke ʻano o ka palaoa. Ke like a kaulike, ʻike ʻia nā microstructures i ʻike ʻia ma kahi microscope optical e like me ka puzzle jigsaw. ʻO ka ʻoiaʻiʻo, he ʻekolu-dimensional nā palaoa, a e ʻokoʻa ka ʻāpana kea o kēlā me kēia palaoa ma muli o ke kuhikuhi ʻana o ka ʻāpana kea o ka mea hana.
Ke hoʻopiha ʻia kahi hale kristal me kona mau ʻātoma a pau, ʻaʻohe wahi no ka neʻe ʻana ma mua o ka hohola ʻana o nā pilina atomika.
Ke wehe ʻoe i ka hapalua o kahi lālani o nā ʻātoma, hana ʻoe i kahi manawa kūpono no kekahi lālani o nā ʻātoma e paheʻe i loko o kēlā kūlana, e hoʻoneʻe pono ana i ka dislocation. Ke hoʻopili ʻia kahi ikaika i ka workpiece, ʻo ka neʻe ʻana o nā dislocations i loko o ka microstructure e hiki ai iā ia ke kūlou, kīkoʻo a ʻomi paha me ka ʻole o ka haki a haki paha.
Ke hana ka ikaika ma kahi metala hao, hoʻonui ka ʻōnaehana i ka ikehu. Inā hoʻohui ʻia ka ikehu lawa e hana i ka deformation plastic, deforms ka lattice a hana ʻia nā dislocations hou. Me he mea lā he mea kūpono ia e hoʻonui i ka ductility, no ka mea, hoʻokuʻu ia i kahi ākea a pēlā e hana ai i ka hiki ke neʻe hou aku ka dislocation. Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e kuʻi ai nā dislocations, hiki iā lākou ke hoʻoponopono kekahi i kekahi.
I ka piʻi ʻana o ka helu a me ka nui o nā dislocations, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā dislocations i hoʻopaʻa ʻia, e hōʻemi ana i ka ductility. I ka hopena, ʻike ʻia nā dislocations he nui ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokumu anu. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke neʻe hou nā dislocations pinning e kū nei, e kīkoʻo ana nā pilina atomic i loko o ka lattice a hiki i ka wā e haki ai a haki paha. ʻO ia ke kumu e paʻakikī ai nā mea hao, a no ke aha he palena i ka nui o ka deformation plastic hiki i kahi metala ke kū ma mua o ka haki ʻana.
He kuleana koʻikoʻi nō hoʻi ka palaoa i ka annealing. ʻO ka annealing ʻana i kahi mea paʻakikī i ka hana e hoʻihoʻi hou i ka microstructure a pēlā e hoʻihoʻi ai i ka ductility. I ka wā o ke kaʻina hana annealing, ua hoʻololi ʻia nā palaoa i ʻekolu mau ʻanuʻu:
E noʻonoʻo i kahi kanaka e hele ana ma waena o kahi kaʻaahi piha. Hiki ke ʻūlū ʻia nā lehulehu ma ka waiho ʻana i nā hakahaka ma waena o nā lālani, e like me nā dislocations i loko o kahi lattice. I ko lākou holomua ʻana, ua hoʻopiha ka poʻe ma hope o lākou i ka hakahaka a lākou i waiho ai, ʻoiai lākou e hana ana i kahi hou ma mua. Ke hiki lākou i kekahi ʻaoʻao o ke kaʻa, loli ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā mea holo. Inā nui ka poʻe e hoʻāʻo e hele i ka manawa like, e kuʻi nā mea holo e hoʻāʻo nei e hana i kahi no kā lākou neʻe ʻana kekahi i kekahi a paʻi i nā paia o nā kaʻaahi, e hoʻopaʻa ana i nā mea āpau ma kahi. ʻO ka nui o nā dislocations e ʻike ʻia, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī iā lākou ke neʻe i ka manawa like.
He mea nui e hoʻomaopopo i ka pae haʻahaʻa loa o ka deformation e pono ai e hoʻoulu i ka recrystallization. Eia nō naʻe, inā ʻaʻole lawa ka ikehu deformation o ka metala ma mua o ka hoʻomehana ʻia ʻana, ʻaʻole e hana ʻia ka recrystallization a e hoʻomau wale nā ​​​​hua i ka ulu ʻana ma mua o ko lākou nui mua.
Hiki ke hoʻoponopono ʻia nā waiwai mechanical ma ke kāohi ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa. ʻO ka palena palaoa he pā o nā dislocations. Ke pale nei lākou i ka neʻe ʻana.
Inā ua kaupalena ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, e nui aʻe ka nui o nā palaoa liʻiliʻi e hana ʻia. Ua manaʻo ʻia kēia mau palaoa liʻiliʻi he ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ma ke ʻano o ke ʻano o ka palaoa. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā palena palaoa, ʻo ia hoʻi ka emi ʻana o ka neʻe ʻana o ka dislocation a me ka ikaika kiʻekiʻe.
Inā ʻaʻole i kaupalena ʻia ka ulu ʻana o ka palaoa, e ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ʻano o ka palaoa, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palaoa, ua emi nā palena, a ua haʻahaʻa ka ikaika.
ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa i kapa pinepine ʻia he helu unitless, ma waena o 5 a me 15. He lakio pili kēia a pili i ke anawaena palaoa awelika. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka granularity.
Hoʻākāka ʻo ASTM E112 i nā ʻano hana no ke ana ʻana a me ka loiloi ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa. Pili ia i ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa ma kahi i hāʻawi ʻia. Hana pinepine ʻia kēia ma ka ʻoki ʻana i kahi ʻāpana kea o ka mea maka, wili a hoʻowali iā ia, a laila e kālai ʻia me ka waikawa e hōʻike i nā ʻāpana. Hana ʻia ka helu ʻana ma lalo o kahi microscope, a ʻo ka hoʻonui ʻana e ʻae i ka lawa ʻana o ka laʻana o nā palaoa. ʻO ka hāʻawi ʻana i nā helu nui o ka palaoa ASTM e hōʻike ana i kahi pae kūpono o ke ʻano like o ka palaoa a me ke anawaena. He mea maikaʻi paha ke kaupalena i ka ʻokoʻa o ka nui o ka palaoa i ʻelua a ʻekolu paha mau kiko e hōʻoia i ka hana like ma waena o ka workpiece.
I ke ʻano o ka paʻakikī hana, he pilina kū'ē ka ikaika a me ka ductility. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o ka nui o ka palaoa ASTM a me ka ikaika e pili pono a ikaika, ma ke ʻano laulā, pili pono ka elongation i ka nui o ka palaoa ASTM. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka ulu nui ʻana o ka palaoa hiki ke hoʻoulu i nā mea "palupalu make" e hana ʻole i ka paʻakikī.
ʻO ka nui o ka palaoa i kapa pinepine ʻia he helu unitless, ma waena o 5 a me 15. He lakio pili kēia a pili i ke anawaena palaoa awelika. ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka waiwai nui o ka palaoa ASTM, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā palaoa ma kēlā me kēia wahi.
ʻOkoʻa ka nui o ka palaoa o ka mea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia me ka manawa, ka mahana a me ka wikiwiki o ka hoʻomaʻalili ʻana. Hana pinepine ʻia ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana ma waena o ka mahana recrystallization a me ka wahi heheʻe o ka metala. ʻO ka pae mahana hoʻoheheʻe i ʻōlelo ʻia no ka metala kila kila austenitic 301 ma waena o 1,900 a me 2,050 degere Fahrenheit. E hoʻomaka ia e heheʻe ma kahi o 2,550 degere Fahrenheit. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, pono e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka titanium papa 1 maʻemaʻe ma 1,292 degere Fahrenheit a hoʻoheheʻe ma kahi o 3,000 degere Fahrenheit.
I ka wā o ka annealing, hoʻokūkū nā kaʻina hana hoʻōla a me ka recrystallization kekahi i kekahi a hiki i ka pau ʻana o nā hua recrystallized i nā hua deformed āpau. ʻOkoʻa ka helu recrystallization me ka mahana. Ke pau ka recrystallization, lawe ka ulu ʻana o ka hua. ʻO kahi mea hana kila kila 301 i hoʻomehana ʻia ma 1,900°F no hoʻokahi hola e loaʻa kahi ʻano hua maikaʻi ma mua o ka mea hana like i hoʻomehana ʻia ma 2,000°F no ka manawa like.
Inā ʻaʻole i paʻa ka mea i loko o ka pae annealing kūpono no ka lōʻihi, hiki i ka hopena ke hui pū ʻia o nā hua kahiko a me nā hua hou. Inā makemake ʻia nā waiwai like ma loko o ka metala, pono ke kaʻina hana annealing e hoʻokō i kahi ʻano hua like like. ʻO ke ʻano like, ua like ka nui o nā hua āpau, a ʻo ke ʻano like like, ua like ko lākou ʻano.
No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi microstructure like a like, pono e hōʻike ʻia kēlā me kēia ʻāpana hana i ka nui like o ka wela no ka manawa like a pono e hoʻomaʻalili i ka wikiwiki like. ʻAʻole maʻalahi kēia a hiki paha me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka batch, no laila he mea nui e kali a hiki i ka hoʻopiha ʻia ʻana o ka workpiece holoʻokoʻa i ka mahana kūpono ma mua o ka helu ʻana i ka manawa hoʻomoʻa. ʻO nā manawa hoʻomoʻa lōʻihi a me nā mahana kiʻekiʻe e hopena i kahi ʻano palaoa coarser / mea palupalu a me ka hope.
Inā pili ka nui o ka palaoa a me ka ikaika, a ʻike ʻia ka ikaika, no ke aha e helu ai i nā palaoa, ʻeā? Loaʻa nā ʻano like ʻole o nā hoʻokolohua luku āpau. ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i ka tensile, ʻoi aku hoʻi ma nā mānoanoa haʻahaʻa, hilinaʻi nui ia i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana o ka laʻana. ʻO nā hopena ikaika tensile ʻaʻole e hōʻike i nā waiwai mea maoli e ʻike paha i ka hāʻule mua ʻana.
Inā ʻaʻole like nā waiwai ma loko o ka workpiece, ʻo ka lawe ʻana i kahi hāpana hoʻāʻo tensile a i ʻole ka hāpana mai kekahi ʻaoʻao ʻaʻole paha e haʻi i ka moʻolelo holoʻokoʻa. Hiki i ka hoʻomākaukau ʻana a me ka hoʻāʻo ʻana i nā hāpana ke hoʻopau manawa. Ehia mau hoʻāʻo e hiki ai no kahi metala i hāʻawi ʻia, a ma nā ʻaoʻao ehia e hiki ai ke hana? ʻO ka loiloi ʻana i ke ʻano o ka palaoa he ʻinikua hou aʻe ia e kūʻē i nā mea kupanaha.
ʻAnisotropic, isotropic. Pili ka Anisotropy i ke kuhikuhi ʻana o nā waiwai mechanical. Ma waho aʻe o ka ikaika, hiki ke hoʻomaopopo maikaʻi ʻia ka anisotropy ma ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o ka palaoa.
Pono ka ʻano palaoa like a like ke ʻano isotropic, ʻo ia hoʻi he like nā waiwai ma nā ʻaoʻao āpau. He mea nui loa ka Isotropy i nā kaʻina hana huki hohonu kahi e koʻikoʻi ai ka concentricity. Ke huki ʻia ka blank i loko o ka ʻōmole, ʻaʻole e kahe like ka mea anisotropic, hiki ke alakaʻi i kahi kīnā i kapa ʻia he pepeiao. Hana ʻia ke apo pepeiao ma kahi e hana ai ka ʻaoʻao o luna o ke kīʻaha i kahi silhouette wavy. ʻO ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano palaoa hiki ke hōʻike i kahi o nā inhomogeneities i loko o ka workpiece a kōkua i ka ʻike ʻana i ke kumu kumu.
He mea koʻikoʻi ka annealing kūpono no ka hoʻokō ʻana i ka isotropy, akā he mea nui hoʻi e hoʻomaopopo i ka nui o ka deformation ma mua o ka annealing. Ke hoʻololi ka mea i ka plastically, hoʻomaka nā hua e deform. I ke ʻano o ka ʻōwili anu, e hoʻololi ana i ka mānoanoa i ka lōʻihi, e hoʻolōʻihi nā hua i ke kuhikuhi ʻōwili. Ke loli ka lakio hiʻohiʻona hua, pēlā nō ka isotropy a me nā waiwai mechanical holoʻokoʻa. I ke ʻano o nā workpieces deformed nui, hiki ke mālama ʻia kekahi orientation ma hope o ka annealing. ʻO kēia ka hopena i ka anisotropy. No nā mea i huki hohonu ʻia, i kekahi manawa pono e kaupalena i ka nui o ka deformation ma mua o ka annealing hope loa e pale aku i ka ʻaʻahu.
ʻili ʻalani. ʻAʻole ʻo ka ʻohi ʻana wale nō ke kīnā hohonu e pili ana me ka make. Hana ʻia ka ʻili ʻalani ke huki ʻia nā mea maka me nā ʻāpana ʻoi loa. Hoʻololi kūʻokoʻa kēlā me kēia hua a ma ke ʻano he hana o kona kuhikuhi kristal. ʻO ka ʻokoʻa o ka deformation ma waena o nā hua e pili ana e hopena i kahi hiʻohiʻona ʻano like me ka ʻili ʻalani. ʻO ke ʻano ke ʻano granular i hōʻike ʻia ma ka ʻili o ka paia kīʻaha.
E like me nā pikela ma ka pale TV, me kahi ʻano lahilahi, ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o kēlā me kēia hua, e hoʻonui pono ana i ka hoʻonā. ʻAʻole lawa paha ka wehewehe ʻana i nā waiwai mechanical wale nō e hōʻoia i ka nui o ka hua lahilahi e pale ai i ka hopena ʻili ʻalani. Ke emi ka ʻokoʻa o ka dimensional o ka workpiece ma mua o 10 mau manawa o ke anawaena o ka hua, e hoʻokele nā ​​​​waiwai o kēlā me kēia hua i ke ʻano hana. ʻAʻole ia e hoʻololi like ma luna o nā hua he nui, akā hōʻike i ka nui a me ke kuhikuhi kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia hua. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia kēia mai ka hopena ʻili ʻalani ma nā paia o nā kīʻaha i huki ʻia.
No ka nui o ka palaoa ASTM o 8, ʻo ke anawaena palaoa awelika he 885 µin. ʻO ke ʻano kēia, hiki ke hoʻopilikia ʻia kekahi hōʻemi mānoanoa o 0.00885 ʻīniha a emi mai paha e kēia hopena microforming.
ʻOiai hiki i nā hua ʻāwili ke hoʻoulu i nā pilikia kaha hohonu, i kekahi manawa ua ʻōlelo ʻia no ka paʻi ʻana. ʻO ke kaha kiʻi kahi hana hoʻololi ʻano kahi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ai kahi blank e hāʻawi i kahi topography ʻili i makemake ʻia, e like me ka hapaha o nā contours o ka maka o George Washington. ʻAʻole e like me ke kaha kiʻi uea, ʻo ka kaha kiʻi ʻana ʻaʻole ia e pili i ka nui o ke kahe ʻana o nā mea nui, akā koi ʻia ka nui o ka ikaika, hiki ke hoʻololi wale i ka ʻili o ka blank.
No kēia kumu, ʻo ka hoʻēmi ʻana i ke kaumaha o ke kahe ʻana o ka ʻili ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻano palaoa coarser hiki ke kōkua i ka hoʻomaha ʻana i nā ikaika e pono ai no ka hoʻopiha pono ʻana i ka ʻōpala. He ʻoiaʻiʻo loa kēia no ka paʻi ʻana i ka make manuahi, kahi e hiki ai i nā dislocations ma nā palaoa ʻili ke kahe manuahi, ma mua o ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana ma nā palena palaoa.
ʻO nā ʻano i kūkākūkā ʻia ma ʻaneʻi he mau ʻōlelo laulā ia e pili ʻole paha i nā ʻāpana kikoʻī. Eia nō naʻe, ua hōʻike lākou i nā pono o ke ana ʻana a me ke kūlana ʻana i ka nui o ka palaoa maka i ka wā e hoʻolālā ai i nā ʻāpana hou e pale aku i nā hemahema maʻamau a hoʻomaikaʻi i nā palena hoʻoheheʻe.
E hana maikaʻi nā mea hana o nā mīkini kahakaha metala pololei a me nā hana huki hohonu ma luna o ka metala e hana i kā lākou mau ʻāpana me nā metallurgists ma nā wili hou pololei i mākaukau ʻenehana e hiki ke kōkua iā lākou e hoʻonui i nā mea a hiki i ka pae palaoa. Ke hoʻohui ʻia nā loea metallurgical a me nā loea ʻenekinia ma nā ʻaoʻao ʻelua o ka pilina i hoʻokahi hui, hiki iā ia ke loaʻa ka hopena hoʻololi a hoʻopuka i nā hopena maikaʻi aʻe.
ʻO STAMPING Journal wale nō ka puke pai ʻoihana i hoʻolaʻa ʻia no ka lawelawe ʻana i nā pono o ka mākeke sila metala. Mai ka makahiki 1989, ua uhi ka puke pai i nā ʻenehana holomua, nā ʻano ʻoihana, nā hana maikaʻi loa a me nā nūhou e kōkua i nā poʻe loea sila e holo i kā lākou ʻoihana me ka ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi.
I kēia manawa me ke komo piha ʻana i ka paʻi kikohoʻe o The FABRICATOR, komo maʻalahi i nā kumuwaiwai ʻoihana waiwai nui.
Ua hiki ke loaʻa piha ʻia ka paʻi kikohoʻe o The Tube & Pipe Journal i kēia manawa, e hāʻawi ana i ke komo maʻalahi i nā kumuwaiwai waiwai o ka ʻoihana.
E hauʻoli i ke komo piha ʻana i ka paʻi kikohoʻe o STAMPING Journal, kahi e hāʻawi ai i nā holomua ʻenehana hou loa, nā hana maikaʻi loa a me nā nūhou ʻoihana no ka mākeke sila metala.
I kēia manawa me ke komo piha ʻana i ka paʻi kikohoʻe o The Fabricator en Español, komo maʻalahi i nā kumuwaiwai waiwai nui o ka ʻoihana.