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Tinoshuma humbowo hwekukwira kwepasi pegungwa uye kuburitswa kwegasi makiromita akati wandei kubva kuchiteshi cheNaples (Italy). Matombo, zvikomo, uye makomba ndiwo maficha ari pasi pegungwa. Magadzirirwo aya anomiririra misoro yezvivakwa zvisina kudzika, kusanganisira ma pagodas, zvikanganiso uye makomba anokanganisa pasi pegungwa nhasi. Akanyora kukwira, kumanikidzwa uye kuburitswa kwehelium necarbon dioxide mukuita kwe decarbonization kwe mantle melts nematombo e crustal. Magasi aya angangofanana neaya anodyisa masisitimu e hydrothermal eIschia, Campi Flegre neSoma-Vesuvius, zvichiratidza kuti pane mantle yakasanganiswa nemvura ye crustal pasi peGulf of Naples. Kuwedzera uye kuputika kwepasi pegungwa kunokonzerwa nekusimudzwa kwegasi uye pressurization kunoda kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kwe 2-3 MPa. Kukwira kwepasi pegungwa, zvikanganiso, uye kuburitswa kwegasi zviratidzo zvekuputika kusingapfuure makomo kunogona kuratidza kuputika kwepasi pegungwa uye/kana kuputika kwe hydrothermal.
Kubuda kwemvura inopisa negasi mugungwa rakadzika chinhu chinowanzoitika pakati pegungwa nepakati pemaplate convergent plate (kusanganisira zvikamu zvakanyudzwa muzvitsuwa), nepo kubudiswa kwegasi hydrate (chlatrates) kunotonhora kunowanzoonekwa mumasherufu epasi pegungwa nepakati pemapassive 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Kuitika kwekudzimwa kwemvura inopisa pasi pegungwa munzvimbo dzegungwa kunoreva matsime ekupisa (magma reservoirs) mukati meganda repasi pegungwa uye/kana mantle. Kubuda uku kunogona kutanga kukwira kwemagma kuburikidza nepamusoro peganda rePasi uye kuguma nekuputika nekuiswa kwemakomo emakomo6. Nokudaro, kuzivikanwa kwe (a) morphology ine chekuita nekushanduka kwegungwa rakadzika uye (b) kuburitswa kwegasi pedyo nenzvimbo dzegungwa dzine vanhu vakawanda dzakadai senzvimbo yemakomo eNaples muItaly (~1 miriyoni vagari) kwakakosha pakuongorora makomo anoputika. Kuputika kushoma. Uyezve, nepo morphological features ine chekuita nekudzimwa kwegasi remvura inopisa kana hydrate mugungwa rakadzika zvichizivikanwa zvakanyanya nekuda kwehunhu hwadzo hwe geological uye biological, kunze kweizvi morphological features ine chekuita nemvura isina kudzika, Kunze kwezviri kuitika muLake 12, hapana zvinyorwa zvakawanda. Pano, tinopa ruzivo rutsva rwe bathymetric, seismic, water column, uye geochemical rwenzvimbo iri pasi pemvura, morphologically uye structure yakaoma yakakanganiswa nekuburitswa kwegasi muGulf of Naples (Southern Italy), inenge makiromita mashanu kubva pachiteshi cheNaples. Ruzivo urwu rwakaunganidzwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) muchikepe cheR/V Urania. Tinotsanangura uye tinodudzira zvivakwa zvepasi pegungwa nepasi pevhu apo kuburitswa kwegasi kunoitika, tinoongorora manyuko emvura inoburitsa mweya, tinoona uye tinorondedzera mashandiro anodzora kukwira kwegasi uye kuchinjika kwakabatana nako, uye tinokurukura nezvemhedzisiro yekuputika kwemakomo.
Gulf of Naples inoumba Plio-Quaternary kumadokero, nzvimbo yakareba yeCampania tectonic depression yeNW-SE13,14,15. EW yeIschia (inenge 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (inenge 300-1538) uye Soma-Vesuvius (kubva <360-1944) Nzvimbo iyi inoganhurira bay kuchamhembe AD)15, ukuwo kuchamhembe kuri muganhu weSorrento Peninsula (Mufananidzo 1a). Gulf of Naples inokanganiswa neNE-SW iripo uye secondary NW-SE significant faults (Mufananidzo 1)14,15. Ischia, Campi Flegrei naSomma-Vesuvius zvinoratidzwa ne hydrothermal manifestations, ground deformation, uye shallow seismicity16,17,18 (semuenzaniso, chiitiko chakaitika paCampi Flegrei muna 1982-1984, nekukwirira kwe1.8 m uye zviuru zvekudengenyeka kwenyika). Zvidzidzo zvechangobva kuitwa19,20 zvinoratidza kuti pane inogona kunge iri hukama pakati pekuchinja kweSoma-Vesuvius neCampi Flegre, pamwe yakabatana ne 'deep' single magma reservoirs. Mabasa ekuputika kwemakomo uye kudengenyeka kwegungwa mu36 ka yekupedzisira yeCampi Flegrei uye 18 ka yeSomma Vesuvius zvakadzora sedimentary system yeGulf of Naples. Kuderera kwegungwa pa glacial maximum yekupedzisira (18 ka) kwakaita kuti system ye offshore-shallow sedimentary system idzoke, iyo yakazozadzwa nezviitiko zvinokanganisa panguva yeLate Pleistocene-Holocene. Kuburitswa kwegasi repasi pegungwa kwakaonekwa kutenderedza chitsuwa cheIschia nemahombekombe eCampi Flegre uye pedyo neMount Soma-Vesuvius (Mufananidzo 1b).
(a) Kurongeka kwemaumbirwo uye marongerwo esherufu yekondinendi neGulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Madotsi inzvimbo huru dzekuputika kwepasi pemvura; mitsetse mitsvuku inomiririra zvikanganiso zvikuru. (b) Bathymetry yeBay of Naples ine maburi emvura akaonekwa (madotsi) uye zviratidzo zvemitsetse ye seismic (mitsetse mitema). Mitsetse yeyero ndiyo nzira dzemitsetse ye seismic L1 neL2 dzakataurwa muMufananidzo 6. Miganhu yezvivakwa zvakaita sedome reBanco della Montagna (BdM) yakaratidzwa nemitsetse yebhuruu yakachekwa mu (a,b). Masikweya eyero anoratidza nzvimbo dzema profiles emvura acoustic, uye ma CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 uye ROV frames akataurwa muMufananidzo 5. Denderedzwa yeyero rinoratidza nzvimbo yekubuda kwegasi resampuru, uye kuumbwa kwaro kunoratidzwa muTafura S1. Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) inoshandisa mifananidzo yakagadzirwa neSurfer® 13.
Zvichibva padata rakawanikwa panguva yerwendo rwechikepe rweSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) (ona Nzira), Digital Terrain Model (DTM) itsva yeGulf of Naples ine resolution ye 1 m yakavakwa. DTM inoratidza kuti pasi pegungwa kumaodzanyemba kwePort of Naples pane nzvimbo yakatsetseka zvishoma yakatarisana nekuchamhembe (slope ≤3°) yakakanganiswa nechimiro chakaita sedome che 5.0 × 5.3 km, chinozivikanwa munharaunda seBanco della Montagna (BdM). Mufananidzo. 1a,b).BdM inokura pakadzika kwemamita angangoita 100 kusvika 170, 15 kusvika 20 mamita pamusoro pegungwa rakapoteredza. Dome reBdM rakaratidza chimiro chakaita segomo nekuda kwe280 subcircular to oval mounds (Mufananidzo 2a), 665 cones, uye 30 pits (Mufananidzo 3 na 4). Gomo rine urefu hwakanyanya uye denderedzwa re22 m uye 1,800 m, zvichiteerana. Kutenderera [C = 4π(nzvimbo/perimeter2)] kwegomo kwakadzikira nekuwedzera kweperimeter (Mufananidzo 2b). Axial ratios yemagomo yaiva pakati pe1 ne6.5, nemagomo ane axial ratio >2 achiratidza N45°E + 15° strike yaifarirwa uye secondary strike yakapararira, yakapararira N105°E kusvika N145°E strike (Mufananidzo 2c). Makoni rimwe chete kana kuti akaenzana aripo paBdM plane uye pamusoro pegomo (Mufananidzo 3a, b). Marongerwo ekona anotevera kurongeka kwemakomo aanowanikwa. Makoni anowanzo kuwanikwa pasi pegungwa rakati sandara (Mufananidzo 3c) uye dzimwe nguva pamakomo. Kuwanda kwemakoni nemakoni kunoratidza kuti kurongeka kukuru kweNE-SW kunoganhurira miganhu yekuchamhembe kwakadziva kumabvazuva nekumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweBdM dome (Mufananidzo 4a, b); nzira yeNW-SE isina kureba iri munzvimbo yepakati peBdM.
(a) Muenzaniso wenzvimbo yedhijitari (1 m saizi yesero) yedome reBanco della Montagna (BdM). (b) Mupendero uye kutenderera kwezvikomo zveBdM. (c) Chiyero cheaxial uye kona (kurongeka) kwe major axis ye ellipse yakakodzera yakakomberedza chikomo. Chikanganiso chakajairwa chemuenzaniso weDigital Terrain i 0.004 m; zvikanganiso zvakajairwa zve perimeter uye kutenderera i 4.83 m uye 0.01, zvichiteerana, uye zvikanganiso zvakajairwa zve axial ratio ne angle i 0.04 ne 3.34°, zvichiteerana.
Tsanangudzo dzemakoni, maburi, zvikomo nemakomba zvakaonekwa munzvimbo yeBdM zvakatorwa kubva kuDTM muMufananidzo 2.
(a) Makone ekurongeka pasi pegungwa rakati sandara; (b) makone nemaburi pamakomo matete eNW-SE; (c) mapockmarks panzvimbo yakanyura zvishoma.
(a) Kupararira kwenzvimbo dzemakomba akaonekwa, makomba, uye magasi anobuda. (b) Kuwanda kwenzvimbo dzemakomba nemakomba kwakataurwa muna (a) (nhamba/0.2 km2).
Takaona magasi makumi matatu nemanomwe anoburitswa mudunhu reBdM kubva kumifananidzo yeROV water column echo sounder uye kucherechedzwa kwakananga kwepasi pegungwa kwakawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 cruise muna Nyamavhuvhu 2014 (Mifananidzo 4 ne5). Ma acoustic anomalies eaya magasi anoratidza maumbirwo akareba akamira kubva pasi pegungwa, ari pakati pe12 ne70 m (Mufananidzo 5a). Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, acoustic anomalies yakaumba "chitima" chinenge chichienderera mberi. Mabubble plumes akaonekwa akasiyana zvakanyanya: kubva pakuyerera kwemabubble anoramba achienderera mberi kusvika kune zviitiko zvenguva pfupi (Supplementary Movie 1). Kuongorora kweROV kunobvumira kuona kuitika kwemavent emvura pasi pegungwa uye kunoratidza mapockmarks madiki pasi pegungwa, dzimwe nguva akakomberedzwa nemasedi matsvuku kusvika eorenji (Mufananidzo 5b). Mune dzimwe nguva, ROV channels dzinoita kuti mavent adzo atangezve. Ma vent morphology anoratidza kuvhurika kwakatenderera kumusoro kusina kupenya mukoramu yemvura. pH mukoramu yemvura pamusoro penzvimbo yekubuda yakaratidza kudonha kukuru, zvichiratidza mamiriro eacid akawanda munharaunda (Mufananidzo 5c, d). Kunyanya, pH pamusoro pekubuda kwegasi reBdM pakadzika kwe75 m yakaderera kubva pa8.4 (pakadzika kwe70 m) kusvika pa7.8 (pakadzika kwe75 m) (Mufananidzo 5c), nepo dzimwe nzvimbo dziri muGulf of Naples dzaive nepH values ​​​​iri pakati pe0 ne160 m pakati pe8.3 ne8.5 (Mufananidzo 5d). Shanduko huru mukupisa kwemvura yegungwa uye munyu zvaishaikwa panzvimbo mbiri mukati nekunze kwenzvimbo yeBdM yeGulf of Naples. Pakadzika kwe70 m, tembiricha iri 15 °C uye munyu uri pa38 PSU (Mufananidzo 5c,d). Kuyerwa kwepH, tembiricha, uye munyu kwakaratidza: a) kutora chikamu kweasidhi ine chekuita nemaitiro ekubvisa gassing yeBdM uye b) kusavapo kana kunonoka kuburitsa kwemvura inopisa uye brine.
(a) Hwindo rekuwana remufananidzo wekoramu yemvura ye acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60). Bhendi regirini rakamira rinoenderana nekupenya kwegasi kwakaonekwa paEM50 fluid discharge (inenge 75 m pasi pegungwa) iri munzvimbo yeBdM; zviratidzo zve multiplex zvepasi nepasi pegungwa zvinoratidzwawo (b) zvakaunganidzwa nemota inodzorwa kure munzvimbo yeBdM Mufananidzo mumwe chete unoratidza gomba diki (denderedzwa dema) rakakomberedzwa netsvina dzvuku kusvika yeorenji. (c,d) Multiparameter probe CTD data yakagadziriswa uchishandisa SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, vhezheni 7.23.2). Mapatani eparameter akasarudzwa (munyu, tembiricha, pH uye oxygen) yekoramu yemvura iri pamusoro peEM50 fluid discharge (panel c) uye kunze kwepanel yeBdm discharge area (d).
Takaunganidza masampuru matatu egasi kubva munzvimbo yekuongorora pakati paNyamavhuvhu 22 na28, 2014. Masampuru aya akaratidza maumbirwo akafanana, akazadzwa neCO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), ichiteverwa nehuwandu hwakakodzera hweN2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) uye H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), nepo H2 neHe zvaive zvishoma (<0.052 uye <0.016 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana) (Mufananidzo 1b; Tafura S1, Supplementary Movie 2). Huwandu hwakanyanya hweO2 neAr hwakayerwawo (kusvika pa3.2 uye 0.18 mmol/mol, zvichiteerana). Huwandu hwemahydrocarbons echiedza hunobva pa0.24 kusvika 0.30 mmol/mol uye hunosanganisira C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (kunyanya benzene), propene uye sulfur-containing compounds (thiophene). 40Ar/36Ar value inoenderana ne mhepo (295.5), kunyange zvazvo muenzaniso weEM35 (BdM dome) une kukosha kwe304, zvichiratidza kuti yakawandisa zvishoma ye40Ar. Chiyero cheδ15N chaive chakakwirira pane chemhepo (kusvika ku +1.98% vs. Air), nepo δ13C-CO2 values ​​​​yaitangira pa -0.93 kusvika 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra values ​​​​(mushure mekugadzirisa kusvibiswa kwemhepo uchishandisa chiyero che4He/20Ne) chaive pakati pe1.66 ne1.94, zvichiratidza kuvapo kwechikamu chikuru che mantle He. Nekubatanidza helium isotope neCO2 uye isotope yayo yakagadzikana 22, kwakabva kuburitswa kweBdM kunogona kujekeswa zvakanyanya. Mumepu yeCO2 yeCO2/3He vs. δ13C (Mufananidzo 6), kuumbwa kwegasi reBdM kunoenzaniswa nekweIschia, Campi Flegrei naSomma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Mufananidzo 6 unotaurawo nezvemitsetse yekusanganisa dzidziso pakati pezvinhu zvitatu zvakasiyana zvekabhoni. izvo zvinogona kunge zvichibatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwegasi reBdM: kunyunguduka kunobva muganda rakanyungudutswa, sediments dzakapfuma mu organic, uye carbonates. Samples dzeBdM dzinowira pamutsetse wekusanganisa unoratidzwa nemakomo matatu eCampania, ndiko kuti, kusanganiswa pakati pemagasi emuganda (anofungidzirwa kuti akapfuma zvishoma mu carbon dioxide zvichienzaniswa ne classical MORBs nechinangwa chekufananidza data) uye maitiro anokonzerwa ne crustal decarbonization. Dombo regasi rinobuda.
Mitsetse yakasanganiswa pakati pemantle composition nemagumo e limestone ne organic sediments inotaurwa kuti ienzaniswe. Mabhokisi anomiririra nzvimbo dzefumarole dzeIschia, Campi Flegrei neSomma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Sample yeBdM iri mu mixed trend yeCampania volcano. Endmember gasi re mixed line rinobva ku mantle, inova gasi rinogadzirwa ne decarburization reaction ye carbonate minerals.
Zvikamu zveSeismic L1 neL2 (Mifananidzo 1b ne7) zvinoratidza shanduko pakati peBdM ne distal stratigraphic sequences dzeSomma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) neCampi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) nzvimbo dzinoputika.BdM inoratidzwa nekuvapo kwemaumbirwo maviri makuru e seismic (MS nePS muFig. 7). Yepamusoro (MS) inoratidza subparallel reflectors ye high to moderate amplitude uye lateral continuity (Fig. 7b,c). Iyi layer inosanganisira marine sediments yakadhonzwa neLast Glacial Maximum (LGM) system uye ine jecha nevhu23. Yakadzika PS layer (Fig. 7b–d) inoratidzwa ne chaos to transparent phase muchimiro chema columns kana hourglasses. Pamusoro pePS sediments yakaumba seafloor mounds (Fig. 7d). Aya ma diapir-like geometries anoratidza kupinda kwezvinhu zvinopenya zvePS mu MS deposits dzepamusoro. Uplift ndiyo inokonzera kuumbwa kwema folds nemafaults. izvo zvinokanganisa MS layer uye pamusoro pemadhaka emazuva ano eBdM seafroor (Mufananidzo 7b–d). MS stratigraphic interval yakaparadzaniswa zvakajeka muchikamu cheENE chechikamu cheL1, uku ichichena ichienda kuBdM nekuda kwekuvapo kwegasi-saturated layer (GSL) yakafukidzwa nemamwe mazinga emukati eMS sequence (Mufananidzo 7a). Gravity cores yakaunganidzwa pamusoro peBdM inoenderana ne transparent seismic layer inoratidza kuti 40 cm yepamusoro ine jecha rakaiswa munguva pfupi yapfuura kusvika pari zvino; )24,25 uye zvidimbu zvepumice kubva pakuputika kweCampi Flegrei kwe "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. Chikamu chakajeka chePS layer hachigone kutsanangurwa nemaitiro ekusanganisa akashata chete, nekuti zvidimbu zvisina tsarukano zvine chekuita nekudonha kwevhu, kuyerera kwematope uye kuyerera kwepyroclastic kunowanikwa kunze kweBdM muGulf of Naples hazvionekwe nemanzwi 21,23,24. Tinogumisa kuti BdM PS seismic facies yakaonekwa pamwe nekuonekwa kwePS layer iri pasi pegungwa (Mufananidzo 7d) zvinoratidza kukwira kwegasi rechisikigo.
(a) Nzvimbo yekudengenyeka kwenyika ine nzira imwe chete L1 (nzira yekufamba nayo iri muMufananidzo 1b) inoratidza kurongeka kwenzvimbo ye columnar (pagoda). Nzvimbo iyi ine madonhwe epumice nejecha asina kurongeka. Chikamu chakazara negasi chiri pasi penzvimbo iyi chinobvisa kuenderera mberi kwemaumbirwo akadzika. (b) Nzvimbo yekudengenyeka kwenyika ine nzira imwe chete L2 (nzira yekufamba nayo iri muMufananidzo 1b), ichiratidza kuchekwa uye kushanduka kwematombo epasi pegungwa, marine (MS), uye pumice sand deposits (PS). (c) Ruzivo rwekushanduka kwezvinhu muMS nePS rwunotaurwa muna (c, d). Tichifunga nezvekukurumidza kwe1580 m/s mudenga repamusoro, 100 ms inomiririra anenge 80 m pachiyero chakamira.
Hunhu hweBdM hwakafanana nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi pegungwa dzinopisa mvura negasi hydrate pasi rose2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 uye dzinowanzo batanidzwa nekukwira (mavaults nemamounds) uye gas Discharge (macones, mapits). Macones nemapits akarongwa neBdM nemapounds marefu zvinoratidza kupindira kwenzvimbo (Mifananidzo 2 ne3). Kurongeka kwenzvimbo dzemapounds, mapits nemavents anoshanda kunoratidza kuti kupararira kwawo kunodzorwa zvishoma neNW-SE neNE-SW impact fractures (Mufananidzo 4b). Aya ndiwo ma "strikes" anodiwa e fault systems anokanganisa nzvimbo dzeCampi Flegrei neSomma-Vesuvius volcanic neGulf of Naples. Kunyanya, chimiro chekare chinodzora nzvimbo yekubuda kwe hydrothermal kubva muCampi Flegrei crater35. Saka tinogumisa kuti zvikanganiso nemaputsika muGulf of Naples zvinomiririra nzira inodiwa yekufambisa gasi pamusoro, chinhu chinogovaniswa nedzimwe hydrothermal dzinodzora chimiro. masisitimu36,37. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti makoni nemakomba eBdM zvaisawanzobatanidzwa nezvikomo (Mufananidzo 3a, c). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti zvikomo izvi hazvirevi kuti zvinotangira pakuumbwa kwemakomba, sezvakataurwa nevamwe vanyori nezvenzvimbo dzine gasi hydrate32,33. Mhedziso yedu inotsigira fungidziro yekuti kukanganiswa kwemadhaka epasi pegungwa hakuiti kuti pave nemakomba.
Magasi matatu akaunganidzwa anoratidza zviratidzo zvemakemikari zvakafanana nema hydrothermal fluids, zvikuru CO2 ine huwandu hwakawanda hwemagasi anoderedza (H2S, CH4 neH2) uye mahydrocarbons akareruka (kunyanya benzene nepropylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Tafura S1). Kuvapo kwemagasi emumhepo (akadai seO2), asingatarisirwi kuvapo mumhepo inoburitswa pasi pegungwa, kunogona kunge kuri nekuda kwekusvibiswa kwemhepo yakanyungudutswa mumvura yegungwa inosangana nemagasi akachengetwa mumabhokisi epurasitiki anoshandiswa kutora sampuli, sezvo maROV achibviswa kubva pasi pegungwa kuenda kugungwa kuti apedzisire. Kusiyana neizvi, positive δ15N values ​​​​uye N2/Ar yakakwira (kusvika ku480) yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ASW (mhepo-yakazara mvura) zvinoratidza kuti yakawanda yeN2 inogadzirwa kubva kune masosi ari kunze kwemhepo, zvichibvumirana nekwakabva hydrothermal yemagasi aya. Kwakabva hydrothermal-volcanic gasi reBdM kunosimbiswa neCO2 neHe zvirimo uye isotopic yavo. zviratidzo. Maisotopu ecarbon (δ13C-CO2 kubva -0.93% kusvika +0.4%) uye CO2/3He values ​​​​(kubva pa1.7 × 1010 kusvika 4.1 × 1010) zvinoratidza kuti samples dzeBdM ndedzemhando dzakasiyana dzefumaroles dzakatenderedza Gulf of Naples' mantle end members uye decarbonization. Hukama huripo pakati pemagasi anogadzirwa ne reaction (Mufananidzo 6). Zvakanyanya, samples dzegasi dzeBdM dziri padanho rekusanganiswa panzvimbo imwecheteyo nemvura dzinobva kumakomo anoputika eCampi Flegrei neSomma-Veusivus ari pedyo. Dzakanyanya kuoma kupfuura Ischia fumaroles, dziri padyo nemugumo wemantle. Somma-Vesuvius neCampi Flegrei dzine 3He/4He values ​​​​yakakwira (R/Ra pakati pe2.6 ne2.9) kupfuura BdM (R/Ra pakati pe1.66 ne1.96; Tafura S1). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti kuwedzerwa nekuunganidzwa kwe radiogenic He kwakabva ku magma imwecheteyo yaidya makomo anoputika eSomma-Vesuvius neCampi Flegrei. Kushaikwa kwezvikamu zvecarbon organic zvinoonekwa muBdM emissions zvinoratidza kuti organic sediments haina chekuita neBdM degassing process.
Zvichibva padata rakataurwa pamusoro apa uye mhedzisiro kubva kumamodeli ekuyedza ezvivakwa zvakaita sedome zvine chekuita nenzvimbo dzine gasi rakawanda pasi pegungwa, kumanikidzwa kwegasi rakadzika kunogona kuve kuri kukonzera kuumbwa kweBdM domes dzemakiromita. Kuti tifungidzire kumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kwePdef kunotungamira kuBdM vault, takashandisa thin-plate mechanics model33,34 tichifungidzira, kubva padata rakaunganidzwa remorphological uye seismic, kuti BdM vault ipepa reradius re subcircular rakakura kupfuura deformed soft viscous deposit. Kuchinja kwakanyanya kwevertical w uye ukobvu h hwe (Supplementary Fig. S1).Pdef mutsauko uripo pakati pekumanikidzwa kwese uye kumanikidzwa kwedombo pamwe nekumanikidzwa kwekoramu yemvura. PaBdM, radius inenge 2,500 m, w inenge 20 m, uye h maximum inofungidzirwa kubva ku seismic profile inenge 100 m. Tinoverenga Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 kubva pahukama, apo D iri kuomarara kweflexural; D inopiwa na (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], apo E iri modulus yeYoung yedhipoziti, ν ndiyo Poisson's ratio (~0.5)33. Sezvo hunhu hwemakemikari hweBdM sediments husingakwanise kuyerwa, tinoisa E = 140 kPa, inova kukosha kwakanaka kwejecha regungwa 47 rakafanana neBdM14,24. Hatifungi nezveE values ​​​​yakakwira yakataurwa mumabhuku edhipoziti yevhu revhu (300 < E < 350,000 kPa)33,34 nekuti dhipoziti yeBDM inonyanya kuve jecha, kwete silt kana silty clay24. Tinowana Pdef = 0.3 Pa, iyo inoenderana nefungidziro yemaitiro ekukwidziridzwa kwegungwa munzvimbo dzegasi hydrate, uko Pdef inosiyana kubva pa10-2 kusvika 103 Pa, nemitengo yakaderera inomiririra yakaderera w/a uye/kana chii. MuBdM, kudzikira kwekuoma nekuda kwekuzara kwegasi remunharaunda uye/kana Kuonekwa kwezvimedu zvakaputsika kare kunogonawo kukonzera kukundikana uye kuburitswa kwegasi, zvichibvumira kuumbwa kwezvimiro zvemhepo zvinoonekwa. Ma profiles e seismic akaunganidzwa (Mufananidzo 7) akaratidza kuti PS sediments akasimudzwa kubva kuGSL, achisundira kumusoro kweMS sediments yegungwa yakakwira, zvichikonzera mirwi, mapete, zvikanganiso, uye kuchekwa kwe sedimentary (Mufananidzo 7b, c). Izvi zvinoratidza kuti 14.8 kusvika 12 ka old pumice yakapinda muMS layer yechidiki kuburikidza nekufambisa gasi kumusoro. Maitiro echimiro cheBdM structure anogona kuonekwa semhedzisiro yekumanikidzwa kwakawanda kunokonzerwa nekubuda kwemvura kunogadzirwa neGSL. Tichifunga kuti kubuda kwemvura kunoshanda kunogona kuonekwa kubva pasi pegungwa kusvika pamusoro pe170 m bsl48, tinofungidzira kuti kumanikidzwa kwemvura mukati meGSL kunodarika 1,700 kPa. Kufamba kwemagasi mu sediments kwakavawo nemhedzisiro yekukwesha zvinhu zviri muMS, zvichitsanangura kuvapo kwe chaos sediments mu gravity cores sampuli paBdM25. Uyezve, Kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kweGSL kunogadzira sisitimu yakaoma yekupwanyika (polygonal fault muMufananidzo 7b). Pamwe chete, chimiro ichi, chimiro, uye stratigraphic settlement, zvinonzi "pagodas"49,50, pakutanga zvaikonzerwa nemigumisiro yechipiri yekugadzirwa kwechando chekare, uye parizvino zvinotsanangurwa semhedzisiro yekuwedzera kwegasi31,33 kana evaporites50. Pamuganhu weCampania, evaporative sediments haiwanikwe, zviri mukati memakiromita matatu ekumusoro kweganda. Nokudaro, nzira yekukura kweBdM pagodas inogona kudzorwa nekukwira kwegasi mumasediments. Mhedziso iyi inotsigirwa ne transparent seismic facies yepagoda (Mufananidzo 7), pamwe ne gravity core data sezvakambotaurwa24, uko jecha remazuva ano rinoputika ne 'Pomici Principali'25 uye 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Uyezve, PS deposits dzakapinda ndokukanganisa uppermost MS layer (Mufananidzo 7d). Iyi structure structure structure inoratidza kuti Pagoda inomiririra chimiro chekumukira kwete pombi yegasi chete. Saka, maitiro maviri makuru anodzora kuumbwa kwepagoda: a) huwandu hwesendi yakapfava hunoderera sezvo gasi richipinda kubva pasi; b) musanganiswa wegasi-sediment unokwira, unova kupeta, kukanganisa uye kupwanyika kunoonekwa. Chikonzero chekuiswa kweMS (Mufananidzo 7). Nzira yakafanana yekuumbwa yakakurudzirwa yemapagoda ane chekuita nemagasi hydrate muSouth Scotia Sea (Antarctica). Mapagoda eBdM akaonekwa mumapoka munzvimbo dzine makomo, uye huwandu hwawo hwakamira hwaisvika 70-100 m munguva yekufamba nenzira mbiri (TWTT) (Mufananidzo 7a). Nekuda kwekuvapo kweMS undulations uye tichifunga nezve stratigraphy yeBdM gravity core, tinofungidzira kuti nguva yekuumbwa kwemapagoda iri pasi pe14-12 ka. Uyezve, kukura kwemapagoda aya kuchiri kushanda (Mufananidzo 7d) sezvo mamwe mapagoda akapinda nekukanganisa jecha reBdM ranhasi riri pamusoro (Mufananidzo 7d).
Kukundikana kwepagoda kuyambuka gungwa remazuva ano kunoratidza kuti (a) kukwira kwegasi uye/kana kumira kwenzvimbo yekusanganiswa kwegasi nesediment, uye/kana (b) kuyerera kwegasi nesediment hakubvumiri maitiro ekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya munzvimbo. Sekureva kwemuenzaniso we diapir theory 52, kuyerera kwegasi kunoratidza kuenzana kwakashata pakati pehuwandu hwekugoverwa kwemusanganiswa wegasi nesediment kubva pasi uye huwandu hunofamba pagoda kumusoro. Kuderera kwehuwandu hwekugoverwa kunogona kunge kwakabatana nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwemusanganiswa nekuda kwekunyangarika kwehuwandu hwegasi. Mhedzisiro yakapfupikiswa pamusoro apa uye kukwira kwepagoda kunodzorwa nesediment kunotibvumira kufungidzira kukwirira kwemhepo column hg. Kubhururuka kunopiwa ne ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), apo g iri gravity (9.8 m/s2) uye ρw uye ρg ndiwo huwandu hwemvura negasi, zvichiteerana.ΔP ndiyo huwandu hwePdef yakamboverengerwa uye lithostatic pressure Plith ye sediment plate, kureva ρsg h, uko ρs ndiyo density ye sediment. Muchiitiko ichi, kukosha kwe hg kunodiwa kuti mvura ifambe zvakanaka kunopiwa ne hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)]. MuBdM, tinoisa Pdef = 0.3 Pa uye h = 100 m (ona pamusoro), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg haina kukosha nekuti ρw ≫ρg. Tinowana hg = 245 m, kukosha kunomiririra kudzika kwepasi peGSL.ΔP i2.4 MPa, inova kudzvanywa kwakanyanya kunodiwa kuti uputse pasi pegungwa reBdM uye ugadzire maburi emhepo.
Kuumbwa kwegasi reBdM kunoenderana ne mantle sources akachinjwa nekuwedzerwa kwemvura ine chekuita ne decarbonization reactions yematombo e crustal (Mufananidzo 6). Kurongeka kwe EW kweBdM domes ne active volcanoes dzakadai seIschia, Campi Flegre, neSoma-Vesuvius, pamwe chete nekugadzirwa kwemagasi anoburitswa, zvinoratidza kuti magasi anoburitswa kubva mu mantle pasi penzvimbo yese yeNaples volcanoes anosanganiswa. Mvura yakawanda ye crustal inofamba kubva kumadokero (Ischia) kuenda kumabvazuva (Somma-Vesuivus) (Mufananidzo 1b na 6).
Tagumisa kuti muBay of Naples, makiromita mashoma kubva pachiteshi cheNaples, kune chimiro chakaita sedome chine upamhi hwe25 km2 chinokanganiswa nemaitiro ekubvisa gasi uye anokonzerwa nekuiswa kwemapagodas nemamounds. Parizvino, masaini eBdM anoratidza kuti turbulence isiri yemagmatic53 inogona kunge yakatangira kuputika kwegomo mudumbu, kureva kuti kuburitswa kwekutanga kwemagma uye/kana mvura inopisa. Mabasa ekutarisa anofanirwa kuitwa kuti aongorore kushanduka kwezviitiko uye kuona zviratidzo zve geochemical uye geophysical zvinoratidza kusagadzikana kwemagmatic.
Mapurofayi emvura yeAcoustic column (2D) akawanikwa panguva yeSAFE_2014 (Nyamavhuvhu 2014) paR/V Urania (CNR) neNational Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). Kuongororwa kweAcoustic kwakaitwa neSimrad EK60 inopatsanura beam-splitting echo sounder inoshanda pa38 kHz. Data reAcoustic rakanyorwa nekumhanya kweavhareji yemakiromita mana. Mifananidzo ye echosounder yakaunganidzwa yakashandiswa kuona mvura inobuda uye kunyatsotsanangura nzvimbo yayo munzvimbo yekuunganidzwa (pakati pe74 ne180 m bsl). Yera maparameter emuviri neemakemikari mukoramu yemvura uchishandisa multiparameter probes (conductivity, tembiricha uye kudzika, CTD). Data rakaunganidzwa uchishandisa CTD 911 probe (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) uye rakagadziriswa uchishandisa SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2). Kuongorora kwepasi pegungwa kwakaitwa uchishandisa "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV device (mota inoshandiswa kure) ine makamera maviri (akaderera uye akakwirira).
Kuwana data remabhero akawanda kwakaitwa uchishandisa 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg). Sisitimu iyi yakabatana ne differential global positioning system kuti ive nechokwadi chekuti pane zvikanganiso zve sub-metric mu beam positioning. Acoustic pulse ine frequency ye100 KHz, firing pulse ye150° degrees uye kuvhurwa kwese kwe400 beams. Yera uye shandisa ma sound velocity profiles munguva chaiyo panguva yekutenga. Data rakagadziriswa uchishandisa PDS2000 software (Reson-Thales) zvichienderana neInternational Hydrographic Organization standard (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) yekufambisa uye kugadzirisa matide. Kuderedzwa kweruzha nekuda kwekukwira kwezvishandiso netsaona uye kubviswa kwebeam isina kunaka kwakaitwa ne band editing uye de-spiking tools. Kuona sound velocity nguva dzose kunoitwa ne keel station iri pedyo ne multi-beam transducer uye kunowana uye kushandisa real-time sound velocity profiles mu water column maawa ese 6-8 kuti ipe real-time sound velocity ye beam chaiyo. Kutungamira. Data rese rine anenge 440 km2 (0-1200 m kudzika). Data iri rakashandiswa kupa modhi yedhijitari yepamusoro-soro (DTM) ine saizi yegrid cell ye1 m. DTM yekupedzisira (Mufananidzo 1a) yakaitwa nedata renzvimbo (>0 m pamusoro pegungwa) rakatorwa pahukuru hwegrid cell ye20 m neItalian Geo-Military Institute.
Dhata remhando yepamusoro remaseismic remhando imwe chete rine resolution yepamusoro remakiromita makumi mashanu nemashanu, rakaunganidzwa panguva yekufamba nechikepe mugungwa muna 2007 na2014, rakafukidza nzvimbo inosvika 113 square kilometers, ese ari maviri ari paR/V Urania. Marisk profiles (semuenzaniso, L1 seismic profile, Mufananidzo 1b) akawanikwa nekushandisa IKB-Seistec boomer system. Chikwata chekuwana chine 2.5 m catamaran umo sosi nereceiver zvinoiswa. Siginecha yesosi ine positive peak imwe chete inoratidzwa mu frequency range 1-10 kHz uye inobvumira kugadzirisa ma reflector akaparadzaniswa ne 25 cm. Safe seismic profiles akawanikwa achishandisa 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark seismic source inosanganisirwa neGeotrace software (Geo Marine Survey System). Sisitimu iyi ine catamaran ine 1–6.02 KHz source inopinda kusvika 400 milliseconds mu soft sediment pasi pegungwa, ine theoretical vertical resolution ye30 cm. Midziyo yese yeSafe neMarsik yakawanikwa nechiyero che 0.33 shots/sec ne vessel velocity <3 Kn. Data rakagadziriswa uye rakaunzwa uchishandisa software yeGeosuite Allworks ine workflow inotevera: dilation correction, water column muting, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR filtering, uye AGC.
Gasi rinobva mu fumarole iri pasi pemvura rakaunganidzwa pasi pegungwa pachishandiswa bhokisi repurasitiki rine rabha diaphragm parutivi rwaro rwepamusoro, rakaiswa rakatarisa pasi neROV pamusoro pemhepo inobuda. Kana mabhubhu emhepo anopinda mubhokisi atsiva mvura yegungwa zvachose, ROV inodzokera pakadzika kwe 1 m, uye mudhivha anotamisa gasi rakaunganidzwa kuburikidza ne septum yerabha kuita maflask maviri egirazi e 60 mL akabviswa kare ane Teflon stopcocks umo One yakazadzwa ne 20 mL ye 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask). Mhando huru dzegasi re acid (CO2 neH2S) dzinonyungudutswa mu alkaline solution, nepo mhando dzegasi re solubility shoma (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 uye light hydrocarbons) dzinochengetwa munzvimbo ye sample bottle headspace. Magasi e inorganic low solubility akaongororwa ne gas chromatography (GC) achishandisa Shimadzu 15A ine 10 m length 5A molecular sieve column uye thermal conductivity detector (TCD) 54. Argon na O2 yakaongororwa uchishandisa Thermo Focus gas chromatograph ine capillary molecular sieve column yakareba 30 m uye TCD. Methane ne light hydrocarbons zvakaongororwa uchishandisa Shimadzu 14A gas chromatograph ine stainless steel column yakareba 10 m yakazadzwa neChromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, yakafukidzwa ne23% SP 1700 uye flame ionization detector (FID). Liquid phase yakashandiswa pakuongorora 1) CO2, sezvo, yakaganhurirwa ne 0.5 N HCl solution (Metrohm Basic Titrino) uye 2) H2S, sezvo, mushure mekuoxidation ne 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ne ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Chikanganiso chekuongorora titration, GC ne IC analysis chisingasviki 5%. Mushure mekutora nzira dzakajairwa dzekubvisa nekucheneswa kwegasi, 13C/12C CO2 (inoratidzwa se δ13C-CO2% uye V-PDB) yakaongororwa uchishandisa Finningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Miyero yakashandiswa kufungidzira kurongeka kwekunze yaive Carrara neSan Vincenzo marble (yemukati), NBS18 neNBS19 (yepasi rose), nepo chikanganiso chekuongorora uye kugona kudzokororwa kwaive ±0.05% uye ±0.1%, zvichiteerana.
δ15N (inoratidzwa se % vs. Air) uye 40Ar/36Ar zvakaongororwa uchishandisa Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) yakabatana neFinnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Chikanganiso chekuongorora ndeichi: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%.Chiyero cheHe isotope (inoratidzwa seR/Ra, uko R iri 3He/4He yakayerwa mumuenzaniso uye Ra iri chiyero chakafanana mumhepo: 1.39 × 10−6)57 chakaongororwa murabhoritari yeINGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He na20Ne zvakaongororwa uchishandisa dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI)58 mushure mekupatsanurwa kwaHe naNe. Chikanganiso chekuongorora ≤ 0.3%.Mabhurawu akajairika eHe naNe ari <10-14 uye <10-16 mol, zvichiteerana.
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