Cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev nkag siab txog ib txheej ntawm cov qauv noob uas tswj cov cwj pwm kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb.Getty Images
Feem ntau cov hlau tsis xeb thiab txhuas alloys xaiv yog nyob ntawm lub zog, ductility, elongation, thiab hardness. Cov yam ntxwv no qhia tau tias cov khoom siv ntawm cov hlau teb li cas rau cov khoom siv. Lawv yog ib qho cim qhia tau zoo ntawm kev tswj cov khoom siv raw; uas yog, nws yuav khoov npaum li cas ua ntej tawg. Cov khoom siv raw yuav tsum muaj peev xwm tiv taus cov txheej txheem molding yam tsis tawg.
Kev ntsuam xyuas qhov tensile thiab hardness yog ib txoj kev txhim khu kev qha thiab pheej yig rau kev txiav txim siab txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov kev ntsuam xyuas no tsis yog ib txwm txhim khu kev qha thaum qhov tuab ntawm cov khoom siv raw pib txwv qhov loj ntawm cov qauv xeem. Kev ntsuam xyuas tensile ntawm cov khoom hlau tiaj tiaj yog qhov tseeb tseem muaj txiaj ntsig, tab sis cov txiaj ntsig tuaj yeem tau txais los ntawm kev saib tob dua ntawm ib txheej ntawm cov qauv noob uas tswj nws tus cwj pwm kho tshuab.
Cov hlau yog ua los ntawm cov khoom siv me me hu ua cov noob. Lawv raug faib thoob plaws hauv cov hlau. Cov atoms ntawm cov khoom sib xyaw, xws li hlau, chromium, nickel, manganese, silicon, carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus thiab sulfur hauv cov hlau tsis xeb austenitic, yog ib feem ntawm ib qho noob. Cov atoms no tsim cov tshuaj khov kho ntawm cov hlau ions, uas tau sib txuas rau hauv lub lattice siv lead ua los ntawm lawv cov electrons sib koom.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw txiav txim siab qhov kev teeb tsa thermodynamically nyiam ntawm cov atoms hauv cov noob, hu ua cov qauv siv lead ua. Cov feem sib xws ntawm cov hlau uas muaj cov qauv siv lead ua rov ua dua tsim ib lossis ntau cov noob hu ua theem. Cov khoom siv kho tshuab ntawm cov hlau sib xyaw yog ib qho haujlwm ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hauv cov hlau sib xyaw. Tib yam mus rau qhov loj me thiab kev teeb tsa ntawm cov noob ntawm txhua theem.
Cov neeg feem coob paub txog cov theem ntawm dej. Thaum cov dej ua kua khov, nws ua dej khov khov. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum nws los txog rau cov hlau, tsis muaj ib theem khov xwb. Qee cov tsev neeg alloy raug muab lub npe raws li lawv cov theem. Ntawm cov hlau tsis xeb, austenitic 300 series alloys feem ntau muaj austenite thaum annealed. Txawm li cas los xij, 400 series alloys muaj ferrite hauv 430 stainless hlau lossis martensite hauv 410 thiab 420 stainless hlau alloys.
Tib yam li ntawd rau cov titanium alloys. Lub npe ntawm txhua pawg alloy qhia txog lawv cov theem tseem ceeb ntawm chav tsev kub - alpha, beta lossis sib xyaw ntawm ob qho tib si. Muaj alpha, ze-alpha, alpha-beta, beta thiab ze-beta alloys.
Thaum cov hlau ua kua khov, cov khoom khov ntawm theem thermodynamically nyiam yuav precipitate qhov twg siab, kub thiab cov tshuaj lom neeg tso cai. Qhov no feem ntau tshwm sim ntawm interfaces, zoo li cov dej khov crystals ntawm qhov chaw ntawm lub pas dej sov so rau hnub txias. Thaum cov noob nucleate, cov qauv siv lead ua loj hlob mus rau hauv ib qho kev taw qhia kom txog thaum lwm cov noob raug ntsib. Cov ciam teb noob tsim ntawm qhov kev sib tshuam ntawm cov lattices mismatched vim yog qhov sib txawv ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua. Xav txog muab ib pawg ntawm Rubik's cubes ntawm ntau qhov ntau thiab tsawg rau hauv ib lub thawv. Txhua lub cube muaj ib qho kev npaj grid square, tab sis lawv txhua tus yuav raug npaj rau hauv ntau qhov kev taw qhia random. Ib qho khoom siv hlau khov tag nrho muaj cov noob zoo li random oriented.
Txhua lub sijhawm uas ib lub noob raug tsim, muaj qhov ua tau tias yuav muaj qhov tsis zoo ntawm cov kab. Cov qhov tsis zoo no yog cov seem uas ploj lawm ntawm cov qauv siv lead ua hu ua dislocations. Cov dislocations no thiab lawv cov kev txav mus los tom qab thoob plaws cov noob thiab hla cov ciam teb noob yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov hlau.
Ib feem ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm raug teeb tsa, sib tsoo, txhuam thiab khawb kom pom cov qauv ntawm cov noob. Thaum sib npaug thiab sib npaug, cov qauv me me uas pom ntawm lub tshuab tsom iav zoo li lub jigsaw puzzle. Qhov tseeb, cov noob yog peb-seem, thiab qhov seem ntawm txhua noob yuav txawv nyob ntawm qhov kev taw qhia ntawm qhov seem ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm.
Thaum cov qauv siv lead ua puv nrog nws cov atoms, tsis muaj chaw rau kev txav mus los tsuas yog kev ncab ntawm cov atoms bonds.
Thaum koj tshem tawm ib nrab ntawm ib kab ntawm cov atoms, koj tsim ib lub sijhawm rau lwm kab ntawm cov atoms kom nkag mus rau hauv qhov chaw ntawd, ua kom txav qhov dislocation. Thaum lub zog siv rau ntawm qhov workpiece, qhov kev txav sib sau ua ke ntawm cov dislocations hauv microstructure ua rau nws khoov, ncab lossis nias yam tsis tawg lossis tawg.
Thaum lub zog ua rau cov hlau sib xyaw, lub cev ua rau lub zog nce ntxiv. Yog tias muaj zog txaus ntxiv los ua rau cov yas deformation, cov lattice deforms thiab cov dislocations tshiab tsim. Nws zoo li muaj laj thawj tias qhov no yuav tsum ua rau kom ductility ntau dua, vim nws tso ntau qhov chaw thiab yog li tsim kom muaj peev xwm ntau dua dislocation txav. Txawm li cas los xij, thaum dislocations sib tsoo, lawv tuaj yeem kho ib leeg.
Thaum tus lej thiab qhov sib sau ua ke ntawm cov dislocations nce ntxiv, ntau thiab ntau cov dislocations raug pinned ua ke, txo qhov ductility. Thaum kawg muaj ntau qhov dislocations tshwm sim uas txias tsim tsis tau lawm. Vim tias cov pinning dislocations uas twb muaj lawm tsis tuaj yeem txav mus los, cov atomic bonds hauv lub lattice ncab mus txog thaum lawv tawg lossis tawg. Qhov no yog vim li cas cov hlau alloys ua haujlwm harden, thiab vim li cas muaj kev txwv rau qhov ntau ntawm cov yas deformation uas hlau tuaj yeem tiv taus ua ntej tawg.
Cov nplej kuj tseem ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv kev ua kom sov. Kev ua kom cov khoom siv ua haujlwm tawv dua yuav pib dua qhov microstructure thiab yog li rov qab ua kom cov ductility rov qab zoo li qub. Thaum lub sijhawm ua kom sov, cov nplej raug hloov pauv hauv peb kauj ruam:
Xav txog ib tug neeg taug kev hla lub tsheb ciav hlau uas muaj neeg coob coob. Cov neeg coob coob tsuas yog raug nias los ntawm kev tso qhov sib txawv ntawm cov kab, zoo li qhov tawg hauv lub lattice. Thaum lawv mus ntxiv, cov neeg tom qab lawv tau sau qhov khoob uas lawv tawm, thaum lawv tsim qhov chaw tshiab nyob rau pem hauv ntej. Thaum lawv mus txog qhov kawg ntawm lub tsheb, qhov kev npaj ntawm cov neeg caij tsheb hloov pauv. Yog tias muaj neeg coob dhau sim dhau tib lub sijhawm, cov neeg caij tsheb uas sim ua chaw rau lawv txoj kev txav mus los yuav sib tsoo nrog ib leeg thiab ntaus phab ntsa ntawm lub tsheb ciav hlau, ua rau txhua tus neeg nyob hauv qhov chaw. Qhov tawg ntau dua uas tshwm sim, nws nyuaj rau lawv txav mus los tib lub sijhawm.
Nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom nkag siab txog qib qis tshaj plaws ntawm kev hloov pauv uas yuav tsum tau ua kom rov ua dua. Txawm li cas los xij, yog tias cov hlau tsis muaj lub zog hloov pauv txaus ua ntej raug cua sov, kev rov ua dua yuav tsis tshwm sim thiab cov noob yuav tsuas yog txuas ntxiv loj hlob dhau lawv qhov loj me qub.
Cov khoom siv kho tshuab tuaj yeem kho tau los ntawm kev tswj kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob. Ib qho ciam teb ntawm cov noob yog ib phab ntsa ntawm kev tawg. Lawv cuam tshuam kev txav mus los.
Yog tias cov noob qoob loo loj hlob qeeb, yuav muaj ntau cov noob me me. Cov noob me me no suav tias yog cov me dua hauv cov qauv noob qoob loo. Cov ciam teb noob qoob loo ntau dua txhais tau tias kev txav mus los tsawg dua thiab muaj zog dua.
Yog tias cov noob tsis loj hlob tsis raug txwv, cov qauv noob yuav ntxhib dua, cov noob loj dua, cov ciam teb tsawg dua, thiab lub zog qis dua.
Feem ntau cov noob qoob loo loj npaum li cas los xij, qhov twg ntawm 5 thiab 15. Qhov no yog qhov sib piv thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam rau qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov noob qoob loo. Tus lej siab dua, qhov granularity yuav zoo dua.
ASTM E112 piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem rau kev ntsuas thiab soj ntsuam qhov loj ntawm cov noob. Nws suav nrog kev suav cov noob hauv ib cheeb tsam. Qhov no feem ntau ua los ntawm kev txiav ib feem ntawm cov khoom siv raw, sib tsoo thiab polishing nws, thiab tom qab ntawd etching nws nrog acid kom pom cov khoom me me. Kev suav yog ua nyob rau hauv lub tshuab microscope, thiab qhov magnification tso cai rau kev kuaj cov noob txaus. Kev muab ASTM noob loj qhia txog qib tsim nyog ntawm kev sib xws hauv cov noob zoo li thiab txoj kab uas hla. Nws kuj tseem yuav zoo dua los txwv qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov loj ntawm cov noob rau ob lossis peb lub ntsiab lus kom ntseeg tau tias muaj kev ua haujlwm sib xws thoob plaws hauv qhov workpiece.
Yog tias ua haujlwm tawv, lub zog thiab kev yoog tau muaj kev sib raug zoo rov qab. Kev sib raug zoo ntawm ASTM qhov loj thiab lub zog feem ntau yog qhov zoo thiab muaj zog, feem ntau elongation yog qhov sib raug zoo rov qab rau ASTM qhov loj. Txawm li cas los xij, kev loj hlob ntawm cov noob ntau dhau tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom "tuag mos" tsis ua haujlwm tawv zoo.
Feem ntau qhov loj ntawm cov noob yog hu ua tus lej tsis muaj unitless, qhov twg ntawm 5 thiab 15. Qhov no yog qhov sib piv thiab muaj feem cuam tshuam nrog qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov noob. Qhov siab dua tus nqi ASTM noob loj, qhov ntau cov noob ib chav tsev.
Qhov loj ntawm cov khoom siv annealed sib txawv nrog lub sijhawm, qhov kub thiab txias. Feem ntau annealing yog ua ntawm qhov kub recrystallization thiab qhov chaw yaj ntawm cov hlau. Qhov kub annealing pom zoo rau austenitic stainless hlau alloy 301 yog ntawm 1,900 thiab 2,050 degrees Fahrenheit. Nws yuav pib yaj li ntawm 2,550 degrees Fahrenheit. Hauv kev sib piv, cov titanium ntshiab qib 1 lag luam yuav tsum tau annealed ntawm 1,292 degrees Fahrenheit thiab yaj li ntawm 3,000 degrees Fahrenheit.
Thaum lub sijhawm annealing, cov txheej txheem rov qab thiab recrystallization sib tw nrog ib leeg kom txog thaum cov noob recrystallized noj tag nrho cov noob deformed. Tus nqi recrystallization sib txawv nrog qhov kub thiab txias. Thaum recrystallization tiav lawm, cov noob loj hlob tuaj. Ib qho workpiece stainless hlau 301 annealed ntawm 1,900 ° F rau ib teev yuav muaj cov qauv noob zoo dua li tib qho workpiece annealed ntawm 2,000 ° F rau tib lub sijhawm.
Yog tias cov khoom tsis tau tuav rau hauv qhov ntau ntawm kev annealing kom raug ntev txaus, cov qauv tshwm sim yuav yog kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov noob qub thiab cov noob tshiab. Yog tias xav tau cov khoom sib xws thoob plaws hauv cov hlau, cov txheej txheem annealing yuav tsum tsom mus rau kev ua tiav cov qauv noob sib npaug. Sib npaug txhais tau tias txhua cov noob yog kwv yees li qhov loj me, thiab sib npaug txhais tau tias lawv yog kwv yees li tib yam duab.
Yuav kom tau txais ib qho microstructure sib npaug thiab sib npaug, txhua qhov workpiece yuav tsum raug rau tib qhov kub rau tib lub sijhawm thiab yuav tsum txias tib lub sijhawm. Qhov no tsis yog ib txwm yooj yim lossis ua tau nrog batch annealing, yog li nws yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom tsawg kawg tos kom txog thaum tag nrho cov workpiece tau saturated ntawm qhov kub kom raug ua ntej xam lub sijhawm ntub. Lub sijhawm ntub ntev dua thiab qhov kub siab dua yuav ua rau cov qauv noob coarser / cov khoom mos dua thiab vice versa.
Yog tias qhov loj ntawm cov noob thiab lub zog muaj feem cuam tshuam, thiab lub zog paub lawm, vim li cas ho xam cov noob, puas yog? Txhua qhov kev sim ua puas tsuaj muaj qhov sib txawv. Kev sim tensile, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog ntawm qhov tuab qis dua, feem ntau yog nyob ntawm kev npaj cov qauv. Cov txiaj ntsig ntawm lub zog tensile uas tsis sawv cev rau cov khoom siv tiag tiag yuav ntsib kev ua tsis tiav ua ntej lub sijhawm.
Yog tias cov khoom tsis sib xws thoob plaws hauv qhov workpiece, kev coj cov qauv tensile lossis cov qauv los ntawm ib ntug yuav tsis qhia tag nrho zaj dab neeg. Kev npaj thiab kev sim cov qauv kuj tuaj yeem siv sijhawm ntau. Muaj pes tsawg qhov kev sim ua tau rau ib qho hlau, thiab nws ua tau rau ntau qhov kev taw qhia? Kev soj ntsuam cov qauv noob yog kev pov hwm ntxiv rau kev xav tsis thoob.
Anisotropic, isotropic. Anisotropy hais txog qhov kev coj ntawm cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Ntxiv nrog rau lub zog, anisotropy tuaj yeem nkag siab zoo dua los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas cov qauv noob.
Ib qho qauv noob sib npaug thiab sib npaug yuav tsum yog isotropic, uas txhais tau tias nws muaj cov yam ntxwv zoo ib yam hauv txhua qhov kev taw qhia. Isotropy yog qhov tseem ceeb tshwj xeeb hauv cov txheej txheem kos duab tob uas qhov sib npaug yog qhov tseem ceeb. Thaum lub pob zeb raug rub mus rau hauv pwm, cov khoom siv anisotropic yuav tsis ntws sib npaug, uas tuaj yeem ua rau muaj qhov tsis zoo hu ua earing. Lub earring tshwm sim qhov twg sab saud ntawm lub khob tsim cov duab ntxoov ntxoo wavy. Kev tshuaj xyuas cov qauv noob tuaj yeem qhia qhov chaw ntawm inhomogeneities hauv qhov workpiece thiab pab kuaj xyuas qhov ua rau hauv paus.
Kev ua kom annealing zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau kev ua tiav isotropy, tab sis nws tseem ceeb heev kom nkag siab txog qhov dav ntawm kev deformation ua ntej annealing. Thaum cov khoom siv plastically deforms, cov noob pib deform. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm kev dov txias, hloov qhov tuab mus rau qhov ntev, cov noob yuav ntev hauv qhov kev taw qhia dov. Thaum qhov piv ntawm cov noob hloov pauv, yog li ntawd isotropy thiab tag nrho cov khoom siv kho tshuab. Hauv cov ntaub ntawv ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm deformed hnyav, qee qhov kev taw qhia yuav khaws cia txawm tias tom qab annealing. Qhov no ua rau anisotropy. Rau cov ntaub ntawv kos tob, nws yog qee zaum tsim nyog los txwv qhov ntau ntawm kev deformation ua ntej annealing kawg kom tsis txhob hnav.
Txiv kab ntxwv tev tawv. Kev khaws tsis yog tib qho kev kos duab tob tob uas cuam tshuam nrog kev tuag. Txiv kab ntxwv tev tawv tshwm sim thaum cov khoom siv raw nrog cov khoom me me heev raug kos. Txhua lub noob deforms ntawm nws tus kheej thiab ua haujlwm ntawm nws cov kev taw qhia siv lead ua. Qhov sib txawv ntawm kev deformation ntawm cov noob sib ze ua rau muaj cov qauv zoo li txiv kab ntxwv tev tawv. Cov qauv yog cov qauv granular qhia rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm phab ntsa khob.
Ib yam li cov pixels ntawm lub vijtsam TV, nrog cov qauv zoo, qhov sib txawv ntawm txhua lub noob yuav tsis pom tseeb, ua rau qhov kev daws teeb meem zoo dua. Kev qhia txog cov khoom siv kho tshuab ib leeg yuav tsis txaus los xyuas kom meej tias muaj qhov loj me ntawm cov noob zoo txaus los tiv thaiv cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv txiv kab ntxwv. Thaum qhov sib txawv ntawm qhov ntev ntawm cov khoom ua haujlwm tsawg dua 10 npaug ntawm txoj kab uas hla ntawm cov noob, cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov noob ib leeg yuav tsav tus cwj pwm tsim. Nws tsis deform sib npaug ntawm ntau cov noob, tab sis qhia txog qhov loj me thiab kev taw qhia ntawm txhua lub noob. Qhov no tuaj yeem pom los ntawm cov teebmeem ntawm daim tawv txiv kab ntxwv ntawm phab ntsa ntawm cov khob kos.
Rau ASTM noob loj ntawm 8, qhov nruab nrab ntawm cov noob yog 885 µin. Qhov no txhais tau tias txhua qhov tuab txo ntawm 0.00885 nti lossis tsawg dua tuaj yeem cuam tshuam los ntawm qhov microforming effect no.
Txawm hais tias cov noob ntxhib tuaj yeem ua rau muaj teeb meem kos duab tob, qee zaum lawv raug pom zoo rau kev luam tawm. Kev luam tawm yog ib qho txheej txheem deformation uas ib daim ntawv dawb paug raug nias kom muab cov duab ntawm qhov chaw xav tau, xws li ib feem plaub ntawm George Washington lub ntsej muag. Tsis zoo li kev kos duab hlau, kev luam tawm feem ntau tsis cuam tshuam ntau cov khoom ntws, tab sis xav tau ntau lub zog, uas tsuas yog ua rau qhov chaw ntawm daim ntawv dawb paug puas.
Vim li no, kev txo qhov kev ntxhov siab ntawm qhov ntws ntawm qhov chaw los ntawm kev siv cov qauv noob ntoo loj dua tuaj yeem pab txo qhov kev siv zog uas xav tau rau kev sau pwm kom zoo. Qhov no yog qhov tseeb tshwj xeeb rau kev luam tawm dawb, qhov twg qhov kev tawg ntawm cov noob ntoo saum npoo tuaj yeem ntws tau yooj yim, es tsis txhob sib sau ua ke ntawm cov ciam teb noob.
Cov qauv sib tham ntawm no yog cov kev dav dav uas tej zaum yuav tsis siv rau cov ntu tshwj xeeb. Txawm li cas los xij, lawv tau hais txog cov txiaj ntsig ntawm kev ntsuas thiab kev teeb tsa cov khoom siv raw thaum tsim cov khoom tshiab kom tsis txhob muaj qhov tsis zoo thiab ua kom zoo dua cov qauv molding.
Cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm cov tshuab stamping hlau precision thiab kev ua haujlwm kos duab tob rau ntawm cov hlau los ua lawv cov khoom yuav ua haujlwm zoo nrog cov kws kho hlau ntawm cov tshuab rov ua dua tshiab uas muaj peev xwm pab lawv ua kom cov khoom siv zoo dua mus txog qib nplej. Thaum cov kws tshaj lij hlau thiab kev tsim kho ntawm ob sab ntawm kev sib raug zoo koom ua ke hauv ib pab neeg, nws tuaj yeem muaj kev hloov pauv thiab tsim cov txiaj ntsig zoo dua.
STAMPING Journal yog tib phau ntawv xov xwm kev lag luam uas mob siab rau kev pabcuam cov kev xav tau ntawm kev lag luam stamping hlau. Txij li xyoo 1989, cov ntawv tshaj tawm tau tshaj tawm txog cov thev naus laus zis tshiab, cov qauv kev lag luam, cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws thiab xov xwm los pab cov kws tshaj lij stamping khiav lawv txoj kev lag luam kom zoo dua.
Tam sim no nrog kev nkag mus rau tag nrho cov ntawv digital ntawm The FABRICATOR, nkag mus tau yooj yim rau cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam.
Cov ntawv xov xwm digital ntawm The Tube & Pipe Journal tam sim no nkag tau tag nrho, muab kev nkag mus tau yooj yim rau cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam.
Txaus siab rau kev nkag mus rau tag nrho cov ntawv digital ntawm STAMPING Journal, uas muab cov kev nce qib tshiab tshaj plaws, cov kev coj ua zoo tshaj plaws thiab cov xov xwm kev lag luam rau kev lag luam hlau stamping.
Tam sim no nrog kev nkag mus rau tag nrho cov ntawv digital ntawm The Fabricator en Español, nkag mus tau yooj yim rau cov peev txheej muaj txiaj ntsig hauv kev lag luam.