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Hōʻike mākou i nā hōʻike o ka piʻi ʻana o ka papahele kai a me nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea i kekahi mau kilomita ma waho mai ke awa ʻo Naples (Italia). ʻO nā pockmarks, nā puʻu a me nā lua pele he mau hiʻohiʻona o ka papahele kai. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻano i nā piko o nā hale papau o ka ʻilikai, me nā pagodas, nā hewa a me nā pelu e hoʻopilikia ana i ka papahele kai i kēia lā. Ua hoʻopaʻa lākou i ka piʻi ʻana, ke kaomi ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka helium a me ke kalapona dioxide i nā hopena decarbonization o nā melts mantle a me nā pōhaku crustal. Ua like paha kēia mau kinoea me nā mea e hānai ana i nā ʻōnaehana hydrothermal o Ischia, Campi Flegre a me Soma-Vesuvius, e hōʻike ana i kahi kumu mantle i hui pū ʻia me nā wai crustal ma lalo o ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples. ʻO ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka subsea a me ka haki ʻana i hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kaʻina hana hāpai kinoea a me ke kaomi ʻana e pono ai ka overpressure o 2-3 MPa. ʻO nā piʻi ʻana o ka papahele kai, nā hewa, a me nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea he mau hōʻike ia o nā haunaele ʻaʻole lua pele e hōʻike paha i nā pahū ʻana o ka papahele kai a/a i ʻole nā ​​pahū hydrothermal.
ʻO nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hydrothermal (wai wela a me ke kinoea) o ke kai hohonu he hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā kualono waena o ke kai a me nā palena papa hui (me nā ʻāpana i lalo o nā arc mokupuni), ʻoiai ʻo nā hoʻokuʻu anu o nā hydrates kinoea (chlatrates) he ʻano pinepine ia o nā papa ʻāina a me nā palena passive1, 2,3,4,5. ʻO ka hiki ʻana mai o nā hoʻokuʻu hydrothermal o ka papahele kai ma nā wahi kahakai e hōʻike ana i nā kumu wela (nā waihona magma) i loko o ka ʻili ʻāina a/a i ʻole ka mantle. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ke hele ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka magma ma o nā papa kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻili o ka Honua a hoʻopau i ka pahū ʻana a me ke kau ʻana o nā seamounts pele6. No laila, ʻo ka ʻike ʻana i (a) nā morphologies e pili ana me ka deformation seabed ikaika a me (b) nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea kokoke i nā wahi kahakai i noho ʻia e like me ka ʻāina pele o Naples ma Italia (~ 1 miliona mau kānaka) he mea koʻikoʻi no ka loiloi ʻana i nā lua pele hiki. Pahū pāpaʻu. Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ʻike nui ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona morphological e pili ana i nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea hydrothermal a hydrate kai hohonu ma muli o ko lākou mau waiwai geological a me ke olaola, ʻo nā ʻokoʻa he mau hiʻohiʻona morphological e pili ana me nā wai pāpaʻu, koe wale nō nā mea e hana nei ma In Lake 12, he kakaikahi nā moʻolelo. Maanei, ke hōʻike nei mākou i nā ʻikepili bathymetric, seismic, kolamu wai, a me geochemical hou no kahi ʻāina paʻakikī ma lalo o ka wai, morphologically a me ke ʻano i hoʻopilikia ʻia e nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ma ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples (Hema Italia), ma kahi o 5 km mai ke awa o Naples. Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia kēia mau ʻikepili i ka wā o ka holo moku SAFE_2014 (ʻAukake 2014) ma luna o ka R/V Urania. Ke wehewehe nei mākou a wehewehe i nā ʻano papahele kai a me nā ʻano o lalo o ka ʻilikai kahi e hana ʻia ai nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea, e noiʻi i nā kumu o nā wai hoʻokuʻu, e ʻike a wehewehe i nā ʻano hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a me ka deformation pili, a kūkākūkā i nā hopena volcanology.
ʻO ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples ke kumu o ka palena komohana Plio-Quaternary, ʻo ka NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW o Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) a me Soma-Vesuvius (mai <360-1944). Hoʻopaʻa ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana i ke kai kūʻono i ka ʻākau AD)15, ʻoiai ʻo ka hema e pili ana i ka Sorrento Peninsula (Kiʻi 1a). Hoʻopilikia ʻia ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples e nā hewa koʻikoʻi NE-SW a me ka lua NW-SE (Kiʻi 1)14,15. Hōʻike ʻia ʻo Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius e nā hōʻike hydrothermal, ka deformation o ka honua, a me ka seismicity pāpaʻu16,17,18 (e laʻa, ka hanana haunaele ma Campi Flegrei i ka makahiki 1982-1984, me ka piʻi ʻana o 1.8 m a me nā tausani o nā ʻōlaʻi). Hōʻike nā haʻawina hou19,20 i kēlā Aia paha he pilina ma waena o nā dinamika o Soma-Vesuvius a me ko Campi Flegre, pili paha me nā waihona magma hoʻokahi 'hohonu'. ʻO ka hana pele a me nā oscillations pae kai i nā 36 ka hope o Campi Flegrei a me 18 ka o Somma Vesuvius i kāohi i ka ʻōnaehana sedimentary o ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples. ʻO ka pae kai haʻahaʻa ma ka palena kiʻekiʻe hope loa (18 ka) i alakaʻi i ka regression o ka ʻōnaehana sedimentary offshore-shallow, kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia e nā hanana transgressive i ka wā o ka Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Ua ʻike ʻia nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea submarine a puni ka mokupuni ʻo Ischia a ma waho o ke kahakai o Campi Flegre a kokoke i ka mauna ʻo Soma-Vesuvius (Kiʻi 1b).
(a) Nā hoʻonohonoho morphological a me ke ʻano o ka papa ʻāina a me ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. ʻO nā kiko he mau kikowaena nui o ka pahū ʻana o ka moana; hōʻike nā laina ʻulaʻula i nā hewa nui. (b) Bathymetry o ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples me nā puka wai i ʻike ʻia (nā kiko) a me nā kaha o nā laina seismic (nā laina ʻeleʻele). ʻO nā laina melemele nā ​​​​​​trajectories o nā laina seismic L1 a me L2 i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6. Hōʻailona ʻia nā palena o nā ʻano dome Banco della Montagna (BdM) e nā laina polū dashed ma (a,b). Hōʻailona nā ʻāpana melemele i nā wahi o nā ʻano kolamu wai acoustic, a hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 a me ROV ma ke Kiʻi 5. Hōʻailona ka pōʻai melemele i kahi o ka hoʻokuʻu kinoea laʻana, a hōʻike ʻia kona ʻano ma ka Papa S1. Hoʻohana ʻo Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) i nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e Surfer® 13.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka wā o ka holo moana ʻo SAFE_2014 (ʻAukake 2014) (e ʻike i nā Hana), ua kūkulu ʻia kahi Digital Terrain Model (DTM) hou o ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples me ka hoʻonā 1 m. Hōʻike ʻo DTM ua hōʻike ʻia ka papahele kai ma ka hema o ke awa ʻo Naples e kahi ʻili e kū pono ana i ka hema (kiʻekiʻe ≤3°) i hoʻopau ʻia e kahi hale like me ka dome 5.0 × 5.3 km, i ʻike ʻia ma kahi kūloko ʻo Banco della Montagna (BdM). Kiʻi. 1a,b). Hoʻomohala ʻo BdM ma kahi hohonu o kahi 100 a 170 mika, 15 a 20 mika ma luna o ka papahele kai a puni. Ua hōʻike ka dome BdM i kahi ʻano puʻu ma muli o 280 mau puʻu subcircular a oval (Kiʻi 2a), 665 cones, a me 30 mau lua (Kiʻi 3 a me 4). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka puʻu a me ke anapuni he 22 m a me 1,800 m, kēlā me kēia. Ua emi ka pōʻai [C = 4π(ʻāpana/perimeter2)] o nā puʻu me ka piʻi ʻana o ka perimeter (Kiʻi 2b). ʻO nā lakio axial no nā puʻu ma waena o 1 a me 6.5, me nā puʻu me ka lakio axial >2 e hōʻike ana i kahi hahau N45°E + 15° makemake ʻia a me kahi hahau lua i hoʻopuehu ʻia, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopuehu ʻia N105°E a i N145°E (Kiʻi 2c). Aia nā cones hoʻokahi a i ʻole i hoʻonohonoho ʻia ma ka mokulele BdM a ma luna o ka puʻu (Kiʻi 3a, b). Hahai nā hoʻonohonoho conical i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā puʻu kahi i loaʻa ai lākou. Aia pinepine nā pockmarks ma ka papa kai pālahalaha (Kiʻi 3c) a i kekahi manawa ma nā puʻu. Hōʻike ka nui o nā cones a me nā pockmarks i ka hoʻonohonoho nui ʻana o ka NE-SW e hoʻokaʻawale i nā palena hikina ʻākau a me ke komohana hema o ka dome BdM (Kiʻi 4a, b); aia ke ala NW-SE i hoʻonui iki ʻia ma ka ʻāpana BdM waena.
(a) Kumu hoʻohālike ʻāina kikohoʻe (1 m ka nui o ke kelepona) o ka dome o Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Ke anapuni a me ke poepoe o nā puʻu BdM.(c) Ka lakio axial a me ke kihi (kuhikuhi) o ke axis nui o ka ellipse kūpono loa e hoʻopuni ana i ka puʻu. ʻO ka hewa maʻamau o ke kumu hoʻohālike ʻĀina Kikohoʻe he 0.004 m; ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ka perimeter a me ke poepoe he 4.83 m a me 0.01, kēlā me kēia, a ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ka lakio axial a me ke kihi he 0.04 a me 3.34°, kēlā me kēia.
Nā kikoʻī o nā cone i ʻike ʻia, nā lua pele, nā puʻu a me nā lua i loko o ka ʻāpana BdM i unuhi ʻia mai ka DTM ma ke Kiʻi 2.
(a) Nā koni hoʻonohonoho ma kahi papa kai pālahalaha; (b) nā koni a me nā lua pele ma nā puʻu lahilahi Komohana-Hikina ʻĀkau; (c) nā māka pockmarks ma kahi ʻili i hoʻoluʻu māmā ʻia.
(a) Ka hoʻolaha ʻana o nā lua pele i ʻike ʻia, nā lua, a me nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea hana. (b) Ka nui o nā lua pele a me nā lua i hōʻike ʻia ma (a) (helu/0.2 km2).
Ua ʻike mākou i 37 mau hoʻokuʻu kinoea ma ka ʻāpana BdM mai nā kiʻi kani leo kolamu wai ROV a me nā nānā pololei ʻana o ka papahele kai i loaʻa i ka wā o ka holo moana SAFE_2014 i ʻAukake 2014 (Nā Kiʻi 4 a me 5). Hōʻike nā anomalies acoustic o kēia mau hoʻokuʻu i nā ʻano elongated vertically e piʻi ana mai ka papahele kai, e kū ana ma waena o 12 a me 70 m (Kiʻi 5a). Ma kekahi mau wahi, ua hoʻokumu nā anomalies acoustic i kahi "kaʻaahi" kokoke mau. ʻOkoʻa loa nā plumes pehu i ʻike ʻia: mai nā kahe pehu mau, mānoanoa a hiki i nā hanana pōkole (Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hoʻohui 1). ʻAe ka nānā ʻana o ROV i ka hōʻoia ʻike maka o ka hanana ʻana o nā puka wai kai a hōʻike i nā pockmarks liʻiliʻi ma ka papahele kai, i kekahi manawa i hoʻopuni ʻia e nā sediments ʻulaʻula a ʻalani (Kiʻi 5b). I kekahi mau hihia, hoʻāla hou nā kahawai ROV i nā hoʻokuʻu. Hōʻike ke ʻano o ka puka makani i kahi wehe pōʻai ma luna me ka ʻole o ka flare i loko o ke kolamu wai. Ua hōʻike ka pH i loko o ke kolamu wai ma luna pono o ke kiko hoʻokuʻu i kahi hāʻule nui, e hōʻike ana i nā kūlana acidic ma kahi kūloko (Kiʻi 5c, d). Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ka pH ma luna o ke kinoea BdM Ua emi ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma ka hohonu o 75 m mai 8.4 (ma ka hohonu o 70 m) a i 7.8 (ma ka hohonu o 75 m) (Kiʻi 5c), ʻoiai ʻo nā wahi ʻē aʻe ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples he mau waiwai pH ma waena o 0 a me 160 m ma ka waena hohonu ma waena o 8.3 a me 8.5 (Kiʻi 5d). ʻAʻole i loaʻa nā loli koʻikoʻi i ka mahana o ka wai kai a me ka paʻakai ma nā wahi ʻelua i loko a ma waho o ka ʻāpana BdM o ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples. Ma ka hohonu o 70 m, ʻo ka mahana he 15 °C a ʻo ka paʻakai ma kahi o 38 PSU (Kiʻi 5c,d). Ua hōʻike ʻia nā ana o ka pH, ka mahana, a me ka paʻakai: a) ke komo ʻana o nā wai waikawa e pili ana i ke kaʻina hana degassing BdM a me b) ka nele a i ʻole ka hoʻokuʻu lohi loa ʻana o nā wai wela a me ka brine.
(a) Ka puka makani loaʻa o ke ʻano kolamu wai acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60). ʻO ke kāʻei ʻōmaʻomaʻo kū pololei e pili ana i ka lapalapa kinoea i ʻike ʻia ma ka hoʻokuʻu wai EM50 (ma kahi o 75 m ma lalo o ka ʻilikai) aia ma ka ʻāpana BdM; hōʻike pū ʻia nā hōʻailona multiplex lalo a me ka papahele kai (b) i hōʻiliʻili ʻia me kahi kaʻa mamao ma ka ʻāpana BdM Hōʻike ke kiʻi hoʻokahi i kahi lua liʻiliʻi (pōʻai ʻeleʻele) i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka sediment ʻulaʻula a ʻalani. (c,d) ʻIkepili CTD probe multiparameter i hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu SBED-Win32 (Seasave, mana 7.23.2). Nā ʻano o nā palena i koho ʻia (salinity, mahana, pH a me ka oxygen) o ke kolamu wai ma luna o ka hoʻokuʻu wai EM50 (panel c) a ma waho o ka panela wahi hoʻokuʻu Bdm (d).
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i ʻekolu mau laʻana kinoea mai kahi i aʻo ʻia ma waena o ʻAukake 22 a me 28, 2014. Ua hōʻike kēia mau laʻana i nā ʻano like, i hoʻomalu ʻia e CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), ukali ʻia e nā ʻano kūpono o N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) a me H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), ʻoiai ʻo H2 a me He i emi iki (<0.052 a me <0.016 mmol/mol, kēlā me kēia) (Kiʻi 1b; Papa S1, Kiʻiʻoniʻoni Hoʻohui 2). Ua ana ʻia hoʻi nā ʻano kiʻekiʻe o O2 a me Ar (a hiki i ka 3.2 a me 0.18 mmol/mol, kēlā me kēia). ʻO ka huina o nā hydrocarbons māmā mai 0.24 a 0.30 mmol/mol a he mau alkanes C2-C4, nā mea ʻala (ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo benzene), propene a me nā hui sulfur-loaʻa (thiophene). ʻO ka waiwai 40Ar/36Ar e kūlike me ka ea. (295.5), ʻoiai ʻo ka laʻana EM35 (BdM dome) he waiwai o 304, e hōʻike ana i kahi keu iki o 40Ar. ʻOi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka lakio δ15N ma mua o ka ea (a hiki i ka +1.98% vs. Air), ʻoiai ʻo nā waiwai δ13C-CO2 mai -0.93 a 0.44% vs. V-PDB. ʻO nā waiwai R/Ra (ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana no ka haumia o ka ea me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lakio 4He/20Ne) ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.94, e hōʻike ana i ke alo o kahi hapa nui o ka mantle He. Ma ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka isotope helium me CO2 a me kāna isotope paʻa 22, hiki ke hoʻomālamalama hou ʻia ke kumu o nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma BdM. Ma ka palapala ʻāina CO2 no CO2/3He versus δ13C (Kiʻi 6), ua hoʻohālikelike ʻia ka haku mele kinoea BdM me ko Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Hōʻike pū ka Kiʻi 6 i ka hui ʻana o ke kumumanaʻo. nā laina ma waena o ʻekolu mau kumu kalapona like ʻole e pili ana i ka hana ʻana o ke kinoea BdM: nā melts i loaʻa mai ka mantle, nā sediments waiwai organik, a me nā carbonates. Hāʻule nā ​​​​laʻana BdM ma ka laina hui i hōʻike ʻia e nā lua pele ʻekolu ʻo Campania, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā kinoea mantle (i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻonui iki ʻia i ke kalapona dioxide e pili ana i nā MORB maʻamau no ke kumu o ke kūpono ʻana i ka ʻikepili) a me nā hopena i hoʻokumu ʻia e ka decarbonization crustal ʻO ka pōhaku kinoea hopena.
Ua hōʻike ʻia nā laina hybrid ma waena o ka haku mele ʻana o ka mantle a me nā lālā hope o ka limestone a me nā sediments organik no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana. Hōʻike nā pahu i nā wahi fumarole o Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Aia ka laʻana BdM ma ke ʻano hui ʻia o ka lua pele ʻo Campania. ʻO ke kinoea endmember o ka laina hui ʻia mai ke kumu mantle, ʻo ia ke kinoea i hana ʻia e ka hopena decarburization o nā minelala carbonate.
Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Seismic L1 a me L2 (Kiʻi 1b a me 7) i ka hoʻololi ma waena o BdM a me nā moʻo stratigraphic distal o nā wahi pele Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Kiʻi 7a) a me Campi Flegrei (L2, Kiʻi 7b). Hōʻike ʻia ʻo BdM e ke alo o ʻelua mau ʻano seismic nui (MS a me PS ma ke Kiʻi 7). Hōʻike ka mea luna (MS) i nā mea hoʻomālamalama subparallel o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka amplitude waena a me ka hoʻomau ʻaoʻao (Kiʻi 7b, c). Loaʻa i kēia papa nā sediments moana i huki ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) a he one a me ka lepo23. Hōʻike ʻia ka papa PS ma lalo (Kiʻi 7b–d) e kahi pae chaotic a i ʻole ka moakaka i ke ʻano o nā kolamu a i ʻole nā ​​​​hourglasses. ʻO ka piko o nā sediments PS i hana i nā puʻu kai (Kiʻi 7d). Hōʻike kēia mau geometries diapir-like i ke komo ʻana o ka mea moakaka PS i loko o nā waihona MS kiʻekiʻe loa. ʻO Uplift ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā pelu a me nā hewa e hoʻopilikia i ka papa MS a nā sediments o kēia wā o ka papahele kai BdM (Kiʻi 7b–d). Ua wehewehe maopopo ʻia ka MS stratigraphic interval ma ka ʻāpana ENE o ka ʻāpana L1, ʻoiai ke keʻokeʻo nei ia i ka BdM ma muli o ke alo o kahi papa saturated gas (GSL) i uhi ʻia e kekahi mau pae kūloko o ka moʻo MS (Kiʻi 7a). ʻO nā ʻōpū umekaumaha i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma ka piko o ka BdM e pili ana i ka papa seismic moakaka e hōʻike ana ʻo ka 40 cm kiʻekiʻe loa he one i waiho ʻia i kēia manawa; )24,25 a me nā ʻāpana pumice mai ka pahū ʻana o Campi Flegrei o "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ke ʻano moakaka o ka papa PS e nā kaʻina hana hui chaotic wale nō, no ka mea, ʻo nā papa chaotic e pili ana me nā ʻāina hoʻoili, nā kahe lepo a me nā kahe pyroclastic i loaʻa ma waho o ka BdM ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples he opaque acoustically21,23,24. Hoʻoholo mākou ʻo nā facies seismic BdM PS i ʻike ʻia a me ke ʻano o ka papa PS outcrop subsea (Fig. 7d) e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea kūlohelohe.
(a) ʻIkepili seismic ala hoʻokahi L1 (kaha hoʻokele ma ke Kiʻi 1b) e hōʻike ana i kahi hoʻonohonoho spatial kolamu (pagoda). Aia ka pagoda i nā waihona chaotic o ka pumice a me ke one. ʻO ka papa i hoʻopiha ʻia e ke kinoea ma lalo o ka pagoda e wehe i ka hoʻomau ʻana o nā ʻano hohonu. (b) ʻIkepili seismic ala hoʻokahi L2 (kaha hoʻokele ma ke Kiʻi 1b), e hōʻike ana i ka ʻoki ʻana a me ka deformation o nā puʻu papahele kai, nā waihona one pumice (PS). (c) Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī deformation ma MS a me PS ma (c,d). Ke manaʻo nei he wikiwiki o 1580 m/s ma ka sediment kiʻekiʻe loa, 100 ms e hōʻike ana ma kahi o 80 m ma ka unahi kū pololei.
Ua like nā ʻano morphological a me ke ʻano o BdM me nā kahua hydrothermal subsea a me nā kahua hydrate gas ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 a pili pinepine ʻia me nā uplifts (vaults a me nā mounds) a me ka gas Discharge (cones, pit). Hōʻike nā cones a me nā pit i hoʻonohonoho ʻia e BdM a me nā mounds elongated i ka permeability i kāohi ʻia e ke ʻano (Nā Kiʻi 2 a me 3). Hōʻike ka hoʻonohonoho spatial o nā mounds, nā pit a me nā vents hana e kāohi hapa ʻia kā lākou hoʻolaha ʻana e nā haki hopena NW-SE a me NE-SW (Kiʻi 4b). ʻO kēia nā hahau makemake ʻia o nā ʻōnaehana hewa e pili ana i nā wahi lua pele ʻo Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius a me ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples. Ma ke ʻano kūikawā, ʻo ke ʻano o ka mea mua e kāohi i kahi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka hydrothermal mai ka lua pele ʻo Campi Flegrei35. No laila ke hoʻoholo nei mākou ʻo nā hewa a me nā haki ma ke Kai Kūʻono ʻo Naples ke ala makemake ʻia no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kinoea i ka ʻili, kahi hiʻohiʻona i kaʻana like ʻia e nā hydrothermal ʻē aʻe i kāohi ʻia e ke ʻano. nā ʻōnaehana36,37. ʻIke ʻia, ʻaʻole i pili mau nā cone a me nā lua BdM me nā puʻu (Kiʻi 3a,c). Hōʻike kēia ʻaʻole pono kēia mau puʻu e hōʻike i nā mea mua i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka lua, e like me ka manaʻo o nā mea kākau ʻē aʻe no nā wahi hydrate kinoea32,33. Kākoʻo kā mākou mau hopena i ka manaʻo ʻaʻole i alakaʻi mau ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o nā sediments dome seabedroom i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā lua.
ʻO nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻekolu i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e hōʻike ana i nā hōʻailona kemika maʻamau o nā wai hydrothermal, ʻo ia hoʻi ʻo CO2 me nā ʻano nui o nā kinoea hoʻemi (H2S, CH4 a me H2) a me nā hydrocarbons māmā (ʻoi aku ka benzene a me ka propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Papa S1). ʻO ke alo o nā kinoea lewa (e like me O2), ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i nā hoʻokuʻu submarine, ma muli paha o ka haumia mai ka ea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka wai kai e pili ana me nā kinoea i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻohana ʻia no ka laʻana, ʻoiai ua unuhi ʻia nā ROV mai ka papahele o ke kai a i ke kai e kipi. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻo nā waiwai δ15N maikaʻi a me kahi N2/Ar kiʻekiʻe (a hiki i ka 480) ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o ASW (wai saturated air) e hōʻike ana ua hana ʻia ka hapa nui o ka N2 mai nā kumu extra-atmospheric, e like me ke kumu hydrothermal nui o kēia mau kinoea. Ua hōʻoia ʻia ke kumu hydrothermal-volcanic o ke kinoea BdM e nā ʻike CO2 a me He a me kā lākou isotopic. nā pūlima. Hōʻike nā isotopes kalapona (δ13C-CO2 mai -0.93% a i +0.4%) a me nā waiwai CO2/3He (mai 1.7 × 1010 a i 4.1 × 1010) e pili ana nā laʻana BdM i kahi ʻano hui o nā fumaroles a puni nā lālā hope o ke Kai Kūʻono o Naples a me ka decarbonization. ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā kinoea i hana ʻia e ka hopena (Kiʻi 6). ʻOi aku ka pololei, aia nā laʻana kinoea BdM ma ke ʻano hui ma kahi like me nā wai mai nā lua pele ʻo Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Veusivus e pili ana. ʻOi aku ko lākou ʻili ma mua o nā fumaroles Ischia, kokoke i ka hopena o ka mantle. Loaʻa iā Somma-Vesuvius lāua ʻo Campi Flegrei nā waiwai 3He/4He kiʻekiʻe (R/Ra ma waena o 2.6 a me 2.9) ma mua o BdM (R/Ra ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.96; Papa S1). Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻohui a me ka hōʻiliʻili ʻana o radiogenic Ua hoʻomaka ʻo ia mai ke kumu magma like i hānai i nā lua pele ʻo Somma-Vesuvius lāua ʻo Campi Flegrei. ʻO ka nele o nā ʻāpana kalapona organik i ʻike ʻia i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o BdM e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i komo nā sediments organik i ke kaʻina hana degassing BdM.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a me nā hopena mai nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokolohua o nā ʻano dome-like e pili ana me nā wahi waiwai i ke kinoea subsea, ʻo ke kaomi kinoea hohonu paha ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā dome BdM kilomika-scale. No ka helu ʻana i ka overpressure Pdef e alakaʻi ana i ka BdM vault, ua hoʻopili mākou i kahi model mechanics thin-plate33,34 me ka manaʻo, mai ka ʻikepili morphological a me ka seismic i hōʻiliʻili ʻia, ʻo ka BdM vault he pepa subcircular o ka radius he ʻoi aku ka nui ma mua o kahi waihona viscous palupalu deformed. ʻO ka neʻe kiʻekiʻe loa vertical w a me ka mānoanoa h o ka (Supplementary Fig. S1). ʻO Pdef ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ke kaomi holoʻokoʻa a me ke kaomi static pōhaku me ke kaomi kolamu wai. Ma BdM, ʻo ka radius ma kahi o 2,500 m, ʻo w he 20 m, a ʻo ka h maximum i manaʻo ʻia mai ka seismic profile ma kahi o 100 m. Hoʻomaulia mākou iā Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 mai ka pilina, kahi ʻo D ka flexural stiffness; Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo D e (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], kahi ʻo E ka modulus o ka waihona ʻo Young, ʻo ν ka lakio o Poisson (~0.5)33. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hiki ke ana ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o nā sediments BdM, ua hoʻonohonoho mākou iā E = 140 kPa, he waiwai kūpono ia no nā sediments one kahakai 47 e like me BdM14,24. ʻAʻole mākou e noʻonoʻo i nā waiwai E kiʻekiʻe i hōʻike ʻia ma ka palapala no nā waihona lepo lepo (300 < E < 350,000 kPa)33,34 no ka mea, ʻo nā waihona BDM he one nui ia, ʻaʻole ka lepo lepo a i ʻole ka lepo lepo24. Loaʻa iā mākou ʻo Pdef = 0.3 Pa, kahi e kūlike me nā kuhi o nā kaʻina hana hoʻokiʻekiʻe o ka papahele kai ma nā wahi hydrate gas, kahi e loli ai ʻo Pdef mai 10-2 a 103 Pa, me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa e hōʻike ana i ka w/a haʻahaʻa a/a i ʻole. Ma BdM, ka emi ʻana o ka paʻakikī ma muli o ka saturation kinoea kūloko o ka sediment a/a i ʻole ke ʻano. ʻO nā haki mua e hiki ke kōkua i ka hāʻule ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea ma hope, e ʻae ana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o nā ʻano ea i ʻike ʻia. Ua hōʻike nā ʻikepili seismic i hōʻiliʻili ʻia (Kiʻi 7) ua hāpai ʻia nā sediments PS mai ka GSL, e hoʻokuke ana i nā sediments kai MS ma luna, e hopena ana i nā puʻu, nā pelu, nā hewa, a me nā ʻoki sedimentary (Kiʻi 7b,c). Hōʻike kēia ua komo ka pumice 14.8 a 12 ka makahiki i loko o ka papa MS ʻōpio ma o ke kaʻina hana lawe kinoea i luna. Hiki ke ʻike ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona morphological o ka ʻano BdM ma ke ʻano he hopena o ka overpressure i hana ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu wai i hana ʻia e ka GSL. No ka mea hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ikaika mai ka papahele kai a hiki i luna o 170 m bsl48, ke manaʻo nei mākou ua ʻoi aku ka overpressure o ka wai i loko o ka GSL ma mua o 1,700 kPa. ʻO ka neʻe ʻana i luna o nā kinoea i loko o nā sediments ua loaʻa pū ka hopena o ka holoi ʻana i nā mea i loko o ka MS, e wehewehe ana i ke alo o nā sediments chaotic i loko o nā cores gravity i laʻana ʻia ma BdM25. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka overpressure o ka GSL e hana i kahi ʻōnaehana haki paʻakikī (polygonal fault ma ke Kiʻi 7b). Ma ke ʻano hui, ʻo kēia morphology, structure, a me ka noho ʻana o stratigraphic, i kapa ʻia ʻo "pagodas" 49,50, i hoʻopili mua ʻia i nā hopena lua o nā ʻano glacial kahiko, a ua unuhi ʻia i kēia manawa ʻo ia nā hopena o ke kinoea e piʻi ana 31,33 a i ʻole evaporites 50. Ma ka palena ʻāina o Campania, ua kakaikahi nā sediments evaporative, ma ka liʻiliʻi ma loko o 3 km o luna o ka ʻili. No laila, ʻo ke ʻano ulu o nā pagodas BdM e hoʻomalu ʻia e ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea i loko o nā sediments. Kākoʻo ʻia kēia hopena e nā facies seismic maopopo o ka pagoda (Kiʻi 7), a me ka ʻikepili gravity core e like me ka hōʻike mua ʻia 24, kahi e pahū ai ke one o kēia lā me 'Pomici Principali' 25 a me 'Naples Yellow Tuff' 26 Campi Flegrei. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻouka kaua nā waihona PS a hoʻololi i ka papa MS kiʻekiʻe loa (Kiʻi 7d). Hōʻike kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho e hōʻike ana ka pagoda i kahi ʻano kipi a ʻaʻole wale kahi pipeline kinoea. No laila, ʻElua mau kaʻina hana nui e hoʻomalu i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka pagoda: a) emi ka nui o ka sediment palupalu i ka wā e komo ai ke kinoea mai lalo; b) piʻi aʻe ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment, ʻo ia ka pelu ʻana i ʻike ʻia, ka hewa ʻana a me ka haki ʻana. Cause MS deposits (Kiʻi 7). Ua hāpai ʻia kahi ʻano hana like no nā pagodas e pili ana me nā hydrates kinoea ma ke Kai ʻo South Scotia (Antarctica). Ua ʻike ʻia nā pagodas BdM ma nā hui ma nā wahi puʻu, a ʻo ko lākou laulā kū pololei he 70-100 m i ka manawa huakaʻi ʻelua ala (TWTT) (Kiʻi 7a). Ma muli o ke alo o nā undulations MS a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka stratigraphy o ke kumu gravity BdM, ke kuhi nei mākou ʻo ka makahiki o ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale pagoda e emi iho ma mua o 14-12 ka. Eia kekahi, ke hana mau nei ka ulu ʻana o kēia mau hale (Kiʻi 7d) i ka wā i komo ai kekahi mau pagodas a hoʻololi i ke one BdM o kēia lā (Kiʻi 7d).
ʻO ka hiki ʻole o ka pagoda ke hele i ka moena kai o kēia wā e hōʻike ana (a) ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a/a i ʻole ka hoʻōki kūloko ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment, a/a i ʻole (b) ke kahe ʻaoʻao hiki o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i kahi kaʻina hana overpressure kūloko. Wahi a ke kumu hoʻohālike diapir52, hōʻike ke kahe ʻaoʻao i kahi kaulike maikaʻi ʻole ma waena o ka nui o ka lako o ka hui ʻana o ka mud-gas mai lalo a me ka wikiwiki o ka neʻe ʻana o ka pagoda i luna. ʻO ka emi ʻana o ka nui o ka lako e pili paha i ka hoʻonui ʻana o ka nui o ka hui ʻana ma muli o ka nalo ʻana o ka lako kinoea. ʻO nā hopena i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma luna a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka pagoda i kāohi ʻia e ka buoyancy e ʻae iā mākou e kuhi i ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kolamu ea hg. Hāʻawi ʻia ka buoyancy e ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), kahi ʻo g ka umekaumaha (9.8 m/s2) a ʻo ρw a me ρg nā densities o ka wai a me ke kinoea, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ΔP ka huina o ka Pdef i helu mua ʻia a me ke kaomi lithostatic Plith o ka papa sediment, ʻo ia hoʻi ρsg h, kahi ʻo ρs ka nui o ka sediment. I kēia hihia, hāʻawi ʻia ka waiwai o hg e pono ai no ka buoyancy i makemake ʻia e hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)]. Ma BdM, hoʻonohonoho mākou iā Pdef = 0.3 Pa a me h = 100 m (e nānā ma luna), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, he mea liʻiliʻi ʻo ρg no ka mea ʻo ρw ≫ρg. Loaʻa iā mākou ʻo hg = 245 m, kahi waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka hohonu o ka lalo o ka GSL. ʻO ΔP he 2.4 MPa, ʻo ia ka overpressure e pono ai e uhaʻi i ka papahele kai BdM a hana i nā vents.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke kinoea BdM e kūlike me nā kumu mantle i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā wai e pili ana me nā hopena decarbonization o nā pōhaku crustal (Kiʻi 6). ʻO nā hoʻonohonoho EW maʻamau o nā dome BdM a me nā lua pele e like me Ischia, Campi Flegre, a me Soma-Vesuvius, me ka ʻano o nā kinoea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e hōʻike ana ua hui pū ʻia nā kinoea i hoʻokuʻu ʻia mai ka mantle ma lalo o ka ʻāina pele holoʻokoʻa ʻo Naples. ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wai crustal e neʻe mai ke komohana (Ischia) a i ka hikina (Somma-Vesuivus) (Kiʻi 1b a me 6).
Ua hoʻoholo mākou ma ke Kai o Naples, he mau kilomita mai ke awa ʻo Naples, aia kahi ʻano dome ākea he 25 km2 i hoʻopilikia ʻia e kahi kaʻina hana degassing ikaika a hoʻokumu ʻia e ke kau ʻana o nā pagodas a me nā puʻu. I kēia manawa, hōʻike nā pūlima BdM e hiki i ka turbulence non-magmatic53 ke hele ma mua o ka embryonic volcanism, ʻo ia hoʻi ka hoʻokuʻu mua ʻana o ka magma a me/a i ʻole nā ​​​​wai wela. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia nā hana nānā e kālailai i ka ulu ʻana o nā hanana a e ʻike i nā hōʻailona geochemical a me geophysical e hōʻike ana i nā haunaele magmatic hiki.
Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili kolamu wai leo (2D) i ka wā o ka holo moku ʻo SAFE_2014 (ʻAukake 2014) ma ka R/V Urania (CNR) e ka National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). Ua hana ʻia ka laʻana leo e kahi mea kani leo ʻepekema ʻo Simrad EK60 e hana ana ma 38 kHz. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ka ʻikepili leo ma ka wikiwiki awelika o kahi 4 km. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā kiʻi echosounder i hōʻiliʻili ʻia e ʻike i nā hoʻokuʻu wai a wehewehe pololei i ko lākou wahi ma kahi hōʻiliʻili (ma waena o 74 a me 180 m bsl). E ana i nā ʻano kino a me nā kemika i loko o ke kolamu wai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā probes multiparameter (conductivity, temperature and depth, CTD). Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi probe CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) a ua hana ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu SBED-Win32 (Seasave, mana 7.23.2). Ua hana ʻia kahi nānā maka o ka moena kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi hāmeʻa ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (kaʻa i hoʻokele mamao ʻia) me nā kāmela ʻelua (ho'ākāka haʻahaʻa a me ke kiʻekiʻe).
Ua hana ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili Multibeam me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana sonar multibeam 100 KHz Simrad EM710 (Kongsberg). Hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōnaehana i kahi ʻōnaehana hoʻonohonoho honua ʻokoʻa e hōʻoia i nā hewa sub-metric i ke kau ʻana o ka beam. Loaʻa i ka pulse acoustic kahi alapine o 100 KHz, kahi pulse ahi o 150° degere a me ka wehe ʻana o 400 mau beams. E ana a hoʻopili i nā ʻikepili wikiwiki kani i ka manawa maoli i ka wā o ka loaʻa ʻana. Ua hana ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) e like me ke kūlana International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) no ka hoʻokele a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kai. Ua hana ʻia ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka walaʻau ma muli o nā spikes mea kani ulia pōpilikia a me ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o ka beam maikaʻi ʻole me nā mea hana hoʻoponopono band a me nā de-spiking. Hana ʻia ka ʻike wikiwiki kani mau e kahi kikowaena keel e kokoke ana i ka transducer multi-beam a loaʻa a hoʻopili i nā ʻikepili wikiwiki kani manawa maoli i loko o ke kolamu wai i kēlā me kēia 6-8 mau hola e hāʻawi i ka wikiwiki kani manawa maoli no ka kūpono. ka hoʻokele kukuna. Aia ka ʻikepili holoʻokoʻa ma kahi o 440 km2 (0-1200 m ka hohonu). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka ʻikepili e hāʻawi i kahi kumu hoʻohālike ʻāina kikohoʻe kiʻekiʻe (DTM) i hōʻailona ʻia e ka nui o ka cell grid 1 m. Ua hana ʻia ka DTM hope loa (Kiʻi 1a) me ka ʻikepili ʻāina (>0 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai) i loaʻa ma ka nui o ka cell grid 20 m e ka Italian Geo-Military Institute.
ʻO kahi ʻikepili seismic hoʻokahi-channel kiʻekiʻe-hoʻonā kiʻekiʻe he 55-kilomita, i hōʻiliʻili ʻia i ka wā o nā holo moana palekana i ka makahiki 2007 a me 2014, ua uhi ʻia kahi ʻāpana o kahi o 113 mau kilomita kuea, ʻelua ma ka R/V Urania. Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili Marisk (e laʻa, ʻikepili seismic L1, Fig. 1b) ma ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ʻōnaehana boomer IKB-Seistec. Aia ka ʻāpana loaʻa i kahi catamaran 2.5 m kahi i waiho ʻia ai ke kumu a me ka mea loaʻa. Aia ka pūlima kumu i kahi piko maikaʻi hoʻokahi i hōʻike ʻia ma ka alapine alapine 1-10 kHz a hiki ke hoʻoholo i nā mea hoʻomālamalama i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e 25 cm. Ua loaʻa nā ʻikepili seismic palekana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi kumu seismic Geospark multi-tip 1.4 Kj i hoʻopili ʻia me ka polokalamu Geotrace (Geo Marine Survey System). Aia ka ʻōnaehana i kahi catamaran e loaʻa ana kahi kumu 1-6.02 KHz e komo a hiki i 400 milliseconds i loko o ka sediment palupalu ma lalo o ka moena kai, me kahi hoʻonā kū pololei theoretical o 30 cm. Ua loaʻa nā polokalamu Safe a me Marsik ma he wikiwiki o 0.33 mau pana/kekona me ka wikiwiki o ke kīʻaha koko <3 Kn. Ua hana ʻia a hōʻike ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu Geosuite Allworks me ke kaʻina hana penei: hoʻoponopono dilation, muting kolamu wai, kānana bandpass IIR 2-6 KHz, a me AGC.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke kinoea mai ka fumarole ma lalo o ka wai ma ka papahele o ke kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu plastik i lako me kahi diaphragm rubber ma kona ʻaoʻao luna, i kau ʻia i lalo e ka ROV ma luna o ka puka makani. Ke hoʻololi piha nā pehu ea e komo ana i loko o ka pahu i ke kai, hoʻi ka ROV i ka hohonu o 1 m, a hoʻoili ka mea luʻu i ke kinoea i hōʻiliʻili ʻia ma o kahi septum rubber i loko o ʻelua mau ʻōmole aniani 60 mL i hoʻoneʻe mua ʻia me nā stopcocks Teflon kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia ai kekahi me 20 mL o ka hopena 5N NaOH (ʻōmole ʻano Gegenbach). Hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā ʻano kinoea waikawa nui (CO2 a me H2S) i loko o ka hopena alkaline, ʻoiai nā ʻano kinoea solubility haʻahaʻa (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 a me nā hydrocarbons māmā) i mālama ʻia i loko o ka headspace ʻōmole laʻana. Ua kālailai ʻia nā kinoea solubility haʻahaʻa inorganic e ke kinoea chromatography (GC) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Shimadzu 15A i lako me kahi kolamu sieve molekala 5A 10 m ka lōʻihi a me kahi mea ʻike conductivity thermal (TCD) 54. ʻO Argon a me O2 ua kālailai ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi chromatograph gas Thermo Focus i lako me kahi kolamu sieve molekala capillary 30 m ka lōʻihi a me TCD. Ua kālailai ʻia nā methane a me nā hydrocarbons māmā me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi chromatograph gas Shimadzu 14A i lako me kahi kolamu kila kila 10 m ka lōʻihi i hoʻopaʻa ʻia me Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, i uhi ʻia me 23% SP 1700 a me kahi mea ʻike ionization lapalapa (FID). Ua hoʻohana ʻia ka pae wai no ka nānā ʻana o 1) CO2, e like me, titrated me ka 0.5 N HCl solution (Metrohm Basic Titrino) a me 2) H2S, e like me, ma hope o ka oxidation me 5 mL H2O2 (33%), e ka ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). ʻO ka hewa analytical o ka titration, GC a me ka nānā ʻana o IC ʻoi aku ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 5%. Ma hope o ka unuhi maʻamau a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe no nā hui kinoea, ua kālailai ʻia ʻo 13C/12C CO2 (i hōʻike ʻia he δ13C-CO2% a me V-PDB) me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻO ka spectrometer mass Finningan Delta S55,56. ʻO nā kūlana i hoʻohana ʻia e kuhi i ka pololei o waho ʻo Carrara lāua ʻo San Vincenzo marble (kūloko), NBS18 a me NBS19 (honua), ʻoiai ʻo ka hewa analytical a me ka hana hou ʻana he ±0.05% a me ±0.1%, kēlā me kēia.
Ua hoʻoholo ʻia nā waiwai δ15N (i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he % vs. Air) a me 40Ar/36Ar me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) i hoʻopili ʻia me kahi Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. ʻO ka hewa loiloi: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%. ʻO ka lakio isotope He (i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he R/Ra, kahi ʻo R he 3He/4He i ana ʻia i loko o ka laʻana a ʻo Ra ka lakio like i ka lewa: 1.39 × 10−6)57 ua hoʻoholo ʻia ma ka hale hana o INGV-Palermo (Italia) 3He, 4He a me 20Ne ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI)58 ma hope o ka hoʻokaʻawale ʻana o He a me Ne. ʻO ka hewa loiloi ≤ 0.3%. ʻO nā hakahaka maʻamau no He a me Ne he <10-14 a me <10-16 mol, kēlā me kēia.
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