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Sinika ingxelo ngobungqina bokunyuswa kolwandle olusebenzayo kunye nokukhutshwa kwegesi kwiikhilomitha eziliqela kude nonxweme ukusuka kwizibuko laseNaples (Italy) reactions of the mantle melts and crustal rocks.Ezi gesi zisenokuba ziyafana nezo zondla iinkqubo ze-hydrothermal ze-Ischia, Campi Flegre kunye ne-Soma-Vesuvius, zicebisa umthombo wengubo oxutywe nolwelo lwe-crustal ngaphantsi kwe-Gulf of Naples. iimpazamo, kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi yimbonakaliso yeziphithiphithi ezingezizo intaba-mlilo ezinokuzisa ugqabhuko-dubulo lolwandle kunye/okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-hydrothermal.
Ukukhutshwa kwe-hydrothermal yolwandle (amanzi ashushu kunye nerhasi) luphawu oluxhaphakileyo lwemimango esembindini yolwandle kunye nemida yeepleyiti eziguquguqukayo (kubandakanywa neendawo ezintywiliselweyo ze-arcs yesiqithi), ngelixa ukukhutshwa okubandayo kwerhasi hydrates (i-chlatrates) idla ngokuba luphawu lweeshelufa zelizwekazi kunye nemida ye-passive 1, 5, 2. kwimimandla eselunxwemeni ithetha imithombo yobushushu (imithombo ye-magma) ngaphakathi koqweqwe lwe-continental kunye/okanye i-mantle.Oku kukhutshelwa kungandulela ukunyuka kwe-magma ngowona maleko uphezulu woqweqwe loMhlaba kwaye iphelele kugqabhuko-dubulo kunye nokubekwa kolwandle lwentaba-mlilo 6. Ngoko ke, ukuchongwa kolwandle kunye nokwakheka kolwandle olusebenzayo6. izinto ezikhutshwayo ezikufutshane nemimandla engaselunxwemeni enabantu abaninzi njengommandla wentaba-mlilo yaseNaples eItali (~1 million yabemi) ibalulekile ekuhloleni iintaba-mlilo ezinokwenzeka. I-Lake 12, kukho iirekhodi ezimbalwa. Apha, sinika i-bathymetric entsha, i-seismic, ikholomu yamanzi, kunye nedatha ye-geochemical yendawo engaphantsi kwamanzi, ye-morphologically kunye nesakhiwo esintsonkothileyo esichatshazelwa kukukhutshwa kwegesi kwi-Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), malunga ne-5 km ukusuka kwizibuko laseNaples. I-Urania.Sichaza kwaye sitolika umgangatho wolwandle kunye nezakhiwo ezingaphantsi komhlaba apho ukukhutshwa kwegesi kwenzeka khona, siphanda imithombo yolwelo lokukhupha umoya, sichonge kwaye sibonise iindlela ezilawula ukunyuka kwegesi kunye nokuguqulwa okuhambelanayo, kwaye sixoxe ngeempembelelo zentaba-mlilo.
IGulf of Naples yenza iPlio-Quaternary western margin, iNW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW yaseIschia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) kunye neSoma-Vesuvius (ukusuka kwi-13460 ukuya kumantla) AD) 15, ngelixa umzantsi umda we-Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a). I-Gulf of Naples ichatshazelwa yi-NE-SW ekhoyo kunye neempazamo ezibalulekileyo ze-NW-SE zesekondari (Fig. 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei kunye ne-Somma-Vesuvius zibonakaliswa ngokubonakaliswa kwe-hydrothermal, i-shallow, i-18, i-18, i-18, i-18, i-ground deformation, i-18 isiganeko esinesiphithiphithi eCampi Flegrei ngo-1982-1984, ngokuphakanyiswa kwe-1.8 m kunye namawaka eenyikima) .Izifundo zamva nje19,20 zibonisa ukuba kunokubakho unxibelelwano phakathi kwe-dynamics ye-Soma-Vesuvius kunye ne-Campi Flegre, enokuthi idibaniswe 'nobunzulu' kwi-single magma reservoirs kwi-reservoirs ye-magma yokugqibela kunye ne-3as yokugqibela ye-kal-6 ye-Voices. of Campi Flegrei kunye 18 ka of Somma Vesuvius ilawule inkqubo yentlenga kwiGulf of Naples. Umphakamo ophantsi wolwandle kumlinganiselo wokugqibela womkhenkce (18 ka) ukhokelele ekuthotyweni kwenkqubo yentlenga enganzulwanga elunxwemeni, eyathi emva koko yazaliswa ziziganeko zolwaphulo-mthetho ngexesha leLate Pleistocenebmissionsnebsocene ejikeleze isiqithi saseSumaricene. Ischia kunye nonxweme lwaseCampi Flegre kwaye kufuphi neNtaba yeSoma-Vesuvius (Umfanekiso 1b).
(a) Amalungiselelo e-morphological kunye nesakhiwo seshelufu yelizwekazi kunye neGulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48.Amachaphaza ngamaziko amakhulu ogqabhuko-dubulo lwenkwili; imigca ebomvu imele iimpazamo ezinkulu.(b) I-Bathymetry yeBay of Naples eneendawo ezichongiweyo zolwelo (amachaphaza) kunye nemigca ye-seismic lines (imigca emnyama) (a,b).Izikwere ezityheli ziphawula iindawo zeeprofayili zekholamu yamanzi e-acoustic, kunye ne-CTD-EMBlank, i-CTD-EM50 kunye ne-ROV izakhelo zichazwe kwi-Fig.
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha efunyenwe ngexesha lohambo lwe-SAFE_2014 (Agasti 2014) (jonga Iindlela), i-Digital Terrain Model entsha (DTM) yeGulf of Naples enesisombululo se-1 m yakhiwe. I-DTM ibonisa ukuba umgangatho wolwandle osemazantsi wePort of Naples ubonakaliswe ngokuthambekela ngokucothayo kwi-sloping south-faced ≤3 i-slope ≤3 i-slope. I-5.3 km yesakhiwo esifana nedome, eyaziwa ekuhlaleni njengeBanco della Montagna (BdM) .Fig. 1a,b).I-BdM ikhula kubunzulu obumalunga ne-100 ukuya kwi-170 yeemitha, i-15 ukuya kwi-20 yeemitha ngaphezu komgangatho ojikelezileyo wolwandle.Idome ye-BdM ibonise i-morphology efana ne-mondul ngenxa ye-280 ye-subcircular ukuya kwi-oval mounds (Fig. 2a), i-665 cones, kunye ne-30 ye-mound kunye ne-30 i-mound kunye ne-30 ubude kunye ne-30 i-omound. ye-22 m kunye ne-1,800 m, ngokulandelanayo.I-circularity [C = 4π (indawo / i-perimeter2)] yeenduli zehla ngokunyuka kwe-perimeter (Fig. 2b) .I-axial ratios ye-mounds yayiphakathi kwe-1 kunye ne-6.5, kunye ne-axial ratio > i-2 ebonisa ukubetha kwe-secondary ekhethiweyo + ne-15 ° engaphezulu, i-disper ekhethiweyo + i-N45 ° ngaphezulu I-N105 ° E ukuya kwi-N145 ° E ugwayimbo (Umfanekiso 2c). Iicones enye okanye ezilungelelanisiweyo zikhona kwinqwelomoya yeBdM nangaphezulu kwesiduli (Fig. 3a,b).Ulungiselelo lweconical lulandela ulungelelwaniso lweziduli ezibekwe kuzo.Iipockmarks ziqhele ukufumaneka kumhlaba othe tyaba wolwandle (Fig. 3c) kwaye ngamaxesha athile kwiziduli.Indawo ezixineneyo zokuxinana kweecones zibonisa ukuba i-NESW ithoba imida ye-pockdog ye-pockdog. Imida yomntla-mpuma nomzantsi-ntshona wedome ye-BdM (Umfanekiso 4a,b); indlela eyandisiweyo kancinane ye-NW-SE ibekwe kumbindi wengingqi ye-BdM.
(a) Imodeli yomhlaba wedijithali (ubungakanani beseli e-1) yedome ye-Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Umjikelezo kunye nokungqukuva kweenduli ze-BdM.(c) Umlinganiselo we-Axial kunye ne-engile (uqhelaniso) ye-axis enkulu ye-ellipse elingana ngokugqwesileyo ejikeleze ingqumba.Imposiso eqhelekileyo ye-Digital0; iimpazamo eziqhelekileyo zeperimeter kunye ne-roundness yi-4.83 m kunye ne-0.01, ngokulandelanayo, kunye neempazamo eziqhelekileyo ze-axial ratio kunye ne-angle yi-0.04 kunye ne-3.34 °, ngokulandelanayo.
Iinkcukacha zeecones ezichongiweyo, iicrater, iinduli kunye nemingxuma kwingingqi ye-BdM ekhutshwe kwi-DTM kuMfanekiso 2.
(a) Iicones zolungelelaniso kumhlaba othe tyaba wolwandle; (b) iicones kunye nemingxuma kwi-NW-SE yeenduli ezibhityileyo; (c) iipockmarks kwindawo editywe kancinci.
(a) Usasazo lwesithuba seecraters ezichongiweyo, imingxuma, kunye nokukhutshwa kwerhasi esebenzayo.(b) Ukuxinana kwesithuba semingxuma kunye nemingxuma ekuxelwe kuyo (a) (inombolo/0.2 km2).
Sichonge ukukhutshwa kwegesi eyi-37 kummandla we-BdM ukusuka kwikholamu yamanzi ye-ROV ye-echo yemifanekiso yesandi kunye nokuqwalaselwa ngokuthe ngqo komgangatho wolwandle ofunyenwe ngexesha lokuhamba ngenqanawa kwe-SAFE_2014 ngo-Agasti 2014 (Amanani 4 kunye ne-5). (Umfanekiso we-5a) .Kwezinye iindawo, i-acoustic anomalies yenza "uloliwe" oqhubekayo.Ii-plume ze-bubble eziqatshelweyo ziyahluka ngokubanzi: ukusuka kwi-bubble eqhubekayo, i-bubble exineneyo ihamba ukuya kwizinto ezihlala ixesha elifutshane (i-Movie eyoNgezelelweyo ye-1) .Ukuhlolwa kwe-ROV kuvumela ukuqinisekiswa okubonakalayo kokwenzeka kweendawo ezimanzi eziphantsi kolwandle kunye nokugqamisa kwiindawo ezincinci ze-orenji kwi-seafloor kunye nokugxininisa kwi-pock ebomvu ejikelezayo yolwandle. (Umfanekiso we-5b) .Kwezinye iimeko, iziteshi ze-ROV zivuselela ukukhutshwa.I-morphology ye-vent ibonisa ukuvuleka kwesetyhula phezulu ngaphandle kwe-flare kwikholamu yamanzi.I-pH kwikholamu yamanzi ngaphaya kwendawo yokukhupha ibonise ukuhla okuphawulekayo, kubonisa iimeko ezingaphezulu kwe-acidic yendawo (Umfanekiso 5c, d) . m ubunzulu) ukuya ku-7.8 (kwi-75 m ubunzulu) (Fig. 5c), kanti ezinye iisayithi kwiGulf of Naples zinexabiso le-pH phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-160 m kwisithuba sobunzulu obuphakathi kwe-8.3 kunye ne-8.5 (umzobo 5d). Utshintsho oluphawulekayo kubushushu bamanzi olwandle kunye netyuwa yayingekho ngaphandle kwendawo ye-B. of 70 m, lobushushu 15 °C kunye netyuwa malunga 38 PSU (Fig. 5c,d) .Imilinganiselo pH, ubushushu, kunye netyuwa kubonisiwe: a) inxaxheba ulwelo acidic ezinxulumene nenkqubo BdM degassing kunye b) ukungabikho okanye ukukhutshwa kancinci kakhulu ulwelo thermal kunye nebrine.
(a) Ifestile yokufumana iprofayili yekholamu yamanzi e-acoustic (i-echometer Simrad EK60). Ibhanti eluhlaza ethe nkqo ehambelana nokuvutha kwerhasi efunyenwe kwi-EM50 yokukhutshwa kolwelo (malunga ne-75 m ngaphantsi komphakamo wolwandle) ebekwe kummandla we-BdM; Iimpawu ze-multiplex ezisezantsi kunye nolwandle nazo ziboniswa (b) ziqokelelwe ngesithuthi esilawulwa kude kwindawo ye-BdM Ifoto enye ibonisa i-crater encinci (i-black circle) ejikelezwe ngobomvu ukuya kwi-orange sediment. ikholamu yamanzi ngaphezu kwe-EM50 yokukhutshwa kwamanzi (iphaneli c) nangaphandle kwendawo yokukhutshwa kwe-Bdm (d).
Siqokelele iisampulu ezintathu zegesi ukusuka kwindawo yokufunda phakathi kwe-22 kunye ne-28 ka-Agasti 2014. Ezi sampuli zibonise ukubunjwa okufanayo, ezilawulwa yi-CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), zilandelwa yi-concentrations efanelekileyo ye-N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) kunye ne-H20 mmol / mol kunye ne-H2S (0.4 mmol / mol) kunye ne-H20 mmol / mol (0. Wayengaphantsi kakhulu (<0.052 kunye <0.016 mmol / mol, ngokulandelanayo) (Umfanekiso 1b; Itheyibhile S1, i-Movie eyoNgezelelweyo ye-2) .Imilinganiselo ephezulu ye-O2 kunye ne-Ar nayo ilinganiswe (ukuya kwi-3.2 kunye ne-0.18 mmol / mol, ngokulandelanayo) .Isixa se-3 mmol / i-3 yokukhanya ukusuka kwi-3 ukuya kwi-0 carbon dioxide kwi-hydromol. iqulethe iC2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (ikakhulu ibenzene), ipropene kunye nesulfure-containing compounds (thiophene). Ixabiso le-40Ar/36Ar lihambelana nomoya (295.5), nangona isampulu ye-EM35 (BdM dome) inexabiso le-304, ebonisa umlinganiselo omncinci. + 1.98% vs. Air), ngelixa ixabiso le-δ13C-CO2 ukusuka ku-0.93 ukuya ku-0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra amaxabiso (emva kokulungiswa kongcoliseko lomoya kusetyenziswa umlinganiselo we-4He/20Ne) phakathi kwe-1.66 kunye ne-1.94, ebonisa ubukho be-hearth enkulu ye-heecom kunye ne-isoB ye-isoB enkulu I-isotope ezinzileyo ye-22, umthombo wokukhutshwa kwi-BdM unokucaciswa ngakumbi.Kwimephu ye-CO2 ye-CO2 / 3He ngokuchasene ne-δ13C (Umfanekiso 6), ukubunjwa kwegesi ye-BdM kuthelekiswa ne-Ischia, i-Campi Flegrei kunye ne-Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Ukuveliswa kwegesi ye-BdM: inyibilika ye-mantle-derived melts, i-organic-rich rich sediments, kunye ne-carbonates.Iisampulu ze-BdM ziwela kumgca wokuxuba oboniswe yi-volcano ezintathu ze-Campania, oko kukuthi, ukuxuba phakathi kweegesi ze-mantle (ezicingelwa ukuba zityetyiswe kancinane kwi-carbon dioxides ngokumalunga ne-MORBs ye-classical fitting ebangelwa yi-database ye-MORBs ebangelwa yi-data ye-decrut fitting). iliwa legesi.
Imigca yeHybrid phakathi kokubunjwa kwengubo kunye namalungu okuphela kwe-limestone kunye ne-organic sediments zixelwe ukuthelekisa.Iibhokisi zimele imimandla ye-fumarole ye-Ischia, i-Campi Flegrei kunye ne-Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61.Isampuli ye-BdM ikwindlela edibeneyo ye-volcano yaseCampania.I-endmember ye-endmember ye-gas ye-gas exutywayo yi-gas ye-gas exutywe ngumthombo we-gascar exutywa iiminerali zecarbonate.
Amacandelo e-Seismic L1 kunye ne-L2 (Imifanekiso ye-1b kunye ne-7) ibonisa utshintsho phakathi kwe-BdM kunye nokulandelelana kwe-distal stratigraphic ye-Somma-Vesuvius (L1, i-Fig. 7a) kunye ne-Campi Flegrei (L2, i-Fig. 7b) imimandla ye-volcanic.BdM ibonakaliswe ngokubonakalayo kwe-MS kwi-PS ye-7. phezulu (MS) ibonisa i-subparallel reflectors of high to moderate amplitude and lateral progression (Fig. 7b, c) .Lolu maleko lubandakanya intlenge yaselwandle erhuqwa yi-Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) inkqubo kwaye iqulethe isanti kunye nodongwe23.I-PS layer ephantsi (Fig. 7b-d) ibonakaliswe yi-parent phase ye-transparent ye-shatic okanye i-shape yeyure kwi-chaotic yeyure ukuya kwi-glass chaotic. intlenga zenze iziduli eziphantsi kolwandle (Fig. 7d) .Ezi geometries ezifana nediapir zibonisa ukungena kwe PS transparent material kwi uppermost MS deposits.Uplift inoxanduva lokuqulunqa imigoqo kunye neziphene ezichaphazela iMS layer kunye nentlenga yangoku yolwandle lweBdM seafloor (Fig. Inxalenye ye-ENE yecandelo le-L1, ngelixa limhlophe libhekiselele kwi-BdM ngenxa yobukho be-gas-saturated layer (GSL) egutyungelwe ngamanqanaba athile angaphakathi olandelelwano lwe-MS (Fig. 7a) I-Gravity cores eqokelelwe phezulu kwi-BdM ehambelana ne-seismic layer ecacileyo ibonisa ukuba i-40 cm ephezulu iquka isanti ekhoyo kutshanje; ) I-24,25 kunye neziqwenga zepumice ezivela kugqabhuko-dubulo lweCampi Flegrei ye "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Isigaba esicacileyo soluhlu lwe-PS alukwazi ukuchazwa ngeenkqubo zokuxuba eziphazamisayo zodwa, ngenxa yokuba iileya eziphazamisayo ezinxulumene nokudilika komhlaba, ukugeleza kodaka kunye ne-pyroclasticdMqulo ye-pyroclastic efumaneka ngaphandle kwe-Gulf opaque21,23,24.Siphetha ngelithi i-BdM PS yeenyikima ze-seismic facies kunye nenkangeleko ye-subsea outcrop PS layer (Fig. 7d) ibonisa ukunyuswa kwerhasi yendalo.
(a) Iprofayili ye-seismic yengoma enye ye-L1 (umkhondo wokuhamba kwi-Fig. 1b) ebonisa i-columnar (pagoda) ilungiselelo lesithuba. I-pagoda iqulethe i-chaotic deposits ye-pumice kunye nesanti. Umaleko ogcwele igesi okhoyo ngaphantsi kwe-pagoda ususa ukuqhubeka kweendlela ezinzulu ze-formations. 1b), ukugqamisa ukusika kunye nokuguqulwa kweenduli eziphantsi kolwandle, i-marine (MS), kunye neediphozithi zesanti yepumice (PS) .(c) Iinkcukacha zokuguqulwa kwe-MS kunye ne-PS zixelwe ku-(c,d).Kucingelwa ukuba isantya se-1580 m/s kwintlenga ephezulu, i-100 ms imele malunga ne-80 m kwisikali esithe nkqo.
Iimpawu ze-morphological kunye nezakhiwo ze-BdM zifana nezinye i-subsea hydrothermal kunye ne-gas hydrate fields global2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 kwaye zihlala zinxulunyaniswa nokunyuswa (i-vaults kunye ne-mounds) kunye ne-gas Discharge (iicones, imingxuma kunye ne-constructed-constructed-pits). ukunyamezeka okulawulwayo (Amanani 2 kunye ne-3) Ulungiselelo lwesithuba lwezindunduma, imingxuma kunye neendawo zokuphuma umoya ezisebenzayo zibonisa ukuba ukuhanjiswa kwazo kulawulwa ngokuyinxenye yi-NW-SE kunye ne-NE-SW yeefractures zempembelelo (Fig. 4b) .Olu luqhankqalazo olukhethwayo lweenkqubo eziphosakeleyo ezichaphazela iCampi Flegrei kunye neSomma-Vesuvius indawo ethile yolawulo lwe-volcanic ye-GulfIn yangaphambili kunye nolwakhiwo lwangaphambili lwe-volcanic ye-Nas. ukukhutshwa kwe-hydrothermal ukusuka kwi-Campi Flegrei crater35. Ngoko ke siphetha ukuba iimpazamo kunye nokwaphuka kwi-Gulf of Naples zimele indlela ekhethiweyo yokufuduka kwegesi ukuya kumphezulu, into ekwabelwana ngayo kunye nezinye iinkqubo ze-hydrothermal ezilawulwa ngokusesikweni36,37. Ngokucacileyo, iicones ze-BdM kunye nemigodi azizange zihlale zihambelana nezi nduli ze-mounds (i-Fig. ngokuyimfuneko imele i-precursors ekubunjweni kwemigodi, njengoko abanye ababhali baye bacebisa i-gas hydrate zones32,33.Izigqibo zethu zixhasa i-hypothesis yokuba ukuphazanyiswa kwe-dome sediments seafloor akusoloko kukhokelela ekubunjweni kwemigodi.
The three collected gaseous emissions show chemical signatures typical of hydrothermal fluids, namely mainly CO2 with significant concentrations of reducing gases (H2S, CH4 and H2) and light hydrocarbons (especially benzene and propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Table S1).The presence of atmospheric gases (ezifana ne-O2), ezingalindelekanga ukuba zibekho kwi-submarine ekhutshwayo, inokuba ngenxa yongcoliseko olusuka kumoya onyityilisiweyo kumanzi olwandle adibana neegesi ezigcinwe kwiibhokisi zeplastiki ezisetyenziselwa isampuli, njengoko ii-ROVs zitsalwa emgangathweni wolwandle ukuya elwandle ukuze zivukele. Ngokuchaseneyo, amaxabiso amahle δ15N kunye ne-0 ephezulu kune-ASW ephezulu ye-N2 / i-0 ephezulu kakhulu (iphezulu ukuya kwi-ASW ye-8) (iphezulu ukuya kwi-N2 Artu) amanzi) icebisa ukuba uninzi lwe-N2 iveliswe kwimithombo ye-extra-atmospheric, ngokungqinelana nemvelaphi ye-hydrothermal ephambili yezi gesi.Imvelaphi ye-hydrothermal-volcanic yegesi ye-BdM iqinisekiswa yi-CO2 kunye ne-He contents kunye neesignesha zabo ze-isotopic.I-isotopi ze-Carbon (δ13C-CO2 ukusuka kwi- -0/34% ye-CO2 ukuya kwi- -0.34% ye-CO2) kunye nexabiso le-CO2% (i-CO2) 1.7 × 1010 ukuba 4.1 × 1010) icebisa ukuba iisampulu BdM zezendlela exubeneyo fumaroles ngeenxa Gulf of Naples amalungu isiphelo ingubo yokwaleka kunye decarbonization Ubudlelwane phakathi kweegesi eziveliswa reaction (Figure 6) .More ngokukodwa, iisampulu zegesi BdM zibekwe ecaleni Fleicent ulwelo kunye nokuxubana indawo malunga ulwelo oluxubeneyo kunye nokuxubana indawo ulwelo olumalunga nokuxubana kwi-Flegred. Iintaba-mlilo zeSomma-Veusivus.Zine-crustal ngakumbi kune-Ischia fumaroles, esondele ekupheleni kwengubo.I-Somma-Vesuvius kunye neCampi Flegrei zinexabiso eliphezulu le-3He / 4He lixabisa (R / Ra phakathi kwe-2.6 kunye ne-2.9) kune-BdM (R / Ra phakathi kwe-1.96 ye-S) kunye ne-R / Ra phakathi kwe-1.96; ukuqokelela kwe-radiogenic Wavela kumthombo ofanayo we-magma owondla i-volcano ye-Somma-Vesuvius kunye ne-Campi Flegrei. Ukungabikho kwamaqhezu e-carbon ye-organic carbon kwi-emissions ye-BdM kubonisa ukuba i-organic sediments ayibandakanyekanga kwinkqubo yokuchithwa kwe-BdM.
Ngokusekelwe kwidatha echazwe ngasentla kunye neziphumo ezivela kwiimodeli zokulinga zezakhiwo ezifana nedome ezinxulumene nemimandla enegesi ephantsi kwe-subsea, uxinzelelo lwegesi olunzulu lunokuba noxanduva lokuqulunqa i-domes ye-BdM ye-kilometer-scale.Ukuqikelela i-Pdef yoxinzelelo olugqithileyo olukhokelela kwi-vault ye-BdM, sisebenzise i-mechanics ye-plate encinci ye-model33,34 kwaye iqokelele i-vault ye-bdM yedatha, ishidi elingaphantsi lesetyhula leradiyasi elikhulu kunokukhubazeka kwediphozithi ye-viscous ethambileyo Ubuninzi obuthe nkqo bokufuduka kunye nobukhulu h be (Fig. S1) .Pdef ngumahluko phakathi koxinzelelo olupheleleyo kunye noxinzelelo lwe-rock static kunye noxinzelelo lwekholamu yamanzi.Kwi-BdM, i-radius imalunga ne-2,500 m, w yi-20 m iprofayile ye-semic iqikelelwa malunga ne-1h0 ye-P. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 ukusuka kubudlelwane, apho i-D bubunzima obuguquguqukayo; D inikwa ngu (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], apho u-E eyimodyuli yabaNcinci bediphozithi, ν ngumlinganiselo wePoisson (~0.5)33.Njengoko iimpawu zomatshini zentlenga ye-BdM zingenakulinganiswa, sibeka u-E = 140 kPa, elixabiso elifanelekileyo kwisanti engaselunxwemeni eyi-4 14 sicingela intlenga yesanti yaselunxwemeni eyi-14 ephezulu, i-2 ifanayo nentlenga ye-BdM ephezulu. Amaxabiso e-E axelwe kuncwadi lweediphozithi zodongwe olunentlenga (300 Ukungaphumeleli kwe-pagoda ukuwela ulwandle lwangoku kubonisa ukuba (a) ukunyuka kwegesi kunye/okanye ukupheliswa kwendawo yokuxutywa kwentlenga yerhasi, kunye/okanye (b) ukuhamba okunokwenzeka ngasecaleni komxube wentlenga yerhasi akuvumeli inkqubo yoxinzelelo olungaphaya kwendawo.Ngokutsho kwethiyori ye-diapir52, ukuqukuqela kwecala kubonakalisa umlinganiselo ongemuhle ophakathi komlinganiselo ongaphantsi komxube we-musga. i-pagoda ihambela phezulu.Ukunciphisa izinga lonikezelo kunokunxulumana nokunyuka koxinano lomxube ngenxa yokunyamalala konikezelo lwegesi.Iziphumo zishwankathelwe ngasentla kunye nokunyuka okulawulwa yi-buoyancy-controlled of the pagoda kusivumela ukuba siqikelele ukuphakama kwekholamu yomoya hg.I-buoyancy inikwe ngu-ΔP = hgg (hgg) (ρw) kunye ne-graw (rw) kunye ne-g kunye ne-ρg luxinaniso lwamanzi kunye negesi, ngokulandelelanayo.ΔP sisimbuku sePdef ebibalwe ngaphambili kunye noxinzelelo lwe lithostatic Plith yepleyiti yentlenga, okt ρsg h, apho ρs bubuninzi bentlenga. Kulo mzekelo, ixabiso le-hg elifunekayo kwi-buoyancy efunwayo inikwa ngu-hg/wg (Pρ) ρg)].Kwi-BdM, siseta i-Pdef = 0.3 Pa kunye no-h = 100 m (bona ngasentla), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ayinanto ngenxa yokuba ρw ≫ρg.Sifumana hg = 245 ixabiso eliphantsi kwe-G 245 m. I-MPa, oluluxinzelelo olugqithisileyo olufunekayo ukwaphula umgangatho wolwandle we-BdM kunye nokwenza imingxuma.
Ukubunjwa kwegesi ye-BdM ihambelana nemithombo ye-mantle eguqulwe ngokongezwa kwe-fluids ehambelana ne-decarbonization reactions of crustal rocks (umzobo 6) .Ulungelelwaniso olubi lwe-EW ye-BdM domes kunye neentaba-mlilo ezisebenzayo ezifana ne-Ischia, i-Campi Flegre kunye ne-Soma-Vesuvius, kunye nokubunjwa okungaphantsi kwe-emitted, iphakamisa ukubunjwa kwe-mantle ephuma kuyo yonke i-Gas ephumayo, iphakamisa i-gas ephumayo ephuma kwi-Gas. Ummandla wentaba-mlilo uxubene Ukuya kunyuka ulwelo lwecrustal ukusuka entshona (Ischia) ukuya empuma (Somma-Vesuivus) (Figs. 1b and 6).
Siye sagqiba ukuba kwiBay yaseNaples, iikhilomitha ezimbalwa ukusuka kwichweba laseNaples, kukho i-25 km2 ububanzi obufana ne-dome-efana nesakhiwo esichatshazelwa yinkqubo esebenzayo ye-degassing kwaye ibangelwa ukubekwa kwe-pagodas kunye neziduli.Okwangoku, iisignesha ze-BdM zibonisa ukuba i-turbulence engeyiyo-magmatic53 inokuthi ibangele i-disvolmanic okanye i-ipredacan embryism kunye ne-industrial embry. i-thermal fluids.Imisebenzi yokubeka iliso kufuneka iphunyezwe ukuhlalutya ukuguquka kwezinto kunye nokubona iimpawu ze-geochemical kunye ne-geophysical ezibonisa ukuphazamiseka okunokwenzeka kwe-magmatic.
Iiprofayili zekholamu yamanzi e-acoustic (2D) zifunyenwe ngexesha le-SAFE_2014 (Agasti 2014) ngenqanawa kwi-R/V Urania (CNR) liZiko loPhando leBhunga leSizwe lokusiNgqongileyo lwaseLwandle (IAMC) .Isampulu ye-acoustic yenziwa yi-science beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 irekhodishwe malunga ne-avareji yedatha ye-Acoustic ye-34 k. I-km.Imifanekiso ye-echosound eqokelelweyo yayisetyenziselwa ukuchonga ukukhutshwa kwamanzi kunye nokuchaza ngokuchanekileyo indawo yabo kwindawo yokuqokelela (phakathi kwe-74 kunye ne-180 m bsl) .. Ukulinganisa iiparitha eziphathekayo kunye neekhemikhali kwikholamu yamanzi usebenzisa i-multiparameter probes (i-conductivity, iqondo lokushisa kunye nobunzulu, i-CTD) .Idatha yaqokelelwa kusetyenziswa i-CTD 911 Bird probe, kunye nenkqubo ye-Electronic. Isoftware ye-SBED-Win32 (i-Seasave, inguqulo ye-7.23.2) .Ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kolwandle lwenziwa kusetyenziswa isixhobo se-ROV se-"Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (isithuthi esisebenza kude) kunye neekhamera ezimbini (eziphantsi kunye neziphezulu).
Ukufunyanwa kwedatha ye-Multibeam kwenziwa kusetyenziswa i-100 KHz Simrad EM710 inkqubo ye-sonar ye-multibeam (i-Kongsberg) .Inkqubo idibaniswe nenkqubo yokubeka indawo yehlabathi eyohlukileyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe iimpazamo ze-sub-metric kwi-beam positioning.I-acoustic pulse ine-frequency ye-100 KHz, i-pulse yokudubula kunye ne-4 Metric yokuvula i-degrees ye-4 kunye nokuvula i-degrees ye-4. Iiprofayili zesantya sesandi ngexesha elililo ngexesha lokufunyanwa. Idatha yalungiswa kusetyenziswa isoftware yePDS2000 (iReson-Thales) ngokomgangatho weInternational Hydrographic Organisation (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) kuhambo lokuhamba kunye nokulungiswa kwamaza.Ukunciphisa ingxolo okwenziweyo ngenxa yomgangatho ophantsi we-edi kunye ne-baam ye-baam. Izixhobo ze-de-spiking.Ukubonwa kwesantya somsindo okuqhubekayo kwenziwa yisikhululo se-keel esikufutshane ne-transducer ye-multi-beam kwaye ifumana kwaye isebenzise iiprofayili zesantya somsindo wexesha langempela kwikholamu yamanzi rhoqo kwiiyure ze-6-8 ukubonelela ngesantya somsindo wexesha elifanelekileyo lokuqhuba kakuhle. (DTM) ebonakaliswe ngobungakanani beseli yegridi ye-1 m. I-DTM yokugqibela (umzobo 1a) yenziwe ngedatha yomhlaba (> 0 m ngaphezu komgangatho wolwandle) efunyenwe kwi-20 m yeseli yegridi yegridi yi-Italian Geo-Military Institute.
Iprofayili yedatha ye-seismic ye-55-kilometer ye-high-resolution ye-single-channel seismic data, eqokelelwe ngexesha lokuhamba ngolwandle olukhuselekileyo ngo-2007 kunye no-2014, igubungela indawo emalunga ne-113 yeekhilomitha zeekhilomitha, zombini kwi-R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (umzekelo, iprofayili ye-L1 ye-seismic, i-Fig. iyunithi yokufumana iquka i-2.5 m ye-catamaran apho kubekwe khona umthombo kunye nomamkeli.Isiginitsha yomthombo iquka incopho eyodwa echanekileyo ebonakaliswe kuluhlu lwamaza e-1-10 kHz kwaye ivumela ukusombulula izibonakalisi ezahlulwe yi-25 cm.Iiprofayili ze-seismic ezikhuselekileyo zafunyanwa kusetyenziswa i-1.4 Kj i-multi-tip ye-Gesmic sourced Geotras software ye-Geotraced Geotracedosoftwe ye-Geotra Inkqubo) .Inkqubo iqukethe i-catamaran equlethe umthombo we-1-6.02 KHz ongena kwi-400 milliseconds kwi-sediment ethambileyo ngaphantsi kolwandle, kunye nesisombululo sethiyori esithe nkqo se-30 cm.Zombini izixhobo eziKhuselekileyo kunye ne-Marsik zifunyenwe ngesantya se-0.33 shots / sec kunye nenkqubo ye-agesuite ye-3 kunye nenkqubo ye-3 ngokuhamba komsebenzi kulandelayo: ukulungiswa kokunciphisa, ukuthulisa ikholamu yamanzi, i-2-6 KHz bandpass IIR yokucoca, kunye ne-AGC.
Irhasi evela fumarole ephantsi kwamanzi yaqokelelwa phantsi kolwandle kusetyenziswa ibhokisi yeplastiki exhotyiswe ngerabha diaphragm kwicala layo eliphezulu, ibekwe phezulu phantsi yi ROV phezu vent.Once amaqamza umoya ukungena kwibhokisi endaweni ngokupheleleyo amanzi olwandle, ROV ubuyele kubunzulu 1 m, kwaye diver udlulise irubber gap ezimbini eziqokelelweyo 0 i-rubber gap. Iiflasks zeglasi ze-mL ezixhotywe ngee-stopcocks ze-Teflon apho enye yazaliswa nge-20 mL ye-5N yesisombululo se-NaOH (i-Gegenbach-type flask) .Iintlobo eziphambili zegesi ye-asidi (CO2 kunye ne-H2S) zichithwa kwisisombululo se-alkaline, ngelixa iintlobo zegesi e-solubility ephantsi (N2, i-Ar + O2, i-CO, i-H2, i-H2, i-He, i-samp ye-samp, i-Ar, i-Ar, i-Ar, i-H2, i-Ar, i-H2, i-H2, i-H2, i-Ar, I-headspace.I-Inorganic low solubility gases yahlalutywa yi-gas chromatography (GC) isebenzisa i-Shimadzu 15A ixhotyiswe nge-10 m ubude be-5A ikholomu ye-molecular sieve kunye ne-thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54.I-Argon kunye ne-O2 zahlaziywa kusetyenziswa i-Thermo Focus i-gas ye-molecular chromatograph equipped i-molecular chromatograph ende ye-capipped ikholomu ye-sievella kunye ne-athomu. I-TCD.Methane kunye nee-hydrocarbons ezikhanyayo zahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-chromatograph yegesi ye-Shimadzu 14A exhotywe nge-10 m ubude bekholamu yensimbi engenasici epakishwe nge-Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, ehlanganiswe ne-23% SP 1700 kunye ne-flame ionization detector (i-FID) isetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-liquid lwe-CO2). Isisombululo se-0.5 N HCl (i-Metrohm Basic Titrino) kunye ne-2) i-H2S, njengoko, emva kwe-oxidation kunye ne-5 mL H2O2 (33%), nge-ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Impazamo yohlalutyo lwe-titration, uhlalutyo lwe-GC kunye ne-IC lungaphantsi kwe-5%. I-CO2 (echazwe njenge-δ13C-CO2% kunye ne-V-PDB) yahlalutywa kusetyenziswa i-Finningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56.Imigangatho esetyenzisiweyo ukuqikelela ukuchaneka kwangaphandle yayiyiCarrara kunye neSan Vincenzo marble (yangaphakathi), i-NBS18 kunye ne-NBS19 (yamazwe ngamazwe), ngelixa impazamo yohlalutyo yayiyi-% ± 00 kunye nokuzala kwakhona.
δ15N (icaciswe njenge % vs. Air) amaxabiso kunye ne 40Ar/36Ar zimiselwe kusetyenziswa i Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) idityaniswe ne Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Impazamo yohlalutyo yile: δ15N±0.1%, 36I-Arto1%%, 36Isoso ye-express % 36 (i-express ye-Arto1%%, 360 ye-Arto1% % 36. I-R / Ra, apho i-R i-3He / 4Walinganisa kwisampuli kunye noRa ngumlinganiselo ofanayo emoyeni: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 inqunywe kwibhubhoratri ye-INGV-Palermo (eItali) 3He, 4He kunye ne-20Ne bazimisele ukusebenzisa i-spectrometer ye-mass spectrometer ephindwe kabini (i-Helix SFT-Helisisi ye-58 emva kwe-Nepa-Analysis) 0.3%.Izikhewu eziqhelekileyo ze-He and Ne are <10-14 kunye <10-16 mol, ngokulandelanayo.
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