Q: Duherutse gutangira gukora akazi gasaba ko ibice bimwe na bimwe bikorwa ahanini mu byuma bita steel byo mu rwego rwa 304, bihuzwa ubwabyo no mu byuma byoroheje. Twahuye n'ibibazo byo kwangirika kw'ibyuma bita steel bihuzwa n'ibyuma bita steel bifite ubugari bwa santimetero 1.25. Byavuzwe ko dufite umubare muto wa ferrite. Ese ushobora gusobanura icyo ari cyo n'uko wagikosora?
A: Iki ni ikibazo cyiza. Yego, dushobora kugufasha gusobanukirwa icyo umubare muto wa ferrite bivuze n'uburyo bwo kubyirinda.
Ubwa mbere, reka turebere hamwe ibisobanuro bya SS n'uburyo ferrite ifitanye isano n'ingingo zisutswe. Icyuma cy'umukara n'ibyuma bivanze birimo icyuma kirenga 50%. Ibi birimo icyuma cyose cya karuboni n'ibyuma bivanze n'andi matsinda yagenwe. Aluminiyumu, umuringa na titaniyumu ntabwo birimo icyuma, bityo ni ingero nziza z'ibyuma bidafite feri.
Ibice by'ingenzi by'iyi alloy ni icyuma cya karuboni gifite nibura 90% by'icyuma na SS gifite icyuma kiri hagati ya 70 na 80%. Kugira ngo ishyirwe mu cyiciro cya SS, igomba kuba ifite nibura 11.5% bya chromium. Urugero rwa chromium ruri hejuru y'iki gipimo ntarengwa rutuma habaho filime za chromium oxide ku buso bw'icyuma kandi rukarinda ko oxidation ibaho nk'ingese (food oxide) cyangwa ingese iterwa n'ibitero bya shimi.
SS igabanyijemo amatsinda atatu: austenite, ferrite na martensite. Izina ryabo rikomoka ku miterere ya kristale y'ubushyuhe bw'icyumba ibagize. Irindi tsinda risanzwe ni duplex SS, ikaba ari uburinganire hagati ya ferrite na austenite mu miterere ya kristale.
Amanota ya Austenitic, 300 series, arimo 16% kugeza 30% bya chromium na 8% kugeza 40% bya nikeli, bigakora imiterere ya kristu ya austenitic yiganjemo. Kugira ngo habeho igipimo cya austenite-ferrite, hongerwamo ibintu bitera imbaraga nka nikeli, karuboni, manganese na azote mu gihe cyo gukora ibyuma. Amanota amwe asanzwe ni 304, 316 na 347. Itanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese; ikoreshwa cyane cyane mu biribwa, mu bucuruzi bw'imiti, mu buvuzi no mu bikorwa byo gushyuha. Kugenzura ikorwa rya ferrite bitanga ubukana bwiza bw'ubushyuhe buke.
Ferritic SS ni ubwoko bwa serivise 400 bufite ingufu za rukuruzi zose, igizwe na chromium kuva kuri 11.5% kugeza kuri 30%, kandi ifite imiterere ya crystal ikoreshwa na ferrite. Kugira ngo ferrite irusheho gukora neza, ibintu bitera imbaraga birimo chromium, silicon, molybdenum, na niobium mu gihe cyo gukora icyuma. Ubwo bwoko bwa SS bukunze gukoreshwa mu buryo bw'imodoka zisohora imyuka no mu nganda zitanga ingufu kandi bufite ubushyuhe bwinshi. Ubwoko bwinshi bukunze gukoreshwa ni 405, 409, 430 na 446.
Ingano za Martensitic, nazo zagaragajwe n'uruhererekane rwa 400 nka 403, 410 na 440, ni rukuruzi, zirimo chromium kuva kuri 11.5% kugeza kuri 18%, kandi zifite martensite nk'imiterere ya kristu. Uru ruvange rufite zahabu nkeya, bigatuma zidahenda cyane kuzikora. Zitanga ubushobozi bwo kurwanya ingese; imbaraga nziza cyane; kandi zikunze gukoreshwa mu bikoresho byo ku meza, ibikoresho by'amenyo n'iby'ubuganga, ibikoresho byo guteka, n'ibindi bikoresho bimwe na bimwe.
Iyo usudira SS, ubwoko bw'icyuma gikoreshwa n'uburyo gikoreshwa bizagena icyuma gikwiye cyo gukoresha. Niba ukoresha uburyo bwo gukingira gazi, ushobora gukenera kwitondera cyane uruvange rwa gazi kugira ngo wirinde ibibazo bimwe na bimwe bijyanye no gusudira.
Kugira ngo uhuze 304 kuri yo, uzakenera electrode ya E308/308L. "L" isobanura karuboni nkeya, ifasha mu gukumira ingese hagati y’uduce duto. Izi electrode zifite ingano ya karuboni iri munsi ya 0.03%; ikintu cyose kiri hejuru y’ibi byongera ibyago byo kwangirika kwa karuboni ku mbibi z’ibinyampeke no guhuzwa na chromium kugira ngo habeho karuboni ya chromium, bigabanya neza ingese yo kwangirika kw’icyuma. Ibi bigaragara iyo ingese ibaye mu gace kagizweho ingaruka n’ubushyuhe (HAZ) mu duce twa SS twasutsweho. Ikindi kintu cyo kwitaho kuri SS yo mu rwego rwa L ni uko zifite imbaraga nke zo gukurura ku bushyuhe buri hejuru ugereranyije n’ingero za SS zo mu rwego rwa Direct.
Kubera ko 304 ari ubwoko bwa austenitic bwa SS, icyuma gihuye nacyo kizaba kirimo igice kinini cya austenite. Ariko, electrode ubwayo izaba irimo ferrite stabilizer, nka molybdenum, kugira ngo itere imbere ikorwa rya ferrite mu cyuma gihuza. Abakora ubusanzwe bandika ingano isanzwe ya ferrite ku cyuma gihuza. Nkuko byavuzwe mbere, karuboni ni austenitic stabilizer ikomeye, kandi kubera izo mpamvu ni ngombwa kuyirinda ko yongerwa mu cyuma gihuza.
Imibare ya Ferrite ikomoka kuri diyagramu ya Schaeffler na diyagramu ya WRC-1992, ikoresha formula zingana na nikeli na chromium kugira ngo ibare agaciro, iyo ishushanyije kuri diyagramu igatanga umubare usanzwe. Umubare wa ferrite uri hagati ya 0 na 7 uhuye n'ijanisha ry'ingano y'imiterere ya crystal ya ferrite iri mu cyuma gisudira; icyakora, ku ijanisha riri hejuru, umubare wa ferrite wiyongera ku muvuduko wihuta. Wibuke ko ferrite muri SS atari kimwe na ferrite ya carbon steel, ahubwo ni phase yitwa delta ferrite. Austenitic SS nta mpinduka z'ijanisha zijyanye n'ibikorwa by'ubushyuhe bwinshi nko kuvura ubushyuhe.
Ikorwa rya ferrite ni ryiza kuko rirusha austenite ductile, ariko rigomba kugenzurwa. Umubare muto wa ferrite ushobora gutuma habaho gusudira bifite ubudahangarwa bwiza bwo kwangirika muri bimwe mu bikorwa, ariko bikunze gushyuha cyane mu gihe cyo gusudira. Ku miterere rusange y'ikoreshwa, umubare wa ferrite ugomba kuba hagati ya 5 na 10, ariko kuri bimwe bishobora kuba ngombwa ko hakenerwa agaciro kari hasi cyangwa kari hejuru. Ferrite zishobora kwemezwa byoroshye mu kazi hakoreshejwe ikimenyetso cya ferrite.
Kubera ko wavuze ko ufite ibibazo byo kwangirika no kuba ferrite ari nkeya, ugomba gusuzuma neza icyuma cyawe cyuzuza ukareba neza ko gitanga ferrite ihagije - hafi 8 byagufasha. Nanone, niba ukoresha flux cored arc welding (FCAW), ubu buryo bw'ibyuma byuzuza ukoresheje gaze 100% ya karubone dioxyde cyangwa uruvange rwa 75% ya argon / 25% ya CO2, bishobora gutuma karubone yinjira mu cyuma cyuzuza uruvange. Ushobora guhitamo guhindura inzira yo gusudira arc metal metal (GMAW) ugakoresha uruvange rwa 98% ya argon / 2% ya ogisijeni kugira ngo ugabanye amahirwe yo gukurura karubone.
Kugira ngo uhuze SS kuri karubone ugomba gukoresha ibikoresho byuzuza bya E309L. Iki cyuma cyuzuza gikoreshwa cyane mu gusudira ibyuma bitandukanye kandi kigakora ingano runaka ya ferrite nyuma y’uko icyuma cya karubone gishongeshejwe muri weld. Kubera ko karubone imwe yinjizwa mu cyuma cya karubone, ferrite stabilizers zongerwa kuri filler metal kugira ngo hirindwe imiterere ya karubone yo gukora austenite. Ibi bizafasha gukumira ubushyuhe bucika mu gukoresha welding.
Muri make, niba ushaka gukuraho imiyoboro ishyushye ku miyoboro ya SS ivanze na austenitic, genzura neza icyuma gikwiye cya ferrite filler kandi ukurikize uburyo bwiza bwo gusudira. Komeza ubushyuhe buri munsi ya 50 kJ/inch, komeza ubushyuhe buri hagati kugeza ku buke, kandi urebe neza ko imiyoboro ya solder nta cyanduza kirimo mbere yo gusodera. Koresha igipimo gikwiye kugira ngo urebe ingano ya ferrite ku miyoboro ivanze na austenitic, ugamije kuva kuri 5 kugeza kuri 10.
WELDER, yahoze ari Practical Welding Today, yerekana abantu nyakuri bakora ibikoresho dukoresha kandi dukorana na bo buri munsi. Iki kinyamakuru kimaze imyaka irenga 20 gikorera umuryango w’abasudira muri Amerika ya Ruguru.
Ubu hamwe n'uburyo bwose bwo kubona igitabo cya The FABRICATOR gikoresha ikoranabuhanga, byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ikinyamakuru The Tube & Pipe Journal cyo kuri interineti ubu kiraboneka neza, gitanga uburyo bworoshye bwo kubona ibikoresho by'agaciro by'inganda.
Ishimire uburyo bwose bwo kubona STAMPING Journal yo mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga, itanga iterambere rigezweho mu ikoranabuhanga, uburyo bwiza bwo gukora ndetse n'amakuru y'inganda ku isoko ry'ubukorikori bw'ibyuma.
Ubu dufite uburenganzira bwose bwo kubona igitabo cy’ikoranabuhanga cyitwa The Fabricator en Español, kandi byoroshye kubona ibikoresho by’agaciro by’inganda.