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Turatangaza ibimenyetso by’uko hasi mu nyanja hazamuka cyane kandi hagasohoka imyuka ihumanya ikirere mu birometero byinshi uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples (Ubutaliyani). Ibirango, ibirundo n'ibirunga ni ibintu biranga hasi mu nyanja. Ibi bice bigaragaza hejuru y’inyubako z’ibirunga bito cyane, harimo pagodas, amakosa n’imigozi bigira ingaruka ku butaka bw’inyanja muri iki gihe. Banditse ukwiyongera, imbaraga n’irekurwa rya helium na dioxyde de carbone mu buryo bwo gukuraho karubone mu miterere y’ibirunga bishonga n’amabuye. Iyi myuka ishobora kuba isa n’iy’ibitunga sisitemu y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi ya Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, bigaragaza ko hari isoko y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi ya Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, bigaragaza ko hari isoko y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi ya Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, bigaragaza ko hari isoko y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi ya Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius, bigaragaza ko hari isoko y’ubushyuhe bw’amazi ya Ischia ivanze n’amazi ya crustal munsi y’ikigobe cya Naples. Kwaguka no gucika kw’amazi yo munsi y’inyanja biterwa no kuzamura imyuka no kuyishyiraho bisaba umuvuduko ukabije wa MPa 2-3. Kuzamuka hasi mu nyanja, amakosa, n’imyuka ihumanya ikirere ni ibimenyetso by’ihindagurika ry’ibirunga rishobora gutera iruka ry’ubutaka bw’inyanja cyangwa guturika kw’amazi.
Imyuka iva mu mazi ashyushye (amazi ashyushye na gaze) mu nyanja nini ni ikintu gikunze kugaragara ku misozi yo hagati y’inyanja n’inkombe z’ibice bihurira (harimo n’ibice by’ibirwa), mu gihe imyuka ikonje iva mu mazi ashyushye (clatrates) ikunze kugaragara ku nkombe z’isi n’inkombe zitagira aho zihurira1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Kuba hari imyuka iva mu mazi ashyushye mu nyanja mu bice by’inkombe bivuze ko hari amasoko y’ubushyuhe (ibigega bya magma) mu gice cy’isi cy’umubumbe cyangwa mu gice cy’umubumbe. Iyi myuka ishobora kubanziriza izamuka rya magma inyura mu bice byo hejuru by’isi, ikagera no mu iruka ry’imisozi y’ibirunga6. Kubwibyo, kumenya (a) imiterere ijyanye no guhinduka kw’amazi yo mu nyanja na (b) imyuka iva mu mazi hafi y’uturere dutuwe n’abaturage nk’akarere k’ibirunga ka Naples mu Butaliyani (abaturage bagera kuri miliyoni 1) ni ingenzi mu gusuzuma ibirunga bishobora guterwa. Iruka rito cyane. Byongeye kandi, mu gihe imiterere ijyanye n’ibyuka biva mu mazi ashyushye cyangwa gaze yo mu mazi ashyushye mu nyanja nini izwi cyane bitewe n’imiterere yabyo ya geologiya n’ibinyabuzima, ibitandukanye ni imiterere ijyanye n’amazi magufi, Uretse ibyabereye mu kiyaga cya 12, hari inyandiko nke cyane. Hano, turagaragaza amakuru mashya yerekeye imiterere y’amazi, imitingito, inkingi y’amazi, n’imiterere y’isi ku karere ko munsi y’amazi, mu buryo bw’imiterere n’imiterere y’ikirere kagizweho ingaruka n’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere mu kigobe cya Naples (mu majyepfo y’u Butaliyani), nko muri kilometero 5 uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples. Aya makuru yakusanyijwe mu rugendo rwa SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) mu bwato bwa R/V Urania. Turasobanura kandi tugasobanura imiterere yo hasi mu nyanja no munsi y’ubutaka aho ibyuka bihumanya ikirere bituruka, tugasuzuma amasoko y’amazi asohoka, tukamenya kandi tugasobanura uburyo bugenga izamuka ry’ibyuka bihumanya ikirere n’uburyo bihinduka, kandi tukaganira ku ngaruka z’ibirunga.
Ikigobe cya Naples kigize uruzitiro rw'iburengerazuba rwa Plio-Quaternary, uruzitiro rw'ubutaka rwa Campania rurerure rwa NW-SE13,14,15. EW ya Ischia (ahagana mu 150-1302 nyuma ya Yesu), ikibaya cya Campi Flegre (ahagana mu 300-1538) na Soma-Vesuvius (kuva <360-1944). Imiterere y'ikibaya igarukira mu majyaruguru ya Kristo15, mu gihe mu majyepfo hahana imbibi na Sorrento Peninsula (Ishusho ya 1a). Ikigobe cya Naples kigizweho ingaruka n'ibiza byiganjemo NE-SW n'ibindi bice bikomeye bya NW-SE (Ishusho ya 1)14,15. Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius birangwa n'ibyerekezo by'ubushyuhe bw'amazi, guhinduka k'ubutaka, n'ubushyuhe buke16,17,18 (urugero, ibyabaye kuri Campi Flegrei mu 1982-1984, hamwe n'izamuka rya metero 1.8 n'imitingito ibihumbi). Ubushakashatsi buherutse19,20 bwerekana ko hari ishobora kuba isano iri hagati y’imikorere ya Soma-Vesuvius n’iya Campi Flegre, ishobora kuba ifitanye isano n’ibigega by’amazi byimbitse. Ibikorwa by’ibirunga n’ihindagurika ry’inyanja muri ka 36 za nyuma za Campi Flegrei na ka 18 za Somma Vesuvius byagenzuraga sisitemu y’amazi yo mu Kigobe cya Naples. Uburebure bw’inyanja ku gipimo ntarengwa cya nyuma cy’ubushyuhe (ka 18) byatumye sisitemu y’amazi yo mu nyanja isubira inyuma, nyuma y’aho yujujwe n’ibintu byagiye bibaho mu gihe cya Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Ibyuka bihumanya ikirere byo mu mazi byagaragaye hirya no hino ku kirwa cya Ischia no ku nkombe za Campi Flegre no hafi y’umusozi wa Soma-Vesuvius (Ishusho ya 1b).
(a) Imiterere y’imiterere n’imiterere y’aho ikirere cy’umugabane w’isi giherereye n’ikigobe cya Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Utudomo ni ahantu hanini ho gushoka kw’amazi yo mu mazi; imirongo itukura igaragaza amakosa akomeye. (b) Bathymetry y’ikigobe cya Naples hamwe n’imyobo y’amazi (utudomo) n’ibice by’imitingito (imirongo y’umukara). Imirongo y’umuhondo ni inzira z’imirongo y’imitingito L1 na L2 bivugwa ku Ishusho ya 6. Imbibi z’imiterere isa n’iya Banco della Montagna (BdM) zirangwa n’imirongo y’ubururu iciyemo uduce muri (a,b). Kare z’umuhondo zigaragaza aho inkingi z’amazi zigaragara, naho CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 na ROV zigaragara ku Ishusho ya 5. Uruziga rw’umuhondo rugaragaza aho imyuka yo gupima ivanyweho, kandi imiterere yayo igaragara ku Imbonerahamwe ya S1. Porogaramu ya Zahabu (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) ikoresha amashusho yakozwe na Surfer® 13.
Hashingiwe ku makuru yabonetse mu rugendo rwo mu bwato rwa SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) (reba uburyo), hakozwe icyuma gishya cya Digital Terrain Model (DTM) cyo mu kigobe cya Naples gifite ubushobozi bwa metero 1. DTM igaragaza ko hasi mu majyepfo y'icyambu cya Naples harangwa n'ubuso buto bugana mu majyepfo (ubuso bungana na ≤3°) buvanyweho n'inyubako isa n'iy'ubutaka ifite uburebure bwa kilometero 5.0 × 5.3, izwi ku izina rya Banco della Montagna (BdM). Ishusho 1a,b).BdM ikura ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 100 kugeza 170, metero 15 kugeza 20 uvuye hasi ku nyanja ikikije. Igisenge cya BdM cyagaragaje imiterere isa n'ikirundo bitewe n'ibirundo 280 by'uruziga (Ishusho ya 2a), utubumbe 665, n'ibyobo 30 (Ishusho ya 3 na 4). Ikirundo gifite uburebure ntarengwa n'umuzenguruko wa metero 22 na metero 1.800, uko bikurikirana. Inzira y'uruziga [C = 4π (ubuso/uruziga2)] rw'ibirundo yagabanutse uko uruziga rwiyongera (Ishusho ya 2b). Ingano y'imirongo ku birundo yari hagati ya 1 na 6.5, aho ibirundo bifite igipimo cy'umurongo >2 bigaragaza igipimo cya N45°E + 15° gikunzwe cyane n'igipimo cya kabiri gitatanye cyane, gitatanye cyane cya N105°E na N145°E (Ishusho ya 2c). Hari utubumbe duto cyangwa dufatanye ku murongo wa BdM no hejuru y'ikirundo (Ishusho ya 3a, b). Imiterere y'utubumbe ikurikiza imiterere y'utubumbe duherereyeho. Utubumbe dukunze kugaragara ku butaka bw'inyanja butambitse (Ishusho ya 3c) rimwe na rimwe ku tubumbe. Ubucucike bw'utubumbe n'utubumbe bigaragaza ko imiterere y'ubutaka bwa NE-SW igabanya imbibi z'amajyaruguru y'uburasirazuba n'amajyepfo y'uburengerazuba bw'icyumba cya BdM (Ishusho ya 4a, b); inzira ya NW-SE idakomeye iherereye mu karere ka BdM ko hagati.
(a) Icyitegererezo cy'ubutaka bw'ikoranabuhanga (ingano ya metero 1 y'uturemangingo) cy'ibumba rya Banco della Montagna (BdM). (b) Izunguruka n'ubuzengurutse bw'ibirundo bya BdM. (c) Igipimo cy'umurongo n'inguni (icyerekezo) by'umurongo mukuru w'uruziga rukwiriye neza rukikije ikirundo. Ikosa risanzwe rya modeli ya Digital Terrain ni 0.004 m; amakosa asanzwe ya perimeter n'ubuzengurutse ni 4.83 m na 0.01, uko bikurikirana, naho amakosa asanzwe ya perimeter n'inguni ni 0.04 na 3.34°, uko bikurikirana.
Ibisobanuro birambuye ku miyoboro, ibirundo, ibirundo n'imyobo byagaragaye mu gace ka BdM byakuwe muri DTM ku Ishusho ya 2.
(a) Gushyira uduce tw’amazi ku butaka bw’inyanja buringaniye; (b) uduce tw’amazi n’ibisigazwa ku duce duto two mu majyepfo ya NW-SE; (c) uduce tw’amazi ku buso buto cyane.
(a) Ikwirakwizwa ry'ahantu hagaragaye ibirunga, imyobo, n'imyuka isohoka. (b) Ubucucike bw'ibirunga n'imyobo byagaragajwe muri (a) (umubare/0.2 km2).
Twabonye imyuka 37 ihumanya ikirere mu gace ka BdM iturutse ku mashusho ya ROV y’amazi ya echo sounder hamwe n’ibyo twabonye ku butaka bw’inyanja byabonetse mu rugendo rwa SAFE_2014 muri Kanama 2014 (Ishusho ya 4 na 5). Ihindagurika ry’ibyuka ry’iyi myuka rigaragaza imiterere miremire izamuka iva hasi mu nyanja, iri hagati ya metero 12 na 70 (Ishusho ya 5a). Hari aho, ihindagurika ry’ibyuka ryagize "ikiraro" hafi ya hose. Ibyuma byagaragaye biratandukanye cyane: kuva ku ruziga rukomeza, rurerure kugeza ku bintu bimara igihe gito (Filime y’inyongera ya 1). Igenzura rya ROV rituma habaho kugenzura neza aho imyobo y’amazi yo hasi mu nyanja igaragara kandi rigaragaza uduce duto tw’amazi ku butaka bw’inyanja, rimwe na rimwe tuzengurutswe n’ibisigazwa by’umutuku kugeza kuri orange (Ishusho ya 5b). Hari aho imiyoboro ya ROV yongera gukora imyobo. Imiterere y’imyobo yerekana umwobo uzenguruka hejuru nta muriro mu nkingi y’amazi. pH mu nkingi y’amazi hejuru gato y’aho amazi asohokera yagaragaje igabanuka rikomeye, bigaragaza ko hari aside nyinshi mu gace runaka (Ishusho ya 5c, d). By’umwihariko, pH iri hejuru y’imyuka ya BdM ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 75 yagabanutse kuva kuri 8.4 (kuri metero 70 z’ubujyakuzimu) kugera kuri 7.8 (kuri metero 75 z’ubujyakuzimu) (Ishusho ya 5c), mu gihe ahandi mu kigobe cya Naples hari pH iri hagati ya metero 0 na 160 mu bujyakuzimu buri hagati ya metero 8.3 na 8.5 (Ishusho ya 5d). Impinduka zikomeye mu bushyuhe n’umunyu mu mazi yo mu nyanja ntizari zihari ahantu habiri imbere no hanze y’agace ka BdM mu kigobe cya Naples. Ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 70, ubushyuhe ni 15 °C naho umunyu ni hafi 38 PSU (Ishusho ya 5c, d). Ibipimo bya pH, ubushyuhe, n’umunyu byagaragaje: a) uruhare rw’amazi aside ajyanye no gukuramo imyuka ya BdM na b) kubura cyangwa gusohora buhoro cyane kw’amazi ashyushye n’amazi y’umunyu.
(a) Idirishya ryo kubona imiterere y'inkingi y'amazi (echometer Simrad EK60). Umugozi w'icyatsi kibisi uhagaze ujyanye n'umuriro wa gaze wabonetse ku mazi ya EM50 (hafi metero 75 munsi y'inyanja) aherereye mu gace ka BdM; ibimenyetso bya multiplex byo hasi n'ibyo hasi mu nyanja nabyo biragaragazwa (b) byakusanyijwe n'imodoka igenzurwa kure mu gace ka BdM Ifoto imwe igaragaza ikigega gito (uruziga rw'umukara) gikikijwe n'umutuku uva kuri orange. (c, d) Amakuru ya CTD yo gupima ibintu byinshi yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, verisiyo 7.23.2). Imiterere y'ibipimo byatoranijwe (umunyu, ubushyuhe, pH na ogisijeni) by'inkingi y'amazi iri hejuru y'amazi ya EM50 (panel c) no hanze y'ahashyirwa amazi ya Bdm (d).
Twakusanyije ingero eshatu za gaze mu gace k’ubushakashatsi hagati ya 22 na 28 Kanama 2014. Izi ngero zagaragaje imiterere isa, yiganjemo CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol), hagakurikiraho ingano ya N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) na H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), mu gihe H2 na He byari bike cyane (<0.052 na <0.016 mmol/mol, uko bikurikirana) (Ishusho ya 1b; Imbonerahamwe S1, Filimi y’inyongera ya 2). Ingano nyinshi za O2 na Ar nazo zapimwe (kugeza kuri 3.2 na 0.18 mmol/mol, uko bikurikirana). Igiteranyo cy’uturemangingo tw’urumuri kiri hagati ya 0.24 na 0.30 mmol/mol kandi kigizwe na alkanes za C2-C4, aromatike (cyane cyane benzene), propene n’ibinyabutabire birimo sulfur (thiophene). Agaciro ka 40Ar/36Ar gahuye na umwuka (295.5), nubwo icyitegererezo cya EM35 (BdM dome) gifite agaciro ka 304, kigaragaza ko kirenze gato 40Ar. Igipimo cya δ15N cyari hejuru ugereranyije n'ikirere (kugeza kuri +1.98% ugereranije n'umwuka), mu gihe agaciro ka δ13C-CO2 kari hagati ya -0.93 na 0.44% ugereranije n'igipimo cya V-PDB.R/Ra (nyuma yo gukosora ihumana ry'ikirere hakoreshejwe igipimo cya 4He/20Ne) kari hagati ya 1.66 na 1.94, bigaragaza ko hari igice kinini cya mantle He. Mu guhuza isotope ya helium na CO2 na isotope yayo ihamye 22, inkomoko y'ibyuka muri BdM irashobora gusobanurwa neza. Mu ikarita ya CO2 ya CO2/3He ugereranyije na δ13C (Ishusho ya 6), imiterere ya gaze ya BdM igereranywa n'iya Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Ishusho ya 6 kandi ivuga imirongo ivangavanga hagati y'isoko eshatu zitandukanye za karuboni. bishobora kugira uruhare mu ikorwa ry’imyuka ya BdM: ibintu bishongeshejwe bikomoka ku mantle, ibisigazwa bikungahaye ku bimera, na karubone. Ingero za BdM zigwa ku murongo uvangwa ugaragazwa n’ibirunga bitatu bya Campania, ni ukuvuga kuvanga hagati y’imyuka ya mantle (ifatwa nk’ikungahaye gato kuri dioxyde de carbone ugereranyije na MORB za kera kugira ngo hakorwe amakuru) n’ingaruka ziterwa no gukuraho karubone mu mfuruka. Ibuye rya gaze rivamo.
Imirongo ivanze hagati y’imiterere ya mantle n’iy’impera z’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibimera by’umwimerere iragaragazwa kugira ngo igereranywe. Udusanduku tugaragaza uduce twa fumarole twa Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Icyitegererezo cya BdM kiri mu buryo buvanze bw’ikirunga cya Campania. Gazi y’igice cy ...
Ibice bya seismic L1 na L2 (Amashusho ya 1b na 7) bigaragaza ihinduka riri hagati ya BdM n'uruhererekane rw'ibirunga bya Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Ishusho ya 7a) na Campi Flegrei (L2, Ishusho ya 7b). BdM irangwa no kuba hari imiterere ibiri ikomeye ya seismic (MS na PS mu Ishusho ya 7). Iy'isonga (MS) igaragaza reflectors zisanzwe zifite amplitude yo hejuru kugeza iri hagati n'iy'uruhande (Ishusho ya 7b, c). Uru rwego rurimo seismac yo mu nyanja ikururwa na sisitemu ya Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) kandi igizwe n'umucanga n'ibumba23. Uru rwego rwa PS ruri munsi (Ishusho ya 7b–d) rurangwa n'icyiciro cy'akajagari kugeza ku cy'ubuziranenge mu ishusho y'inkingi cyangwa indorerwamo z'amasaha. Hejuru y'iseismac PS yakoze ibirundo byo hasi mu nyanja (Ishusho ya 7d). Ibi bipimo nk'ibishushanyo bigaragaza ukwinjira kw'ibikoresho bibonerana bya PS mu bisigazwa byo hejuru bya MS. Uplift niyo ishinzwe kurema imigozi n'amakosa bigira ingaruka ku rukuta rwa MS n'ibisigazwa by'amazi byo mu nyanja ya BdM biriho ubu (Ishusho ya 7b–d). Intera ya MS stratigraphic igaragara neza mu gice cya ENE cy'igice cya L1, mu gihe cyera yerekeza kuri BdM bitewe n'uko hari urukuta rwuzuye gazi (GSL) rutwikiriwe n'urwego rumwe rw'imbere rw'urutonde rwa MS (Ishusho ya 7a). Ingufu z'uburemere zakusanyijwe hejuru ya BdM zijyanye n'urukuta rugaragara rw'isima zigaragaza ko cm 40 zo hejuru zigizwe n'umucanga uherutse gushyirwaho kugeza ubu; )24,25 n'ibice bya pumice bivuye ku iturika rya Campi Flegrei rya "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. Igice cy'urumuri rw'urwego rwa PS ntigishobora gusobanurwa n'uburyo bwo kuvanga ibintu mu buryo butunguranye gusa, kuko ibice by'urujya n'uruza bifitanye isano n'inkangu, ibyondo bitemba n'amazi aturuka hanze ya BdM mu kigobe cya Naples nta majwi agaragara 21,23,24. Twanzura ko ubuso bwa BdM PS bwagaragaye hamwe n'isura y'urwego rwa PS rwo munsi y'inyanja (Ishusho ya 7d) bigaragaza kuzamura kwa gaze karemano.
(a) Imiterere y'imitingito y'inzira imwe L1 (umurongo wo kuzenguruka mu ishusho ya 1b) igaragaza imiterere y'ahantu hameze nk'inkingi (pagoda). Iyo pagoda igizwe n'ibisigazwa by'imitingito n'umucanga. Urusobe rwuzuye gazi ruri munsi ya pagoda rukuraho uburyo bwo gukomeza imiterere y'imbitse. (b) Imiterere y'imitingito y'imitingito y'umuyoboro umwe L2 (umurongo wo kuzenguruka mu ishusho ya 1b), igaragaza gukata no guhindura imiterere y'ibirundo byo hasi mu nyanja, mu mazi (MS), no mu mucanga wa pumice (PS). (c) Ibisobanuro birambuye ku miterere y'imitingito muri MS na PS bivugwa muri (c, d). Dufashe umuvuduko wa 1580 m/s mu gice cyo hejuru cy'umusenyi, 100 ms ihagarariye metero 80 ku gipimo cy'ubugari.
Imiterere n'imiterere ya BdM bisa n'ibindi bidukikije by'amazi n'imyuka bikomoka ku zuba ku isi 2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 kandi bikunze kujyana no kuzamura (ibisenge n'ibirundo) no gusohora gaze (ibice, imyobo). Ibice n'imyobo bifatanye na BdM n'imyobo miremire bigaragaza ko imiterere y'imyobo, imyobo n'imyobo ikora igaragaza ko ikwirakwira ryabyo rigenzurwa igice n'ivunika rya NW-SE na NE-SW (Ishusho ya 4b). Ibi ni byo bitero by'amakosa bigira ingaruka ku turere tw'ibirunga twa Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius n'ikigobe cya Naples. By'umwihariko, imiterere y'icyahoze ari cyo igenzura aho amazi asohoka mu kigobe cya Campi Flegrei35. Kubwibyo, twanzura ko amakosa n'amasasu mu kigobe cya Naples ari inzira ikundwa yo kwimuka kwa gaze ku buso, ikintu gihuriweho n'andi mashanyarazi agenzurwa n'imyobo. sisitemu36,37.Ikigaragara ni uko uduce twa BdM n'ibinogo bitahoraga bifitanye isano n'ibinogo (Ishusho ya 3a, c). Ibi bigaragaza ko ibi binogo bidasobanura ko ari ngombwa ko biba ibyabanjirije ishingwa ry'ibinogo, nk'uko abandi banditsi babivuze ku duce twa gaze hydrate32,33. Imyanzuro yacu ishyigikira igitekerezo cy'uko guhungabana kw'ibinogo byo hasi mu nyanja bitatuma habaho ibinogo.
Imyuka itatu yakusanyijwe igaragaza ibimenyetso bya shimi bisanzwe mu mazi ashyushye, cyane cyane CO2 ifite ubwinshi bunini bw'imyuka igabanya (H2S, CH4 na H2) na hydrocarbons zoroheje (cyane cyane benzene na propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Imbonerahamwe S1). Kuba hari imyuka yo mu kirere (nka O2), idateganijwe kuba iri mu byuka byo mu mazi, bishobora guterwa n'umwanda uturuka ku mwuka wivanze mu mazi yo mu nyanja uhura n'imyuka ibitswe mu dusanduku twa pulasitiki dukoreshwa mu gupima, kuko ROVs zikururwa mu nyanja zijya mu nyanja kugira ngo zihinduke. Ku rundi ruhande, agaciro ka δ15N ​​kandi N2/Ar iri hejuru cyane (kugeza kuri 480) kurusha ASW (amazi yuzuye umwuka) bigaragaza ko N2 nyinshi ikomoka ku masoko atari mu kirere, bihuye n'inkomoko nyamukuru y'iyi myuka. Inkomoko y'imyuka ya BdM ikomoka ku mazi ashyushye n'ibirunga byemezwa na CO2 na He hamwe n'ibiyigize byayo bya isotopi. ibimenyetso. Isotope za karuboni (δ13C-CO2 kuva kuri -0.93% kugeza +0.4%) na agaciro ka CO2/3He (kuva kuri 1.7 × 1010 kugeza 4.1 × 1010) bigaragaza ko ingero za BdM ziri mu buryo buvanze bwa fumaroles hafi y'igice cya Gulf of Naples' mantle end parts na decarbonisation. Isano iri hagati y'imyuka ikorwa n'ingaruka (Ishusho ya 6). By'umwihariko, ingero za gaze za BdM ziherereye ku buryo bwo kuvanga ahantu hamwe n'amazi ava mu birunga bya Campi Flegrei na Somma-Veusivus byegeranye. Zifite crustal kurusha Ischia fumaroles, ziri hafi y'iherezo rya mantle. Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei zifite agaciro ka 3He/4He (R/Ra hagati ya 2.6 na 2.9) kurusha BdM (R/Ra hagati ya 1.66 na 1.96; Imbonerahamwe S1). Ibi bigaragaza ko kongera no kwegeranya kwa radiogenic He byaturutse kuri isoko imwe ya magma yagaburiraga ibirunga bya Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei. Kuba nta bice bya karuboni organic bishobora kugaragara mu ibyuka bya BdM bigaragaza ko imyanda organic idakora mu gikorwa cyo gukuraho imyuka ya BdM.
Hashingiwe ku makuru yavuzwe haruguru n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi bw'imiterere isa n'ibumba ifitanye isano n'uturere dufite gaze yo munsi y'inyanja, umuvuduko w'umwuka wimbitse ushobora kuba nyirabayazana w'ibumba rya BdM ryo ku rwego rwa kilometero. Kugira ngo dupime umuvuduko ukabije wa Pdef ugana ku ibumba rya BdM, twakoresheje icyitegererezo cya mechanics cya thin-plate 33,34 dukurikije, dukurikije amakuru yakusanyijwe yerekeye imiterere n'imitingito, ko ibumba rya BdM ari urupapuro rw'uruziga runini kurusha ububiko bworoshye bwangiritse. Ihindagurika ntarengwa rihagaze w n'ubugari h bya (Ishusho y'inyongera S1). Pdef ni itandukaniro riri hagati y'umuvuduko wose n'umuvuduko w'amabuye hamwe n'umuvuduko w'inkingi y'amazi. Kuri BdM, ibara ry'umuvuduko ni nka metero 2,500, w ni metero 20, kandi h ntarengwa igereranywa uhereye ku ishusho ya seismic ni nka metero 100. Dubara Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 uhereye ku isano, aho D ari ugukomera kw'impinduka; D itangwa na (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], aho E ari modulus y'umubyigano w'umubyigano, ν ni igipimo cya Poisson (~0.5)33. Kubera ko imiterere y'ibisigazwa bya BdM idashobora gupimwa, twashyizeho E = 140 kPa, ari agaciro gakwiye ku bisigazwa by'umucanga byo ku nkombe 47 bisa na BdM14,24. Ntidutekereza ku gaciro ka E kari hejuru kavuzwe mu nyandiko ku bisigazwa by'ibumba ry'ubutare (300 < E < 350.000 kPa)33,34 kuko ibisigazwa bya BDM bigizwe ahanini n'umucanga, atari ubutare cyangwa ibumba ry'ubutare24. Tubona Pdef = 0.3 Pa, bihuye n'ibigereranyo by'ibikorwa byo kuzamura hasi mu nyanja mu biyaga bikikije gazi, aho Pdef ihinduka kuva kuri 10-2 kugeza kuri 103 Pa, hamwe n'agaciro kari hasi kagaragaza hasi w/a na/cyangwa iki. Muri BdM, kugabanuka k'uburemere bitewe n'umwuka wo mu gace k'ibisigazwa na/cyangwa Kugaragara kw'ivunika ryari risanzweho bishobora no gutuma habaho gutsindwa no kurekurwa kwa gaze, bigatuma habaho ishyirwaho ry'imiterere y'umwuka yagaragaye. Imiterere ya seismic yakusanyijwe (Ishusho ya 7) yagaragaje ko imiyoboro ya PS yazamuwe iva kuri GSL, isunika imiyoboro ya MS yo mu mazi hejuru, bigatuma habaho ibirundo, imigozi, amakosa, n'igabanuka ry'imiyoboro (Ishusho ya 7b, c). Ibi bigaragaza ko pumice ya kera ya 14.8 kugeza kuri 12 ka yinjiye mu cyiciro cya MS gito binyuze mu nzira yo gutwara gaze izamuka. Imiterere y'imiterere ya BdM ishobora kugaragara nk'ingaruka z'umuvuduko ukabije watewe n'amazi ava mu mazi ava mu GSL. Bitewe n'uko amazi ava mu mazi ashobora kugaragara ava hasi ku nyanja kugeza kuri metero zirenga 170 bsl48, dutekereza ko umuvuduko ukabije w'amazi uri muri GSL urenga 1,700 kPa. Kwimuka kw'imyuka mu miyoboro kwagize ingaruka zo gukaraba ibintu biri muri MS, bisobanura ko hari imiyoboro y'amazi yavuye mu miyoboro y'uburemere yatoranijwe kuri BdM25. Byongeye kandi, Gukanda cyane kwa GSL bitera uburyo bukomeye bwo kuvunika (ikosa rya polygonal mu Ishusho ya 7b). Muri rusange, iyi miterere, imiterere, n'imiterere y'ubutaka, byitwa "pagodas"49,50, byabanje guterwa n'ingaruka za kabiri z'imiterere ya kera y'ibirahuri, kandi ubu bisobanurwa nk'ingaruka z'izamuka rya gaze31,33 cyangwa evaporites50. Ku nkengero z'umugabane wa Campania, imiyoboro y'amazi ihinduka ni mike, nibura muri kilometero 3 zo hejuru y'umukungugu. Kubwibyo, uburyo bwo gukura bwa pagodas za BdM bushobora kugenzurwa n'izamuka rya gaze mu miyoboro. Uyu mwanzuro ushyigikiwe n'imiterere y'isi igaragara ya pagoda (Ishusho ya 7), ndetse n'amakuru y'ibanze nk'uko byatangajwe mbere24, aho umucanga wo muri iki gihe uturikira hamwe na 'Pomici Principali'25 na 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Byongeye kandi, imiterere ya PS yinjiye kandi ihindura urwego rwo hejuru rwa MS (Ishusho ya 7d). Iyi miterere y'imiterere igaragaza ko Pagoda ihagarariye imiterere y’imyuka atari umuyoboro wa gazi gusa. Bityo, inzira ebyiri z’ingenzi zigenga ikorwa rya pagoda: a) ubucucike bw’amazi yoroshye bugabanuka uko gazi yinjira iturutse hasi; b) imvange ya gazi n’amazi irazamuka, ari na byo bigaragara ko ipfundika, icikamo ibice n’ivunika. Impamvu ya MS (Ishusho ya 7). Uburyo nk’ubwo bwo gushinga pagoda bufitanye isano n’amazi ya gazi mu Nyanja ya Scotia y’Amajyepfo (Antarctica). Pagoda za BdM zagaragaye mu matsinda mu turere tw’imisozi miremire, kandi ingano yazo ihagaze ya metero 70-100 mu gihe cy’urugendo rw’inzira ebyiri (TWTT) (Ishusho ya 7a). Bitewe n’uko hari imiyoboro ya MS no gusuzuma imiterere y’ishingiro ry’uburemere bwa BdM, dufata ko igihe cyo gushinga pagoda kiri munsi ya ka 14-12. Byongeye kandi, gukura kw’izi nyubako kuracyakora (Ishusho ya 7d) kuko zimwe mu nyubako zagiye zinjira kandi zihindura umusenyi wa BdM uri hejuru y’ubu (Ishusho ya 7d).
Kuba Pagoda yarananiwe kwambuka inyanja y'ubu bigaragaza ko (a) izamuka rya gazi cyangwa guhagarika kuvanga gazi n'ibiyaga, na/cyangwa (b) gutembera kw'imvange ya gazi n'ibiyaga ku ruhande ntibyemerera inzira yo gushyuha cyane. Dukurikije icyitegererezo cya diapir52, urujya n'uruza rw'inyuma rugaragaza uburinganire bubi hagati y'umuvuduko w'imvange ya gazi y'ibitaka uturutse hepfo n'umuvuduko iyo pagoda izamukaho. Kugabanuka k'umuvuduko w'imvange bishobora kuba bifitanye isano no kwiyongera k'ubucucike bw'imvange bitewe no kubura k'imvange. Ibisubizo byavuzwe haruguru hamwe n'izamuka rigenzurwa n'imvange ya pagoda bidufasha gupima uburebure bw'inkingi y'umwuka hg. Ubucucike butangwa na ΔP = hgg (ρw - ρg), aho g ari imbaraga rukuruzi (9.8 m/s2) na ρw na ρg ni ubucucike bw'amazi na gazi, uko bikurikirana. ΔP ni igiteranyo cya Pdef cyabazwe mbere na lithostatic pressure Plith y'icyuma cy'ibitaka, ni ukuvuga ρsg h, aho ρs ni ubucucike bw'amazi. Muri iki gihe, agaciro ka hg gasabwa kugira ngo amazi arusheho kuzura gatangwa na hg = (Pdef + Plith) / [g (ρw – ρg)]. Muri BdM, dushyiraho Pdef = 0.3 Pa na h = 100 m (reba haruguru), ρw = 1.030 kg/m3, ρs = 2.500 kg/m3, ρg ntabwo ari ingenzi kuko ρw ≫ρg. Tubona hg = 245 m, agaciro kagaragaza ubujyakuzimu bw'ubutaka bwa GSL.ΔP ni 2.4 MPa, ari wo muvuduko ukabije usabwa kugira ngo BdM yo hasi yo mu nyanja ivunguke kandi ikore imiyoboro y'amazi.
Imiterere ya gaze ya BdM ihuye n'isoko rya mantle ryahinduwe no kongeramo amazi ajyanye n'ingaruka za decarbonation z'amabuye yo mu bwoko bwa crustal (Ishusho ya 6). Imiterere mibi ya EW y'ibumba rya BdM n'ibirunga bikora nka Ischia, Campi Flegre, na Soma-Vesuvius, hamwe n'imiterere ya gaze zisohoka, bigaragaza ko gaze zisohoka mu gice kiri munsi y'akarere kose k'ibirunga ka Naples zivanze. Amazi menshi yo mu bwoko bwa crustal agenda ava mu burengerazuba (Ischia) yerekeza mu burasirazuba (Somma-Vesuivus) (Ishusho ya 1b na 6).
Twanzuye ko mu kigobe cya Naples, mu birometero bike uvuye ku cyambu cya Naples, hari imiterere isa n'iy'ubugari bwa km2 2 igizwe n'ibintu bivamo imyuka ihumanya kandi bigaterwa no gushyirwaho kwa pagodas n'ibirundo. Ubu, ibimenyetso bya BdM bigaragaza ko turbulence idakoresha magmatic53 ishobora kuba yarabaye mbere y'ikirunga cy'urusoro, ni ukuvuga ko magma cyangwa amazi y'ubushyuhe yasohotse hakiri kare. Ibikorwa byo gukurikirana bigomba gushyirwa mu bikorwa kugira ngo hasesengurwe imihindagurikire y'ibintu no kumenya ibimenyetso bya geochemical na geophysical bigaragaza ko hari ibintu bishobora guhungabanya magmatic.
Imiterere y'inkingi z'amazi acoustic (2D) yabonetse mu rugendo rwa SAFE_2014 (Kanama 2014) mu bwato bwa R/V Urania (CNR) n'Ikigo cy'Igihugu cy'Ubushakashatsi ku Bidukikije by'Inyanja (IAMC). Gupima amajwi byakozwe n'icyuma gikoresha ijwi Simrad EK60 gikoresha ijwi rya siyansi rikoresha ijwi Simrad EK60 rikora kuri 38 kHz. Amakuru y'ijwi yafashwe ku muvuduko mpuzandengo wa kilometero 4. Amashusho ya echosounder yakusanyijwe yakoreshejwe mu kumenya amazi asohoka no kugaragaza neza aho aherereye mu gace yakusanyirijwemo (hagati ya metero 74 na 180 bsl). Gupima ibipimo by'umubiri n'ibinyabutabire mu nkingi y'amazi hakoreshejwe ibikoresho by'ikoranabuhanga (gutwara amazi, ubushyuhe n'ubujyakuzimu, CTD). Amakuru yakusanyijwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) kandi atunganywa hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya SBED-Win32 (Seasave, verisiyo 7.23.2). Igenzura ry'amazi mu nyanja ryakozwe hakoreshejwe igikoresho cya "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) ROV (imodoka ikoreshwa kure) hamwe na kamera ebyiri (zoroshye n'izifite ubusobanuro bwo hejuru).
Gushakisha amakuru ya Multibeam byakozwe hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya Simrad EM710 multibeam sonar ya 100 KHz (Kongsberg). Iyi sisitemu ihujwe na sisitemu yo gushyiraho imiterere y’isi yose kugira ngo harebwe amakosa ya sub-metric mu gushyiraho imiterere y’imirasire. Ingufu z’ijwi zifite frequency ya 100 KHz, ingufu z’urusaku za dogere 150° n’ifungura ryose rya metero 400. Pima kandi ukoreshe profil z’umuvuduko w’ijwi mu gihe nyacyo mu gihe cyo kugura. Amakuru yatunganyijwe hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) hakurikijwe ibipimo ngenderwaho by’Umuryango Mpuzamahanga w’Amazi (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) kugira ngo hakosorwe uburyo bwo kugenda no gukosora amazi. Kugabanya urusaku bitewe no guhindagurika kw’ibikoresho by’ikoranabuhanga no gukuraho imirasire mibi byakozwe hakoreshejwe ibikoresho byo gutunganya no gukuraho imirasire. Gusuzuma umuvuduko w’ijwi bikorwa na sitasiyo ya keel iri hafi ya transducer ya multi-beam kandi ikabona kandi igakoresha profil z’umuvuduko w’ijwi mu gihe nyacyo mu gice cy’amazi buri masaha 6-8 kugira ngo haboneke umuvuduko w’ijwi mu gihe nyacyo ku murasire ukwiye. Uburyo bwo kuyobora. Amakuru yose agizwe na km2 zigera kuri 440 (ubujyakuzimu bwa metero 0-1200). Ayo makuru yakoreshejwe mu gutanga icyitegererezo cy’ubutaka bw’ikoranabuhanga (DTM) kirangwa n’ingano ya selile y’umuyoboro wa metero 1. DTM ya nyuma (Ishusho ya 1a) yakozwe n’amakuru y’ubutaka (> metero 0 hejuru y’inyanja) yabonetse ku ngano ya selile y’umuyoboro wa metero 20 n’Ikigo cy’Abataliyani gishinzwe Ubutaka n’Indwara za Gisivili.
Amakuru y’imitingito ya kilometero 55, yakusanyijwe mu rugendo rwo mu nyanja mu buryo bwizewe mu 2007 na 2014, yakozwe ku buso bwa kilometero kare zigera kuri 113, zombi ziri kuri R/V Urania. Amakuru ya Marisk (urugero, amakuru ya L1, Ishusho ya 1b) yabonetse hakoreshejwe sisitemu ya IKB-Seistec boomer. Igice cyo kubona kigizwe na catamaran ya metero 2.5 aho isoko n’iyakira bishyirwa. Ikimenyetso cy’isoko kigizwe n’umurambararo umwe mwiza ugaragara mu ntera ya 1-10 kHz kandi wemerera gukemura reflectors zitandukanyijwe na cm 25. Amakuru ya seismic yizewe yabonetse hakoreshejwe isoko ya Geospark ya 1.4 Kj multi-tip ihujwe na porogaramu ya Geospark (Geo Marine Survey System). Sisitemu igizwe na catamaran irimo isoko ya 1-6.02 KHz yinjira mu minota 400 mu ruziga rworoshye munsi y’inyanja, ifite ubushobozi bwo kwemeza imiterere ya 30. cm. Ibikoresho byombi bya Safe na Marsik byabonetse ku gipimo cya 0.33 shots/segonda hamwe n'umuvuduko w'ubwato <3 Kn. Amakuru yatunganyijwe kandi yerekanwa hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Geosuite Allworks ifite imikorere ikurikira: gukosora kwaguka, gutinza amazi, kuyungurura bandpass IIR ya 2-6 KHz, na AGC.
Imyuka iva mu mazi ya fumarole yakusanyijwe hasi mu nyanja hakoreshejwe agasanduku ka pulasitiki gafite agapira k'umukara ku ruhande rwo hejuru, gashyirwa hejuru na ROV hejuru y'umuyoboro w'amazi. Iyo umwuka winjiraga mu gasanduku umaze gusimbuza amazi y'inyanja burundu, ROV isubira mu bujyakuzimu bwa metero 1, maze icyuma gitwara umwuka cyakusanyijwe gikoresheje agace k'umukara mu dupfunyika tubiri tw'ibirahure twa mL 60 twakuwemo dufite Teflon stopcocks aho One yuzuyemo mL 20 z'umuti wa 5N NaOH (ifuru yo mu bwoko bwa Gegenbach). Ubwoko bw'imyuka y'aside (CO2 na H2S) bushongeshwa mu gisubizo cya alkaline, mu gihe ubwoko bw'imyuka y'aside nkeya (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 n'ibinyabutabire byoroheje) bibikwa mu mwanya w'icupa ry'ingero. Imyuka y'aside nkeya yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe chromatography ya gaz (GC) hakoreshejwe Shimadzu 15A ifite inkingi ya molekile ya 5A ifite uburebure bwa metero 10 hamwe n'icyuma gipima ubushyuhe (TCD) 54. Argon na O2 yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe chromatograph ya gaze ya Thermo Focus ifite inkingi ya molecular sieve ya metero 30 ndende na TCD. Methane na hydrocarbons zoroheje byasesenguwe hakoreshejwe chromatograph ya gaze ya Shimadzu 14A ifite inkingi ya meta 10 ndende y'icyuma kitagira umugese irimo Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh, itwikiriwe na 23% SP 1700 n'icyuma gipima ionization (FID). Igice cy'amazi cyakoreshejwe mu gusesengura 1) CO2, nkuko byashyizwemo umuti wa 0.5 N HCl (Metrohm Basic Titrino) na 2) H2S, nkuko, nyuma yo gupima 5 mL H2O2 (33%), hakoreshejwe chromatography ya ion (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761). Ikosa ryo gusesengura imiterere, isesengura rya GC na IC riri munsi ya 5%. Nyuma yo gusohora no gutunganya uruvange rwa gaze, 13C/12C CO2 (igaragazwa nka δ13C-CO2% na V-PDB) yasesenguwe hakoreshejwe Ibipimo ngenderwaho byakoreshejwe mu gupima ubuziranenge bw'inyuma byari Carrara na San Vincenzo marble (imbere), NBS18 na NBS19 (mpuzamahanga), mu gihe amakosa yo gusesengura no kongera gupima byari ± 0.05% na ± 0.1%, uko bikurikirana.
Agaciro ka δ15N (kagaragazwa nka % ugereranije n'umwuka) na 40Ar/36Ar byapimwe hakoreshejwe chromatografi ya gas chromatograph ya Agilent 6890 N (GC) ihujwe na spectrometer ya Finnigan Delta plusXP ikomeza flow mass. Ikosa ryo gusesengura ni: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%. Igipimo cya isotope ya He (kigaragazwa nka R/Ra, aho R ari 3He/4He yapimwe mu gipimo naho Ra ikaba ari igipimo kimwe mu kirere: 1.39 × 10−6)57 byapimwe muri laboratwari ya INGV-Palermo (Ubutaliyani). 3He, 4He na 20Ne byapimwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer y’ubusa ifata kabiri (Helix SFT-GVI)58 nyuma yo gutandukanya He na Ne. Ikosa ryo gusesengura ≤ 0.3%. Uduce dusanzwe twa He na Ne ni <10-14 na <10-16 mol, uko bikurikirana.
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