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Hōʻike mākou i nā hōʻike o ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana o ke kai a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ke kinoea he mau kilomita ma waho o ke awa o Naples (Italia). hehee a me crustal rocks.These kinoea mea paha e like me ka poe e hanai ana i ka hydrothermal nenoai o Ischia, Campi Flegre a me Soma-Vesuvius, manaʻo i ka mantle kumu i hui pu ia me crustal wai ma lalo o ke Kai o Naples.Subsea hoʻonui a me ka rupture ma muli o ke kinoea hoʻokiʻekiʻe a me ka pressurization kaʻina pono i ka overpressure o 2-3 MPa. ʻaʻohe lua pele e hōʻike ana i ka pahū ʻana o ka papakū a/a i ʻole ka pahū hydrothermal.
ʻO ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kai hohonu (ka wai wela a me ke kinoea) kahi hiʻohiʻona maʻamau o nā kuamoʻo waena o ka moana a me nā palena pā convergent (me nā ʻāpana i lalo o nā mokupuni arc), akā ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea hydrates (chlatrates) he mau hiʻohiʻona o nā papa continental a me nā palena passive1, 2,3,4,5. nā kumu (nā waihona magma) i loko o ka ʻōpala ʻāina a/a i ʻole ka ʻaʻahu. Hiki i kēia mau hoʻokuʻu ʻana ke hele ma mua o ka piʻi ʻana o ka pelemaka ma nā ʻaoʻao kiʻekiʻe loa o ka ʻōpala o ka Honua a hiki i ka pele a me ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā mauna lua pele6. He mea koʻikoʻi ka ʻāina pele o Naples ma Italia (~ 1 miliona mau kānaka) no ka loiloi ʻana i nā lua pele e hiki mai ana. Ka pele pāpaʻu. ʻikepili bathymetric, seismic, kolamu wai, a me geochemical no kahi ʻāina i lalo o ka wai, morphologically a me structurally complex region i hoʻopili ʻia e ka hoʻokuʻu ʻia ʻana o ke kinoea ma ke Kaiwa o Naples (Italia Hema), ma kahi o 5 km mai ke awa o Naples. hiki ke hoʻokuʻu ʻia, e noiʻi i nā kumu o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai, e ʻike a ʻike i nā ʻano hana e hoʻoponopono ai i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a me nā deformation pili, a kūkākūkā i nā hopena o ka lua pele.
Hoʻokumu ke Kaiwa o Naples i ka Plio-Quaternary komohana ʻaoʻao, ka NW-SE elongated Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW o Ischia (ca. 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (ca. 300-1538) a me Soma-Vesuvius (mai ka hoʻonohonoho ʻākau <4460) AD)15, oiai ka hema ka palena o ka Sorrento Peninsula (Fig. 1a). Ua pili ke Kaikuono o Naples i ka nui o NE-SW a me ke lua o ka NW-SE mau hewa nui (Fig. 1) 14,15. Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius ua ikeia e ka hydrothermal manifestations, lepo deformicity, a me ka papapau18, se18 hanana. Campi Flegrei ma 1982-1984, me ka uplift o 1.8 m a me na tausani o na olai) . ka o Somma Vesuvius hoomalu i ka sedimentary nenoaiu o ke Kaiwa o Naples.The haʻahaʻa kai 'ilikai ma ka hope glacial maximum (18 ka) alakai i ka regression o ka offshore-papau sedimentary nenoaiu, i ua hoʻopiha 'ia e transgressive hanana i ka wā o ka Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Soma-Vesuvius (Fig. 1b).
(a) Nā hoʻonohonoho moʻokalaleo a me ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o ka papa ʻāina a me ke Kaiwa o Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. ʻO nā kiko nā kikowaena lua pele nui; ʻO nā laina ʻulaʻula e hōʻike ana i nā hewa nui. (b) ʻO Bathymetry o ka Bay of Naples me nā puka wai i ʻike ʻia (nā kiko) a me nā ʻāpana o nā laina seismic (nā laina ʻeleʻele). ʻO nā laina melemele nā ​​alahele o nā laina seismic L1 a me L2 i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 6. ʻO nā palena o ka Banco della Montagna (BdM) nā hale like me ka polū i kaha ʻia nā laina like me ka polū. ʻO nā kiʻi kolamu wai acoustic, a me nā papa CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 a me ROV i hōʻike ʻia ma Fig. 5. ʻO ka pōʻai melemele e hōʻailona ai i kahi o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ke kinoea, a ua hōʻike ʻia kona haku ma ka Papa S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) hoʻohana i nā kiʻi i hana ʻia e Surfer®.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i loaʻa i ka holo moku SAFE_2014 (ʻAukake 2014) (e ʻike i nā Methods), ua kūkulu ʻia kahi Digital Terrain Model (DTM) hou o ke Kaiwa o Naples me 1 m hoʻonā. ʻO ka hale e like me ka dome, i kapa ʻia ʻo Banco della Montagna (BdM).Fig. 1a,b).Ke ulu nei ka BdM ma kahi hohonu ma kahi o 100 a 170 mika, 15 a 20 mau mika ma luna o ke kai a puni. Ua hōʻike ka BdM dome i ka puʻu-like morphology ma muli o 280 subcircular to oval puʻu (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, a me undFigs.3 mau pits a me ka kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ke anapuni o 22 m a me 1,800 m, kēlā me kēia. ʻO ka circularity [C = 4π(ʻāpana / perimeter2)] o nā puʻu i emi iho me ka hoʻonui ʻana i ke anapuni (Fig. 2b). ʻO nā ratios Axial no nā puʻu i waena o 1 a me 6.5, me nā puʻu me ka axial ratio makemake ʻia + 245°E ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe, hōʻike ʻia ke kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o N245°E. ʻoi aku ka hoʻopuehu ʻia ʻo N105 ° E i ka N145 ° E hahau (Fig. 2c). Aia nā cones hoʻokahi a i ʻole i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma ka mokulele BdM a ma luna o ka puʻu (Fig. 3a, b). ʻO nā hoʻonohonoho conical e hahai i ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana o nā puʻu i loaʻa ai lākou. nā palena o ka BdM dome (Fig. 4a, b); aia ke alanui NW-SE liʻiliʻi ma ke kikowaena BdM.
(a) Kikohoʻe terrain kŘkohu (1 m cell nui) o ka dome o Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimeter a me ka poepoe o BdM puʻu.(c) Axial ratio a me ka huina (orientation) o ka nui axis o ka maikai-pono ellipse puni i ka puu.O ka hewa maʻamau o ka Digital Terrain kükohu mea 0.004 m; ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ke anapuni a me ka poepoe he 4.83 m a me 0.01, a ʻo nā hewa maʻamau o ka ratio axial a me ka huina he 0.04 a me 3.34°, kēlā me kēia.
Nā kikoʻī o nā cones i ʻike ʻia, nā lua, nā puʻu a me nā lua ma ka ʻāina BdM i unuhi ʻia mai ka DTM ma ke Kiʻi 2.
(a) E hoʻolikelike i nā cones ma ke kai palahalaha; (b) nā cones a me nā lua ma nā puʻu slender NW-SE; (c) pockmarks ma kahi ʻili māmā.
(a) Māhele ākea o nā lua i ʻike ʻia, nā lua, a me nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea hana.
Ua ʻike mākou i ka 37 kinoea hoʻokuʻu ʻia ma ka ʻāina BdM mai ROV wai kolamu echo sounder kiʻi a me ka nānā pono ʻana o ke kai i loaʻa i ka SAFE_2014 holo moana ma ʻAukake 2014 (Nā kiʻi 4 a me 5). 5a). Ma kekahi mau wahi, ua ho'okumu 'ia ka 'anomalies acoustic i "kaaahi." 'Oko'a ke 'ano o ka 'ahu'ula i 'ike 'ia. nā hihia, ROV channels reactivate emissions.The vent morphology shows a circular opening at the top with no flare in the water column.The pH in the water column just above the discharge point show a significant drop, indicating more acidic condition locally (Fig. 5c,d). (ma ka hohonu 75 m) (Fig. 5c), aʻo nā wahi ʻē aʻe i ke Kaiwa o Naples he mau pH koʻikoʻi ma waena o 0 a me 160 m i ka wā hohonu ma waena o 8.3 a me 8.5 (Fig. 5d). ʻO ka mahana he 15 °C aʻo ka paʻakai ma kahi o 38 PSU (Fig. 5c, d). Nā ana o ka pH, ka mahana, a me ka paʻakai i hōʻikeʻia: a) ke komoʻana o nā waiʻawaʻawa e pili ana i ka BdM degassing process a me b) ka nele a iʻole ka lohi loa o ka hoʻokuʻuʻana i nā wai wela a me ka brine.
(a) Loaʻa pukaaniani o ka acoustic water column profile (echometer Simrad EK60). hōʻike pū ʻia nā hōʻailona multiplex lalo a me ka papahele moana (b) hōʻiliʻili ʻia me kahi kaʻa mamao ma ka ʻāina BdM ʻO ke kiʻi hoʻokahi e hōʻike ana i kahi lua liʻiliʻi (poʻe ʻeleʻele) i hoʻopuni ʻia e ka ʻulaʻula a hiki i ka sediment ʻalani. ka wai hoʻoheheʻe EM50 (panel c) a ma waho o ka Bdm discharge area panel (d).
Ua hōʻiliʻili mākou i ʻekolu mau kinoea laʻana mai ka wahi aʻo ma waena o ʻAukake 22 a me 28, 2014. Ua hōʻike ʻia kēia mau laʻana i nā haku like like, i hoʻomalu ʻia e CO2 (934-945 mmol / mol), a ukali ʻia e nā ʻāpana kūpono o N2 (37-43 mmol / mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol / mol) a me H2S / mmol / mol4 a me H2S / mmol4. emi nui (<0.052 a me <0.016 mmol / mol, pakahi) (Fig. 1b; Papa S1, Pākuʻi Kiʻiʻoniʻoni 2). Ua ana pū ʻia nā kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o O2 a me Ar (hiki i ka 3.2 a me 0.18 mmol / mol, kēlā me kēia). alkanes, aromatics (nui benzene), propene a me ka sulfur-i loko o nā pūhui (thiophene) .The 40Ar / 36Ar waiwai kulike me ka ea (295.5), oiai hāpana EM35 (BdM dome) he waiwai o 304, e hōʻike ana i ka oi iki o 40Ar. ʻO ka δ15N ke kiʻekiʻe o ka δ15N (ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka ea ma mua o 15N). ʻO nā waiwai δ13C-CO2 mai -0.93 a 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra waiwai (ma hope o ka hoʻoponopono ʻana no ka haumia o ka ea e hoʻohana ana i ka ratio 4He/20Ne) ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.94, e hōʻike ana i ka hiki ʻana o kahi hapa nui o ka ʻaʻahu He. Hiki ke ho'ākāka hou 'ia o nā ho'oku'u 'ia ma BdM. Ma ka palapala 'āina CO2 no CO2/3He versus δ13C (Fig. 6), ua ho'ohālikelike 'ia ke kinoea kinoea BdM me ka Ischia, Campi Flegrei a me Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Hō'ike 'o Figure 6 i nā laina hui like 'ole ma waena o 'ekolu mau kumu kalapona i ho'ohuihui 'ia paha. heheʻe, mea hoʻoheheʻe waiwai, a me carbonates. Hāʻule ka BdM laʻana ma ka laina hui ʻia i hōʻike ʻia e nā lua pele Campania ʻekolu, ʻo ia hoʻi, ka hui ʻana ma waena o nā kinoea mantle (i manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻonui iki ʻia i ka carbon dioxide e pili ana i nā MORB maʻamau no ke kumu o ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻikepili) a me nā hopena i hana ʻia e ka crustal rock decarbonization.
Hōʻike ʻia nā laina ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka haku mele a me nā lālā hope o ka limestone a me nā sediment organik e hoʻohālikelike.
Hōʻike nā ʻāpana Seismic L1 a me L2 (Figs. 1b a me 7) i ka hoʻololi ʻana ma waena o BdM a me nā kaʻina stratigraphic distal o ka Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) a me Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) mau ʻāpana lua pele. ʻO ka BdM ka mea i hōʻike ʻia e ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ʻelua mau seism nui (MS7 a me PS). hōʻike i nā mea hoʻomanaʻo subparallel o ke kiʻekiʻe a me ka haʻahaʻa amplitude a me ka hoʻomau ʻana o ka ʻaoʻao (Fig. 7b, c). Aia kēia papa i nā sediments moana i huki ʻia e ka ʻōnaehana Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) a me ke one a me ka pālolo23. The underlying PS layer (Fig. 7b-d) ua hōʻike ʻia e ka chaotic to transparent phase o ke ʻano o ke kolamu o PS. puʻu (Fig. 7d).Ke hōʻike nei kēia mau geometries e like me diapir i ke komo ʻana o nā mea alohilohi PS i loko o nā waihona MS kiʻekiʻe. ʻO Uplift ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā ʻōpala a me nā hewa e pili ana i ka papa MS a me nā sediments i kēia manawa o ka papahele BdM (Fig. 7b–d). 'O ka loa'a 'ana o kahi papa hau hau hau (GSL) i uhi 'ia e kekahi mau pae o loko o ke ka'ina MS (Fig. 7a). 'Ohi 'ia nā cores gravity ma ka piko o ka BdM e pili ana i ka papa seismic akaka e hō'ike ana i ka 40 knm ma luna o ke one i waiho 'ia i kēia manawa; ) 24,25 a me nā ʻāpana pumice mai ka pele pahū o Campi Flegrei o "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. ʻAʻole hiki ke wehewehe ʻia ka māhele alohilohi o ka papa PS ma nā kaʻina hui hui wale nō, no ka mea, ʻo nā papa chaotic e pili ana i ka ʻāina, kahe ʻana o ka lepo a me nā kahe pyroclastic i loaʻa ma waho o ka BdM i ka Gulfcou opaque21,23,24. Hoʻoholo mākou i ka nānā ʻana o ka BdM PS seismic facies a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka papa PS subsea outcrop (Fig. 7d) e hōʻike ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea maoli.
(a) Hoʻokahi-track seismic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) e hōʻike ana i kahi columnar (pagoda) spatial arrangement. The pagoda is with chaotic deposits of pumice and sand. The gas-saturated layer in below the pagoda removes the continuity of the deeper formations.(b) Single-channel seismic profile L1b in. deformation of seafloor mounds, marine (MS), and pumice sand deposits (PS).(c) Hōʻike ʻia nā kikoʻī deformation ma MS a me PS ma (c,d). Ke manaʻo nei he 1580 m / s ka wikiwiki o ka sediment kiʻekiʻe loa, ʻo 100 ms e pili ana i 80 m ma ka unahi kūpaʻa.
ʻO nā hiʻohiʻona morphological a me ka hoʻolālā o BdM e like me nā māla wai wai a me ke kinoea hydrate ma ka honua2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 a pili pinepine me nā uplifts (vaults a me nā puʻu) a me ke kinoea Discharge (cones, lua). (Nā Kiʻi 2 a me 3). ʻO ka hoʻonohonoho ākea o nā puʻu, nā lua a me nā puka makani ikaika e hōʻike ana ua mālama ʻia kā lākou mahele e ka NW-SE a me NE-SW nā haʻihaʻi hopena (Fig. 4b). ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ka lua o Campi Flegrei35. No laila ke manaʻo nei mākou ʻo nā hewa a me nā haʻihaʻi i ke Kaiwa o Naples e hōʻike ana i ke ala i makemake ʻia no ka neʻe ʻana o ke kinoea i ka ʻili, kahi hiʻohiʻona i kaʻana like ʻia e nā ʻōnaehana hydrothermal structurally controlled36,37. Notably, BdM cones a me nā lua ʻaʻole i pili mau ʻia me nā puʻu (Fig.3a). precursors to pit formation, as other authors have suggested for gas hydrate zones32,33. Kākoʻo kā mākou mau hopena i ke kuhiakau ʻaʻole e alakaʻi mau ʻia ka hoʻohaunaele ʻana o ka lepo o ka dome i ka hana ʻana o nā lua.
Hōʻike nā hoʻokuʻu kinoea ʻekolu i nā hōʻailona kemika maʻamau o nā wai hydrothermal, ʻo ia hoʻi ka nui o CO2 me ka nui o ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana i nā kinoea (H2S, CH4 a me H2) a me nā hydrocarbons māmā (ʻoi aku ka benzene a me propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, (44, 45, 44, 45). ʻO O2), ʻaʻole i manaʻo ʻia e loaʻa i loko o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i lalo, ma muli paha o ka haumia o ka ea i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ke kai e pili ana me nā kinoea i mālama ʻia i loko o nā pahu plastik i hoʻohana ʻia no ka laʻana, no ka mea, lawe ʻia nā ROV mai ka papakū a hiki i ke kai e kipi. Hana ʻia ʻo N2 mai nā kumu ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kumu hydrothermal nui o kēia mau kinoea. ʻO ke kumu hydrothermal-pele o ke kinoea BdM ua hōʻoia ʻia e ka CO2 a me He mau mea a me kā lākou mau pūlima isotopic. 1010) manaʻo e pili ana nā BdM i nā ʻano fumaroles a puni ke Kaiwa o Naples 'mantle hope lālā a me ka decarbonization ʻO ka pilina ma waena o nā kinoea i hana ʻia e ka hopena (Figure 6). ʻO Ischia fumaroles, kahi kokoke loa i ka hope o ka ʻaʻahu. ʻO Somma-Vesuvius a me Campi Flegrei he kiʻekiʻe 3He / 4He waiwai ​​(R / Ra ma waena o 2.6 a me 2.9) ma mua o BdM (R / Ra ma waena o 1.66 a me 1.96; Papa S1). Hōʻike kēia i ka hoʻohui a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ia i ka punawai radiod a me ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka radiogenic kumu. ʻO nā lua pele ʻo Campi Flegrei. ʻO ka loaʻa ʻole o nā hakina kalapona kūlohelohe i ʻike ʻia i nā hoʻokuʻu BdM e hōʻike ana ʻaʻole i komo nā sediments organik i ke kaʻina hoʻoheheʻe BdM.
Ma muli o ka ʻikepili i hōʻike ʻia ma luna a me nā hopena mai nā hiʻohiʻona hoʻokolohua o nā hale e like me ka dome e pili ana i nā ʻāina waiwai nui o ka moana, hiki i ke kaomi kinoea hohonu ke kuleana no ka hoʻokumu ʻana i nā domes BdM kilomika. radius i oi aku mamua o ka deformed soft viscous deposit Ka ho'one'e 'ana i ka 'oi loa w a me ka mānoanoa h o ka (Fig. S1). Pdef ka 'oko'a ma waena o ka huina pau a me ka pohaku static pressure a me ke kaomi kolamu wai. Ma BdM, ka radius ma kahi o 2,500 m, w he 20 m, a o ka h ki'eki'e i manaoia mai ka seismic = defw. 64 D/a4 mai ka pilina, kahi o D ka oolea flexural; Hāʻawi ʻia ʻo D e (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], kahi ʻo E ka modulus o ka Opio o ka waihona, ν ka ratio o Poisson (~0.5)33. No ka hiki ʻole ke ana ʻia nā waiwai mechanical o nā sediments BdM, ua hoʻonoho mākou i ka E = 140 kPa, he waiwai kūpono ia no nā sediments kahakai kahakai, ʻaʻole like me 4 M4 kiʻekiʻe. ʻO nā waiwai E i hōʻike ʻia i loko o ka palapala no nā waihona lepo lepo (300 < E < 350,000 kPa) 33,34 no ka mea, ʻo ka nui o nā waihona BDM i ke one, ʻaʻole ka lepo a i ʻole ka lepo lepo. ʻO nā waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka haʻahaʻa w/a a me / a i ʻole. Ma BdM, ka hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻana o ka ʻoʻoleʻa ma muli o ka saturation kinoea kūloko o ka sediment a / a i ʻole ke ʻano o nā haʻihaʻi mua e hiki ke kōkua i ka hāʻule ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu kinoea hopena, e ʻae ai i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o nā hale hau i ʻike ʻia. ʻO ka lepo MS ma luna o ka moana, ka hopena i nā puʻu, nā ʻōpala, nā hewa, a me nā ʻoki sedimentary (Fig. 7b,c). Hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana mai ke kai a ma luna o 170 m bsl48, ke manaʻo nei mākou ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka wai i loko o ka GSL ma mua o 1,700 kPa. hana i ka'ōnaehana ha'iha'i pa'akikī (polygonal fault ma Fig. 7b). Hui, keia morphology, hale, a me ka stratigraphic settlement, i kapa 'ia he "pagodas"49,50, ua kumu mua ia i nā hopena lua o ka kahiko glacial formations, a ua unuhi 'ia i keia manawa e like me ka hopena o ka piʻi 'ana gas31,33 a evaporites evaporites o ka evaporites o Camp50. ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi, ma ka liʻiliʻi loa i loko o ka 3 km kiʻekiʻe o ka ʻōpala. No laila, e hoʻomalu ʻia ke ʻano o ka ulu ʻana o BdM pagodas e ka piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea i loko o nā lepo. ʻO Campi Flegrei. Eia kekahi, ua hoʻokomo a hoʻololi nā waihona PS i ka papa MS luna loa (Fig. 7d). Ke hōʻike nei kēia hoʻonohonoho hoʻonohonoho ʻana e hōʻike ana ka pagoda i kahi ʻano hoʻokiʻekiʻe a ʻaʻole wale i kahi pipeline kinoea. b) piʻi ka hui kinoea-sediment, ʻo ia ka mea i ʻike ʻia i ka pelu ʻana, ka hewa a me ka haʻihaʻi Ke kumu o ka waiho ʻana o MS (Figure 7). 7a). Ma muli o ka hiki ʻana o MS undulations a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana i ka stratigraphy o ka BdM gravity core, manaʻo mākou i ka makahiki o ka hoʻokumu ʻia ʻana o nā hale pagoda e emi iho ma kahi o 14-12 ka.
ʻO ka hele ʻole ʻana o ka pagoda i ka moʻo o kēia mau lā e hōʻike ana (a) ke piʻi ʻana o ke kinoea a/a i ʻole ka hoʻopau ʻia ʻana o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment, a / a i ʻole (b) hiki ke kahe ʻaoʻao o ka hui ʻana o ke kinoea-sediment ʻaʻole ia e ʻae i kahi kaʻina overpressure localized. ʻO ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana e pili ana i ka piʻi ʻana o ka mānoanoa o ka hui ʻana ma muli o ka nalowale ʻana o ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kinoea. ʻO nā hopena i hōʻuluʻulu ʻia ma luna a me ka piʻi ʻana o ka buoyancy-controlled o ka pagoda e hiki ai iā mākou ke hoʻohālikelike i ke kiʻekiʻe kolamu ea hg. Hāʻawi ʻia ka buoyancy e ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), kahi g he gravity (9.8 m ρw) o ka wai a me ke kinoea, pakahi.ΔP ka huina o ka Pdef i helu mua ia a me ke kaomi lithostatic Plith o ka papa sediment, oia hoi ρsg h, kahi o ρs ka sediment density. I keia hihia, haawiia ka waiwai o hg no ka buoyancy i makemakeia e hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g ρd . Pa a me h = 100 m (nānā ma luna), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg mea ʻole no ka mea ρw ≫ρg. Loaʻa iā mākou ka hg = 245 m, kahi waiwai e hōʻike ana i ka hohonu o ka lalo o ka GSL.4 MPP ka mea i koi ʻia ma luna o ka GSL. i lalo o ke kai a me nā puka makani.
ʻO ka haku ʻana o ke kinoea BdM ua kūlike me nā kumu ʻaʻahu i hoʻololi ʻia e ka hoʻohui ʻana o nā wai e pili ana me nā hopena decarbonization o nā pōhaku crustal (Fig. 6). ʻOi aku ka nui o nā wai crustal e neʻe mai ke komohana (Ischia) a i ka hikina (Somma-Vesuivus) (Fig. 1b a me 6).
Ua hoʻoholo mākou aia ma ke kai kūʻono o Naples, he mau kilomita mai ke awa ʻo Naples, he 25 km2 ākea e like me ka dome i hoʻopili ʻia e kahi kaʻina degassing ikaika a ma muli o ke kau ʻana o nā pagodas a me nā puʻu. wai. Pono e hoʻokō ʻia nā hana kiaʻi no ka nānā ʻana i ka ulu ʻana o nā hanana a me ka ʻike ʻana i nā hōʻailona geochemical a me geophysical e hōʻike ana i nā haunaele magmatic.
Acoustic wai kolamu profiles (2D) ua loaʻa i ka SAFE_2014 (August 2014) holo moku ma ka R/V Urania (CNR) e ka National Research Council Institute o Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC).Acoustic laʻana ua hana ia e ka 'epekema beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 hana ma ka awelika ikepili 4 kHz i hoʻopaʻa 'ia ma 38 kHz. Ua hoʻohanaʻia nā kiʻi echosounder eʻike i ka hoʻokuʻuʻana o ka wai a me ka wehewehe pono i ko lākou wahi ma kahi o ka hōʻiliʻiliʻana (ma waena o 74 a me 180 m bsl). (Seasave, version 7.23.2) Ua hana ʻia kahi ʻike maka o ka moʻo o ke kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi mea hana ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (kaʻa mamao mamao) me ʻelua mau kiʻi kiʻi (haʻahaʻa a kiʻekiʻe).
Ua hana ʻia ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻikepili Multibeam me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg). Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻikepili me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polokalamu PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) e like me ka International Hydrographic Organization standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) no ka hoʻokele a me ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ke kai. e kahi keel station kokoke i ka multi-beam transducer a loaʻa a pili i ka manawa maoli velocity profiles i ke kolamu wai i kēlā me kēia 6-8 hola e hāʻawi i ka manawa maoli ka leo velocity no ka hoʻokele kukuna kūpono. The whole dataset consists of 440 km2 (0-1200 m depth). (Fig. 1a) ua hana ʻia me ka ʻikepili ʻāina (> 0 m ma luna o ka ʻilikai) i loaʻa ma ka 20 m grid cell nui e ka Italian Geo-Military Institute.
He 55-kilomita kiʻekiʻe hoʻonā hoʻokahi-kanal seismic kōpiliʻikepili, ohi i ka wā o ka moana holo moana palekana ma 2007 a me 2014, uhi i kahi o kahi o 113 square kilomika, ma ka R/V Urania. Marisk profiles (eg, L1 seismic profile, Fig. 1b) ua loaʻa ma ka hoʻohana 'ana i ka IKB-Seitioner system. 2.5 m catamaran kahi e waiho ai ke kumu a me ka mea hookipa. Aia ka inoa kumu i kahi peak maikai hookahi i ikeia ma ke alapinepine 1-10 kHz a hiki ke hooponopono i na reflectors i hookaawaleia e 25 knm. Ua loaa na profiles seismic palekana me ka hoohana ana i ka 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismic source interfaced with Geotrace System. 1-6.02 KHz kumu i komo i ka 400 milliseconds i ka lepo palupalu ma lalo o ke kai, me ka theoretical vertical olelo hooholo o 30 cm.Both Safe a me Marsik mea i loaʻa ma ka helu o 0.33 kiʻi / sec me ka moku velocity <3 Kn.Data ua hana a hōʻike me ka hoʻohana 'ana i Geosuite ka pololei nā hana a pau. 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR kānana, a me AGC.
Ua hōʻiliʻili ʻia ke kinoea mai loko mai o ka fumarole ma lalo o ke kai me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi pahu i hoʻolako ʻia me ka diaphragm rubber ma kona ʻaoʻao luna, waiho ʻia i lalo e ka ROV ma luna o ka puka makani. ʻO Teflon stopcocks kahi i hoʻopiha ʻia ai Hoʻokahi me 20 mL o 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask). ʻO nā ʻano kinoea waikawa nui (CO2 a me H2S) ua hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka hopena alkaline, ʻoiai ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa solubility kinoea (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 a me ka māmā hydrocarbons) i mālama ʻia e ka ʻōmole haʻahaʻa solubility. kinoea chromatography (GC) hoʻohana i ka Shimadzu 15A lako me ka 10 m lōʻihi 5A molecular kānana kolamu a me ka thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon a me O2 ua kālailai 'ia me ka Thermo Focus kinoea chromatograph lako me ka 30 m lōʻihi capillary molecular sieve kolamu a me TCD.Methane ua kālailai 'ia me ka hydrocarbons māmā. 10 m lōʻihi kuhiliʻole kila kolamu piha me Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, i uhi 'ia me 23% SP 1700 a me ka lapalapa ahi ionization detector (FID). Ua hoʻohana 'ia ka wai no ka anaana o 1) CO2, e like me, titrated me 0.5 N HCl solution (Metrohm Basic Titrino) a me 2) H2oxidation. (33%), e ka ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). ʻO ka hewa analytical o ka titration, GC a me IC ka nānā ʻana he emi ma mua o 5%. Ma hope o ka unuhi maʻamau a me nā kaʻina hana hoʻomaʻemaʻe no nā hui kinoea, 13C/12C CO2 (i hōʻike ʻia e like me δ13C-CO2% a me V-PDB kikoʻī hoʻohana ʻia ʻo Delta5. ʻO nā maʻamau i hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana i ka pololei o waho ʻo Carrara a me San Vincenzo marble (loko), NBS18 a me NBS19 (international), ʻoiai ka hewa analytical a me ka reproducibility he ± 0.05% a me ± 0.1%, kēlā me kēia.
δ15N (i hōʻike ʻia e like me % vs. Air) a me 40Ar/36Ar ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka Agilent 6890 N kinoea chromatograph (GC) i hui pū ʻia me kahi Finnigan Delta plusXP hoʻomau kahe kahe nui ʻana. kahi R he 3He / 4He ana ia i ka hāpana a ʻo Ra ka ratio like i ka lewa: 1.39 × 10−6)57 i hoʻoholo ʻia ma ke keʻena keʻena o INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He a me 20Ne ua hoʻoholo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectrometer nui ohi ʻelua (Helix SFT-GVI) o ka hewa Helix −GVI)58 ma hope o ka sepa. 0.3%. He <10-14 a me <10-16 mol na hakahaka ma'amau no He a me Ne.
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