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Ka ripoatahia e mātou ngā taunakitanga o te hiki ake o te papa moana me ngā tukunga hau i ētahi kiromita ki uta mai i te tauranga o Naples (Itari). Ko ngā tohu, ngā puke me ngā rua he āhuatanga o te papa moana. Ko ēnei hanganga e tohu ana i ngā tihi o ngā hanganga papaku papaku, tae atu ki ngā pagoda, ngā hapa me ngā takai e pā ana ki te papa moana i ēnei rā. I tuhia e rātou te pikinga, te pēhanga me te tukunga o te herium me te hauhā waro i roto i ngā tauhohenga tango waro o ngā rewa o te mantle me ngā toka papa. He rite tonu ēnei hau ki ērā e whāngai ana i ngā pūnaha hydrothermal o Ischia, Campi Flegre me Soma-Vesuvius, e kī ana he pūtake mantle i konatunatua ki ngā wai papa i raro i te Moana-a-Toi o Naples. Ko te whānui me te pakaru o raro moana i puta mai i te tukanga hiki me te pēhanga hau me nui ake te pēhanga o te 2-3 MPa. Ko ngā hiki ake o te papa moana, ngā hapa, me ngā tukunga hau he whakaaturanga o ngā ngaru nui ehara i te puia e tohu ana i ngā pahūtanga o te papa moana me/ngā pahūtanga hydrothermal rānei.
Ko ngā tukunga waiariki (wai wera me te hau) o te moana hohonu he āhuatanga noa o ngā pae maunga waenga moana me ngā taha pereti e tūhonohono ana (tae atu ki ngā wāhanga kua rukuhia o ngā pewa moutere), ko ngā tukunga matao o ngā waiariki hau (chlatrates) he āhuatanga maha o ngā papa whenua me ngā taha kore mahi1, 2,3,4,5. Ko te putanga mai o ngā tukunga waiariki papa moana i ngā rohe takutai e tohu ana i ngā pūtake wera (ngā puna magma) i roto i te kiri whenua me/ranei te mantle. Tērā pea ka puta ēnei tukunga i mua i te pikinga o te magma mā roto i ngā paparanga o runga o te kiri whenua, ā, ka mutu ki te pahūtanga me te whakanoho i ngā maunga moana puia6. Nō reira, he mea nui te tautuhi i (a) ngā āhua e pā ana ki te whakarerekētanga o te papa moana kaha me (b) ngā tukunga hau e tata ana ki ngā rohe takutai taupori pērā i te rohe puia o Naples i Itari (~1 miriona tāngata) hei aromatawai i ngā puia pea. Te pahūtanga papaku. Hei tāpiri, ahakoa he mōhiotia whānuitia ngā āhuatanga āhua e pā ana ki ngā tukunga hau waiariki, waiariki rānei o te moana hohonu nā ō rātou āhuatanga whenua me te koiora, ko ngā mea rerekē ko ngā āhuatanga āhua e pā ana ki ngā wai papaku, engari ko ērā e puta ana i roto i te roto. 12, he iti noa ngā tuhinga. I konei, ka whakaatuhia e mātou ngā raraunga hou mō te kaukau, te ru whenua, te pou wai, me te matū whenua mō tētahi rohe i raro i te wai, te āhua me te hanganga uaua kua pāngia e ngā tukunga hau i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples (Te Tonga o Itari), tata ki te 5 km mai i te tauranga o Naples. I kohia ēnei raraunga i te wā o te haerenga SAFE_2014 (Akuhata 2014) i runga i te R/V Urania. Ka whakaahuahia, ka whakamāramahia hoki e mātou ngā hanganga o te papa moana me raro i te whenua e puta ai ngā tukunga hau, ka tirotirohia ngā pūtake o ngā wai whakaputa hau, ka tautuhia me te whakaahua i ngā tikanga e whakahaere ana i te pikinga o te hau me te whakarerekētanga e pā ana, ā, ka matapakihia ngā pānga puia.
Ko te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples te rohe uru o Plio-Quaternary, ko te rua tectonic Campania e toro atu ana ki te raki-mā-rāwhiti13,14,15. Ko te raki-mā-rāwhiti o Ischia (tata ki te 150-1302 AD), ko te rua o Campi Flegre (tata ki te 300-1538) me Soma-Vesuvius (mai i te <360-1944). Ko te whakaritenga e herea ana te kokoru ki te raki AD)15, ko te tonga e rohe ana ki te Sorrento Peninsula (Pikitia 1a). Ko te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples e pāngia ana e ngā hapa nui o te raki-mā-uru me te raki-mā-rāwhiti-mā-rāwhiti (Pikitia 1)14,15. Ko Ischia, Campi Flegrei me Somma-Vesuvius e tohuhia ana e ngā whakaaturanga hydrothermal, te whakarerekētanga o te whenua, me te rū whenua papaku16,17,18 (hei tauira, te huihuinga pōrearea i Campi Flegrei i te tau 1982-1984, me te pikinga o te 1.8 m me ngā mano o ngā rū whenua). E kī ana ngā rangahau tata nei19,20 Tērā pea he hononga i waenga i ngā mahi a Soma-Vesuvius me Campi Flegre, e pā ana pea ki ngā puna magma kotahi 'hohonu'. Ko ngā mahi a te puia me ngā wiri o te taumata moana i ngā 36 ka whakamutunga o Campi Flegrei me te 18 ka o Somma Vesuvius i whakahaere i te pūnaha parataiao o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples. Ko te taumata moana iti i te taumata hukapapa whakamutunga (18 ka) i arahi ki te hokinga whakamuri o te pūnaha parataiao papaku-moana, i muri mai ka whakakīia e ngā kaupapa takahi i te wā o te Pleistocene-Holocene. Kua kitea ngā tukunga hau ruku moana huri noa i te moutere o Ischia me te takutai moana o Campi Flegre me te taha o Maunga Soma-Vesuvius (Pikitia 1b).
(a) Ngā whakaritenga āhua me te hanganga o te papa whenua me te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Ko ngā ira he pokapū nui o te pahūtanga o raro moana; ko ngā rārangi whero e tohu ana i ngā hapa nui. (b) Te ine i te kaukau o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples me ngā putanga wai kua kitea (ngā ira) me ngā tohu o ngā rārangi rū whenua (ngā rārangi mangu). Ko ngā rārangi kōwhai ko ngā ara o ngā rārangi rū whenua L1 me L2 i whakaaturia i te Pikitia 6. Ko ngā rohe o ngā hanganga āhua-pouaka Banco della Montagna (BdM) kua tohua ki ngā rārangi pīrangi kikorangi i roto i (a,b). Ko ngā tapawhā kōwhai e tohu ana i ngā wāhi o ngā kōtaha pou wai oro, ā, ko ngā anga CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 me ROV kua whakaaturia i te Pikitia 5. Ko te porowhita kōwhai e tohu ana i te wāhi o te tukunga hau tauira, ā, ko tōna hanganga e whakaaturia ana i te Ripanga S1. Ka whakamahia e Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) ngā whakairoiro i hangaia e Surfer® 13.
I runga i ngā raraunga i whiwhihia i te wā o te haerenga moana SAFE_2014 (Akuhata 2014) (tirohia ngā Tikanga), kua hangaia he Tauira Whenua Mamati (DTM) hou o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples me te taumira 1 m. E whakaatu ana te DTM ko te papa moana ki te tonga o te Tauranga o Naples he mata e anga ana ki te tonga (pikinga ≤3°) e whakawehea ana e te hanganga rite ki te tuanui 5.0 × 5.3 km, e mōhiotia ana i te rohe ko Banco della Montagna (BdM). Pikitia. 1a,b). Ka whanake te BdM i te hohonutanga o te 100 ki te 170 mita, 15 ki te 20 mita i runga ake i te papa moana e karapoti ana. I whakaatuhia e te kikorangi BdM he āhua rite ki te puke nā te 280 ngā puke porowhita ki raro ki te porowhita (Pikitia 2a), 665 ngā koeko, me te 30 ngā poka (Pikitia 3 me te 4). Ko te teitei me te porowhita mōrahi o te puke he 22 m me te 1,800 m, ia. Ko te porowhita [C = 4π(horahanga/perimita2)] o ngā puke i heke iho i te pikinga o te perimita (Pikitia 2b). Ko ngā ōwehenga tuaka mō ngā puke i waenga i te 1 me te 6.5, me ngā puke he ōwehenga tuaka >2 e whakaatu ana i te whiu N45°E + 15° e pai ake ana me te whiu tuarua, he whiu N105°E ki N145°E kua marara ake (Pikitia 2c). Kei te papa BdM me te tihi o te puke ngā koeko takitahi, tūhono rānei (Pikitia 3a,b). Ka whai ngā whakaritenga koeko i te whakaritenga o ngā puke e tū ana rātou. Kei te papatahi o te moana ngā tohu poki (Pikitia 3c) ā, i ētahi wā kei runga i ngā puke. E whakaatu ana ngā mātotoru ā-wāhi o ngā koeko me ngā tohu poki ko te tūhono matua o te RAWHITI-URU-Hauuru e wehewehe ana i ngā rohe ki te raki-mā-rāwhiti me te tonga-uru o te kōpuku BdM (Pikitia 4a,b); ko te ara ki te raki-uru-mā-rāwhiti iti ake te roa kei te rohe pokapū o te BdM.
(a) Tauira whenua matihiko (rahi pūtau 1 m) o te tuanui o Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Te porowhita me te porowhita o ngā puke BdM.(c) Te ōwehenga tuaka me te koki (te aronga) o te tuaka matua o te porowhita pai rawa atu e karapoti ana i te puke. Ko te hapa paerewa o te tauira Whenua Matihiko he 0.004 m; ko ngā hapa paerewa o te porowhita me te porowhita he 4.83 m me te 0.01, ia, ā, ko ngā hapa paerewa o te ōwehenga tuaka me te koki he 0.04 me te 3.34°, ia.
Kei te Pikitia 2 ngā taipitopito o ngā koeko, ngā rua, ngā puke me ngā rua kua tautuhia i te rohe BdM i tangohia mai i te DTM.
(a) Ngā kōne whakarārangi i runga i te papa moana papatahi; (b) ngā kōne me ngā rua i runga i ngā puke angiangi o te raki-mā-uru-mā-rāwhiti; (c) ngā tohu kōhatu i runga i te mata kua mākū mārire.
(a) Te tohatoha ā-wāhi o ngā rua, ngā poka, me ngā tukunga hau hohe kua kitea. (b) Te kiato ā-wāhi o ngā rua me ngā poka i pūrongohia i roto i (a) (tau/0.2 km2).
I kitea e mātou e 37 ngā tukunga hau i te rohe BdM mai i ngā whakaahua orooro o te pou wai ROV me ngā tirohanga tika o te papa moana i riro mai i te haerenga SAFE_2014 i te marama o Ākuhata 2014 (Ngā Pikitia 4 me te 5). Ko ngā rerekētanga oro o ēnei tukunga e whakaatu ana i ngā āhua poutū roa e ara ake ana mai i te papa moana, mai i te 12 ki te 70 m pea (Pikitia 5a). I ētahi wāhi, i hangaia e ngā rerekētanga oro he "tereina" tata tonu. He rerekē ngā pupū mirumiru i kitea: mai i ngā rere mirumiru matotoru tonu ki ngā āhuatanga poto-ora (Kiriata Tāpiri 1). Mā te tirotiro ROV ka taea te manatoko tirohanga o te putanga mai o ngā putanga wai o te papa moana, ā, e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu iti i runga i te papa moana, i ētahi wā e karapotia ana e ngā paru whero ki te karaka (Pikitia 5b). I ētahi wā, ka whakahohe anō ngā hongere ROV i ngā tukunga. E whakaatu ana te āhua o te putanga i tētahi whakatuwheratanga porohita i te tihi me te kore he mura i roto i te pou wai. Ko te pH i roto i te pou wai i runga ake i te pūwāhi tuku i whakaatu i tētahi hekenga nui, e tohu ana i ngā āhuatanga waikawa ake i te rohe (Pikitia 5c,d). Ina koa, ko te pH i runga ake i te hau BdM I heke te tukunga wai i te hohonutanga 75 m mai i te 8.4 (i te hohonutanga 70 m) ki te 7.8 (i te hohonutanga 75 m) (Pikitia 5c), engari ko ētahi atu wāhi i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples he pH i waenga i te 0 me te 160 m i te wā hohonutanga i waenga i te 8.3 me te 8.5 (Pikitia 5d). Kāore i kitea he panoni nui i te pāmahana me te tote o te wai moana i ngā wāhi e rua i roto me waho o te rohe BdM o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples. I te hohonutanga o te 70 m, ko te pāmahana he 15 °C, ā, ko te tote he tata ki te 38 PSU (Pikitia 5c,d). Ko ngā inenga o te pH, te pāmahana, me te tote i tohu: a) te whai wāhi mai o ngā wai waikawa e pā ana ki te tukanga tango hau BdM me te b) te korenga, te puhoi rānei o te tukunga wai wera me te tote.
(a) Matapihi hopu o te kōtaha pou wai oro (echometer Simrad EK60). He whitiki matomato poutū e rite ana ki te mura hau i kitea i runga i te tukunga wai EM50 (tata ki te 75 m i raro i te taumata moana) kei te rohe BdM; ka whakaaturia hoki ngā tohu maha o raro me te papa moana (b) i kohia me te waka mamao-mana i te rohe BdM. E whakaatu ana te whakaahua kotahi i tētahi rua iti (porowhita pango) e karapotia ana e te paru whero ki te karaka. (c,d) Ngā raraunga CTD o te tirotiro maha-tawhā i tukatukahia mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SBED-Win32 (Seasave, putanga 7.23.2). Ngā tauira o ngā tawhā kua tohua (te tote, te pāmahana, te pH me te hāora) o te pou wai i runga ake i te tukunga wai EM50 (panel c) me waho o te panel rohe tukunga Bdm (d).
E toru ngā tauira hau i kohia e mātou mai i te rohe rangahau i waenga i te 22 me te 28 o Ākuhata, 2014. I whakaatuhia e ēnei tauira he rite ngā hanganga, ko te nuinga ko te CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), ā, i muri mai ko ngā kukū e tika ana o te N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) me te H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), ko te H2 me te He he iti ake te nui (<0.052 me te <0.016 mmol/mol, ia) (Pikitia 1b; Ripanga S1, Kiriata Tāpiri 2). I inehia hoki ngā kukū teitei o te O2 me te Ar (tae atu ki te 3.2 me te 0.18 mmol/mol, ia). Ko te tapeke o ngā hauwaiwai māmā kei waenga i te 0.24 ki te 0.30 mmol/mol, ā, kei roto ko ngā alkane C2-C4, ngā mea kakara (ko te nuinga ko te benzene), te propene me ngā matū kei roto he whanariki (thiophene). Ko te uara 40Ar/36Ar he rite ki te hau. (295.5), ahakoa ko te uara o te tauira EM35 (BdM dome) he 304, e whakaatu ana i te iti o te taikaha o te 40Ar. He teitei ake te ōwehenga δ15N i te hau (tae atu ki te +1.98% vs. Hau), ko ngā uara δ13C-CO2 i ahu mai i -0.93 ki te 0.44% vs. V-PDB. Ko ngā uara R/Ra (whai muri i te whakatikatika i te parahanga hau mā te whakamahi i te ōwehenga 4He/20Ne) i waenganui i te 1.66 me te 1.94, e tohu ana i te aroaro o te wāhanga nui o te mantle He. Mā te whakakotahi i te isotope helium me te CO2 me tōna isotope pumau 22, ka taea te whakamārama ake i te pūtake o ngā tukunga i roto i te BdM. I roto i te mahere CO2 mō te CO2/3He vs. δ13C (Pikitia 6), ka whakaritea te hanganga hau BdM ki te hanganga o ngā fumarole Ischia, Campi Flegrei me Somma-Vesuvius. E whakaatu ana hoki te Pikitia 6 i te whakaranu ariā. ngā rārangi i waenganui i ngā pūtake waro rerekē e toru e uru ana pea ki te whakaputanga hau BdM: ngā rewa i ahu mai i te mantle, ngā onepū whai rawa i te rauropi, me ngā warowaihā. Ka taka ngā tauira BdM ki te rārangi whakaranu e whakaaturia ana e ngā puia Campania e toru, arā, te whakaranu i waenganui i ngā hau mantle (e kiia ana he iti te nui o te hauhā waro e pā ana ki ngā MORB tawhito hei whakauru i ngā raraunga) me ngā tauhohenga i puta mai i te tango waro o te kiripaka Ko te toka hau e hua ake ana.
Hei whakataurite, kua whakaaturia ngā rārangi ranu i waenganui i te hanganga o te papa kōhatu me ngā pito o te kōhatu karāhe me ngā parataiao waro. Ko ngā pouaka e tohu ana i ngā rohe fumarole o Ischia, Campi Flegrei me Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Kei roto te tauira BdM i te au whakauru o te puia Campania. Ko te hau pito o te rārangi whakauru nō te pūtake papa kōhatu, arā, ko te hau i puta mai i te tauhohenga tango waro o ngā kohuke warowaihā.
E whakaatu ana ngā wāhanga rū whenua L1 me L2 (Pikitia 1b me 7) i te whakawhiti i waenga i te BdM me ngā raupapatanga papa whenua tawhiti o ngā rohe puia Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Pikitia 7a) me Campi Flegrei (L2, Pikitia 7b). Ko te BdM e tohuhia ana e te aroaro o ngā hanganga rū whenua nui e rua (MS me PS i te Pikitia 7). Ko te mea o runga (MS) e whakaatu ana i ngā whakaata iti-whakarara o te kaha teitei ki te reo me te haere tonu taha (Pikitia 7b,c). Kei roto i tēnei paparanga ngā paru moana e tōia ana e te pūnaha Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) ā, he onepū me te uku23. Ko te paparanga PS o raro (Pikitia 7b–d) e tohuhia ana e te wāhanga pōrearea ki te mārama i te āhua o ngā pou, o ngā karāhe hāora rānei. Ko te tihi o ngā paru PS i hanga i ngā puke papa moana (Pikitia 7d). E whakaatu ana ēnei āhua rite ki te diapir i te urunga o te rauemi mārama PS ki roto i ngā putunga MS o runga rawa. Ko te hiki ake te kawenga mō te hanganga o ngā kopa me ngā hapa e pā ana ki te paparanga MS me ngā paru o te papa moana BdM o ēnei rā (Pikitia 7b–d). Kua mārama te wehewehe i te āputa paparanga MS i te wāhanga ENE o te wāhanga L1, i te mea ka mā ki te taha o BdM nā te mea he paparanga hau-mākū (GSL) kua taupokina e ētahi taumata o roto o te raupapa MS (Pikitia 7a). Ko ngā matua taumaha i kohia i te tihi o te BdM e rite ana ki te paparanga ru whenua mārama e tohu ana ko te 40 cm o runga rawa he onepu i whakatakotoria tata nei ki tēnei wā; )24,25 me ngā kongakonga pumice mai i te pahūtanga pahū o Campi Flegrei o "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. Kāore e taea te whakamārama i te wāhanga mārama o te paparanga PS mā ngā tukanga whakaranu pōrearea anake, nā te mea he pōuri te oro o ngā paparanga pōrearea e pā ana ki ngā horo whenua, ngā rerenga paru me ngā rerenga pyroclastic i kitea i waho o te BdM i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples21,23,24. Ko tā mātou whakatau ko ngā mata ru BdM PS i kitea me te āhua o te paparanga PS o raro moana (Pikitia 7d) e whakaata ana i te hiki ake o te hau māori.
(a) Kōtaha ru whenua kotahi-ara L1 (tohu whakatere i te Pikitia 1b) e whakaatu ana i te whakaritenga ā-wāhi pou (pagoda). Kei roto i te pagoda ngā putunga pōrearea o te pungapunga me te onepu. Ko te paparanga kua whakakiia ki te hau kei raro i te pagoda ka tango i te haere tonu o ngā hanganga hohonu ake. (b) Kōtaha ru whenua kotahi-ara L2 (tohu whakatere i te Pikitia 1b), e whakaatu ana i te tapahi me te whakarerekētanga o ngā puke papa moana, ngā putunga onepu moana (MS), me ngā putunga onepu pungapunga (PS). (c) Ko ngā taipitopito whakarerekētanga i roto i te MS me te PS kua whakaaturia i roto i te (c,d). Ki te whakaaro he tere o te 1580 m/s i roto i te paru o runga rawa, ko te 100 ms e tohu ana i te 80 m i runga i te tauine poutū.
He rite ngā āhuatanga āhua me te hanganga o te BdM ki ētahi atu mara waiariki me te hau waiariki o raro moana puta noa i te ao2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34, ā, he maha ngā wā e hono ana ki ngā pikinga (ngā rua me ngā puke) me te Tukunga hau (ngā kōne, ngā rua). Ko ngā kōne me ngā rua me ngā puke roa e rite ana ki te BdM e tohu ana i te urunga e whakahaerehia ana e te hanganga (Ngā Pikitia 2 me te 3). Ko te whakaritenga ā-wāhi o ngā puke, ngā rua me ngā pūaha kaha e kī ana ko tō rātou tohatoha kei te whakahaerehia tetahi wāhanga e ngā pakaru pānga o te NW-SE me te NE-SW (Pikitia 4b). Koinei ngā patunga pai o ngā pūnaha hapa e pā ana ki ngā rohe puia o Campi Flegrei me Somma-Vesuvius me te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples. Ina koa, ko te hanganga o te mea o mua e whakahaere ana i te wāhi o te tukunga waiariki mai i te rua o Campi Flegrei35. Nō reira, ko tā mātou whakatau ko ngā hapa me ngā pakaru i te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples te ara pai mō te hekenga hau ki te mata, he āhuatanga e tohaina ana e ētahi atu waiariki e whakahaerehia ana e te hanganga. ngā pūnaha36,37.He mea nui, kāore i te hono tonu ngā kōne me ngā rua BdM ki ngā puke (Pikitia 3a,c). E kī ana tēnei kāore ēnei puke i te tohu i ngā tūāpapa mō te hanganga o te rua, e ai ki tā ētahi atu kaituhi i whakaaro ai mō ngā rohe wai hau32,33.E tautoko ana ā mātou whakatau i te whakapae kāore te pakaru o ngā paru papa moana e arahi tonu ki te hanganga o ngā rua.
Ko ngā tukunga hau e toru kua kohia e whakaatu ana i ngā tohu matū e kitea ana i roto i ngā wai waiariki, arā, ko te CO2 me ngā kukū nui o ngā hau whakaiti (H2S, CH4 me te H2) me ngā warowaihā māmā (ina koa ko te benzene me te propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Ripanga S1). Ko te noho mai o ngā hau hauhautanga (pērā i te O2), kāore e tika ana kia noho i roto i ngā tukunga ruku wai, tera pea nā te poke mai i te hau i rewa i roto i te wai moana e pā ana ki ngā hau e rongoatia ana i roto i ngā pouaka kirihou e whakamahia ana mō te tauira, i te mea ka tangohia ngā ROV mai i te papa moana ki te moana hei whakakeke. I tua atu, ko ngā uara δ15N pai me te N2/Ar teitei (tae atu ki te 480) he nui ake i te ASW (wai mākū-hau) e kī ana ko te nuinga o te N2 i puta mai i ngā puna hau-kore, e rite ana ki te takenga mai o ēnei hau waiariki. Ko te takenga mai o te hau BdM waiariki-pūia kua whakaūtia e ngā ihirangi CO2 me He me ō rātou isotopic. ngā waitohu. Ko ngā isotopes waro (δ13C-CO2 mai i -0.93% ki +0.4%) me ngā uara CO2/3He (mai i te 1.7 × 1010 ki te 4.1 × 1010) e kī ana ko ngā tauira BdM nō te ia o ngā fumarole i te taha o ngā pito o te matā o te Moana-a-Kiwa o Naples me te tango waro. Ko te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā hau i puta mai i te tauhohenga (Pikitia 6). Ina koa, kei te taha o te ia o te ranunga ngā tauira hau BdM i te wāhi kotahi me ngā wai mai i ngā puia Campi Flegrei me Somma-Veusivus e tata ana. He nui ake te kiripaka i ngā fumarole Ischia, e tata atu ana ki te pito o te matā. He teitei ake ngā uara 3He/4He o Somma-Vesuvius me Campi Flegrei (R/Ra i waenga i te 2.6 me te 2.9) i te BdM (R/Ra i waenga i te 1.66 me te 1.96; Ripanga S1). E kī ana tēnei ko te tāpiri me te kohikohi o irahiko I ahu mai ia i te pūtake magma kotahi i whāngai i ngā puia Somma-Vesuvius me Campi Flegrei. Ko te korenga o ngā wāhanga waro waro ka kitea i roto i ngā tukunga BdM e kī ana kāore ngā paru waro e whai wāhi ana ki te tukanga tango hau BdM.
I runga i ngā raraunga kua tukuna i runga ake nei me ngā hua mai i ngā tauira whakamātautau o ngā hanganga rite ki te kōpuku e hono ana ki ngā rohe whai rawa i te hau o raro moana, ko te pēhanga hau hohonu pea te take o te hanganga o ngā kōpuku BdM tauine kiromita. Hei whakatau tata i te pēhanga nui Pdef e arahi ana ki te kōpuku BdM, i whakamahia e mātou he tauira miihini pereti-angiangi33,34 me te whakaaro, mai i ngā raraunga āhua me te ru kua kohia, ko te kōpuku BdM he rau porowhita iti he radius he nui ake i te putunga matotoru ngohengohe kua whakarerekētia. Ko te nekehanga mōrahi poutū w me te matotoru h o te (Pikitia Tāpiri S1). Ko te Pdef te rerekētanga i waenga i te pēhanga katoa me te pēhanga pumau toka me te pēhanga pou wai. I te BdM, ko te radius he tata ki te 2,500 m, ko te w he 20 m, ā, ko te h mōrahi i whakatauhia mai i te kōtaha ru he tata ki te 100 m. Ka tatau mātou i te Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 mai i te whanaungatanga, ko D te pakari piko; Ko te D e homai ana e (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], ko E te modulus a Young o te putunga, ko ν te ōwehenga a Poisson (~0.5)33. Nā te mea kāore e taea te ine i ngā āhuatanga hangarau o ngā parapara BdM, ka whakatakotoria e mātou a E = 140 kPa, he uara whaitake mō ngā parapara onepū takutai 47 he rite ki a BdM14,24. Kāore mātou e whakaaro ki ngā uara E teitei ake i roto i ngā tuhinga mō ngā putunga uku paru (300 < E < 350,000 kPa)33,34 nā te mea ko ngā putunga BDM he onepu te nuinga, ehara i te paru paru, i te uku paru paru rānei24. Ka whiwhi mātou i a Pdef = 0.3 Pa, he rite ki ngā whakatau tata mō ngā tukanga hiki i te papa moana i roto i ngā taiao puna wai hau, kei reira a Pdef e rerekē ana mai i te 10-2 ki te 103 Pa, me ngā uara iti ake e tohu ana i te w/a iti me/ranei te aha. I roto i te BdM, ko te whakaiti i te pakari nā te mākū o te hau o te parapara me/ranei te āhua Ko ngā whatiwhatinga o mua ka whai wāhi pea ki te pakaru me te tukunga hau, ka taea ai te hanganga o ngā hanganga hau kua tirohia. Ko ngā kōtaha ru whenua kua kohia (Pikitia 7) i tohu i te hiki ake o ngā paru PS mai i te GSL, ka pana ake i ngā paru moana MS i runga ake, ka hua ake he puranga, he kopikopiko, he hapa, me ngā tapahi paru (Pikitia 7b,c). E whakaatu ana tēnei kua uru te pumice 14.8 ki te 12 ka te pakeke ki roto i te paparanga MS taitamariki mā te tukanga kawe hau ki runga. Ka kitea ngā āhuatanga āhua o te hanganga BdM hei hua o te pēhanga nui i hangaia e te tukunga wai i hangaia e te GSL. I te mea ka kitea te tukunga kaha mai i te papa moana ki runga ake i te 170 m bsl48, e whakaaro ana mātou ko te pēhanga wai i roto i te GSL neke atu i te 1,700 kPa. Ko te hekenga ake o ngā hau i roto i ngā paru i pā ki te horoi i ngā rauemi kei roto i te MS, e whakamārama ana i te noho o ngā paru pōrearea i roto i ngā matua taumaha i tauirahia ki runga i te BdM25. Hei tāpiri, ko te pēhanga nui o te GSL ka hanga he pūnaha pakaru matatini (hapa porowhita i te Pikitia 7b). I te nuinga o te wā, ko tēnei āhua, hanganga, me te whakataunga paparanga, e kiia nei ko ngā "pagoda"49,50, i te tuatahi i kīia ko ngā pānga tuarua o ngā hanganga hukapapa tawhito, ā, e whakamāramahia ana i tēnei wā ko ngā pānga o te hau e piki ake ana31,33 ngā evaporites rānei50. I te taha whenua o Campania, he onge ngā parahanga evaporative, i roto i te iti rawa i te 3 km o runga o te kirinuku. Nō reira, ko te tikanga tipu o ngā pagoda BdM tera pea ka whakahaerehia e te pikinga hau i roto i ngā parahanga. E tautokona ana tēnei whakatau e ngā mata ru mārama o te pagoda (Pikitia 7), me ngā raraunga matua kaha e ai ki ngā pūrongo o mua24, kei reira te onepū o ēnei rā e pupuhi ana me te 'Pomici Principali'25 me te 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. I tua atu, i whakaekea e ngā putunga PS te paparanga MS o runga rawa, ā, i whakapōturitia (Pikitia 7d). E kī ana tēnei whakaritenga hanganga he hanganga piki ake te pagoda, ehara i te mea he paipa hau anake. Nō reira, E rua ngā tukanga matua e whakahaere ana i te hanganga o te pagoda: a) ka heke te mātotoru o te paru ngohengohe i te urunga mai o te hau i raro; b) ka piki ake te ranunga hau-para, arā, ko te takai, te hapa me te whati i kitea. Ka puta ngā putunga MS (Pikitia 7). Kua whakaarohia he tikanga hanganga rite mō ngā pagoda e hono ana ki ngā hydrates hau i te Moana o Scotia ki te Tonga (Antarctica). I puta ngā pagoda BdM i roto i ngā rōpū i ngā wāhi pukepuke, ā, ko te toharite o tō rātou whānuitanga poutū he 70–100 m i roto i te wā haere rua-ara (TWTT) (Pikitia 7a). Nā te aroaro o ngā nekehanga MS me te whakaaro ki te stratigraphy o te matua kaha BdM, ka whakatau mātou ko te pakeke hanganga o ngā hanganga pagoda he iti iho i te 14–12 ka. Hei tāpiri, kei te kaha tonu te tipu o ēnei hanganga (Pikitia 7d) i te mea kua whakaekea e ētahi pagoda, kua whakapēhia te onepu BdM o runga (Pikitia 7d).
Ko te korenga o te pagoda e whiti i te papa moana o nāianei e tohu ana (a) te pikinga hau me/ranei te whakamutu ā-rohe o te ranunga hau-paraoa, me/ranei (b) te rere taha pea o te ranunga hau-paraoa kāore e āhei te tukanga pēhanga ā-rohe. E ai ki te tauira ariā diapir52, e whakaatu ana te rere taha i te taurite kino i waenga i te tere o te tuku o te ranunga paru-hau mai i raro me te tere o te neke ake o te pagoda. Ko te whakahekenga o te tere tuku pea e pā ana ki te pikinga o te mātotoru o te ranunga nā te ngaronga o te tuku hau. Ko ngā hua kua whakarāpopototia i runga ake nei me te pikinga o te pagoda e whakahaerehia ana e te pūwero ka taea e tātou te whakatau tata i te teitei o te pou hau hg. Ko te pūwero e homai ana e ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρg), ko g te kaha ā-papa (9.8 m/s2) ā, ko ρw me ρg ngā mātotoru o te wai me te hau, ia. Ko ΔP te tapeke o te Pdef i tatauhia i mua me te pēhanga lithostatic Plith o te pereti paraoa, arā ρsg h, ko ρs te te mātotoru o te paru. I tēnei wā, ko te uara o te hg e hiahiatia ana mō te pūmau e hiahiatia ana ka hoatuhia e hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)]. I roto i te BdM, ka whakatakotoria e mātou a Pdef = 0.3 Pa me te h = 100 m (tirohia i runga ake nei), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, he iti noa iho te ρg nā te mea ko ρw ≫ρg. Ka whiwhi mātou i a hg = 245 m, he uara e tohu ana i te hohonutanga o te raro o te GSL. Ko te ΔP he 2.4 MPa, koinei te pēhanga nui e hiahiatia ana hei pakaru i te papa moana BdM me te hanga i ngā pūhau.
He rite te hanganga o te hau BdM ki ngā pūtake o te koroka i whakarerekētia e te tāpiritanga o ngā wai e pā ana ki ngā tauhohenga tango waro o ngā toka papa (Pikitia 6). Ko ngā whakaritenga EW o ngā kōpuku BdM me ngā puia hohe pērā i a Ischia, Campi Flegre, me Soma-Vesuvius, me te hanganga o ngā hau i tukuna, e kī ana he ranunga ngā hau i tukuna mai i te koroka i raro i te rohe puia katoa o Naples. He nui haere ngā wai papa e neke ana mai i te hauauru (Ischia) ki te rawhiti (Somma-Vesuivus) (Pikitia 1b me te 6).
Kua whakatau mātou i roto i te Whanga o Naples, he torutoru kiromita mai i te tauranga o Naples, he hanganga rite ki te tuanui 25 km2 te whānui e pāngia ana e te tukanga tango hau kaha, ā, nā te whakatakotoranga o ngā pagoda me ngā puke i puta mai. I tēnei wā, e kī ana ngā tohu BdM ko te ngangau kore-magmatic53 ka mua pea i te puia embryonic, arā, ko te tukunga wawe o te magma me/ranei ngā wai wera. Me whakatinana ngā mahi aroturuki hei tātari i te whanaketanga o ngā āhuatanga me te kite i ngā tohu matawhenua me te matawhenua e tohu ana i ngā raruraru magmatic pea.
I kohia ngā kōtaha pou wai oro (2D) i te wā o te haerenga SAFE_2014 (Akuhata 2014) i runga i te R/V Urania (CNR) e te National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). I whakahaerehia te tauira oro mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu oro wehewehe hihi pūtaiao Simrad EK60 e whakahaere ana i te 38 kHz. I tuhia ngā raraunga oro i te tere toharite o te 4 km. I whakamahia ngā whakaahua oro i kohia hei tautuhi i ngā tukunga wai me te tautuhi tika i tō rātou wāhi i te rohe kohi (i waenga i te 74 me te 180 m bsl). Inehia ngā tawhā ā-tinana me te matū i roto i te pou wai mā te whakamahi i ngā whakamātautau maha-tawhā (te kawe, te pāmahana me te hohonu, CTD). I kohia ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i tētahi whakamātautau CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) ā, i tukatukahia mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa SBED-Win32 (Seasave, putanga 7.23.2). I whakahaerehia he tirotiro tirohanga o te papa moana mā te whakamahi i tētahi taputapu ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) (waka whakahaere mamao). me ngā kāmera e rua (te whakamāramatanga iti me te whakamāramatanga teitei).
I whakahaerehia te kohikohinga raraunga maha-hipa mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha sonar maha-hipa Simrad EM710 100 KHz (Kongsberg). Kua honoa te pūnaha ki tētahi pūnaha tūnga ā-ao rerekē hei whakarite i ngā hapa ine-iti i roto i te tūnga hihi. Ko te auau o te pāorooro he 100 KHz, he pāoro pupuhi he 150° nekehanga, ā, he whakatuwheratanga katoa o te 400 hihi. Inehia me te whakamahi i ngā kōtaha tere oro i te wā tūturu i te wā e kohikohia ana. I tukatukahia ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) e ai ki te paerewa o te International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) mō te whakatere me te whakatika tai. I whakahaerehia te whakaiti haruru nā ngā pikinga taputapu tūpono me te tango hihi kounga-kore me ngā taputapu whakatika roopu me te tango-pikinga. Ka mahia te kimi tere oro tonu e tētahi teihana keel kei te taha o te transducer maha-hipa, ā, ka whiwhi me te whakamahi i ngā kōtaha tere oro wā-tūturu i roto i te pou wai i ia 6-8 hāora hei whakarato i te tere oro wā-tūturu mō te tika. te urungi kurupae. Ko te huinga raraunga katoa he tata ki te 440 km2 (0-1200 m te hohonu). I whakamahia ngā raraunga hei whakarato i tētahi tauira whenua matihiko taumira teitei (DTM) e tohuhia ana e te rahi pūtau whatunga 1 m. Ko te DTM whakamutunga (Pikitia 1a) i mahia me ngā raraunga whenua (>0 m i runga ake i te taumata moana) i riro mai i te rahi pūtau whatunga 20 m e te Italian Geo-Military Institute.
I kohia he kōtaha raraunga ru whenua kotahi-hongere teitei, 55-kiromita te roa, i te wā o ngā haerenga moana haumaru i te tau 2007 me te 2014, ā, i kapi i tētahi rohe tata ki te 113 kiromita tapawha, i runga i te R/V Urania. I whiwhihia ngā kōtaha Marisk (hei tauira, te kōtaha ru whenua L1, Pikitia 1b) mā te whakamahi i te pūnaha boomer IKB-Seistec. Kei roto i te waeine hopu he catamaran 2.5 m te roa kei reira te pūtake me te kaiwhiwhi. Kei roto i te waitohu pūtake he tihi pai kotahi e tohuhia ana i roto i te awhe auau 1-10 kHz, ā, ka taea te whakatau i ngā whakaata e wehea ana e te 25 cm. I whiwhihia ngā kōtaha ru whenua haumaru mā te whakamahi i tētahi pūtake ru whenua Geospark maha-pito 1.4 Kj e hono ana ki te pūmanawa Geotrace (Geo Marine Survey System). Kei roto i te pūnaha he catamaran kei roto he pūtake 1–6.02 KHz e uru ana ki te 400 mirihekona ki roto i te paru ngohengohe i raro i te papa moana, me te taumira poutū ariā o te 30 cm. I whiwhihia ngā taputapu Safe me Marsik i he tere o te 0.33 pupuhi/hēkona me te tere o te oko toto <3 Kn. I tukatukahia, i whakaaturia hoki ngā raraunga mā te whakamahi i te pūmanawa Geosuite Allworks me te tukanga mahi e whai ake nei: te whakatikatika i te whānui, te whakamōkito i te pou wai, te tātari IIR bandpass 2-6 KHz, me te AGC.
I kohia te hau mai i te fumarole i raro i te wai i runga i te papa moana mā te whakamahi i tētahi pouaka kirihou he diaphragm rapa kei tōna taha o runga, i whakatakotoria ki raro e te ROV ki runga i te pūhau. Kia whakakapia katoatia te wai moana e ngā mirumiru hau e tomo ana ki te pouaka, ka hoki te ROV ki te hohonutanga o te 1 m, ā, ka whakawhitia e te ruku te hau i kohia mā roto i tētahi septum rapa ki roto i ngā ipu karāhe 60 mL kua tangohia i mua, he mea whakakī ki ngā kōhao Teflon, ā, i whakakīia tētahi ki te 20 mL o te otinga 5N NaOH (ipu momo Gegenbach). Ko ngā momo hau waikawa matua (CO2 me te H2S) ka rewa ki roto i te otinga kawakore, ko ngā momo hau wairewa iti (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 me ngā hauwaiwai māmā) ka rongoatia ki roto i te wāhi upoko o te pounamu tauira. I tātarihia ngā hau wairewa iti kore-waro mā te chromatography hau (GC) mā te whakamahi i tētahi Shimadzu 15A he pou tātari ngota 5A 10 m te roa me tētahi taputapu kite kawe wera (TCD) 54. Ko te Argon me te O2 i I tātarihia mā te whakamahi i tētahi chromatography hau Thermo Focus me tētahi pou tatari ngota capillary 30 m te roa me te TCD. I tātarihia ngā hauwaiwaro methane me ngā warowaihā māmā mā te whakamahi i tētahi chromatography hau Shimadzu 14A me tētahi pou maitai kore waikura 10 m te roa kua whakakiia ki te mata Chromosorb PAW 80/100, kua pania ki te 23% SP 1700 me tētahi taputapu kite ionization mura (FID). I whakamahia te wāhanga wai mō te tātari i te 1) CO2, as, i titrated ki te otinga 0.5 N HCl (Metrohm Basic Titrino) me te 2) H2S, as, i muri i te waikura ki te 5 mL H2O2 (33%), mā te chromatography ion (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Ko te hapa tātari o te titration, GC me te tātari IC he iti iho i te 5%. I muri i ngā tikanga tango me te purenga paerewa mō ngā ranunga hau, i tātarihia te 13C/12C CO2 (e whakaatuhia ana ko δ13C-CO2% me V-PDB) mā te whakamahi i tētahi Ine papatipu Finningan Delta S55,56. Ko ngā paerewa i whakamahia hei whakatau tata i te tika o waho ko Carrara me San Vincenzo marble (o roto), NBS18 me NBS19 (ao whānui), ko te hapa tātari me te āheinga tāruarua he ±0.05% me te ±0.1%, ia.
I whakatauhia ngā uara δ15N (e whakaatuhia ana ko te % vs. Hau) me te 40Ar/36Ar mā te whakamahi i te Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) i honoa ki te Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Ko te hapa tātari ko: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%. Ko te ōwehenga isotope He (e whakaatuhia ana ko R/Ra, ko R ko 3He/4He i inehia i roto i te tauira, ā, ko Ra te ōwehenga ōrite i roto i te āhuarangi: 1.39 × 10−6)57 i whakatauhia i te taiwhanga o INGV-Palermo (Itari) I whakatauhia te 3He, 4He me te 20Ne mā te whakamahi i te spectrometer papatipu kaikohi takirua (Helix SFT-GVI)58 i muri i te wehenga o He me Ne. Hapa tātari ≤ 0.3%. Ko ngā āputa noa mō He me Ne ko <10-14 me <10-16 mol, ia.
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