U: Muva nje siqale ukwenza umsebenzi odinga ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zenziwe ngokuyinhloko ngensimbi engagqwali yebanga lama-304, ehlanganiswe yodwa kanye nensimbi ethambile. Sibhekane nezinkinga zokuqhekeka kwensimbi engagqwali kuya kwensimbi engagqwali ukujiya okufika ku-1.25″. Kukhulunywe ukuthi sinenani eliphansi le-ferrite. Ungachaza ukuthi kuyini lokhu nokuthi ungakulungisa kanjani?
A: Lona umbuzo omuhle. Yebo, singakusiza uqonde ukuthi kusho ukuthini ukubalwa kwe-ferrite ephansi nokuthi ungakuvimbela kanjani.
Okokuqala, ake sibukeze incazelo yensimbi engagqwali (SS) nokuthi i-ferrite ihlobene kanjani namajoyinti ahlanganisiwe. Insimbi emnyama kanye nama-alloy aqukethe insimbi engaphezu kuka-50%. Lokhu kufaka phakathi zonke izinsimbi zekhabhoni kanye nensimbi engagqwali kanye namanye amaqembu achazwe. I-Aluminium, ithusi kanye ne-titanium azinazo insimbi, ngakho-ke ziyizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zama-alloy angewona awensimbi.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zale alloy yi-carbon steel ene-iron okungenani engu-90% kanye ne-SS ene-iron engu-70 kuya ku-80%. Ukuze ihlukaniswe njenge-SS, kumele okungenani ibe ne-chromium engu-11.5% eyengeziwe. Amazinga e-Chromium ngaphezu kwalesi silinganiso esincane akhuthaza ukwakheka kwamafilimu e-chromium oxide ezindaweni zensimbi futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwe-oxidation njengokugqwala (i-iron oxide) noma ukugqwala okubangelwa ukuhlaselwa ngamakhemikhali.
Ama-SS ahlukaniswe kakhulu ngamaqembu amathathu: i-austenite, i-ferrite kanye ne-martensite. Igama lawo livela esakhiweni sekristalu esisebenza ngokushisa kwegumbi esiwakhayo. Elinye iqembu elivamile yi-duplex SS, okuyibhalansi phakathi kwe-ferrite kanye ne-austenite esakhiweni sekristalu.
Amagreyidi ase-Austenitic, uchungechunge lwama-300, aqukethe i-chromium engu-16% kuya ku-30% kanye ne-nickel engu-8% kuya ku-40%, akha isakhiwo sekristalu se-austenitic ikakhulukazi. Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwesilinganiso se-austenite-ferrite, kungezwa izinto eziqinisayo njenge-nickel, ikhabhoni, i-manganese kanye ne-nitrogen ngesikhathi senqubo yokwenza insimbi. Amanye amagreyidi avamile angama-304, 316 kanye no-347. Inikeza ukumelana okuhle kokugqwala; isetshenziswa kakhulu ekudleni, ekwelashweni ngamakhemikhali, emithi kanye nasezinhlelweni ze-cryogenic. Ukulawulwa kokwakheka kwe-ferrite kunikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu kwezinga lokushisa eliphansi.
I-Ferritic SS iyibanga lochungechunge lwama-400 elinobuthi obuphelele, liqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% kuya ku-30%, futhi linesakhiwo sekristalu esiyinhloko se-ferritic. Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukwakheka kwe-ferrite, iziqinisi zifaka i-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum, kanye ne-niobium ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi. Lezi zinhlobo ze-SS zivame ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zokukhipha umoya ezimotweni nasezitshalweni zamandla futhi zinezicelo ezilinganiselwe zokushisa okuphezulu. Izinhlobo eziningana ezivame ukusetshenziswa yi-405, 409, 430 kanye ne-446.
Amagreyidi e-Martensitic, aphinde ahlonzwe uchungechunge lwama-400 njenge-403, 410 kanye ne-440, anamandla kazibuthe, aqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% kuya ku-18%, futhi ane-martensite njengesakhiwo sekristalu. Le nhlanganisela inokuqukethwe kwegolide okuphansi kakhulu, okwenza kube okungabizi kakhulu ukukhiqiza. Anikeza ukumelana nokugqwala; amandla amahle kakhulu; futhi avame ukusetshenziswa ezitsheni zokudla, emishinini yamazinyo neyokuhlinza, ezitsheni zokupheka, kanye nasezinhlotsheni ezithile zamathuluzi.
Uma ushisela i-SS, uhlobo lwe-substrate kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo okusebenzayo kuzonquma insimbi yokugcwalisa efanele ukusetshenziswa. Uma usebenzisa inqubo yokuvikela igesi, kungadingeka ukuthi unake kakhulu izingxube zegesi zokuvikela ukuze uvimbele izinkinga ezithile ezihlobene nokushisela.
Ukuze uhlanganise i-304 kuyo, uzodinga i-electrode ye-E308/308L. I-“L” imele ikhabhoni ephansi, okusiza ekuvimbeleni ukugqwala kwe-intergranular. Lawa ma-electrode anokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni okungaphansi kuka-0.03%; noma yini engaphezulu kwalokhu yandisa ingozi yokuthi ikhabhoni ifinyelele emingceleni yokusanhlamvu futhi ihlanganiswe ne-chromium ukwakha ama-carbide e-chromium, okunciphisa ngempumelelo ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi. Lokhu kuba sobala uma ukugqwala kwenzeka endaweni ethintekile ekushiseni (HAZ) yamajoyinti e-SS ahlanganisiwe. Okunye okucatshangelwayo nge-SS yebanga le-L ukuthi anamandla aphansi okudonseka emazingeni okushisa aphezulu kune-SS grades eqondile.
Njengoba i-304 iwuhlobo lwe-SS oluyi-austenitic, insimbi ehambisanayo izoqukatha iningi le-austenite. Kodwa-ke, i-electrode ngokwayo izoqukatha i-ferrite stabilizer, njenge-molybdenum, ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-ferrite ensimbini ehlanganisiwe. Abakhiqizi bavame ukubala uhla olujwayelekile lwamanani e-ferrite ensimbini ehlanganisiwe. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, ikhabhoni iyi-austenitic stabilizer enamandla, futhi ngenxa yalezi zizathu kubalulekile ukuyivimbela ukuthi ingengezwa ensimbini ehlanganisiwe.
Izinombolo ze-Ferrite zithathwe ku-Schaeffler diagram kanye no-WRC-1992 diagram, ezisebenzisa amafomula alinganayo e-nickel ne-chromium ukubala inani, okuthi uma lidwetshwe ku-diagram likhiqize inombolo ejwayelekile. Inombolo ye-ferrite ephakathi kuka-0 no-7 ihambelana nephesenti levolumu yesakhiwo se-ferrite crystal esikhona ensimbini yokushisela; noma kunjalo, ngamaphesenti aphezulu, inombolo ye-ferrite iyanda ngesivinini esikhulu. Khumbula ukuthi i-ferrite ku-SS ayifani ne-ferrite yensimbi yekhabhoni, kodwa isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi i-delta ferrite. I-Austenitic SS ayinazo izinguquko zesigaba ezihlobene nezinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu njengokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kuyafiseleka ngoba ithambile kakhulu kune-austenite, kodwa kumele ilawulwe. Inani eliphansi le-ferrite lingakhiqiza ama-weld anokumelana okuhle kokugqwala kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa athambekele kakhulu ekuqhekekeni okushisa ngesikhathi sokushisela. Ezimweni zokusetshenziswa ezijwayelekile, inani le-ferrite kufanele libe phakathi kuka-5 no-10, kodwa kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza kungadingeka amanani aphansi noma aphezulu. Ama-ferrite angaqinisekiswa kalula emsebenzini kusetshenziswa inkomba ye-ferrite.
Njengoba ushilo ukuthi unezinkinga zokuqhekeka kanye nenani eliphansi le-ferrite, udinga ukubhekisisa insimbi yakho yokugcwalisa bese uqinisekisa ukuthi ikhiqiza inani elanele le-ferrite - cishe u-8 kufanele usize. Futhi, uma usebenzisa i-flux cored arc welding (FCAW), lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa zivame ukusebenzisa igesi yokuvikela i-carbon dioxide engu-100% noma ingxube ye-argon engu-75%/25% CO2, engabangela ukumuncwa kwe-carbon ensimbini yokugcwalisa. Ungase ufise ukushintshela enqubweni yokugcwalisa i-arc yensimbi yegesi (GMAW) bese usebenzisa ingxube ye-argon engu-98%/2% oxygen ukuze unciphise amathuba okuthathwa kwe-carbon.
Ukuze ushisele i-SS ku-carbon steel kumele usebenzise izinto zokugcwalisa ze-E309L. Le nsimbi yokugcwalisa isetshenziswa ngokukhethekile ekushiseleni izinsimbi ezingafani futhi yakha inani elithile le-ferrite ngemva kokuba insimbi yekhabhoni ixutshwe ku-weld. Njengoba ikhabhoni ethile imuncwa ensimbini yekhabhoni, ama-ferrite stabilizers ayengezwa ku-filler metal ukuze kulwiswane nokuthambekela kwekhabhoni ekwakheni i-austenite. Lokhu kuzosiza ekuvimbeleni ukuqhekeka kokushisa ekusetshenzisweni kokushisela.
Ngamafuphi, uma ufuna ukususa imifantu eshisayo kumajoyinti e-welded e-austenitic SS, qinisekisa insimbi yokugcwalisa i-ferrite eyanele bese ulandela umkhuba omuhle wokushisela. Gcina ukushisa kungaphansi kwama-kJ angu-50/intshi, gcina amazinga okushisa aphakathi nendawo kuya kwaphansi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amajoyinti e-solder awangcolile ngaphambi kokushisela. Sebenzisa igeyiji efanele ukuqinisekisa inani le-ferrite kujoyinti e-welded, uhlose ama-5 kuya ku-10.
I-WELDER, eyayibizwa ngokuthi i-Practical Welding Today, ibonisa abantu bangempela abenza imikhiqizo esiyisebenzisayo nesisebenza ngayo nsuku zonke. Lo magazini ukhonze umphakathi wokushisela eNyakatho Melika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
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