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He raruraru nui te waikura moroiti (MIC) i roto i te maha o ngā ahumahi nā te mea ka taea e ia te whakararu i te ōhanga nui. Kua whakamahia te maitai kore waikura super duplex 2707 (2707 HDSS) i roto i ngā taiao moana nā tōna ātete matū pai rawa atu. Heoi, kāore anō kia whakaaturia tōna ātete ki te MIC mā te whakamātautau. I roto i tēnei rangahau, i tirotirohia te whanonga MIC o te 2707 HDSS i puta mai i te huakita aerobic moana Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga hikohiko i te aroaro o te biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa i roto i te reo 2216E, he huringa pai i roto i te pūmanawa waikura me te pikinga o te kiato o te iahiko waikura. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) he hekenga o te ihirangi Cr i runga i te mata o te tauira i raro i te biofilm. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga whakaahua o ngā poka i whakaputa te biofilm P. aeruginosa i te hohonutanga poka mōrahi o te 0.69 μm i roto i ngā rā 14 o te whakatipu. Ahakoa he iti tēnei, e tohu ana kāore te 2707 HDSS i te tino ātete ki te MIC o ngā kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa.
He whānuitia te whakamahinga o ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua (DSS) i roto i ngā ahumahi maha nā te mea he pai te whakakotahitanga o ngā āhuatanga miihini me te ātete ki te waikura1,2. Heoi, kei te puta tonu te pokanga ā-rohe, ā, ka pā ki te kounga o tēnei maitai3,4. Kāore te DSS e ātete ki te waikura moroiti (MIC)5,6. Ahakoa te whānuitanga o ngā whakamahinga o te DSS, kei reira tonu ngā taiao kāore e ranea te ātete waikura o te DSS mō te whakamahinga roa. Ko te tikanga o tēnei me whakamahi rauemi utu nui ake me te ātete waikura teitei ake. I kitea e Jeon et al7 ahakoa ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua tino nui (SDSS) he iti noa iho ngā herenga mō te ātete waikura. Nō reira, me whakamahi ngā maitai kowiri tira takirua tino nui (HDSS) me te ātete waikura teitei ake i roto i ētahi whakamahinga. Nā tēnei i hua ake ai te whanaketanga o te HDSS tino koranu.
Ko te ātete waikura o te DSS e whakawhirinaki ana ki te ōwehenga o ngā wāhanga alpha me te gamma me ngā rohe Cr, Mo me te W kua heke 8, 9, 10 e tata ana ki te wāhanga tuarua. He nui te ihirangi Cr, Mo me te N11 o te HDSS, nō reira he ātete waikura tino pai me te uara teitei (45-50) Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN), e whakatauhia ana e te wt.% Cr + 3.3 (wt.% Mo + 0.5 wt% W) + 16 wt% N12. Ko tōna ātete waikura tino pai e whakawhirinaki ana ki te hanganga taurite kei roto tata ki te 50% ferrite (α) me te 50% austenite (γ), he pai ake ngā āhuatanga miihini o te HDSS me te ātete teitei ake i te DSS13 tikanga. Ngā āhuatanga waikura chloride. Ko te ātete waikura kua whakapaitia ka whakawhānui ake i te whakamahinga o te HDSS i roto i ngā taiao chloride waikura ake, pēnei i ngā taiao moana.
He raru nui ngā MIC i roto i ngā ahumahi maha pēnei i te hinu me te hau me ngā ratonga wai14. Ko te MIC te 20% o ngā kino waikura katoa15. Ko te MIC he waikura koiora-hiko e kitea ana i roto i ngā taiao maha. Ko ngā kiriata koiora e puta ana i runga i ngā mata whakarewa ka whakarerekē i ngā āhuatanga hiko, ā, ka pā ki te tukanga waikura. E whakaponohia whānuitia ana ko te waikura MIC ka puta mai i ngā kiriata koiora. Ka waikura ngā moroiti hiko i ngā konganuku kia whiwhi ai i te pūngao pumau hei oranga17. Kua whakaatuhia e ngā rangahau MIC tata nei ko te EET (whakawhiti irahiko i waho o te pūtau) te mea whakawhāiti tere i roto i te MIC i puta mai i ngā moroiti hiko. I whakaatuhia e Zhang et al. 18 ka tere ake te whakawhiti irahiko e ngā takawaenga irahiko i waenga i ngā pūtau Desulfovibrio sessificans me te 304 kowiri tira, ka arahi ki te whakaeke MIC kino ake. I whakaatuhia e Enning et al. 19 me Venzlaff et al. 20 ka taea e ngā kiriata koiora huakita whakaiti-hauota (SRB) te mimiti tika i ngā irahiko mai i ngā papa whakarewa, ka hua ake he waikura nui.
E mōhiotia ana te ngoikore o te DSS ki te MIC i roto i ngā taiao kei roto ko te SRB, ngā huakita whakaiti-rino (IRB), me ētahi atu. 21. Ka puta he poka iti i runga i ngā mata DSS i raro i ngā kiriata koiora i ēnei huakita22,23. Kāore i rite ki te DSS, kāore i te tino mōhiotia te MIC o te HDSS24.
Ko te Pseudomonas aeruginosa he huakita porotaka-kino nekeneke e horapa whānuitia ana i roto i te taiao25. Ko te Pseudomonas aeruginosa tētahi rōpū moroiti nui anō hoki i roto i te taiao moana, e meinga ana te MIC ki te maitai. He tata te whai wāhi a Pseudomonas ki ngā tukanga waikura, ā, e mōhiotia ana ko ia te paionia o te noho whenua i te wā e hangaia ana te biofilm. I whakaatu a Mahat et al. 28 me Yuan et al. 29 he āhua tō Pseudomonas aeruginosa ki te whakanui ake i te tere waikura o te maitai ngawari me ngā koranu i roto i ngā taiao wai.
Ko te whāinga matua o tēnei mahi he tirotiro i ngā āhuatanga MIC o te 2707 HDSS i puta mai i te huakita aerobic moana Pseudomonas aeruginosa mā te whakamahi i ngā tikanga hikohiko, ngā tikanga tātari mata me te tātari hua waikura. I whakahaerehia ngā rangahau hikohiko tae atu ki te Open Circuit Potential (OCP), te Linear Polarization Resistance (LPR), te Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), me te Potential Dynamic Polarization hei ako i te whanonga MIC o te 2707 HDSS. I whakahaerehia te tātari ine pūngao marara (EDS) hei kimi i ngā huānga matū i runga i te mata waikura. Hei tāpiri, i whakamahia te tātari ine irahiko whakaahua-X (XPS) hei whakatau i te pumau o te passivation kiriata waikura i raro i te awe o te taiao moana kei roto ko Pseudomonas aeruginosa. I inehia te hohonu o te poka i raro i te karu tirotiro laser confocal (CLSM).
Kei te Ripanga 1 te whakarārangi i te hanganga matū o te 2707 HDSS. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 2 he tino pai ngā āhuatanga miihini o te 2707 HDSS me te kaha whakaputa o te 650 MPa. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 1 i te hanganga moroiti o te otinga i tukatukahia ki te wera 2707 HDSS. Ka kitea ngā whitiki roa o ngā āhua austenite me te ferrite kāore he āhua tuarua i roto i te hanganga moroiti kei roto ko te 50% o te austenite me te 50% o ngā āhua ferrite.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2a i te pūmanawa ara iahiko tuwhera (Eocp) me ngā raraunga wā whakaaturanga mō te 2707 HDSS i roto i te reo 2216E abiotic me te hupa P. aeruginosa mō ngā rā 14 i te 37 °C. E whakaatu ana ko te huringa nui rawa atu me te hiranga o te Eocp ka puta i roto i ngā haora 24 tuatahi. Ko ngā uara Eocp i ngā take e rua i eke ki te -145 mV (vs. SCE) i te 16 haora pea, kātahi ka heke tere, ka eke ki te -477 mV (vs. SCE) me te -236 mV (vs. SCE) mō te tauira abiotic me te P, ia). Ngā tīkitipati Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ia. I muri i ngā hāora 24, he pumau te uara Eocp o te 2707 HDSS mō P. aeruginosa i te -228 mV (vs. SCE), ko te uara e rite ana mō ngā tauira kore-koiora he tata ki te -442 mV (vs. SCE). He iti rawa te Eocp i te aroaro o P. aeruginosa.
Whakamātautau hikohiko o ngā tauira HDSS 2707 i roto i te reo kore-ora me te hupa Pseudomonas aeruginosa i te 37 °C:
(a) Eocp hei mahi a te wā whakaaturanga, (b) ngā ānau pōraritanga i te rā 14, (c) Rp hei mahi a te wā whakaaturanga me te (d) icorr hei mahi a te wā whakaaturanga.
Kei te Ripanga 3 ngā uara tawhā waikura hikohiko o ngā tauira HDSS 2707 i whakatōkia ki te reo kore-ora me te reo i werohia ki te Pseudomonas aeruginosa mō ngā rā 14. I whakawhāitihia ngā paninga o ngā kōpiko anodic me te cathodic kia tae atu ki ngā whakawhitiwhitinga ka puta he kiato iahiko waikura (icorr), he pūmanawa waikura (Ecorr) me ngā pari Tafel (βα me βc) e ai ki ngā tikanga paerewa 30,31.
E ai ki te Pikitia 2b, ko te nekehanga ki runga o te kōpiko P. aeruginosa i hua ake ai te pikinga o te Ecorr ki te whakataurite ki te kōpiko abiotic. Ko te uara icorr, he rite ki te tere waikura, i piki ake ki te 0.328 μA cm-2 i roto i te tauira Pseudomonas aeruginosa, e whā ngā wā i tērā o te tauira kore-koiora (0.087 μA cm-2).
He tikanga hikohiko kore-whakangaro matarohia te LPR mō te tātari waikura tere. I whakamahia hoki hei ako i te MIC32. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2c i te ātete pōraritanga (Rp) hei mahi a te wā whakaaturanga. Ko te uara Rp teitei ake ko te tikanga he iti ake te waikura. I roto i ngā haora 24 tuatahi, i eke te Rp o te 2707 HDSS ki te uara mōrahi o te 1955 kΩ cm2 mō ngā tauira abiotic me te 1429 kΩ cm2 mō ngā tauira Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E whakaatu ana hoki te Pikitia 2c i heke tere te uara Rp i muri i te rā kotahi, ā, kātahi ka noho tonu kāore i rerekē mō ngā rā 13 e whai ake nei. Ko te uara Rp o te tauira Pseudomonas aeruginosa he tata ki te 40 kΩ cm2, he iti iho i te uara 450 kΩ cm2 o te tauira kore-koiora.
He rite te uara icorr ki te tere waikura ōrite. Ka taea te tatau i tōna uara mai i te whārite Stern-Geary e whai ake nei,
I muri i a Zou et al. 33, ko te uara noa o te pari Tafel B i roto i tēnei mahi i whakaarohia he 26 mV/dec. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 2d i noho pumau tonu te icorr o te tauira kore-koiora 2707, i te mea i tino rerekē te tauira P. aeruginosa i muri i ngā haora 24 tuatahi. Ko ngā uara icorr o ngā tauira P. aeruginosa he nui ake i ngā mana whakahaere kore-koiora. He rite tonu tēnei ia ki ngā hua ātete pōraritanga.
Ko te EIS tētahi atu tikanga kore-whakangaro e whakamahia ana hei whakaahua i ngā tauhohenga hikohiko i ngā atanga waikura. Ngā irahiko ārai me ngā uara kaha tātai o ngā tauira kua whakaatuhia ki ngā pāpāho abiotic me te otinga Pseudomonas aeruginosa, te ātete Rb o te kiriata/biofilm kore mahi i hangaia ki te mata o te tauira, te ātete whakawhiti utu Rct, te kaha paparanga hiko rua Cdl (EDL) me ngā tawhā QCPE Constant Phase Element (CPE). I tātarihia anō ēnei tawhā mā te whakauru i ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te tauira ara iahiko ōrite (EEC).
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 3 i ngā kauwhata Nyquist noa (a me te b) me ngā kauwhata Bode (a' me te b') o ngā tauira HDSS 2707 i roto i te reo kore-ora me te hupa P. aeruginosa mō ngā wā whakatipu rerekē. Ka heke te whānui o te mowhiti Nyquist i te aroaro o Pseudomonas aeruginosa. E whakaatu ana te kauwhata Bode (Pikitia 3b') i te pikinga o te nui o te aukati katoa. Ka taea te whakarato i ngā mōhiohio mō te pūmau wā whakangā mā te taumata ā-wāhanga. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 4 i ngā hanganga ā-tinana e hangai ana ki te paparanga kotahi (a) me te paparanga rua (b) me ō rātou EEC e rite ana. Kua whakaurua te CPE ki te tauira EEC. Ko tōna urunga me te aukati e whakaatuhia ana penei:
E rua ngā tauira ā-tinana me ngā ara iahiko ōrite e rite ana mō te whakauru i te whānuitanga ārai o te tauira 2707 HDSS:
ko Y0 te rahi o te CPE, ko j te tau pohewa, ko (-1)1/2 rānei, ko ω te auau koki, ā, ko n te taupū mana CPE iti iho i te kotahitanga35. Ko te whakahuri o te ātete whakawhiti utu (arā, 1/Rct) e rite ana ki te tere waikura. Ko te iti o te Rct he tere ake te tere waikura27. I muri i ngā rā 14 o te whakatipuranga, ka eke te Rct o ngā tauira Pseudomonas aeruginosa ki te 32 kΩ cm2, he iti ake i te 489 kΩ cm2 o ngā tauira kore-koiora (Ripanga 4).
E whakaatu mārama ana ngā whakaahua CLSM me ngā whakaahua SEM i te Pikitia 5 he matotoru te hipoki biofilm i runga i te mata o te tauira HDSS 2707 i muri i ngā rā e 7. Heoi, i muri i ngā rā 14, he iti noa te hipoki biofilm, ā, i puta mai ētahi pūtau mate. E whakaatu ana te Ripanga 5 i te matotoru biofilm i runga i ngā tauira HDSS 2707 i muri i te whakaaturanga ki a P. aeruginosa mō ngā rā e 7 me te 14. I rerekē te matotoru biofilm mōrahi mai i te 23.4 μm i muri i ngā rā e 7 ki te 18.9 μm i muri i ngā rā e 14. I whakaū anō hoki te matotoru biofilm toharite i tēnei ia. I heke iho mai i te 22.2 ± 0.7 μm i muri i ngā rā e 7 ki te 17.8 ± 1.0 μm i muri i ngā rā e 14.
(a) Whakaahua CLSM 3-D i muri i ngā rā e 7, (b) Whakaahua CLSM 3-D i muri i ngā rā e 14, (c) Whakaahua SEM i muri i ngā rā e 7 me (d) Whakaahua SEM i muri i ngā rā e 14.
I whakaatuhia e te EDS ngā huānga matū i roto i ngā kiriata koiora me ngā hua waikura i runga i ngā tauira i whakaatuhia ki te P. aeruginosa mō ngā rā 14. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 6 he nui ake te ihirangi o te C, N, O, me te P i roto i ngā kiriata koiora me ngā hua waikura i tērā i roto i ngā konganuku tahanga, nā te mea e hono ana ēnei huānga ki ngā kiriata koiora me ā rātou matūkai. He iti noa te nui o te chromium me te rino e hiahiatia ana e ngā moroiti. Ko ngā taumata tiketike o te Cr me te Fe i roto i te kiriata koiora me ngā hua waikura i runga i te mata o ngā tauira e tohu ana kua ngaro ngā huānga o te anga whakarewa nā te waikura.
I muri i ngā rā 14, i kitea te poka me te kore P. aeruginosa i roto i te reo 2216E. I mua i te whakatōnga, he maeneene te mata o te tauira, ā, kāore he hapa (Pikitia 7a). I muri i te whakatōnga me te tango i te kiriata koiora me ngā hua waikura, i tirotirohia ngā poka hohonu rawa atu i runga i te mata o ngā tauira i raro i te CLSM, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 7b me te c. Kāore i kitea he poka kitea i runga i te mata o ngā tauira whakahaere kore-koiora (te hohonutanga o te poka mōrahi 0.02 μm). Ko te hohonutanga o te poka mōrahi i puta mai i te Pseudomonas aeruginosa he 0.52 μm i muri i ngā rā 7 me te 0.69 μm i muri i ngā rā 14, i runga i te hohonutanga o te poka mōrahi toharite o ngā tauira e 3 (10 ngā uara hohonutanga o te poka mōrahi i tīpakohia mō ia tauira) i tae ki te 0.42 ± 0.12 μm me te 0.52 ± 0.15 μm, ia (Ripanga 5). He iti ēnei uara hohonutanga o te poka engari he mea nui.
(a) I mua i te whakaaturanga, (b) 14 ngā rā i roto i te taiao kore-ora me (c) 14 ngā rā i roto i te hupa Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 8 i ngā hihi XPS o ngā mata tauira rerekē, ā, ko ngā hanganga matū i tātarihia mō ia mata kua whakarāpopototia ki te Ripanga 6. I roto i te Ripanga 6, ko ngā ōrau ngota o Fe me Cr i te aroaro o P. aeruginosa (ngā tauira A me B) he iti iho i ērā o ngā tauira whakahaere kore-koiora (ngā tauira C me D). Mō te tauira P. aeruginosa, i whakauruhia te pihi hihi taumata-matua Cr 2p ki ngā wāhanga tihi e whā me ngā uara pūngao here (BE) o te 574.4, 576.6, 578.3 me te 586.8 eV, ka taea te kī ko Cr, Cr2O3, CrO3 me Cr(OH)3, ia (Pikitia 9a me te b). Mō ngā tauira kore-koiora, kei roto i te hihi taumata-matua Cr 2p ngā tihi matua e rua mō Cr (573.80 eV mō BE) me Cr2O3 (575.90 eV mō BE) i te Pikitia 1. 9c me d, ia. Ko te rerekētanga tino kitea i waenga i ngā tauira abiotic me ngā tauira P. aeruginosa ko te aroaro o Cr6+ me te wāhanga whanaunga teitei ake o Cr(OH)3 (BE o 586.8 eV) i raro i te kiriata koiora.
Ko te whānuitanga o ngā hihi XPS o te mata o te tauira 2707 HDSS i roto i ngā pāpāho e rua he 7 ngā rā me te 14 ngā rā, ia.
(a) 7 ngā rā o te pānga ki te P. aeruginosa, (b) 14 ngā rā o te pānga ki te P. aeruginosa, (c) 7 ngā rā i roto i te taiao kore-ora me te (d) 14 ngā rā i roto i te taiao kore-ora.
He nui ngā taumata ātete waikura o te HDSS i te nuinga o ngā taiao. I kōrero a Kim et al. 2 ko te UNS S32707 HDSS i tautuhia he DSS tino whakarewa me te PREN neke atu i te 45. Ko te uara PREN o te tauira 2707 HDSS i roto i tēnei mahi ko te 49. Nā te nui o te ihirangi chromium me te nui o te molybdenum me te Ni, he mea whai hua i roto i ngā taiao waikawa me te nui o te chloride. Hei tāpiri, he pai te hanganga taurite me te hanganga moroiti kore-hapa mō te pumau hanganga me te ātete waikura. Heoi, ahakoa tōna ātete matū pai rawa atu, e kī ana ngā raraunga whakamātautau i roto i tēnei mahi kāore te 2707 HDSS i te tino ātete ki te MIC o ngā biofilms P. aeruginosa.
I whakaatuhia e ngā hua hikohiko he nui ake te tere o te waikura o te 2707 HDSS i roto i te hupa P. aeruginosa i muri i ngā rā 14 ki te whakataurite ki te reo kore-koiora. I roto i te Pikitia 2a, i kitea he whakahekenga o te Eocp i roto i te reo abiotic me te hupa P. aeruginosa i roto i ngā haora 24 tuatahi. Muri iho, kua oti te hipoki o te kiriata koiora i te mata o te tauira, ā, kua pumau te Eocp36. Heoi, he nui ake te taumata o te Eocp koiora i te taumata o te Eocp kore-koiora. He take ki te whakapono ko tēnei rerekētanga nā te hanganga o te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa. I roto i te Pikitia 2d, i te aroaro o te P. aeruginosa, i eke te uara icorr o te 2707 HDSS ki te 0.627 μA cm-2, he nui ake i te mana abiotic (0.063 μA cm-2), he rite ki te uara Rct i inehia e te EIS. I roto i ngā rā tuatahi, ko ngā uara aukati i roto i te P. I piki ake te hupa aeruginosa nā te piri o ngā pūtau P. aeruginosa me te hanganga o ngā kiriata koiora. Heoi, ina kapi katoa te mata o te tauira i te kiriata koiora, ka heke te aukati. Ka whakaekea tuatahitia te paparanga tiaki nā te hanganga o ngā kiriata koiora me ngā matū koiora. Nō reira, ka heke te ātete waikura i roto i te wā, ā, nā te piri o P. aeruginosa i puta ai te waikura ā-rohe. He rerekē ngā au i roto i ngā pāpāho abiotic. He nui ake te ātete waikura o te mana whakahaere kore-koiora i te uara e rite ana o ngā tauira i whakaatuhia ki te hupa P. aeruginosa. Hei tāpiri, mō ngā tauira abiotic, i eke te uara Rct o te 2707 HDSS ki te 489 kΩ cm2 i te rā 14, arā, 15 ngā wā o te uara Rct (32 kΩ cm2) i te aroaro o P. aeruginosa. Nō reira, he tino pai te ātete waikura o te 2707 HDSS i roto i te taiao parakore, engari kāore e ātete ki te whakaekenga MIC e ngā kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa.
Ka kitea hoki ēnei hua mai i ngā ānau pōraritanga i te Pikitia 2b. Ko te peka anodic i kīia ko te hanganga o te kiriata koiora Pseudomonas aeruginosa me ngā tauhohenga waikura whakarewa. I taua wā anō, ko te tauhohenga cathodic ko te whakaiti i te hāora. Ko te aroaro o P. aeruginosa i tino whakanui ake i te kiato o te iahiko waikura, tata ki te nui teitei ake i te mana abiotic. E tohu ana tēnei ka whakanui ake te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa i te waikura ā-rohe o 2707 HDSS. I kitea e Yuan et al29 kua piki ake te kiato o te iahiko waikura o te 70/30 Cu-Ni i raro i te wero o te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa. Tērā pea nā te biocatalysis o te whakaiti hāora e ngā kiriata koiora Pseudomonas aeruginosa tēnei. Tērā pea ka whakamāramahia e tēnei kitenga te MIC o 2707 HDSS i roto i tēnei mahi. Tērā pea he iti ake te hāora i raro i ngā kiriata koiora aerobic. Nō reira, ko te korenga o te whakahoki anō i te mata whakarewa e te hāora he mea whai wāhi pea ki te MIC i roto i tēnei mahi.
I kī a Dickinson me ētahi atu, 38, ka pāngia tika ngā tere o ngā tauhohenga matū me ngā tauhohenga hiko e te mahi pākia o ngā huakita noho i runga i te mata o te tauira me te āhua o ngā hua waikura. E ai ki te Whakaahua 5 me te Ripanga 5, i heke te maha o ngā pūtau me te matotoru o te kiriata koiora i muri i ngā rā 14. Ka taea te whakamārama i tēnei i muri i ngā rā 14, i mate te nuinga o ngā pūtau noho i runga i te mata o te 2707 HDSS nā te whakahekenga o ngā matūkai i roto i te reo 2216E, nā te tukunga rānei o ngā katote konganuku paitini mai i te matihiko 2707 HDSS. He herenga tēnei o ngā whakamātautau puranga.
I roto i tēnei mahi, i whakatairangahia e te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa te whakahekenga ā-rohe o te Cr me te Fe i raro i te kiriata koiora i runga i te mata o te 2707 HDSS (Pikitia 6). I roto i te Ripanga 6, ko te whakahekenga o te Fe me te Cr i roto i te tauira D i whakaritea ki te tauira C, e tohu ana ko te Fe me te Cr rewa i puta mai i te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa i mau tonu i tua atu i ngā rā tuatahi e 7. Ka whakamahia te reo 2216E hei whakatauira i ngā taiao moana. Kei roto ko te 17700 ppm Cl-, he rite ki te mea i kitea i roto i te wai moana tūturu. Ko te aroaro o te 17700 ppm Cl- te take matua mō te whakahekenga o te Cr i roto i ngā tauira abiotic 7- me te 14-rā i tātarihia e XPS. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā tauira P. aeruginosa, he iti ake te rewa o te Cr i roto i ngā tauira abiotic nā te kaha o te ātete Cl− o te 2707 HDSS i roto i ngā taiao abiotic. E whakaatu ana te Pikitia 9 i te aroaro o te Cr6+ i roto i te kiriata passivation. Tērā pea kei roto i te tangohanga o te Cr mai i ngā mata maitai e ngā kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa, e ai ki ngā whakaaro o Chen rāua ko Clayton.
Nā te tipu o te huakita, ko ngā uara pH o te rauemi i mua atu, ā, i muri i te whakatipuranga he 7.4 me te 8.2. Nō reira, i raro i te kiriata koiora o te P. aeruginosa, kāore pea te waikura waikawa waro hei take whai wāhi ki tēnei mahi nā te pH teitei i roto i te rauemi papatipu. Kāore i tino rerekē te pH o te rauemi whakahaere kore-koiora (mai i te 7.4 tuatahi ki te 7.5 whakamutunga) i te wā whakamātautau 14-rā. Ko te pikinga o te pH i roto i te rauemi werohanga i muri i te whakatipuranga i puta mai i te mahi pākia o te P. aeruginosa, ā, i kitea he rite tonu te pānga ki te pH i te korenga o ngā rīpene whakamātautau.
E ai ki te Pikitia 7, ko te hohonutanga nui rawa o te poka i puta mai i te kiriata koiora o P. aeruginosa he 0.69 μm, he nui ake i tērā o te reo kore ora (0.02 μm). He rite tēnei ki ngā raraunga hikohiko kua whakaahuatia i runga ake nei. Ko te hohonutanga o te poka 0.69 μm he nui atu i te tekau ngā wā iti iho i te uara 9.5 μm i pūrongohia mō te 2205 DSS i raro i ngā āhuatanga ōrite. E whakaatu ana ēnei raraunga he pai ake te ātete MIC o te 2707 HDSS ki te 2205 DSS. Kāore he mea miharo tēnei, nā te mea he nui ake te ihirangi chromium o te 2707 HDSS, e whakarato ana i te roanga ake o te passivation, nā te hanganga āhua taurite me te kore he matū tuarua kino, e uaua ake ai te tango passivation a P. aeruginosa me te huna i ngā pūwāhi tīmatanga.
Hei whakamutunga, i kitea he poka MIC i runga i te mata o te 2707 HDSS i roto i te hupa P. aeruginosa, ki te whakataurite ki te poka iti i roto i ngā pāpāho abiotic. E whakaatu ana tēnei mahi he pai ake te ātete MIC o te 2707 HDSS i te 2205 DSS, engari kāore i te tino ātete ki te MIC nā te kiriata koiora P. aeruginosa. Ka āwhina ēnei kitenga i te whiriwhiri i ngā maitai kore waikura e tika ana me te whakatau tata i te roa o te ora ratonga mō te taiao moana.
Nā te Kura Whakarewa o Te Whare Wānanga o Te Tai Tokerau o Te Tai Rāwhiti (NEU) i Shenyang, Haina i whakarato te tīkitipati mō te 2707 HDSS. Kei te Ripanga 1 te hanganga huānga o te 2707 HDSS, i tātarihia e te Tari Tātari me te Whakamātautau Rauemi NEU. I tukatukahia ngā tauira katoa ki te otinga i te 1180 °C mō te 1 hāora. I mua i te whakamātautau waikura, i whakakanapahia te 2707 HDSS āhua moni me te horahanga mata o runga o te 1 cm2 ki te 2000 kirikiri ki te pepa silicon carbide, ā, i whakakanapahia anō ki te paura whakatārewatanga Al2O3 0.05 μm. Ka tiakina ngā taha me raro ki te peita kore mahi. I muri i te whakamaroke, i horoia ngā tauira ki te wai whakamāori, ā, i whakakanapahia ki te 75% (v/v) etanoru mō te 0.5 hāora. Kātahi ka whakamarokehia ki te hau i raro i te mārama ultraviolet (UV) mō te 0.5 hāora i mua i te whakamahinga.
I hokona te momo Pseudomonas aeruginosa MCCC 1A00099 moana mai i te Xiamen Marine Culture Collection Center (MCCC), Haina. I whakatipuria te Pseudomonas aeruginosa mā te hau i te 37°C i roto i ngā ipu 250 ml me ngā pūtau karāhe hikohiko 500 ml mā te whakamahi i te reo wai Marine 2216E (Qingdao Hope Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Qingdao, Haina). Reo (g/L): 19.45 NaCl, 5.98 MgCl2, 3.24 Na2SO4, 1.8 CaCl2, 0.55 KCl, 0.16 Na2CO3, 0.08 KBr, 0.034 SrCl2, 0.08 SrBr2, 0.022 H3BO3, 0.004 NaSiO3, 0016 NH3, 0016 NH3, 0016 NaH2PO4, 5.0 peptone, 1.0 tangohanga rewena me te 0.1 ferric citrate. Whakamahanahia ki te 121°C mō te 20 meneti i mua i te werohanga. Tatauhia ngā pūtau noho me ngā pūtau planktonic mā te whakamahi i te hemocytometer i raro i te karuārai mārama i te whakanui 400X. Ko te kukū pūtau tuatahi o te planktonic Pseudomonas aeruginosa i muri tonu i te werohanga he tata ki te 106 pūtau/ml.
I whakahaerehia ngā whakamātautau hikohiko i roto i tētahi pūtau karāhe hiko-toru tawhito me te rōrahi reo o te 500 ml. I honoa tētahi rau konukawata me tētahi hikorome kua kōkō (SCE) ki te tauhohenga mā roto i ngā pūwero Luggin kua whakakiia ki ngā piriti tote, hei hikorohi kaute me te hikorohi tohutoro. Hei hanga i ngā hikorohi mahi, i honoa he waea parahi kua pania ki te rapa ki ia tauira, ā, i hipokina ki te epoxy, ka waiho kia tata ki te 1 cm2 o te horahanga mata kotahi-taha e kitea ana mō te hikorohi mahi. I roto i ngā ine hikohiko, i whakanohoia ngā tauira ki roto i te reo 2216E, ā, i puritia ki te pāmahana whakatō pumau (37 °C) i roto i te kaukau wai. I inehia te OCP, LPR, EIS me ngā raraunga pōraritanga hihiri pūmanawa mā te whakamahi i tētahi potentiostat Autolab (Tohutoro 600TM, Gamry Instruments, Inc., USA). I ​​tuhia ngā whakamātautau LPR i te tere matawai o te 0.125 mV s-1 i runga i te whānuitanga o te -5 me te 5 mV me te Eocp me te auau tauira o te 1 Hz. I whakahaerehia te EIS me te ngaru sine i roto i te whānuitanga auau. 0.01 ki te 10,000 Hz mā te whakamahi i te ngaohiko 5 mV i te āhua pumau o Eocp. I mua i te horomitanga pūmanawa, i noho ngā irahiko i roto i te aratau ara iahiko tuwhera tae noa ki te taenga ki te uara pūmanawa waikura kore pumau. Kātahi ka whakahaerehia ngā ānau whakapūtātanga mai i -0.2 ki te 1.5 V ki te Eocp i te tere matawai o te 0.166 mV/s. E toru ngā wā i tuaruatia ai ia whakamātautau me te kore P. aeruginosa.
I whakakanapahia ngā tauira mō te tātaritanga whakarewa ki te pepa SiC mākū 2000, kātahi ka whakakanapahia anō ki te paura whakatārewatanga Al2O3 0.05 μm hei tirotiro whatu. I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga whakarewa mā te whakamahi i te karuārai whatu. I whakairohia ngā tauira ki te otinga pāhare pāporo 10 wt.% 43.
I muri i te whakatōnga, i horoia ngā tauira e 3 ngā wā ki te wai tote phosphate-buffered (PBS) (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) kātahi ka whakapūmauhia ki te 2.5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde mō ngā haora 10 hei whakapūmau i ngā kiriata koiora. I muri mai ka whakamaroketia ki te raupapa kua whakarōpūtia (50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95% me te 100% v/v) o te etanoru i mua i te whakamaroke i te hau. Hei whakamutunga, ka pania te mata o te tauira ki te kiriata koura hei whakarato i te kawe hiko mō te tirotiro SEM. I arotahihia ngā whakaahua SEM ki ngā wāhi he nui ngā pūtau P. aeruginosa tino noho i runga i te mata o ia tauira. Whakahaerehia te tātari EDS hei kimi i ngā huānga matū. I whakamahia he Zeiss Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope (CLSM) (LSM 710, Zeiss, Tiamana) hei ine i te hohonu o te poka. Hei tirotiro i ngā poka waikura i raro i te kiriata koiora, i horoia tuatahitia te wahi whakamātautau kia rite ki te Paerewa Motu Haina. (CNS) GB/T4334.4-2000 hei tango i ngā hua waikura me te kiriata koiora i runga i te mata o te wahi whakamātautau.
I whakahaerehia te tātaritanga irahiko whakaahua hihi-X (XPS, pūnaha tātari mata ESCALAB250, Thermo VG, USA) mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūtake hihi-X kotahi-tae (raina konumohe Kα i te kaha 1500 eV me te kaha 150 W) i runga i te whānuitanga kaha here whānui 0 i raro i ngā tikanga paerewa –1350 eV. I tuhia ngā irahiko taumira teitei mā te whakamahi i te kaha whakawhiti 50 eV me te rahi taahiraa 0.2 eV.
I tangohia ngā tauira i whakatōkia, ā, i horoia mārire ki te PBS (pH 7.4 ± 0.2) mō te 15 hēkona 45. Hei tirotiro i te oranga o ngā huakita o ngā kiriata koiora i runga i ngā tauira, i pania ngā kiriata koiora mā te whakamahi i te LIVE/DEAD BacLight Bacterial Viability Kit (Invitrogen, Eugene, OR, USA). E rua ngā tae kanapa kei roto i te kete, he tae kanapa matomato SYTO-9 me te tae kanapa whero propidium iodide (PI). I raro i te CLSM, ko ngā ira me te kakariki kanapa me te whero e tohu ana i ngā pūtau ora me ngā pūtau mate. Mō te pania, i pania he ranunga 1 ml kei roto ko te 3 μl SYTO-9 me te 3 μl otinga PI i roto i te pōuri mō te 20 meneti i te pāmahana rūma (23 oC) i roto i te pōuri. Muri iho, i tirohia ngā tauira i pania i ngā roangaru e rua (488 nm mō ngā pūtau ora me te 559 nm mō ngā pūtau mate) mā te whakamahi i te mīhini Nikon CLSM (C2 Plus, Nikon, Hapani). I inehia te matotoru o te kiriata koiora i roto i te aratau matawai 3-D.
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