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Tikupereka umboni wa kukwera kwa madzi pansi pa nyanja ndi mpweya wotuluka m'madzi makilomita angapo kuchokera ku doko la Naples (Italy). Ma pockmarks, zitunda ndi ma craters ndi zizindikiro za pansi pa nyanja. Mapangidwe awa akuyimira pamwamba pa nyumba zosaya kwambiri, kuphatikizapo ma pagodas, zolakwika ndi ma folds zomwe zimakhudza pansi pa nyanja masiku ano. Adalemba kukwera, kupanikizika ndi kutulutsidwa kwa helium ndi carbon dioxide mu zochita za decarbonization za mantle melts ndi miyala ya crustal. Mpweya uwu mwina ndi wofanana ndi womwe umadyetsa machitidwe a hydrothermal a Ischia, Campi Flegre ndi Soma-Vesuvius, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti pali mantle osakanikirana ndi madzi a crustal pansi pa Gulf of Naples. Kufutukuka ndi kuphulika kwa pansi pa nyanja komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kukweza kwa mpweya ndi njira yokakamiza kumafuna kupanikizika kwa 2-3 MPa. Kukwera kwa madzi pansi pa nyanja, zolakwika, ndi mpweya wotuluka ndi zizindikiro za kusintha kwa mapiri komwe kungayambitse kuphulika kwa madzi pansi pa nyanja ndi/kapena kuphulika kwa madzi.
Kutuluka kwa madzi otentha m'nyanja yakuya ndi chizindikiro chofala cha mapiri apakati pa nyanja ndi m'mphepete mwa mbale zolumikizana (kuphatikizapo zigawo zozama za zilumba), pomwe kutuluka kozizira kwa ma hydrate a gasi (chlatrates) nthawi zambiri kumakhala kodziwika bwino m'mashelefu a kontinenti ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Kupezeka kwa kutuluka kwa madzi otentha pansi pa nyanja m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja kumatanthauza magwero otentha (malo osungira magma) mkati mwa mtunda wa kontinenti ndi/kapena mantle. Kutuluka kumeneku kumatha kutsogola kukwera kwa magma kudutsa pamwamba pa mtunda wa Dziko Lapansi ndikutha ndi kuphulika ndi kuyikidwa kwa mapiri a volcano6. Chifukwa chake, kuzindikira (a) mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi kusintha kwa active bed base ndi (b) mpweya wotuluka pafupi ndi madera okhala anthu ambiri m'mphepete mwa nyanja monga dera la volcano la Naples ku Italy (okhala pafupifupi 1 miliyoni) ndikofunikira kwambiri poyesa mapiri omwe angakhalepo. Kuphulika kosaya. Kuphatikiza apo, pomwe mawonekedwe okhudzana ndi kutulutsa kwa madzi otentha kapena mpweya wa hydrate m'nyanja yakuya amadziwika bwino chifukwa cha mawonekedwe awo a geological ndi achilengedwe, kupatulapo mawonekedwe omwe ali okhudzana ndi madzi osaya, Kupatula zomwe zimachitika mu Nyanja 12, pali zolemba zochepa. Pano, tikupereka deta yatsopano ya bathymetric, seismic, mzati wamadzi, ndi geochemical ya dera lovuta pansi pa madzi, kapangidwe kake komanso kapangidwe kake komwe kakhudzidwa ndi mpweya woipa ku Gulf of Naples (Kum'mwera kwa Italy), pafupifupi makilomita 5 kuchokera ku doko la Naples. Deta iyi idasonkhanitsidwa panthawi ya SAFE_2014 (Ogasiti 2014) paulendo wapamadzi pa sitima yapamadzi ya R/V Urania. Timafotokoza ndikutanthauzira kapangidwe ka pansi pa nyanja ndi pansi pa nthaka komwe mpweya umatulutsa, kufufuza magwero a madzi otulutsa mpweya, kuzindikira ndikuwonetsa njira zomwe zimawongolera kukwera kwa mpweya ndi kusintha komwe kumagwirizana nako, ndikukambirana za zotsatira za volcanoology.
Gulf of Naples imapanga malire akumadzulo a Plio-Quaternary, malo otsetsereka a tectonic a Campania omwe ali ndi NW-SE13,14,15. EW ya Ischia (pafupifupi 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (pafupifupi 300-1538) ndi Soma-Vesuvius (kuyambira <360-1944) Malo okonzedweratuwa amaletsa gombe kumpoto kwa AD)15, pomwe kum'mwera kumadutsa malire ndi Sorrento Peninsula (Chithunzi 1a). Gulf of Naples imakhudzidwa ndi NE-SW yomwe ilipo komanso zolakwika zazikulu za NW-SE yachiwiri (Chithunzi 1)14,15. Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius amadziwika ndi mawonekedwe a hydrothermal, kusintha kwa nthaka, ndi kugwedezeka kosaya kwambiri16,17,18 (monga, chochitika champhamvu ku Campi Flegrei mu 1982-1984, ndi kukwera kwa 1.8 m ndi zivomezi zikwizikwi). Kafukufuku waposachedwa19,20 akusonyeza kuti pali Kungakhale kulumikizana pakati pa mphamvu ya Soma-Vesuvius ndi ya Campi Flegre, yomwe mwina imagwirizana ndi malo osungiramo magma 'ozama'. Ntchito ya mapiri ndi kugwedezeka kwa nyanja mu ma ka 36 omaliza a Campi Flegrei ndi ma ka 18 a Somma Vesuvius adalamulira dongosolo la sedimentary la Gulf of Naples. Kutsika kwa madzi a m'nyanja pamlingo womaliza wa glacial (18 ka) kunapangitsa kuti dongosolo la sedimentary la m'mphepete mwa nyanja libwerere m'mbuyo, lomwe pambuyo pake linadzazidwa ndi zochitika zoopsa panthawi ya Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Kutulutsa mpweya m'madzi a pansi pa nyanja kwapezeka kuzungulira chilumba cha Ischia ndi m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Campi Flegre komanso pafupi ndi Mount Soma-Vesuvius (Chithunzi 1b).
(a) Makonzedwe a kapangidwe kake ndi kapangidwe kake ka shelufu ya kontinenti ndi Gulf of Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Madontho ndi malo akuluakulu ophulika kwa sitima yapamadzi; mizere yofiira ikuyimira zolakwika zazikulu. (b) Bathymetry ya Bay of Naples yokhala ndi ma venti amadzimadzi (madontho) ndi zizindikiro za mizere ya seismic (mizere yakuda). Mizere yachikasu ndi njira za mizere ya seismic L1 ndi L2 zomwe zanenedwa mu Chithunzi 6. Malire a nyumba zonga dome za Banco della Montagna (BdM) amalembedwa ndi mizere yabuluu mu (a,b). Mabwalo achikasu amalemba malo a ma profiles a m'mphepete mwa madzi a acoustic, ndipo mafelemu a CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 ndi ROV afotokozedwa mu Chithunzi 5. Bwalo lachikasu limalemba malo omwe mpweya wotengedwa, ndipo kapangidwe kake kakuwonetsedwa mu Table S1. Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) imagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zopangidwa ndi Surfer® 13.
Kutengera ndi deta yomwe idapezeka pa ulendo wa panyanja wa SAFE_2014 (Ogasiti 2014) (onani Njira), njira yatsopano ya Digital Terrain Model (DTM) ya Gulf of Naples yokhala ndi resolution ya 1 m yapangidwa. DTM ikuwonetsa kuti pansi pa nyanja kum'mwera kwa Doko la Naples imadziwika ndi malo otsetsereka pang'ono oyang'ana kum'mwera (otsetsereka ≤3°) osokonezedwa ndi kapangidwe konga dome ka 5.0 × 5.3 km, komwe kumadziwika kuti Banco della Montagna (BdM). Chithunzi. 1a,b).BdM imakula mozama mamita pafupifupi 100 mpaka 170, mamita 15 mpaka 20 pamwamba pa nyanja yozungulira. Dome la BdM linawonetsa mawonekedwe ofanana ndi phiri chifukwa cha 280 subcircular to oval tunnels (Chithunzi 2a), 665 cones, ndi 30 holes (Chithunzi 3 ndi 4). Phirili lili ndi kutalika kwakukulu ndi kuzungulira kwa 22 m ndi 1,800 m, motsatana. Kuzungulira [C = 4π(dera/perimeter2)] kwa phirili kunachepa ndi kuchuluka kwa perimeter (Chithunzi 2b). Ma Axial ratios a phirili anali pakati pa 1 ndi 6.5, ndi mapiri okhala ndi axial ratio >2 akuwonetsa N45°E + 15° strike yomwe imakonda komanso strike yachiwiri yofalikira, yofalikira kwambiri ya N105°E mpaka N145°E (Chithunzi 2c). Ma cones amodzi kapena olunjika alipo pa BdM plane ndi pamwamba pa phiri (Chithunzi 3a, b). Makonzedwe a conical amatsatira makonzedwe a mapiri omwe ali. Ma pockmarks nthawi zambiri amapezeka pansi pa nyanja yathyathyathya (Chithunzi 3c) ndipo nthawi zina pa mapiri. Kuchulukana kwa ma cones ndi ma pockmarks kumasonyeza kuti malo akuluakulu a NE-SW amaika malire kumpoto chakum'mawa ndi kumwera chakumadzulo kwa dome la BdM (Chithunzi 4a, b); njira ya NW-SE yochepa ili m'chigawo chapakati cha BdM.
(a) Chitsanzo cha malo a digito (kukula kwa selo 1 m) cha dome la Banco della Montagna (BdM). (b) Mzere ndi kuzungulira kwa mapiri a BdM. (c) Chiŵerengero cha axial ndi ngodya (kulunjika) kwa mzere waukulu wa ellipse yoyenera bwino yozungulira phirilo. Cholakwika chokhazikika cha chitsanzo cha Digital Terrain ndi 0.004 m; zolakwika zokhazikika za perimeter ndi kuzungulira ndi 4.83 m ndi 0.01, motsatana, ndipo zolakwika zokhazikika za axial ratio ndi ngodya ndi 0.04 ndi 3.34°, motsatana.
Tsatanetsatane wa ma cones, ma craters, ma tunnel ndi maenje omwe apezeka m'dera la BdM omwe atengedwa kuchokera ku DTM mu Chithunzi 2.
(a) Ma cones olumikizana pansi pa nyanja yathyathyathya; (b) ma cones ndi ma craters pa milu yopyapyala ya NW-SE; (c) ma pockmarks pamalo oviika pang'ono.
(a) Kufalikira kwa malo a zibowo, maenje, ndi mpweya wotuluka. (b) Kuchulukana kwa malo a zibowo ndi maenje kunanenedwa mu (a) (nambala/0.2 km2).
Tinapeza mpweya woipa 37 m'dera la BdM kuchokera ku zithunzi za ROV water column echosounder ndi kuwona mwachindunji pansi pa nyanja zomwe zinapezeka panthawi ya ulendo wa SAFE_2014 mu Ogasiti 2014 (Zithunzi 4 ndi 5). Zovuta za mpweya woipawu zikuwonetsa mawonekedwe ataliatali ochokera pansi pa nyanja, kuyambira pamtunda wa mamita 12 mpaka 70 (Chithunzi 5a). M'malo ena, zovuta za mpweya woipa zimapanga "sitima" yopitilira. Ma bubble omwe adawonedwa amasiyana kwambiri: kuyambira kuyenda kosalekeza kwa thovu lolimba mpaka zochitika zazifupi (Supplementary Movie 1). Kuyang'anira ROV kumalola kutsimikizira kowoneka bwino kwa ma venti amadzimadzi pansi pa nyanja ndipo kumawonetsa zizindikiro zazing'ono pansi pa nyanja, nthawi zina zozunguliridwa ndi dothi lofiira mpaka lalanje (Chithunzi 5b). Nthawi zina, njira za ROV zimasinthanso kutulutsa mpweya. Kapangidwe ka mpweya woipa kamasonyeza kutseguka kozungulira pamwamba popanda kuphulika m'khola lamadzi. pH m'khola lamadzi pamwamba pa malo otulutsira mpweya inawonetsa kuchepa kwakukulu, kusonyeza mkhalidwe wa asidi wambiri m'deralo (Chithunzi 5c, d). Makamaka, pH pamwamba pa kutuluka kwa mpweya wa BdM pa kuya kwa 75 m inachepa kuchoka pa 8.4 (pa kuya kwa 70 m) kufika pa 7.8 (pa kuya kwa 75 m) (Chithunzi 5c), pomwe malo ena ku Gulf of Naples anali ndi pH pakati pa 0 ndi 160 m pakati pa kuya kwa 8.3 ndi 8.5 (Chithunzi 5d). Kusintha kwakukulu kwa kutentha kwa madzi a m'nyanja ndi mchere kunalibe m'malo awiri mkati ndi kunja kwa dera la BdM ku Gulf of Naples. Pa kuya kwa 70 m, kutentha ndi 15 °C ndipo mchere ndi pafupifupi 38 PSU (Chithunzi 5c,d). Miyeso ya pH, kutentha, ndi mchere inasonyeza: a) kutenga nawo mbali kwa madzi a acidic okhudzana ndi njira yochotsera mpweya wa BdM ndi b) kusowa kapena kutulutsa pang'onopang'ono kwa madzi otentha ndi madzi amchere.
(a) Zenera lopezera mbiri ya mzere wamadzi (echometer Simrad EK60). Mzere wobiriwira wowongoka wofanana ndi kuphulika kwa mpweya komwe kwapezeka pa kutuluka kwa madzi kwa EM50 (pafupifupi mamita 75 pansi pa nyanja) komwe kuli m'chigawo cha BdM; zizindikiro za multiplex pansi ndi pansi pa nyanja zikuwonetsedwanso (b) zosonkhanitsidwa ndi galimoto yoyendetsedwa ndi kutali m'chigawo cha BdM Chithunzi chimodzi chikuwonetsa phiri laling'ono (bwalo lakuda) lozunguliridwa ndi dothi lofiira mpaka lalanje. (c, d) Deta ya CTD yofufuzira zambiri yokonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, mtundu 7.23.2). Mapangidwe a magawo osankhidwa (mchere, kutentha, pH ndi mpweya) a mzere wamadzi pamwamba pa kutuluka kwa madzi kwa EM50 (gawo c) ndi kunja kwa gulu la malo otulutsira madzi la Bdm (d).
Tinasonkhanitsa zitsanzo zitatu za mpweya kuchokera kudera lophunzirira pakati pa Ogasiti 22 ndi 28, 2014. Zitsanzo izi zinawonetsa zinthu zofanana, zomwe zinali ndi CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), kutsatiridwa ndi kuchuluka koyenera kwa N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) ndi H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), pomwe H2 ndi He zinali zochepa (<0.052 ndi <0.016 mmol/mol, motsatana) (Chithunzi 1b; Gome S1, Kanema Wowonjezera 2). Kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa O2 ndi Ar kunayesedwanso (mpaka 3.2 ndi 0.18 mmol/mol, motsatana). Chiwerengero cha ma hydrocarbons owala chimayambira pa 0.24 mpaka 0.30 mmol/mol ndipo chimakhala ndi C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (makamaka benzene), propene ndi mankhwala okhala ndi sulfure (thiophene). Mtengo wa 40Ar/36Ar umagwirizana ndi mpweya (295.5), ngakhale chitsanzo cha EM35 (BdM dome) chili ndi mtengo wa 304, kusonyeza kupitirira pang'ono kwa 40Ar. Chiŵerengero cha δ15N chinali chokwera kuposa cha mpweya (mpaka +1.98% poyerekeza ndi Mpweya), pomwe ma values ​​a δ13C-CO2 anali kuyambira -0.93 mpaka 0.44% poyerekeza ndi ma values ​​a V-PDB.R/Ra (atakonza kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya pogwiritsa ntchito chiŵerengero cha 4He/20Ne) anali pakati pa 1.66 ndi 1.94, kusonyeza kukhalapo kwa gawo lalikulu la mantle He. Mwa kuphatikiza isotope ya helium ndi CO2 ndi isotope yake yokhazikika 22, gwero la mpweya mu BdM likhoza kufotokozedwa bwino. Mu mapu a CO2 a CO2/3He motsutsana ndi δ13C (Chithunzi 6), kapangidwe ka mpweya wa BdM kayerekezeredwa ndi ka Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Chithunzi 6 chimafotokozanso mizere yosakanikirana pakati pa magwero atatu osiyanasiyana a kaboni. zomwe zingakhalepo pakupanga mpweya wa BdM: kusungunuka kwa mantle-kochokera ku mantle, matope olemera m'chilengedwe, ndi carbonates. Zitsanzo za BdM zimagwera pamzere wosakanikirana womwe ukuwonetsedwa ndi mapiri atatu a Campania, kutanthauza kusakanikirana pakati pa mpweya wa mantle (womwe umaganiziridwa kuti uli ndi carbon dioxide pang'ono poyerekeza ndi ma MORB akale kuti ugwirizane ndi deta) ndi zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha crustal decarbonization. Mwala wa mpweya womwe umabwera chifukwa cha izi.
Mizere yosakanikirana pakati pa kapangidwe ka mantle ndi ziwalo zomaliza za miyala yamchere ndi organic sediments yanenedwa kuti iyerekezedwe. Mabokosi akuyimira madera a fumarole a Ischia, Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Chitsanzo cha BdM chili munjira yosakanikirana ya phiri la Campania. Mpweya wa endmember wa mzere wosakanikirana ndi gwero la mantle, womwe ndi mpweya wopangidwa ndi decarburization reaction ya carbonate minerals.
Gawo la zivomerezi L1 ndi L2 (Zithunzi 1b ndi 7) zikuwonetsa kusintha pakati pa BdM ndi ma distal stratigraphic sequences a madera a volcanic a Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Chithunzi 7a) ndi Campi Flegrei (L2, Chithunzi 7b). BdM imadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mapangidwe awiri akuluakulu a zivomerezi (MS ndi PS mu Chithunzi 7). Chapamwamba (MS) chikuwonetsa zowunikira zosafanana za amplitude yapamwamba mpaka yocheperako komanso lateral continuity (Chithunzi 7b, c). Gawoli limaphatikizapo sediments zam'madzi zomwe zimakokedwa ndi Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) system ndipo zimakhala ndi mchenga ndi dongo23. Gawo la PS lomwe lili pansi pake (Chithunzi 7b–d) limadziwika ndi gawo losokonekera mpaka lowonekera bwino monga ma columns kapena hourglasses. Pamwamba pa sediments za PS panapanga ma mounds a pansi pa nyanja (Chithunzi 7d). Ma geometries ofanana ndi diapir awa akuwonetsa kulowerera kwa zinthu zowonekera za PS m'malo apamwamba kwambiri a MS. Uplift ndiye amachititsa mapangidwe a ma folds ndi zolakwika zomwe zimakhudza gawo la MS ndi zinyalala za masiku ano za pansi pa nyanja ya BdM (Chithunzi 7b–d). Gawo la MS stratigraphic limadulidwa bwino mu gawo la ENE la gawo la L1, pomwe limayera kupita ku BdM chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa gawo lodzaza ndi gasi (GSL) lophimbidwa ndi milingo ina yamkati ya sequence ya MS (Chithunzi 7a). Ma cores okoka omwe asonkhanitsidwa pamwamba pa BdM ofanana ndi gawo lowonekera la seismic akuwonetsa kuti pamwamba pa 40 cm pali mchenga womwe wasungidwa posachedwapa mpaka pano; )24,25 ndi zidutswa za pumice kuchokera ku kuphulika kwa Campi Flegrei kwa "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. Gawo lowonekera la PS layer silingathe kufotokozedwa ndi njira zosakanikirana zosokoneza zokha, chifukwa zigawo zosokoneza zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kugwa kwa nthaka, kuyenda kwa matope ndi kuyenda kwa pyroclastic komwe kumapezeka kunja kwa BdM ku Gulf of Naples ndizosawoneka bwino 21,23,24. Tikuganiza kuti mawonekedwe a BdM PS seismic omwe awonedwa komanso mawonekedwe a subsea outcrop PS layer (Chithunzi 7d) akuwonetsa kukwera kwa mpweya wachilengedwe.
(a) Mbiri ya chivomerezi cha single-track L1 (chithunzi choyendera mu Chithunzi 1b) chosonyeza malo okhala ndi columnar (pagoda). Pagoda ili ndi malo osokonezeka a pumice ndi mchenga. Gawo lodzaza ndi mpweya lomwe lili pansi pa pagoda limachotsa kupitiriza kwa mapangidwe akuya. (b) Mbiri ya chivomerezi cha single-channel L2 (chithunzi choyendera mu Chithunzi 1b), kuwonetsa kudula ndi kusintha kwa mapiri a pansi pa nyanja, nyanja (MS), ndi malo osungira mchenga wa pumice (PS). (c) Tsatanetsatane wa kusintha mu MS ndi PS wanenedwa mu (c,d). Poyerekeza liwiro la 1580 m/s pamwamba pa sediment, 100 ms ikuyimira pafupifupi 80 m pa sikelo yoyima.
Makhalidwe a BdM ndi kapangidwe kake ndi ofanana ndi minda ina ya pansi pa nyanja ya hydrothermal ndi gas hydrate padziko lonse lapansi2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 ndipo nthawi zambiri amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kukwezedwa (ma vaults ndi ma mounds) ndi gas Discharge (ma cones, ma entrees). Ma cones ndi ma entrees ogwirizana ndi BdM ndi ma mounds ataliatali amasonyeza kuti mpweya umayendetsedwa bwino ndi kapangidwe kake (Zithunzi 2 ndi 3). Kapangidwe ka malo a ma mounds, ma entrees ndi ma vents ogwira ntchito kakusonyeza kuti kufalikira kwawo kumayendetsedwa pang'ono ndi ma fractures a NW-SE ndi NE-SW impact (Chithunzi 4b). Awa ndi ma strikes omwe amakondedwa a ma entrees omwe amakhudza madera a volcanic a Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Vesuvius ndi Gulf of Naples. Makamaka, kapangidwe ka malo oyambawo kamalamulira malo omwe madzi amatuluka kuchokera ku Campi Flegrei crater35. Chifukwa chake timaganiza kuti ma fractures ndi ma fractures ku Gulf of Naples akuyimira njira yomwe mpweya umasamukira pamwamba, yomwe imagawidwa ndi madzi ena olamulidwa ndi kapangidwe kake. machitidwe36,37. Chodziwika bwino n'chakuti, ma cone ndi maenje a BdM sanali ogwirizana nthawi zonse ndi maenje (Chithunzi 3a, c). Izi zikusonyeza kuti maenje awa sakutanthauza kuti ndi omwe amachititsa kuti maenje apangidwe, monga momwe olemba ena adanenera za malo okhala ndi mpweya wa hydrate32,33. Zomwe tapeza zikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lakuti kusokonezeka kwa dome sediments pansi pa nyanja sikuti nthawi zonse kumabweretsa maenje.
Mpweya woipa wosonkhanitsidwa umasonyeza zizindikiro za mankhwala zomwe zimapezeka m'madzi otentha, makamaka CO2 yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa mpweya wochepetsa (H2S, CH4 ndi H2) ndi ma hydrocarbons opepuka (makamaka benzene ndi propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Table S1). Kupezeka kwa mpweya wa mumlengalenga (monga O2), womwe sukuyembekezeka kupezeka mu mpweya wa pansi pamadzi, kungakhale chifukwa cha kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya wosungunuka m'madzi a m'nyanja womwe umakhudzana ndi mpweya wosungidwa m'mabokosi apulasitiki omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa zitsanzo, chifukwa ma ROV amachotsedwa pansi pa nyanja kupita kunyanja kuti ayambe kugwedezeka. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, ma positive δ15N ​​ndi N2/Ar yapamwamba (mpaka 480) yokwera kwambiri kuposa ASW (madzi odzaza mpweya) zikusonyeza kuti N2 yambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku magwero owonjezera mpweya, mogwirizana ndi chiyambi chachikulu cha mpweya wa hydrothermal wa mpweya uwu. Chiyambi cha hydrothermal-volcanic cha mpweya wa BdM chimatsimikiziridwa ndi zomwe zili mu CO2 ndi He ndi isotopic yawo. zizindikiro. Ma isotope a kaboni (δ13C-CO2 kuyambira -0.93% mpaka +0.4%) ndi CO2/3He (kuyambira 1.7 × 1010 mpaka 4.1 × 1010) akusonyeza kuti zitsanzo za BdM ndi za mayendedwe osakanikirana a fumaroles kuzungulira ziwalo za Gulf of Naples' mantle end ndi decarbonization. Ubale pakati pa mpweya wopangidwa ndi reaction (Chithunzi 6). Makamaka, zitsanzo za mpweya wa BdM zili m'njira yosakanikirana pafupifupi pamalo omwewo ndi madzi ochokera kumapiri oyandikana nawo a Campi Flegrei ndi Somma-Veusivus. Ndi ozungulira kwambiri kuposa fumaroles a Ischia, omwe ali pafupi ndi mapeto a mantle. Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei ali ndi 3He/4He yapamwamba kwambiri (R/Ra pakati pa 2.6 ndi 2.9) kuposa BdM (R/Ra pakati pa 1.66 ndi 1.96; Table S1). Izi zikusonyeza kuti kuwonjezera ndi kusonkhanitsa kwa radiogenic He kunachokera ku gwero lomweli la magma lomwe linkadyetsa mapiri a Somma-Vesuvius ndi Campi Flegrei. Kusowa kwa magawo a kaboni wachilengedwe omwe angapezeke mu mpweya wa BdM kumasonyeza kuti matope achilengedwe sakhudzidwa ndi njira yochotsera mpweya wa BdM.
Kutengera ndi deta yomwe yanenedwa pamwambapa ndi zotsatira kuchokera ku zitsanzo zoyesera za nyumba zofanana ndi dome zomwe zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi madera okhala ndi mpweya wambiri pansi pa nyanja, kupanikizika kwa mpweya wozama kungakhale komwe kumayambitsa kupangidwa kwa ma dome a BdM a kilomita imodzi. Kuti tiyerekezere kupanikizika kwambiri kwa Pdef komwe kumatsogolera ku BdM vault, tagwiritsa ntchito njira yochepetsera kuthamanga kwa mpweya 33,34 poganiza kuti, kuchokera ku deta yosonkhanitsidwa ya morphological ndi seismic, BdM vault ndi tsamba lozungulira la radius lalikulu kuposa malo ofewa opindika. Kusuntha kwakukulu kwa vertical w ndi makulidwe h a (Chithunzi Chowonjezera S1). Pdef ndi kusiyana pakati pa kupanikizika konse ndi kupanikizika kwa miyala kuphatikiza kupsinjika kwa mzati wamadzi. Pa BdM, radius ndi pafupifupi 2,500 m, w ndi 20 m, ndipo h maximum yomwe imayerekezeredwa kuchokera ku mbiri ya seismic ndi pafupifupi 100 m. Timawerengera Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 kuchokera ku ubale, pomwe D ndi kuuma kwa flexural; D imaperekedwa ndi (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], komwe E ndiye modulus ya Young ya malo osungiramo, ν ndi chiŵerengero cha Poisson (~0.5)33. Popeza mphamvu za makina a BdM sediments sizingayesedwe, timayika E = 140 kPa, yomwe ndi mtengo woyenera wa malo osungiramo mchenga a m'mphepete mwa nyanja 47 ofanana ndi BdM14,24. Sitiganizira za mitengo yapamwamba ya E yomwe yanenedwa m'mabuku a malo osungiramo dongo la matope (300 < E < 350,000 kPa)33,34 chifukwa malo osungiramo BDM amakhala makamaka mchenga, osati dongo la matope kapena dongo la matope24. Timapeza Pdef = 0.3 Pa, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuyerekezera kwa njira zokwezera pansi pa nyanja m'malo okhala ndi madzi a gasi, komwe Pdef imasiyana kuyambira 10-2 mpaka 103 Pa, ndi mitengo yotsika ikuyimira yotsika w/a ndi/kapena chiyani. Mu BdM, kuchepetsa kuuma chifukwa cha kukhuta kwa mpweya wa m'deralo wa malo osungiramo dongo ndi/kapena Kuwonekera kwa ma fractures omwe analipo kale kungathandizenso kulephera ndi kutulutsa mpweya, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mpweya utuluke. Ma profiles a seismic omwe adasonkhanitsidwa (Chithunzi 7) adawonetsa kuti ma sediment a PS adakwezedwa kuchokera ku GSL, zomwe zidakweza ma sediment a MS omwe ali pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale milu, mapindidwe, zolakwika, ndi kudula kwa sedimentary (Chithunzi 7b, c). Izi zikusonyeza kuti pumice yakale ya 14.8 mpaka 12 ka yalowa mu gawo laling'ono la MS kudzera mu njira yonyamula mpweya mmwamba. Makhalidwe a kapangidwe ka BdM amatha kuwoneka ngati zotsatira za kupanikizika kwambiri komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kutuluka kwa madzi komwe kumapangidwa ndi GSL. Popeza kutuluka kwamphamvu kumatha kuwoneka kuchokera pansi pa nyanja mpaka kupitirira 170 m bsl48, tikuganiza kuti kupanikizika kwamadzimadzi mkati mwa GSL kumaposa 1,700 kPa. Kusuntha kwa mpweya m'ma sediment kunalinso ndi zotsatira zotsuka zinthu zomwe zili mu MS, kufotokozera kukhalapo kwa ma sediment osokonezeka m'ma cores okoka omwe adatengedwa pa BdM25. Kuphatikiza apo, Kupanikizika kwambiri kwa GSL kumapanga dongosolo lovuta la kusweka (polygonal fault mu Chithunzi 7b). Pamodzi, mawonekedwe, kapangidwe kake, ndi kukhazikika kwa stratigraphic, komwe kumatchedwa "ma pagoda" 49,50, poyamba kunayambitsidwa ndi zotsatira zachiwiri za mapangidwe akale a glacial, ndipo pakadali pano amatanthauzidwa ngati zotsatira za kukwera kwa mpweya 31,33 kapena evaporites 50 . Pamphepete mwa kontinenti ya Campania, matope otuluka ndi osowa, osachepera mkati mwa 3 km pamwamba pa crust. Chifukwa chake, njira yokulira ya ma pagoda a BdM ikhoza kulamulidwa ndi kukwera kwa mpweya m'matope. Izi zikuthandizidwa ndi mawonekedwe owonekera a seismic a pagoda (Chithunzi 7), komanso deta ya gravity core monga momwe idanenedwera kale 24, komwe mchenga wamakono umaphulika ndi 'Pomici Principali' 25 ndi 'Naples Yellow Tuff' 26 Campi Flegrei. Kuphatikiza apo, ma PS deposits adalowa ndikusokoneza gawo lapamwamba la MS (Chithunzi 7d). Kapangidwe kameneka kakusonyeza kuti Pagoda ikuyimira kapangidwe ka kuukira osati payipi ya gasi yokha. Chifukwa chake, njira ziwiri zazikulu zimalamulira kupangika kwa pagoda: a) kuchuluka kwa dothi lofewa kumachepa pamene mpweya ukulowa kuchokera pansi; b) kusakaniza kwa gasi ndi sediment kumakwera, komwe ndi kupindika, kulephera ndi kusweka komwe kumawonedwa Chifukwa cha MS deposits (Chithunzi 7). Njira yofanana yopangira yaperekedwa kwa ma pagoda ogwirizana ndi ma hydrate a gasi ku South Scotia Sea (Antarctica). Ma pagoda a BdM adawonekera m'magulu m'malo amapiri, ndipo kutalika kwawo koyima kunali pafupifupi 70-100 m panthawi yoyenda njira ziwiri (TWTT) (Chithunzi 7a). Chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa ma undulations a MS komanso poganizira za stratigraphy ya BdM gravity core, tikuganiza kuti zaka zopangika za ma pagoda ndi zosakwana pafupifupi 14-12 ka. Kuphatikiza apo, kukula kwa ma pagoda awa kukugwirabe ntchito (Chithunzi 7d) chifukwa ma pagoda ena alowa ndikusokoneza mchenga wa BdM womwe uli pamwamba pawo (Chithunzi 7d).
Kulephera kwa pagoda kuwoloka pansi pa nyanja masiku ano kukusonyeza kuti (a) kukwera kwa mpweya ndi/kapena kusiya kwa kusakaniza kwa mpweya ndi sediment, ndi/kapena (b) kuyenda kwa mbali kwa kusakaniza kwa mpweya ndi sediment sikulola njira yowonjezereka ya kupanikizika. Malinga ndi chitsanzo cha chiphunzitso cha diapir52, kuyenda kwa mbali kumasonyeza kulinganiza koyipa pakati pa liwiro la kuperekedwa kwa kusakaniza kwa matope ndi mpweya kuchokera pansi ndi liwiro lomwe pagoda imakwera mmwamba. Kuchepa kwa liwiro la kuperekedwa kungakhale kogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa kusakaniza chifukwa cha kutha kwa kuperekedwa kwa mpweya. Zotsatira zomwe zafotokozedwa pamwambapa ndi kukwera kolamulidwa ndi kuyandama kwa pagoda kumatithandiza kuyerekeza kutalika kwa mzere wa mpweya hg. Kuyandama kumaperekedwa ndi ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρg), komwe g ndi mphamvu yokoka (9.8 m/s2) ndipo ρw ndi ρg ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi ndi mpweya, motsatana.ΔP ndi chiwerengero cha Pdef yomwe idawerengedwa kale ndi kupanikizika kwa lithostatic Plith ya sediment plate, mwachitsanzo ρsg h, komwe ρs ndiye kuchuluka kwa madzi. Pankhaniyi, mtengo wa hg wofunikira kuti madzi aziyenda bwino umaperekedwa ndi hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)]. Mu BdM, timayika Pdef = 0.3 Pa ndipo h = 100 m (onani pamwambapa), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg ndi yochepa chifukwa ρw ≫ρg. Timapeza hg = 245 m, mtengo womwe ukuyimira kuya kwa pansi pa GSL.ΔP ndi 2.4 MPa, yomwe ndi kupanikizika kwambiri komwe kumafunika kuti kuswe pansi pa nyanja ya BdM ndikupanga ma vents.
Kapangidwe ka mpweya wa BdM kamagwirizana ndi magwero a mantle omwe amasinthidwa ndi kuwonjezera madzi omwe amagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa mpweya m'miyala ya crustal (Chithunzi 6). Kulinganiza kwa EW kwa ma BdM domes ndi mapiri ophulika monga Ischia, Campi Flegre, ndi Soma-Vesuvius, pamodzi ndi kapangidwe ka mpweya wotuluka, zikusonyeza kuti mpweya wotuluka kuchokera ku mantle pansi pa dera lonse la mapiri ophulika a Naples ndi osakanikirana. Madzi ambiri a crustal amasuntha kuchokera kumadzulo (Ischia) kupita kummawa (Somma-Vesuivus) (Chithunzi 1b ndi 6).
Tatsimikiza kuti ku Bay of Naples, makilomita ochepa kuchokera ku doko la Naples, kuli nyumba yofanana ndi dome ya 25 km2 m'lifupi yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi njira yotulutsa mpweya woipa komanso yomwe imayambitsidwa ndi malo okhala ndi ma pagodas ndi zitunda. Pakadali pano, zizindikiro za BdM zikusonyeza kuti kugwedezeka kwa mpweya wosakhala magmatic53 kungakhale koyambirira kwa phiri la embryonic, mwachitsanzo kutuluka kwa magma ndi/kapena madzi otentha. Ntchito zowunikira ziyenera kuchitika kuti ziwunike kusintha kwa zochitika ndikupeza zizindikiro za geochemical ndi geophysical zomwe zikusonyeza kusokonezeka kwa magmatic.
Ma profiles a ma acoustic water column (2D) adapezeka panthawi ya SAFE_2014 (Ogasiti 2014) paulendo wa R/V Urania (CNR) ndi National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). Kuyesa ma acoustic kunachitika ndi Simrad EK60 yogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya 38 kHz. Deta ya ma acoustic idalembedwa pa liwiro lapakati la pafupifupi makilomita 4. Zithunzi za ma echosounder zomwe zidasonkhanitsidwa zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kuzindikira kutuluka kwa madzi ndikufotokozera molondola malo omwe ali m'dera losonkhanitsira (pakati pa 74 ndi 180 m bsl). Yesani magawo a thupi ndi mankhwala m'khola la madzi pogwiritsa ntchito ma multiparameter probes (conductivity, kutentha ndi kuya, CTD). Deta idasonkhanitsidwa pogwiritsa ntchito CTD 911 probe (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) ndikukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, version 7.23.2). Kuyang'ana pansi pa nyanja kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito chipangizo cha "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (galimoto yoyendetsedwa patali) ndi makamera awiri (otsika komanso apamwamba).
Kupeza deta ya mabeam ambiri kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito makina a 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar (Kongsberg). Dongosololi limalumikizidwa ndi makina osinthira padziko lonse lapansi kuti zitsimikizire zolakwika za sub-metric pakuyika beam. Kugunda kwa acoustic kumakhala ndi ma frequency a 100 KHz, kugunda kwa kuwombera kwa madigiri 150° ndi kutseguka konse kwa ma beam 400. Yesani ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma profiles a liwiro la mawu nthawi yeniyeni panthawi yogula. Deta idakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) malinga ndi muyezo wa International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) kuti muyendetse ndi kukonza mafunde. Kuchepetsa phokoso chifukwa cha kukwera kwa zida mwangozi komanso kuchotsedwa kwa beam yoyipa kunachitika pogwiritsa ntchito zida zosinthira ndi kuchotsa ma beam. Kuzindikira liwiro la mawu mosalekeza kumachitika ndi siteshoni ya keel yomwe ili pafupi ndi transducer ya mabeam ambiri ndikupeza ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma profiles a liwiro la mawu nthawi yeniyeni m'mbali mwa madzi maola 6-8 aliwonse kuti apereke liwiro la mawu nthawi yeniyeni kuti beam yoyenera igwire ntchito. Chiwongolero chonsecho chili ndi pafupifupi 440 km2 (kuya kwa 0-1200 m). Detayo idagwiritsidwa ntchito kupereka chitsanzo cha malo a digito (DTM) chodziwika ndi kukula kwa selo la gridi ya 1 m. DTM yomaliza (Chithunzi 1a) idachitika ndi deta ya malo (>0 m pamwamba pa nyanja) yomwe idapezeka pa kukula kwa selo la gridi ya 20 m ndi Italian Geo-Military Institute.
Mbiri ya data ya seismic ya single-resolution ya makilomita 55, yomwe inasonkhanitsidwa panthawi yoyenda panyanja yotetezeka mu 2007 ndi 2014, inaphimba dera la makilomita pafupifupi 113, onse pa R/V Urania. Ma profiles a Marisk (monga, mbiri ya seismic ya L1, Chithunzi 1b) adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya IKB-Seistec boomer. Chipinda chopezera chimakhala ndi catamaran ya 2.5 m momwe gwero ndi wolandila zimayikidwa. Chizindikiro cha gwero chimakhala ndi nsonga imodzi yabwino yomwe imadziwika mu frequency range 1-10 kHz ndipo imalola kuthetsa zowunikira zolekanitsidwa ndi 25 cm. Ma profiles otetezeka a seismic adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito gwero la seismic la 1.4 Kj multi-tip Geospark lolumikizidwa ndi pulogalamu ya Geotrace (Geo Marine Survey System). Dongosololi lili ndi catamaran yokhala ndi gwero la 1-6.02 KHz lomwe limalowa mpaka ma milliseconds 400 mu sediment yofewa pansi pa nyanja, yokhala ndi resolution yowongoka ya 30 cm. Zipangizo zonse ziwiri za Safe ndi Marsik zinapezeka pa liwiro la 0.33 shots/sec ndi liwiro la chombo <3 Kn. Deta inakonzedwa ndikuwonetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito pulogalamu ya Geosuite Allworks yokhala ndi njira zotsatirazi: kukonza dilation, water column muting, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR filtering, ndi AGC.
Mpweya wochokera ku fumarole wa m'madzi unasonkhanitsidwa pansi pa nyanja pogwiritsa ntchito bokosi la pulasitiki lokhala ndi diaphragm ya rabara kumbali yake yakumtunda, loyikidwa mozondoka ndi ROV pamwamba pa mpweya wotuluka. Mpweya wolowa m'bokosi ukangolowa m'malo mwa madzi a m'nyanja, ROV imabwerera ku kuya kwa 1 m, ndipo wosambirayo amasamutsa mpweya wosonkhanitsidwawo kudzera mu septum ya rabara kupita ku mabotolo awiri agalasi a 60 mL omwe adachotsedwa kale okhala ndi Teflon stopcocks momwe One idadzazidwa ndi 20 mL ya yankho la 5N NaOH (botolo la mtundu wa Gegenbach). Mitundu yayikulu ya mpweya wa asidi (CO2 ndi H2S) imasungunuka mu yankho la alkaline, pomwe mitundu ya mpweya wosungunuka pang'ono (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 ndi ma hydrocarbons opepuka) imasungidwa m'malo osungiramo botolo. Mpweya wosungunuka pang'ono wosapangidwa unasanthulidwa ndi gas chromatography (GC) pogwiritsa ntchito Shimadzu 15A yokhala ndi sieve ya molecular ya 5A yautali wa 10 m ndi chowunikira kutentha (TCD) 54. Argon ndi O2 idasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chromatograph ya gasi ya Thermo Focus yokhala ndi sieve ya capillary molecular column ya 30 m yayitali ndi TCD. Methane ndi ma hydrocarbons opepuka adasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chromatograph ya gasi ya Shimadzu 14A yokhala ndi simenti yachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ya 10 m yayitali yokhala ndi Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, yokutidwa ndi 23% SP 1700 ndi chowunikira cha flame ionization (FID). Gawo lamadzimadzi lidagwiritsidwa ntchito posanthula 1) CO2, monga, yoyesedwa ndi yankho la 0.5 N HCl (Metrohm Basic Titrino) ndi 2) H2S, monga, pambuyo pa oxidation ndi 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ndi ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Cholakwika cha analytical cha titration, GC ndi IC analysis ndi chochepera 5%. Pambuyo pa njira zoyeretsera ndi kuyeretsa zosakaniza za gasi, 13C/12C CO2 (yomwe imafotokozedwa ngati δ13C-CO2% ndi V-PDB) idasanthulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito Finningan Delta S mass spectrometer55,56. Miyezo yomwe idagwiritsidwa ntchito poyesa kulondola kwakunja inali Carrara ndi San Vincenzo marble (yamkati), NBS18 ndi NBS19 (yapadziko lonse), pomwe cholakwika chowunikira ndi kubwerezabwereza zinali ±0.05% ndi ±0.1%, motsatana.
Ma δ15N (omwe amafotokozedwa ngati % vs. Air) ndi 40Ar/36Ar adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) yolumikizidwa ndi Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Cholakwika cha kusanthula ndi: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%. Chiŵerengero cha isotope cha He (chomwe chimafotokozedwa ngati R/Ra, pomwe R ndi 3He/4He anayeza mu chitsanzo ndipo Ra ndi chiŵerengero chomwecho mumlengalenga: 1.39 × 10−6)57 idapezeka ku labotale ya INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He ndi 20Ne adapezeka pogwiritsa ntchito dual collector mass spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI)58 pambuyo polekanitsa He ndi Ne. Cholakwika cha kusanthula ≤ 0.3%. Malo obisika wamba a He ndi Ne ndi <10-14 ndi <10-16 mol, motsatana.
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