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Re tlaleha bopaki ba seafloor seafloor.These formations emela top of the shallow crustal structures, including pagodas, faults and folds that affect the seabed the Seasons and folds that touch the Seafloor of Naples (Italy) .These formations of the seafloor karabelo ea mantle melts and crustal rocks.Ho ka etsahala hore likhase tsena li tšoana le tse fepang tsamaiso ea hydrothermal ea Ischia, Campi Flegre le Soma-Vesuvius, e fana ka maikutlo a hore ho na le mohloli oa mantle o kopantsoeng le maro a crustal ka tlas'a Kou ea Naples. liphoso, le ho ntšoa ha khase ke lipontšo tsa merusu eo e seng ea seretse se chesang e ka 'nang ea phatlalatsa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang le/kapa ho phatloha ha metsi.
Ho ntšoa ha metsi a tebileng a leoatle (metsi a chesang le khase) ke karolo e tloaelehileng ea matsoapo a bohareng ba leoatle le mathōko a lipoleiti tse kobehang (ho kenyeletsoa le likarolo tse ka tlas'a metsi tsa lihlekehlekeng tsa lihlekehleke), athe ho ntšoa ha metsi a batang a khase (chlatrates) hangata ke liluloaneng tsa kontinenteng le mathōkong a se nang letho1, 2,3, 2,3, 2,3, 2,3, 2004 libakeng tse lebopong la leoatle ho bolela mehloli ea mocheso (matamo a magma) ka har'a bokaholimo ba continental le/kapa mantle mesi e haufi le libaka tse lebōpong la leoatle tse nang le baahi ba bangata joalo ka sebaka se foqohang seretse se chesang sa Naples Italy (~ 1 milione ea baahi) ke ea bohlokoa bakeng sa ho hlahloba libaka tse ka bang teng seretse se chesang. Ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang ho sa tebang. Letša la 12, ho na le litlaleho tse fokolang haholo. Mona, re hlahisa lintlha tse ncha tsa bathymetric, seismic, water column, le geochemical data bakeng sa sebaka se ka tlas'a metsi, sa morphologically le structurally complex se anngoeng ke tlhahiso ea khase Koung ea Naples (Southern Italy), hoo e ka bang lik'hilomithara tse 5 ho tloha boema-kepeng ba Naples. Urania. Re hlalosa le ho toloka libaka tse ka tlas'a leoatle le ka tlas'a lefatše moo khase e hlahisoang teng, re batlisisa mehloli ea maro a phallang, re khetholla le ho khetholla mekhoa e laolang ho phahama ha khase le ho senyeha ho amanang le eona, 'me re buisana ka liphello tsa seretse se chesang.
Kou ea Naples e theha moeli o ka bophirimela oa Plio-Quaternary, NW-SE e telele ea Campania tectonic depression13,14,15.EW ea Ischia (hoo e ka bang ka 150-1302 AD), Campi Flegre crater (hoo e ka bang ka 300-1538) le Soma-Vesuvius (ho tloha ka leboea ho 1934) tokisetso AD) 15, ha ka boroa e le moeli oa Hloahloeng ea Sorrento (Setšoantšo sa 1a). Kou ea Naples e angoa ke NE-SW le liphoso tse kholo tsa bobeli tsa NW-SE (Setšoantšo sa 1) 14,15.Ischia, Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius li khetholloa ka lipontšo tsa hydrothermal, shallow6, seismig, 18 deformation, 18, 18, 14, 15. ketsahalo ea moferefere Campi Flegrei ka 1982-1984, ka ho phahamisoa ha 1.8 m le likete tsa litšisinyeho tsa lefatše). ea Campi Flegrei le 18 ka ea Somma Vesuvius laola tsamaiso ea sedimentary ea Kou ea Naples. The tlaase leoatle boemong ba ho qetela glacial maximum (18 ka) le ile a etsa hore regression ea offshore-shallow sedimentary tsamaiso ea, eo ka mor'a moo e ile ea tlatsoa ke transgressive liketsahalo nakong ea Late Pleistocene gastrocene-Sumaricenes Ischia le lebōpong la leoatle la Campi Flegre le haufi le Thaba ea Soma-Vesuvius (Setšoantšo sa 1b).
(a) Litokisetso tsa sebopeho le sebopeho sa shelefo ea kontinente le Kou ea Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Matheba ke litsi tse kholo tsa seretse se chesang sa metsing; mela e mefubelu e emela liphoso tse kholo.(b) Bathymetry ea Kou ea Naples e nang le li-vents tsa mokelikeli tse lemohuoeng (matheba) le mesaletsa ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše (mela e metšo) .Mela e mosehla ke litselana tsa melapo ea litšisinyeho tsa lefatše L1 le L2 e tlalehiloeng ho Setšoantšo sa 6.Meeli ea Banco della Montagna (ka BdM) e tšoauoa ka mehala e putsoa. (a,b).Masekoere a mosehla a tšoaea libaka tsa liprofaele tsa kholomo ea metsi a acoustic, 'me liforeimi tsa CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 le ROV li tlalehoa ho Feiga.5.Selika-likoe se mosehla se tšoaea sebaka sa sampole sa khase e ntšoang,' me sebopeho sa eona se bontšoa ho Lethathamo la S1.Golden Software (http://www.goldensoftware®s generater.com/product surd.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tse fumanoeng nakong ea SAFE_2014 (August 2014) cruise (bona Methods), ho hahiloe Digital Terrain Model (DTM) e ncha ea Kou ea Naples e nang le qeto ea 1 m.DTM e bonts'a hore sebaka se ka boroa sa leoatle ka boroa ho Port of Naples se tšoauoa ka ho thella hamonate ka boroa-ka boroa 3 × 5 × 3 ka boroa. Sebopeho se kang sa dome sa 5.3 km, sebakeng seo se tsejoang e le Banco della Montagna (BdM). 1a,b).BdM e hola botebong ba limithara tse ka bang 100 ho isa ho tse 170, limithara tse 15 ho isa ho tse 20 ka holim'a sebaka se potolohileng leoatle. The BdM dome e bontšitse morphology e kang tutulu ka lebaka la 280 subcircular to oval mounds (Fig. 2a), 665 cones, le 30 mound circumference (30 mound). ea 22 m le 1,800 m, ka ho latellana. The circularity [C = 4π(area/perimeter2)] ea litutulu e ile ea fokotseha ka ho eketseha pherimitha (Fig. 2b) .Axial ratios bakeng sa litutulu li ne li le pakeng tsa 1 le 6.5, ka litutulu tse nang le axial ratio>2 e bontšang seteraeke se khethiloeng + 15sper ho feta + 15sper ho feta, N45sper N105 ° E ho ea ho N145 ° E otla (Setšoantšo sa 2c). Likhoune tse le 'ngoe kapa tse tsamaellanang li teng sefofaneng sa BdM le ka holim'a tutulu (setšoantšo sa 3a,b) meeli e ka leboea-bochabela le boroa-bophirimela ea sebaka sa BdM (setšoantšo sa 4a,b); tsela e sa atolositsoeng ea NW-SE e sebakeng se bohareng sa BdM.
(a) Moetso oa sebaka sa dijithale (boholo ba sele ea 1 m) ea dome ea Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Perimitha le ho pota-pota ha litutulu tsa BdM.(c) Axial ratio le angle (tsebiso) ea axis e kholo ea ellipse e lekanang hantle ka ho fetesisa e potolohileng tutulu.Phoso e tloaelehileng ea Moetso oa Digital0;04 Terrain ke m.0 m.00 liphoso tse tloaelehileng tsa ho pota-pota le ho pota-pota ke 4.83 m le 0.01, ka ho latellana, le liphoso tse tloaelehileng tsa axial ratio le angle ke 0,04 le 3.34 °, ka ho latellana.
Dintlha tsa dikhouno tse hlwauweng, dikreite, ditutulu le mekoti sebakeng sa BdM tse ntshitsweng ho DTM ho Setshwantsho sa 2.
(a) Likhoune tsa ho tsamaisana sebakeng se bataletseng sa leoatle; (b) likhoune le mekoti holim’a litutulu tse tšesaane tsa NW-SE; (c) li-pockmarks sebakeng se kolobisitsoeng hanyenyane.
(a) Phatlalatso ea sebaka ea li-craters tse lemohuoeng, likoti, le khase e tsoang.(b) Ho teteana ha sebaka sa li-craters le likoti tse tlalehiloeng ho (a) (nomoro/0.2 km2).
Re hloaile likhase tse 37 sebakeng sa BdM ho tsoa ho ROV water column echo litšoantšo tsa molumo le litebello tse tobileng tsa sebaka sa leoatle se fumanoeng nakong ea leeto la SAFE_2014 ka Phato 2014 (Lipalo 4 le 5). Ho haella ha molumo oa mesi ena ho bonts'a libopeho tse otlolohileng tse otlolohileng tse nyolohang lipakeng tsa 12 m floor. (Setšoantšo sa 5a). Libakeng tse ling, li-acoustic anomalies li ile tsa theha "terene" e batlang e tsoela pele.Maqhubu a bubble a hlokometsoeng a fapana haholo: ho tloha ho sa khaotseng, ho phalla ha bubble e teteaneng ho ea ho liketsahalo tsa nakoana (Supplementary Movie 1) .Tlhahlobo ea ROV e lumella ho netefatsa hore na ho etsahala'ng ha mokelikeli oa metsi a leoatleng, ka linako tse ling o totobatsa likaroloana tse khubelu tsa metsi a leoatleng, ka linako tse ling li hlahisa marotholi a makhubelu a leoatle. (Setšoantšo sa 5b) .Maemong a mang, liteishene tsa ROV li tsosolosa tlhahiso. The vent morphology e bonts'a ho bula selikalikoe ka holimo ho se nang leqhubu ka har'a metsi.The pH ka holim'a metsi ka holim'a ntlha ea ho ntša metsi e bontšitse ho theoha ho hoholo, ho bontšang maemo a acidic haholoanyane sebakeng sa heno (setšoan botebo ba limithara) ho 7.8 (ka botebo ba limithara tse 75) (Setšoantšo sa 5c), athe libaka tse ling Koung ea Naples li ne li e-na le litekanyetso tsa pH pakeng tsa 0 le 160 m ka nako e tebileng pakeng tsa 8.3 le 8.5 (Setšoantšo sa 5d). ea 70 m, mocheso ke 15 °C le letsoai ke hoo e ka bang 38 PSU (sa feiga. 5c, d) . Litekanyo tsa pH, mocheso, le letsoai le bontšitsoeng: a) ho kenya letsoho ha maro a acidic a amanang le mokhoa oa BdM degassing le b) ho ba sieo kapa ho tsoa butle haholo ha maro a mocheso le brine.
(a) Fensetere ea phumano ea profaele ea kholomo ea metsi a acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60) .Letlapa le otlolohileng le letala le tsamaellanang le lelakabe la khase le lemohuoang ho tsoa ha mokelikeli oa EM50 (hoo e ka bang 75 m ka tlase ho bophahamo ba leoatle) sebakeng sa BdM; matšoao a multiplex a tlaase le a leoatle a boetse a bontšoa (b) a bokelloa ka koloi e laoloang ka thōko sebakeng sa BdM Setšoantšo se le seng se bontša crater e nyenyane (selika-likoe se letšo) se pota-potiloeng ke sediment e khubelu ho ea ho lamunu. kholomo ea metsi ka holim'a phallo ea mokelikeli EM50 (phanele c) le ka ntle ho sebaka sa ho tsoa ha Bdm (d).
Re ile ra bokella disampole tse tharo tsa khase sebakeng sa boithuto lipakeng tsa la 22 Phato le la 28, 2014. Mehlala ena e bonts'itse mefuta e ts'oanang, e laoloang ke CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), e lateloe ke likhakanyo tse amehang tsa N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) le H2S/mol/mol - H2S (0.4) mmol. O ne a fokola haholo (<0.052 le <0.016 mmol/mol, ka ho latellana) (Fig. 1b; Letlapa la S1, Supplementary Movie 2) .Palo e phahameng haholo ea O2 le Ar le eona e ne e lekantsoe (ho fihla ho 3.2 le 0.18 mmol/mol, ka ho latellana). Kakaretso ea leseli la 0 mmol / 0 ho tloha ho 0mol carbon. e na le C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (haholo-holo benzene), propene le metsoako e nang le sebabole (thiophene). Theko ea 40Ar/36Ar e tsamaisana le moea (295.5), leha sampole EM35 (BdM dome) e na le boleng ba 304, e bonts'a tekanyo e nyane haholo. + 1.98% vs. Air), ha litekanyetso tsa δ13C-CO2 li ne li tloha ho -0.93 ho ea ho 0.44% khahlanong le V-PDB.R/Ra (ka mor'a ho lokisa tšilafalo ea moea ka ho sebelisa tekanyo ea 4He/20Ne) li ne li le pakeng tsa 1.66 le 1.94, e leng se bontšang boteng ba karoloana e kholo ea COB e nang le karoloana e kholo ea COB e nang le COB e kholo ea He/20Ne. e tsitsitseng isotope 22, mohloli oa mesi ho BdM o ka hlakisoa ka ho eketsehileng.Mapeng oa CO2 bakeng sa CO2/3He khahlano le δ13C (Setšoantšo sa 6), sebopeho sa khase ea BdM se bapisoa le sa Ischia, Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Tlhahiso ea khase ea BdM: melts e entsoeng ka mantle e qhibilihisitsoeng, li-organic-rich sediments, and carbonates lefika la khase.
Li-hybrid line lipakeng tsa sebopeho sa mantle le litho tsa ho qetela tsa li-limestone le li-organic sediments li tlalehoa hore li bapisoe liminerale tsa carbonate.
Likarolo tsa seismic L1 le L2 (Figs. 1b le 7) li bontša phetoho pakeng tsa BdM le tatellano ea distal stratigraphic ea Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) le Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b) libaka tsa seretse se chesang. top one (MS) e bontša subparallel reflectors of high to moderate amplitude and lateral continuity (Fig. 7b, c) . Lera lena le kenyelletsa mashala a marine a hulisoang ke Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) tsamaiso 'me e na le lehlabathe le letsopa23. The underlying PS layer (Fig. 7b-d) e khetholloa ke moferefere o ka holimo oa PS mokhahlelo oa hora kapa oa hora ea moferefere oa hora. sediments thehile litutulu tsa leoatle (Fig. 7d) ENE karolo ea karolo ea L1, ha e ntse e soeufala ho ea BdM ka lebaka la ho ba teng ha lesela le tletseng khase (GSL) le koahetsoeng ke maemo a mang a ka hare a tatellano ea MS (Fig. 7a) Gravity cores e bokelitsoeng ka holimo ho BdM e lumellanang le seismic e hlakileng e bontšang hore karolo e ka holimo ea 40 cm e na le lehlabathe le sa tsoa kenngoa; ) 24,25 le likhechana tsa pumice ho tloha ho phatloha ho hoholo ha Campi Flegrei ea "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka) 26. Karolo e hlakileng ea lesela la PS e ke ke ea hlalosoa ka mekhoa ea ho kopanya moferefere e le 'ngoe, hobane lihlopha tse ferekaneng tse amanang le ho foqoha ha mobu, ho phalla ha seretse le pyroclasticdM flows ka ntle ho Gulf of the Naples. opaque21,23,24.Re etsa qeto ea hore li-seismic facies tsa BdM PS tse hlokometsoeng hammoho le ponahalo ea subsea outcrop PS layer (setšoantšo sa 7d) se bonahatsa ho phahama ha khase ea tlhaho.
(a) Pina e le 'ngoe ea sesmic profile L1 (navigation trace in Fig. 1b) displaying columnar (pagoda) tlhophiso ea sebaka.Pagoda e na le chaotic deposits ea pumice le lehlabathe.Lera le tletseng khase le teng ka tlas'a pagoda le tlosa tsoelo-pele ea mekhoa e tebileng haholoanyane. 1b), e totobatsang ho seha le ho phethoha ha litutulu tsa leoatle, marine (MS), le li-deposit tsa lehlabathe la pumice (PS) .(c) Lintlha tsa deformation ho MS le PS li tlalehoa ka (c,d). Ha re nka lebelo la 1580 m/s sebakeng se ka holimo-limo, 100 ms e emela hoo e ka bang 80 ms sekaleng.
Litšobotsi tsa morphological le tsa sebopeho sa BdM li ts'oana le masimo a mang a subsea hydrothermal le khase hydrate lefatšeng ka bophara2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34' me hangata li amahanngoa le ho phahamisa (likotla le litutulu) le Phallo ea khase (li-cones, likoti le lithapo tse entsoeng ka nako e telele). ho kenella ho laoloang (Litšoantšo tsa 2 le 3) .Tlhahiso ea sebaka sa litutulu, mekoti le masoba a sebetsang a fana ka maikutlo a hore kabo ea tsona e laoloa ka mokhoa o itseng ke ho robeha ha phello ea NW-SE le NE-SW (Fig. 4b) .Tsena ke literaeke tse ratoang tsa litsamaiso tsa liphoso tse amang Campi Flegrei le Somma-Vesuvius libaka tse itseng tsa sebaka se foqohang seretse se chesang sa Gulf of the Gulf volcanic and the Gulf volcanic. the hydrothermal discharge from Campi Flegrei crater35. Ka hona re etsa qeto ea hore liphoso le fractures Koung ea Naples emela tsela e ratoang bakeng sa ho falla ha khase holimo, e leng tšobotsi e arolelanoang ke mekhoa e meng e laoloang ka mokhoa oa hydrothermal system36,37. Ka ho hlokomelehang, li-cones le likoti tsa BdM li ne li sa amahanngoa kamehla le li-mounds tsena. e hlile e emela li-precursors tsa ho thehoa ha mekoti, joalo ka ha bangoli ba bang ba khothalelitse libaka tsa khase ea hydrate32,33.Liqeto tsa rona li tšehetsa khopolo-taba ea hore ho senyeha ha sediments sa dome seafloor hase kamehla ho lebisang ho thehoeng ha likoting.
Likhase tse tharo tse bokelletsoeng li bonts'a likhemikhale tse tloaelehileng tsa maro a hydrothermal, haholo-holo CO2 e nang le likhase tse fokolang tse fokotsang (H2S, CH4 le H2) le li-hydrocarbon tse bobebe (haholo-holo benzene le propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 5pheric ea boteng ba Smoo1, 44, 44, 44, 44, 43, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44, 44,, (joalo ka O2), tse sa lebelloang hore li be teng ka mesi ea likepe tse tsamaeang ka tlas'a metsi, e kanna ea ba ka lebaka la tšilafalo e tsoang moeeng o qhibilihisitsoeng metsing a leoatle a kopanang le likhase tse bolokiloeng ka mabokoseng a polasetiki a sebelisetsoang ho etsa sampole, kaha li-ROV li ntšoa botebong ba leoatle ho ea leoatleng ho tsohela matla. metsi) fana ka maikutlo a hore boholo ba N2 e hlahisoa ho tsoa mehloling e kaholimo ho sepakapaka, tumellanong le mohloli o ka sehloohong oa hydrothermal oa likhase tsena. Tšimoloho ea hydrothermal-volcanic ea khase ea BdM e netefatsoa ke CO2 le He contents le li-isotopic tsa tsona. Li-isotopi tsa carbon (δ13C-CO2 ho tloha ho +0.34% ea CO2 ho ea ho -0.34% ea CO2 ho ea ho -0.34% ea CO2 ho ea ho CO2. 1.7 × 1010 ho 4.1 × 1010) fana ka maikutlo a hore disampole BdM ke tsa mokhoa o tsoakiloeng oa fumaroles ho pota-pota litho tsa kobo ea Kou ea Naples le decarbonization Kamano pakeng tsa likhase tse hlahisoang ke karabelo (Setšoantšo sa 6) Libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang tsa Somma-Veusivus. Li crustal ho feta tsa Ischia fumaroles, tse haufi le pheletso ea mantle.Somma-Vesuvius le Campi Flegrei li na le boleng bo phahameng ba 3He/4He values (R/Ra between 2.6 and 2.9) ho feta BdM (R/Ra between 1.166; Sena se fana ka maikutlo a hore S/1). ho bokellana ha radiogenic O simolohile mohloling o le mong oa magma o ileng oa fepa seretse se chesang sa Somma-Vesuvius le Campi Flegrei.
Ho ipapisitsoe le lintlha tse tlalehiloeng kaholimo le liphetho ho tsoa ho mehlala ea liteko ea meaho e kang dome e amanang le libaka tse nang le khase e ngata ea subsea, khatello e tebileng ea khase e kanna ea ikarabella bakeng sa ho theha libaka tsa BdM tsa lik'hilomithara tse ngata. is a subcircular sheet of radius e kholo ho feta deformed soft viscous deposit The vertical maximum displacement w le botenya h ea (Supplementary Fig. S1) .Pdef ke phapang pakeng tsa khatello ea kakaretso le rock static pressure hammoho le khatello ea kholomo ea metsi.At BdM, radius e ka bang 2,500 m, w ke 20 m e ka bang 20 m, le hoo e ka bang 10 m² ea seimic ho hakanngoa hore P. 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 ho tloha kamanong, moo D e leng ho satalla ha flexural; D e fanoe ke (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], moo E e leng modulus oa Mocha oa depositi, ν ke karo-karolelano ea Poisson (~0.5)33.Kaha thepa ea mochini ea mashala a BdM e ke ke ea lekanngoa, re beha E = 140 kPa, e leng boleng bo utloahalang bakeng sa lehlabathe le le leng la 47 ha re nahane ka li-sediment tse 4 tse lebōpong la leoatle, B4 ha re nahane ka sediments tse 2 tse phahameng. Litekanyetso tsa E tse tlalehiloeng libukeng bakeng sa li-deposit tsa letsopa (300
Sebopeho sa khase ea BdM se lumellana le mehloli ea mantle e fetotsoeng ke ho eketsoa ha metsi a amanang le liketso tsa decarbonization ea majoe a crustal (Setšoantšo sa 6) . Likamano tse thata tsa EW tsa matlo a BdM le libaka tse foqohang seretse se chesang tse kang Ischia, Campi Flegre le Soma-Vesuvius, hammoho le ho hlophisoa ha metsi a ka tlaase ho moo, ho fana ka maikutlo a ho hlophisoa ha li-gases tse tsoang ho li-gases kaofela tsa Naples. Sebaka sa ho foqoha ha seretse se chesang se kopane Mekelikeli a ntseng a eketseha a crustal ho tloha bophirimela (Ischia) ho ea bochabela (Somma-Vesuivus) (Setšoantšo sa 1b le 6).
Re fihletse qeto ea hore Kou ea Naples, lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho tloha koung ea Naples, ho na le mohaho o kang oa dome oa 25 km2 o angoang ke ts'ebetso e sebetsang ea degassing' me e bakoa ke ho behoa ha li-pagodas le lithako. maro a chesang.Mesebetsi ea ho beha leihlo e lokela ho kengoa ts'ebetsong ho hlahloba phetoho ea liketsahalo le ho lemoha matšoao a geochemical le a geophysical a bontšang tšitiso e ka 'nang ea e-ba teng.
Li-acoustic water column profiles (2D) li ile tsa fumanoa nakong ea SAFE_2014 (August 2014) cruise on the R/V Urania (CNR) by the National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC) .Sampling acoustic e ile ea etsoa ke saense beam-splitting echo sounder Simrad EK60 e ne e sebetsa ka rekote ka 34 k. km. Litšoantšo tse bokelitsoeng tsa echosounder li ne li sebelisetsoa ho khetholla ho tsoa ha mokelikeli le ho hlalosa ka nepo sebaka sa bona sebakeng sa pokello (pakeng tsa 74 le 180 m bsl). Lekanya likarolo tsa 'mele le tsa lik'hemik'hale ka har'a kholomo ea metsi ho sebelisa li-multiparameter probes (conductivity, mocheso le botebo, CTD) .Data e ile ea bokelloa ho sebelisoa CTD 911 probe, ElectronicBird, Inc. SBED-Win32 software (Seasave, version 7.23.2) .Tlhahlobo ea pono ea botlaaseng ba leoatle e ile ea etsoa ho sebelisoa "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV sesebelisoa (koloi e sebelisoang ka thōko) e nang le lik'hamera tse peli (tse tlaase le tse phahameng).
Multibeam data acquisition e ne e etsoa ho sebelisoa 100 KHz Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar system (Kongsberg) .Sistimi e amahanngoa le mokhoa o fapaneng oa boemo ba lefats'e ho netefatsa liphoso tsa sub-metric sebakeng sa beam positioning.Leqhubu la acoustic le na le maqhubu a 100 KHz, mocheso oa ho thunya oa likhato tse 4 le ho bula likhato tse 4050 kaofela. liprofaele tsa lebelo la molumo ka nako ea 'nete nakong ea ho fumana De-spiking tool (DTM) e khetholloang ka boholo ba lisele tsa grid ea 1. DTM ea ho qetela (setšoantšo sa 1a) e entsoe ka lintlha tsa sebaka (> 0 m ka holim'a bophahamo ba leoatle) e fumanoeng ka boholo ba lisele tsa grid ea 20 ke Setsi sa Sesole sa Geo-Sesole sa Italy.
55-kilometer e phahameng-resolution single-channel seismic data profil, e bokelletsoeng nakong ea maeto a sireletsehileng a leoatle ka 2007 le 2014, e koahela sebaka se ka bang lisekoere-k'hilomithara tse 113, ka bobeli ho R/V Urania.Marisk profiles (mohlala, L1 seismic profile, Fig. yuniti ea ho fumana e na le catamaran ea limithara tse 2.5 moo mohloli le moamoheli li behiloeng teng.Tshaeno ea mohloli e na le tlhōrō e le 'ngoe e ntle e khetholloang ka maqhubu a maqhubu a 1-10 kHz 'me e lumella ho rarolla li-reflectors tse arohaneng ka 25 cm Tsamaiso).Sistimi e na le catamaran e nang le mohloli oa 1-6.02 KHz o kenang ho fihlela ho 400 milliseconds ka sediment e bonolo ka tlas'a leoatle la leoatle, e nang le qeto ea theoretical ea 30 cm. Lisebelisoa ka bobeli Safe le Marsik li ile tsa fumanoa ka tekanyo ea 0.33 shots / sec le software e entsoeng ka sekepe ea k'homphieutha e ne e hlahisoa ke34 ka ts'ebetso e latelang: tokiso ea katoloso, ho khutsisa kholomo ea metsi, 2-6 KHz bandpass IIR sefa, le AGC.
Khase e tsoang fumarole e ka tlas'a metsi e ne e bokelloa ka tlas'a leoatle ho sebelisoa lebokose la polasetiki le nang le diaphragm ea rabara ka lehlakoreng la eona le ka holimo, le behiloe ka holimo ke ROV holim'a leqhubu. Li-flasks tsa khalase tsa mL tse nang le li-stopcocks tsa Teflon tseo ho tsona One e neng e tlatsitsoe ka 20 mL ea 5N NaOH solution (Gegenbach-type flask). Mefuta e ka sehloohong ea khase ea asiti (CO2 le H2S) e qhibilihisoa ka tharollo ea alkaline, ha mefuta e tlaase ea khase ea solubility (N2, Ar + O2, CO, H2, He, samp, Ar) e bolokiloe ka har'a carbon, He, Ar headspace.Ligase tse tlaase tse qhibilihang li ile tsa hlahlojoa ke chromatography ea khase (GC) ho sebelisoa Shimadzu 15A e nang le kholomo ea sieve ea molek'hule ea 10 m 5A le mochine oa conductivity oa thermal conductivity (TCD) 54. Argon le O2 li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa Thermo Focus molecular chromatograph le sieve ea molek'hule3 e nang le molek'hule e telele ea chromatograph0. TCD.Methane le li-hydrocarbons tse bobebe li ile tsa hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa chromatograph ea khase ea Shimadzu 14A e nang le kholomo ea tšepe e sa hloekang ea bolelele ba 10 m e nang le mesh Chromosorb PAW 80/100, e koahetsoeng ka 23% SP 1700 le lelakabe la ionization la mollo, tlhahlobo ea ionization ea lelakabe (FID) e sebelisitsoe mokelikeli oa CO2). 0.5 N HCl tharollo (Metrohm Basic Titrino) le 2) H2S, e le, ka mor'a oxidation le 5 mL H2O2 (33%), ka ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) .Phoso ea tlhahlobo ea titration, tlhahlobo ea GC le IC e ka tlase ho 5% C3 le mekhoa ea ho hloekisa 1, ka mor'a mekhoa e meng ea ho hloekisa 1. CO2 (e hlalosoang e le δ13C-CO2% le V-PDB) e ile ea hlahlojoa ho sebelisoa spectrometer ea Finningan Delta S mass55,56. Litekanyetso tse sebelisoang ho hakanya ho nepahala ha ka ntle e ne e le Carrara le San Vincenzo marble (ka hare), NBS18 le NBS19 (machabeng), ha phoso ea tlhahlobo e ne e le ±% ±00 le ho ikatisa.
δ15N (e hlahisoang e le % vs. Air) le 40Ar/36Ar li khethiloe ho sebelisoa Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) e kopantsoeng le Finnigan Delta plusXP continuous flow mass spectrometer. Phoso ea ho hlahloba ke: δ15N±0.1%, 36Arto-e le 36 Arto1%, 36Artoe R / Ra, moo R e leng 3He / 4O ile a lekanya ka sampuli le Ra ke karo-karolelano e tšoanang sepakapakeng: 1.39 × 10−6) 57 e ile ea khethoa laboratoring ea INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He le 20Ne ba ne ba ikemiselitse ho sebelisa spectrometer ea batho ba babeli ba bokellang boima ba 'mele (Helix SFT8 ka mor'a hore −Analysis ea Helix −Analysis). 0.3%.Likheo tse tloaelehileng bakeng sa He le Ne ke <10-14 le <10-16 mol, ka ho latellana.
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Nako ea poso: Jul-16-2022
