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Anyị na-akọ akụkọ ihe akaebe nke mmụba elu ala mmiri na mwepụta gas dị ọtụtụ kilomita site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Naples (Italy). Akara ngosi, mkpọda na olulu mmiri bụ ihe ndị dị na ala mmiri. Ọdịdị ndị a na-anọchite anya elu nke ihe owuwu crustal dị omimi, gụnyere pagodas, ntụpọ na mpịachi ndị na-emetụta ala mmiri taa. Ha dekọrọ mmụba, nrụgide na ntọhapụ nke helium na carbon dioxide na mmeghachi omume decarbonization nke mantle melts na nkume crustal. Gas ndị a yiri ndị na-enye sistemu hydrothermal nke Ischia, Campi Flegre na Soma-Vesuvius nri, na-atụ aro isi iyi mantle agwakọtara ya na mmiri crustal n'okpuru Ọwara Mmiri Naples. Mgbasawanye na mgbawa nke mmiri mmiri sitere na usoro mbuli elu gas na nrụgide na-achọ oke nrụgide nke 2-3 MPa. Mbuli elu ala mmiri, mmejọ, na mwepụ gas bụ ngosipụta nke ọgba aghara na-abụghị mgbawa nke nwere ike ibute mgbawa ala mmiri na/ma ọ bụ mgbawa hydrothermal.
Mwepụ mmiri dị n'ime mmiri (mmiri ọkụ na gas) bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'etiti oke osimiri na akụkụ efere ndị na-ejikọta ọnụ (gụnyere akụkụ ndị dị n'ime mmiri nke agwaetiti), ebe mwepụ oyi nke gas hydrates (chlatrates) na-abụkarị ihe e ji mara shelf kọntinent na akụkụ ndị na-adịghị arụ ọrụ1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Ọnọdụ nke mwepụ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri n'akụkụ osimiri na-egosi isi iyi okpomọkụ (ebe nchekwa magma) n'ime akpụkpọ kọntinent na/ma ọ bụ mantle. Mwepụ ndị a nwere ike tupu ịrịgo magma site na akwa kachasị elu nke akpụkpọ ụwa ma mechaa na mgbawa na itinye ugwu mgbawa.6 Ya mere, ịchọpụta (a) ọdịdị nke metụtara mgbanwe ala oké osimiri na-arụ ọrụ na (b) mwepụ gas dị nso na mpaghara ndị bi na ya dị ka mpaghara ugwu mgbawa nke Naples na Italy (ihe dị ka nde mmadụ 1 bi) dị oke mkpa maka ịtụle ugwu mgbawa nwere ike ime. Mwepụ mmiri dị omimi. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ ezie na njirimara morphological jikọtara ya na mwepụ mmiri dị omimi ma ọ bụ hydrate gas a maara nke ọma n'ihi ihe onwunwe ala na nke bayoloji ha, ihe ndị a na-ewepụ bụ njirimara morphological jikọtara ya na mmiri dị omimi, belụsọ Ndị na-eme na Ọdọ Mmiri nke 12, e nwere obere ndekọ. N'ebe a, anyị na-egosi data mmiri ọhụrụ, ala ọma jijiji, kọlụm mmiri, na geochemical maka mpaghara dị n'okpuru mmiri, nke nwere mgbagwoju anya na nhazi nke ikuku gas na Gulf of Naples (Southern Italy), ihe dị ka kilomita 5 site na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Naples. A chịkọtara data ndị a n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 (Ọgọst 2014) n'ụgbọ mmiri R/V Urania. Anyị na-akọwa ma na-akọwa ala mmiri na ihe owuwu dị n'okpuru ala ebe ikuku gas na-apụta, na-enyocha ebe mmiri na-ekupụ ikuku si apụta, na-achọpụta ma na-akọwa usoro ndị na-achịkwa mmụba gas na mmebi metụtara ya, na-atụlekwa mmetụta nke ugwu mgbawa.
Ọwara Mmiri Naples na-emepụta oke ọdịda anyanwụ Plio-Quaternary, oke ugwu nke Campania tectonic nke NW-SE dị ogologo nke dị n'okpuru ala 13,14,15.EW nke Ischia (ihe dị ka 150-1302 AD), olulu mmiri Campi Flegre (ihe dị ka 300-1538) na Soma-Vesuvius (site na <360-1944) Nhazi ahụ na-egbochi mmiri ahụ n'ebe ugwu AD)15, ebe ndịda na-akpara ókè na Sorrento Peninsula (Foto 1a). Ọwara Mmiri Naples metụtara nsogbu NE-SW na nke abụọ nke NW-SE (Foto 1)14,15. A na-amata Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius site na ngosipụta hydrothermal, mgbanwe ala, na ala ọma jijiji dị omimi16,17,18 (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe omume ọgba aghara na Campi Flegrei na 1982-1984, yana mmụba nke 1.8 m na ọtụtụ puku ala ọma jijiji). ọmụmụ ihe 19,20 na-atụ aro na enwere ike inwe njikọ dị n'etiti ike nke Soma-Vesuvius na nke Campi Flegre, ikekwe ejikọtara ya na ebe nchekwa magma 'miri emi'. Ọrụ ugwu mgbawa na oscillations ọkwa mmiri na 36 ka ikpeazụ nke Campi Flegrei na 18 ka nke Somma Vesuvius chịkwara usoro sedimentary nke Gulf of Naples. Ọkwa oke osimiri dị ala na oke ice ikpeazụ (18 ka) dugara na nlọghachi nke usoro sedimentary dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, nke mechara jupụta site na ihe ndị na-emebi emebi n'oge Late Pleistocene-Holocene. Achọpụtala mwepụta gas n'okpuru mmiri gburugburu agwaetiti Ischia na n'ụsọ oké osimiri Campi Flegre na nso Ugwu Soma-Vesuvius (Foto 1b).
(a) Nhazi nhazi na nhazi nke shelf kọntinent na Ọwara Naples 15, 23, 24, 48. Ntụpọ bụ isi ebe mgbawa ụgbọ mmiri dị n'okpuru mmiri; ahịrị uhie na-anọchite anya nnukwu mmejọ.(b) Bathymetry nke Bay of Naples nwere oghere mmiri achọpụtara (ntụpọ) na akara nke ahịrị ala ọma jijiji (ahịrị ojii). Ahịrị odo bụ ụzọ nke ahịrị ala ọma jijiji L1 na L2 akọwara na Foto 6. A na-eji ahịrị acha anụnụ anụnụ akara ókèala nke ihe owuwu dị ka dome Banco della Montagna (BdM) na (a,b). Ákwà anọ odo na-egosi ebe profaịlụ kọlụm mmiri acoustic dị, a na-akọkwa okpokolo CTD-EMBlank, CTD-EM50 na ROV na Foto 5. Ókè odo na-egosi ebe mwepụ gas dị, a na-egosikwa ihe mejupụtara ya na Tebụl S1. Ngwanrọ Golden (http://www.goldensoftware.com/products/surfer) na-eji eserese nke Surfer® 13 mepụtara.
Dabere na data e nwetara n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 (August 2014) (lee Ụzọ), e wuru ihe nlereanya ala dijitalụ ọhụrụ (DTM) nke Gulf of Naples nke nwere mkpebi 1 m. DTM na-egosi na ala oké osimiri dị n'ebe ndịda nke Port of Naples nwere elu dị nro nke na-eche ihu ndịda (mgbidi ≤3°) nke ụlọ dị ka dome 5.0 × 5.3 km, nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka Banco della Montagna (BdM) kwụsịrị. Fig. 1a,b).BdM na-etolite n'omimi nke ihe dị ka mita 100 ruo 170, mita 15 ruo 20 n'elu ala oké osimiri gbara ya gburugburu. Dome BdM gosipụtara ọdịdị dị ka ugwu n'ihi nnukwu okirikiri 280 na nnukwu oval (Foto 2a), kọn 665, na olulu 30 (Foto 3 na 4). Ugwu ahụ nwere oke elu na gburugburu nke 22 m na 1,800 m, n'otu n'otu. Gburugburu [C = 4π(mpaghara/akụkụ2)] nke ugwu ahụ belatara ka gburugburu ya na-abawanye (Foto 2b). Oke axial maka ugwu dị n'etiti 1 na 6.5, yana ugwu nwere oke axial >2 na-egosi N45°E + 15° a họọrọ na ogbugbo nke abụọ gbasaara agbasa, nke gbasaara agbasa karịa, nke gbasaara karịa N105°E ruo N145°E (Foto 2c). E nwere otu kọn maọbụ nke a na-ahazi n'elu BdM na n'elu ugwu ahụ (Foto 3a,b). Nhazi kọn na-eso nhazi nke ugwu ndị ha dị na ha. A na-ahụkarị akara pockmarks n'elu ala dị larịị (Foto 3c) na mgbe ụfọdụ n'elu ugwu ndị ahụ. Njupụta oghere nke kọn na akara pockmarks na-egosi na nhazi NE-SW kachasị na-ekpebi ókèala ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke dome BdM (Foto 4a,b); ụzọ NW-SE nke na-adịghị agbatị dị na mpaghara BdM etiti.
(a) Ụdị ala dijitalụ (nha mkpụrụ ndụ 1 m) nke dome nke Banco della Montagna (BdM).(b) Gburugburu na gburugburu nke mgbọ BdM.(c) Oke axial na akụkụ (nhazi) nke isi axis nke ellipse kacha mma dabara adaba gbara mgbọ ahụ gburugburu. Njehie ọkọlọtọ nke ụdị Digital Terrain bụ 0.004 m; njehie ọkọlọtọ nke gburugburu na gburugburu bụ 4.83 m na 0.01, n'otu n'otu, na njehie ọkọlọtọ nke oke axial na akụkụ bụ 0.04 na 3.34 °, n'otu n'otu.
Nkọwa nke kọn, olulu, mkpọda na olulu ndị a chọpụtara na mpaghara BdM ewepụtara na DTM na Foto nke 2.
(a) Ịhazi kọnị n'elu ala dị larịị nke dị n'oké osimiri; (b) kọnị na olulu dị n'elu ugwu ndị dị gịrịgịrị nke NW-SE; (c) akara mkpịsị aka n'elu ala a mịpụrụ ntakịrị.
(a) Nkesa oghere nke olulu, olulu, na mwepụ gas na-arụ ọrụ.(b) Njupụta oghere nke olulu na olulu akọpụtara na (a) (ọnụọgụ/0.2 km2).
Anyị chọpụtara mwepụta gas 37 na mpaghara BdM site na onyonyo mmiri ROV nke kọlụm echo sounder na nlele ozugbo nke ala mmiri e nwetara n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 na Ọgọst 2014 (Foto 4 na 5). Nsogbu acoustic nke mwepụta ndị a na-egosi ọdịdị ogologo kwụ ọtọ na-ebili site na ala mmiri, site na kwụ ọtọ n'etiti 12 na ihe dị ka 70 m (Foto 5a). N'ebe ụfọdụ, ihe ndị na-adịghị mma na mkpọtụ ahụ mepụtara ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ "ụgbọ oloko" na-aga n'ihu. Ihe ndị a na-ahụ maka ụfụfụ dị iche iche: site na mmiri afụ na-aga n'ihu, nke dị oke njọ ruo na ihe ndị na-adịru nwa oge (Foto Mgbakwunye 1). Nnyocha ROV na-enye ohere maka nkwenye anya nke ihe na-eme na oghere mmiri mmiri dị n'ala mmiri ma na-egosipụta obere akara n'elu ala mmiri, mgbe ụfọdụ gbara ya gburugburu site na mmiri uhie ruo oroma (Foto 5b). N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọwa ROV na-emegharị mwepụta. Ọdịdị ikuku na-egosi oghere okirikiri n'elu na-enweghị ọkụ na kọlụm mmiri. pH dị na kọlụm mmiri dị n'elu ebe mwepụta ahụ gosiri nnukwu mbelata, na-egosi ọnọdụ acidic karịa na mpaghara (Foto 5c,d). Karịsịa, pH dị n'elu mwepụta gas BdM na omimi 75 m belatara site na 8.4 (na omimi 70 m) ruo 7.8 (na omimi 75 m) (Foto 5c), ebe ebe ndị ọzọ dị na Gulf of Naples nwere uru pH n'etiti 0 na 160 m n'oge omimi dị n'etiti 8.3 na 8.5 (Foto 5d). Mgbanwe dị mkpa na okpomọkụ na nnu mmiri dị n'oké osimiri adịghị na ebe abụọ dị n'ime na n'èzí mpaghara BdM nke Gulf of Naples. N'ime omimi nke 70 m, okpomọkụ dị 15 °C na nnu dị ihe dị ka 38 PSU (Foto 5c, d). Egosiri nha nke pH, okpomọkụ, na nnu: a) isonye nke mmiri acidic metụtara usoro degassing BdM na b) enweghị ma ọ bụ mwepụ nwayọ nke mmiri ọkụ na brine.
(a) Windo nnweta nke profaịlụ kọlụm mmiri acoustic (echometer Simrad EK60). Eriri akwụkwọ ndụ kwụ ọtọ nke kwekọrọ na ọkụ gas achọpụtara na mwepụ mmiri EM50 (ihe dị ka mita 75 n'okpuru ọkwa oké osimiri) dị na mpaghara BdM; a na-egosikwa akara multiplex ala na ala oké osimiri (b) anakọtara ya na ụgbọ ala a na-achịkwa n'ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ na mpaghara BdM. Foto otu na-egosi obere olulu (gburugburu ojii) gbara ya gburugburu site na sedimenti uhie ruo oroma. (c,d) Data CTD nke ejiri ngwanrọ SBED-Win32 (Seasave, ụdị 7.23.2) hazie. Ụkpụrụ nke paramita ahọpụtara (nnu, okpomọkụ, pH na oxygen) nke kọlụm mmiri dị n'elu mwepụ mmiri EM50 (panel c) na n'èzí panel mpaghara mwepụ Bdm (d).
Anyị chịkọtara ihe nlele gas atọ site na mpaghara ọmụmụ ihe ahụ n'agbata Ọgọst 22 na 28, 2014. Ihe nlele ndị a gosiri ihe mejupụtara ha yiri nke ahụ, nke CO2 (934-945 mmol/mol) na-achịkwa, wee soro ya na mkpokọta N2 (37-43 mmol/mol), CH4 (16-24 mmol/mol) na H2S (0.10 mmol/mol) -0.44 mmol/mol), ebe H2 na He erughị oke (<0.052 na <0.016 mmol/mol, n'otu n'otu) (Foto 1b; Tebụl S1, Ihe nkiri Mgbakwunye 2). A tụkwara oke mkpokọta O2 na Ar (ruo 3.2 na 0.18 mmol/mol, n'otu n'otu). Ngụkọta nke hydrocarbons dị mfe sitere na 0.24 ruo 0.30 mmol/mol ma nwee C2-C4 alkanes, aromatics (karịsịa benzene), propene na ihe ndị nwere sulfur (thiophene). Uru 40Ar/36Ar kwekọrọ na ikuku (295.5), ọ bụ ezie na ihe nlele EM35 (BdM dome) nwere uru nke 304, na-egosi ntakịrị oke nke 40Ar. Oke δ15N dị elu karịa nke ikuku (ruo +1.98% vs. Ikuku), ebe uru δ13C-CO2 sitere na -0.93 ruo 0.44% vs. V-PDB.R/Ra (mgbe edozichara mmetọ ikuku site na iji oke 4He/20Ne) dị n'etiti 1.66 na 1.94, na-egosi ọnụnọ nke nnukwu akụkụ nke mantle He. Site na ijikọta isotope helium na CO2 na isotope kwụsiri ike ya 22, enwere ike ịkọwa isi iyi nke ikuku na BdM nke ọma. Na maapụ CO2 maka CO2/3He megide δ13C (Fig. 6), a na-atụnyere nhazi gas BdM na nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius fumaroles. Foto 6 na-akọkwa ahịrị ngwakọta echiche. n'etiti isi mmalite carbon atọ dị iche iche nwere ike itinye aka na mmepụta gas BdM: agbaze agbaze nke sitere na mantle, sediments bara ụba na organic, na carbonates. Ihe nlele BdM na-ada n'ahịrị ngwakọta nke ugwu mgbawa Campania atọ ahụ gosipụtara, ya bụ, ịgwakọta n'etiti gas mantle (nke a na-eche na ha bara ụba na carbon dioxide ma e jiri ya tụnyere MORBs oge ochie maka ebumnuche nke itinye data ahụ) na mmeghachi omume nke crustal decarbonization. Nkume gas sitere na ya.
A kọrọ maka ntụnyere ahịrị ngwakọ dị n'etiti ihe mejupụtara mantle na ihe ndị mejupụtara ya nke nkume limestone na ihe ndị sitere na organic. Igbe ndị a na-anọchite anya mpaghara fumarole nke Ischia, Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesvius 59, 60, 61. Ihe nlele BdM dị n'ụdị agbakọta nke ugwu mgbawa Campania. Gas nke njedebe nke ahịrị agwakọtara bụ nke isi iyi mantle, nke bụ gas nke mmeghachi omume decarburization nke mineral carbonate mepụtara.
Ngalaba ala ọma jijiji L1 na L2 (Foto 1b na 7) na-egosi mgbanwe dị n'etiti BdM na usoro stratigraphic dị n'akụkụ nke mpaghara ugwu mgbawa Somma-Vesuvius (L1, Fig. 7a) na Campi Flegrei (L2, Fig. 7b). A na-amata BdM site na ọnụnọ nke nnukwu nhazi ala ọma jijiji abụọ (MS na PS na Fig. 7). Nke dị n'elu (MS) na-egosi ihe ngosi dị n'okpuru nke oke elu ruo na nke dị n'etiti na nnọgidesi ike n'akụkụ (Fig. 7b,c). Oyi akwa a gụnyere ihe ndị dị n'ime mmiri nke sistemụ Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) dọkpụụrụ ma nwee ájá na ụrọ23. A na-amata oyi akwa PS dị n'okpuru (Fig. 7b–d) site na usoro ọgba aghara ruo na nke doro anya n'ụdị ogidi ma ọ bụ iko awa. Elu nke ihe ndị dị n'ime PS mepụtara ugwu mmiri (Fig. 7d). Geometrị ndị a dị ka diapir na-egosi ntinye nke ihe PS doro anya n'ime ihe ndị dị n'elu MS. Uplift bụ maka ịmepụta mpịachi na mmejọ ndị na-emetụta oyi akwa MS na ihe ndị dị n'elu ala mmiri BdM nke oge a (Foto 7b–d). Oge nhazi MS stratigraphic doro anya na-apụta ìhè na akụkụ ENE nke ngalaba L1, ebe ọ na-acha ọcha gaa na BdM n'ihi ọnụnọ nke oyi akwa gas-juru (GSL) nke ụfọdụ ọkwa dị n'ime usoro MS kpuchiri (Foto 7a). Isi ike ndọda anakọtara n'elu BdM nke kwekọrọ na oyi akwa ala ọma jijiji doro anya na-egosi na 40 cm kachasị elu nwere ájá e tinyere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ruo ugbu a; )24,25 na iberibe pumice sitere na mgbawa mgbawa nke Campi Flegrei nke "Naples Yellow Tuff" (14.8 ka)26. Naanị usoro ngwakọta ọgba aghara enweghị ike ịkọwa usoro doro anya nke oyi akwa PS, n'ihi na oyi akwa ọgba aghara nke jikọtara ya na mbuze ala, mmiri apịtị na mmiri pyroclastic dị n'èzí BdM na Gulf of Naples enweghị ihe doro anya na ụda21,23,24. Anyị na-ekwubi na ihu ala ọma jijiji BdM PS a hụrụ yana ọdịdị nke oyi akwa PS nke dị n'okpuru mmiri (Foto 7d) na-egosipụta mmụba nke gas eke.
(a) Profaịlụ ala ọma jijiji nke otu ụzọ L1 (nchọpụta ụzọ na Fig. 1b) nke na-egosi nhazi oghere kọlụm (pagoda). Pagoda ahụ nwere ebe a na-etinye pumice na ájá n'ọgba aghara. Oyi akwa gas jupụtara nke dị n'okpuru pagoda na-ewepụ usoro nhazi miri emi. (b) Profaịlụ ala ọma jijiji nke otu ọwa L2 (nchọpụta ụzọ na Fig. 1b), na-egosipụta mbepụ na mgbanwe nke ugwu mmiri, mmiri (MS), na ájá pumice (PS).(c) A kọrọ nkọwa mgbanwe na MS na PS na (c,d). N'iche na ọ na-agba ọsọ nke 1580 m/s na sedimenti kachasị elu, 100 ms na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 80 m na nha kwụ ọtọ.
Njirimara nhazi na nhazi nke BdM yiri nke ndị ọzọ dị n'okpuru mmiri hydrothermal na gas hydrate n'ụwa niile2,12,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34 ma a na-ejikọkarị ya na elu elu (vaults na mgbọ) na gas Discharge (cones, olulu). Cones na olulu ndị a na-ejikọta na BdM na-egosi ikike nhazi nke nhazi (Foto 2 na 3). Nhazi oghere nke mgbọ, olulu na oghere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na-egosi na nkesa ha nwere akụkụ nke mgbawa mmetụta NW-SE na NE-SW (Foto 4b). Ndị a bụ mwakpo kachasị mma nke sistemụ mmejọ na-emetụta mpaghara ugwu mgbawa Campi Flegrei na Somma-Vesuvius na Gulf of Naples. Karịsịa, nhazi nke mbụ na-achịkwa ebe mwepụ hydrothermal si na olulu Campi Flegrei35. Ya mere, anyị na-ekwubi na mmejọ na mgbawa na Gulf of Naples na-anọchite anya ụzọ kachasị mma maka mbugharị gas gaa n'elu, atụmatụ nke hydrothermal ndị ọzọ na-achịkwa nhazi kesara. systems36,37. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka e jikọtara kọn BdM na olulu na mkpọda (Foto 3a,c). Nke a na-egosi na mkpọda ndị a anaghị anọchite anya ihe ndị ga-ebute mmepe olulu, dịka ndị edemede ndị ọzọ tụrụ aro maka mpaghara mmiri gas32,33. Nkwubi okwu anyị na-akwado echiche ahụ bụ na mmebi nke ihe ndị dị n'ala mmiri dome anaghị eduga mgbe niile n'ịmepụta olulu.
Mwepụ gas atọ a chịkọtara na-egosi akara kemịkalụ nke a na-ahụkarị na mmiri hydrothermal, ya bụ, CO2 nwere nnukwu mkpokọta nke gas na-ebelata (H2S, CH4 na H2) na hydrocarbons dị mfe (karịsịa benzene na propylene)38,39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45 (Tebụl S1). Ọnụnọ nke gas ikuku (dị ka O2), nke a na-atụghị anya na ọ ga-adị na mwepụta ụgbọ mmiri, nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetọ sitere na ikuku gbazere na mmiri mmiri na-abata na gas echekwara na igbe plastik ejiri maka nnwale, ebe a na-ewepụta ROVs site na ala oké osimiri gaa na oké osimiri iji mee ka ọ gbagọọ agbagọ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ụkpụrụ δ15N dị mma na nnukwu N2/Ar (ruo 480) dị elu karịa ASW (mmiri jupụtara na ikuku) na-egosi na ọtụtụ n'ime N2 sitere na isi iyi ikuku, dịka isi mmalite hydrothermal nke gas ndị a si dị. Isi mmalite hydrothermal-volcanic nke gas BdM bụ nke CO2 na He ọdịnaya na isotopic ha kwadoro. mbinye aka. Isotopes carbon (δ13C-CO2 site na -0.93% ruo +0.4%) na ụkpụrụ CO2/3He (site na 1.7 × 1010 ruo 4.1 × 1010) na-egosi na ihe nlele BdM bụ usoro ngwakọta nke fumaroles gburugburu akụkụ njedebe nke Gulf of Naples na decarbonization. Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti gas ndị mmeghachi omume mepụtara (Foto 6). Karịsịa, ihe nlele gas BdM dị n'akụkụ usoro ngwakọta na ihe dịka otu ebe mmiri sitere na ugwu mgbawa Campi Flegrei na Somma-Veusivus dị nso. Ha dị ka ihe mkpuchi karịa Ischia fumaroles, nke dị nso na njedebe nke mantle. Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei nwere ụkpụrụ 3He/4He dị elu (R/Ra n'etiti 2.6 na 2.9) karịa BdM (R/Ra n'etiti 1.66 na 1.96; Tebụl S1). Nke a na-egosi na mgbakwunye na mkpokọta nke radiogenic O si n'otu isi iyi magma ahụ nke nyere ugwu mgbawa Somma-Vesuvius na Campi Flegrei nri. Enweghị akụkụ carbon organic a na-achọpụta na mwepụ BdM na-egosi na ihe ndị dị n'ime ala anaghị etinye aka na usoro iwepụ BdM.
Dabere na data akọpụtara n'elu na nsonaazụ sitere na ụdị nnwale nke ihe owuwu dị ka dome jikọtara ya na mpaghara ndị nwere gas dị n'okpuru mmiri, nrụgide gas miri emi nwere ike ịbụ ihe kpatara mmepụta nke domes BdM nke nha kilomita. Iji mee atụmatụ oke nrụgide Pdef na-eduga na vault BdM, anyị tinyere ihe nlereanya mekaniki dị gịrịgịrị33,34 na-eche, site na data morphological na seismic anakọtara, na vault BdM bụ mpempe akwụkwọ okirikiri nke radius buru ibu karịa nkwụnye viscous dị nro rụrụ arụ. Nkwaga kachasị elu kwụ ọtọ w na ọkpụrụkpụ h nke (Foto mgbakwunye S1).Pdef bụ ọdịiche dị n'etiti nrụgide zuru oke na nrụgide static nkume yana nrụgide kọlụm mmiri. Na BdM, radius dị ihe dị ka 2,500 m, w bụ 20 m, na h kacha elu a tụrụ anya ya site na profaịlụ seismic dị ihe dị ka 100 m. Anyị na-agbakọ Pdef 46Pdef = w 64 D/a4 site na mmekọrịta ahụ, ebe D bụ ike flexural; A na-enye D site na (E h3)/[12(1 – ν2)], ebe E bụ modulus nke Young nke nkwụnye ego ahụ, ν bụ oke Poisson (~0.5)33. Ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ike ịtụ ihe onwunwe nke sedimenti BdM, anyị setịpụrụ E = 140 kPa, nke bụ uru ezi uche dị na ya maka sedimenti ájá dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri 47 yiri BdM14,24. Anyị anaghị atụle uru E dị elu akọwara n'akwụkwọ maka sedimenti ụrọ silty (300 < E < 350,000 kPa)33,34 n'ihi na sedimenti BDM bụkarị ájá, ọ bụghị sedimenti ma ọ bụ silty clay24. Anyị na-enweta Pdef = 0.3 Pa, nke kwekọrọ na atụmatụ nke usoro elu ala mmiri na gburugburu ebe a na-etinye gas hydrate, ebe Pdef dị iche site na 10-2 ruo 103 Pa, yana obere ụkpụrụ na-anọchite anya obere w/a na/ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla. Na BdM, mbelata ike n'ihi oke gas dị na sedimenti. na/maọbụ ọdịdị nke mgbawa ndị dịbu adị nwekwara ike inye aka na ọdịda na mwepụta gas, na-enye ohere ka e mepụta usoro ikuku a hụrụ. Profaịlụ ala ọma jijiji ndị a chịkọtara (Foto 7) gosiri na e buliri PS sediments site na GSL, na-akwalite sediments mmiri MS dị n'elu, na-ebute mkpọda, mpịachi, ntụpọ, na mbelata sedimentary (Foto 7b,c). Nke a na-egosi na pumice ochie 14.8 ruo 12 ka abanyela n'ime oyi akwa MS dị obere site na usoro njem gas elu. Enwere ike ịhụ atụmatụ ọdịdị nke nhazi BdM dị ka nsonaazụ nke oke nrụgide nke mmiri mmiri nke GSL mepụtara. Ebe ọ bụ na enwere ike ịhụ mwepụ na-arụ ọrụ site na ala oké osimiri ruo ihe karịrị 170 m bsl48, anyị na-eche na oke nrụgide mmiri dị n'ime GSL karịrị 1,700 kPa. Nkwaga elu nke gas na sediments nwekwara mmetụta nke nhicha ihe dị na MS, na-akọwa ọnụnọ nke sediments ọgba aghara na cores gravity a nwalere na BdM25. Ọzọkwa, oke nrụgide nke GSL na-emepụta usoro mgbawa dị mgbagwoju anya (mmebi polygonal na Fig. 7b). N'ozuzu, a na-akọwapụta ụdị, nhazi, na nhazi stratigraphic a, nke a na-akpọ "pagodas"49,50, na mbụ na mmetụta nke nhazi glacial ochie, a na-akọwakwa ya ugbu a dị ka mmetụta nke gas na-arị elu31,33 ma ọ bụ evaporites50. N'akụkụ kọntinent nke Campania, sedimenti na-ekupụ mmiri dị ụkọ, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ime kilomita 3 kachasị elu nke akpụkpọ ahụ. Ya mere, usoro uto nke pagodas BdM nwere ike ịchịkwa site na mmụba gas na sedimenti. Nkwubi okwu a na-akwado site na ihe ndị doro anya nke seismic nke pagoda (Fig. 7), yana data isi ike ndọda dịka akọwara na mbụ24, ebe ájá nke oge a na-agbawa na 'Pomici Principali'25 na 'Naples Yellow Tuff'26 Campi Flegrei. Ọzọkwa, nkwụnye PS wakporo ma mebie oyi akwa MS kachasị elu. (Foto 7d). Nhazi nhazi a na-egosi na pagoda na-anọchite anya usoro nnupụisi ọ bụghị naanị ọkpọkọ gas. Ya mere, usoro abụọ bụ isi na-achịkwa nhazi nke pagoda: a) njupụta nke sedimenti dị nro na-ebelata ka gas si n'okpuru na-abanye; b) ngwakọta gas na sediment na-arị elu, nke bụ mpịachi a hụrụ, ntụpọ na mgbawa. Ihe kpatara nkwụnye MS (Foto 7). E tinyela usoro nhazi yiri nke ahụ maka pagodas jikọtara ya na gas hydrates na South Scotia Sea (Antarctica). Pagoda BdM pụtara n'ìgwè n'ebe ugwu, oke ha kwụ ọtọ dịkwa nkezi 70–100 m n'oge njem abụọ (TWTT) (Foto 7a). N'ihi ọnụnọ nke MS undulations na ịtụle stratigraphy nke isi ike ndọda BdM, anyị na-eche na afọ nhazi nke ụlọ pagoda erughị ihe dị ka 14–12 ka. Ọzọkwa, uto nke ụlọ ndị a ka na-arụ ọrụ (Foto 7d) ka ụfọdụ pagodas abanyela ma gbanwee ájá BdM nke oge a (Foto 7d).
Ọdachi nke pagoda ịgafe n'ala oké osimiri nke oge a na-egosi na (a) mmụba gas na/ma ọ bụ nkwụsị mpaghara nke ngwakọta gas na sediment, na/ma ọ bụ (b) ngagharị n'akụkụ nke ngwakọta gas na sediment anaghị ekwe ka usoro nrụgide dị oke ala. Dịka ụkpụrụ echiche diapir si dị52, ngagharị n'akụkụ na-egosi nguzozi na-adịghị mma n'etiti ọnụego ọkọnọ nke ngwakọta apịtị na gas site n'okpuru na ọnụego nke pagoda na-aga elu. Mbelata na ọnụego ọkọnọ nwere ike ịbụ njikọ na mmụba na njupụta nke ngwakọta ahụ n'ihi na mmanụ gas na-apụ n'anya. Nsonaazụ chịkọtara n'elu na mmụba nke pagoda nke na-achịkwa buoyancy na-enye anyị ohere ịtụle elu kọlụm ikuku hg. A na-enye buoyancy site na ΔP = hgg (ρw – ρg), ebe g bụ ike ndọda (9.8 m/s2) na ρw na ρg bụ njupụta nke mmiri na gas, n'otu n'otu. ΔP bụ ngụkọta nke Pdef agbakọrọ na nrụgide lithostatic Plith nke efere sediment, ya bụ ρsg h, ebe ρs bụ njupụta sedimenti. N'okwu a, uru nke hg achọrọ maka mmụpụta achọrọ bụ hg = (Pdef + Plith)/[g (ρw – ρg)]. Na BdM, anyị setịpụrụ Pdef = 0.3 Pa na h = 100 m (lee n'elu), ρw = 1,030 kg/m3, ρs = 2,500 kg/m3, ρg enweghị atụ n'ihi na ρw ≫ρg. Anyị na-enweta hg = 245 m, uru na-anọchite anya omimi nke ala GSL.ΔP bụ 2.4 MPa, nke bụ oke nrụgide achọrọ iji mebie ala mmiri BdM ma mepụta oghere ikuku.
Ihe mejupụtara gas BdM kwekọrọ na isi mmalite mantle gbanwere site na mgbakwunye nke mmiri mmiri jikọtara ya na mmeghachi omume decarbonization nke nkume crustal (Foto nke 6). Nhazi EW siri ike nke domes BdM na ugwu mgbawa na-arụ ọrụ dịka Ischia, Campi Flegre, na Soma-Vesuvius, yana nhazi nke gas ndị a na-ewepụta, na-egosi na gas ndị a na-ewepụta site na mantle dị n'okpuru mpaghara ugwu mgbawa Naples niile na-agwakọta. Mmiri crustal ndị ọzọ na-esi n'ọdịda anyanwụ (Ischia) gaa n'ọwụwa anyanwụ (Somma-Vesuivus) (Foto nke 1b na 6).
Anyị ekpebiela na n'Ọwara Mmiri Naples, kilomita ole na ole site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Naples, e nwere ihe owuwu dị ka dome nke dị kilomita 25 n'obosara nke usoro degasị na-arụ ọrụ na-emetụta ya ma ọ bụ site na ntinye nke pagodas na ugwu ndị dị n'elu ala. Ugbu a, akara aka BdM na-egosi na ọgba aghara na-abụghị magmatic53 nwere ike tupu mgbawa embrayo, ya bụ, mwepụ mbụ nke magma na/ma ọ bụ mmiri ọkụ. Ekwesịrị itinye ọrụ nlekota iji nyochaa mgbanwe nke ihe ndị dị na ya na ịchọpụta akara geochemical na geophysical nke na-egosi nsogbu magmatic nwere ike ime.
E nwetara profaịlụ kọlụm mmiri acoustic (2D) n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri SAFE_2014 (Ọgọst 2014) na R/V Urania (CNR) site na National Research Council Institute of Coastal Marine Environment (IAMC). E mere nlele acoustic site na onye na-akpọ Simrad EK60 nke na-arụ ọrụ na 38 kHz. E dekọrọ data acoustic na ọsọ nkezi nke ihe dị ka kilomita 4. E jiri onyonyo echosounder anakọtara chọpụta mwepụ mmiri ma kọwaa ebe ha nọ na mpaghara nchịkọta (n'etiti 74 na 180 m bsl). Tụọ paramita anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ na kọlụm mmiri site na iji nyocha multiparameter (conductivity, okpomọkụ na omimi, CTD). E jiri nyocha CTD 911 (SeaBird, Electronics Inc.) chịkọta data ma hazie ya site na iji ngwanrọ SBED-Win32 (Seasave, ụdị 7.23.2). E jiri ngwaọrụ ROV "Pollux III" (GEItaliana) mee nyocha anya nke akwa mmiri. (ụgbọala a na-arụ ọrụ n'ime obodo) nwere kamera abụọ (dị ala na nke dị elu).
E jiri sistemụ sonar multibeam Simrad EM710 nke 100 KHz (Kongsberg) mee nnweta data multibeam. Sistemụ a jikọtara ya na sistemụ ọnọdụ ụwa dị iche iche iji hụ na njehie sub-metric dị na nhazi osisi. Mkpụrụ obi acoustic nwere ugboro 100 KHz, mkpali ọkụ nke ogo 150° na oghere dum nke osisi 400. Tụọ ma tinye profaịlụ ọsọ ụda n'oge n'oge nnweta. E jiri ngwanrọ PDS2000 (Reson-Thales) hazie data dịka ọkọlọtọ International Hydrographic Organization (https://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-44_5E.pdf) si dị maka ịnyagharịa na ndozi nke mmiri. Mbelata mkpọtụ n'ihi mmụba ngwa egwu na mwepụ nke osisi adịghị mma ka ejiri ndezi band na ngwaọrụ iwepụ ihe na-agbawa agbawa mee. Ọdụ keel dị nso na transducer multi-beam na-arụ ọrụ nchọpụta ọsọ ụda na-aga n'ihu ma na-enweta ma na-etinye profaịlụ ọsọ ụda n'oge na kọlụm mmiri kwa awa 6-8 iji nye ọsọ ụda oge maka Nduzi ọkụ kwesịrị ekwesị. Nchịkọta data ahụ dum nwere ihe dị ka 440 km2 (omimi 0-1200 m). E jiri data ahụ nye ụdị ala dijitalụ dị elu (DTM) nke ejiri nha sel grid 1 m mara. Emere DTM ikpeazụ (Fig. 1a) site na data ala (>0 m n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri) nke Italian Geo-Military Institute nwetara na nha sel grid 20 m.
Profaịlụ data seismic nke otu ọwa dị elu nke dị kilomita 55, nke a chịkọtara n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri dị nchebe na 2007 na 2014, kpuchiri mpaghara ihe dị ka square kilomita 113, ma na R/V Urania. E nwetara profaịlụ Marisk (dịka ọmụmaatụ, profaịlụ seismic L1, Fig. 1b) site na iji sistemụ IKB-Seistec boomer. Ngalaba nnweta ahụ nwere catamaran 2.5 m ebe a na-etinye isi iyi na onye nnata. Mbinye aka isi iyi ahụ nwere otu elu dị mma nke a na-akọwa na oke ugboro 1-10 kHz ma na-enye ohere idozi reflectors kewara site na 25 cm. E nwetara profaịlụ seismic nchekwa site na iji isi iyi seismic Geospark 1.4 Kj multi-tip nke jikọtara ya na ngwanrọ Geotrace (Sistemụ Nnyocha Mmiri Geo Marine). Sistemụ ahụ nwere catamaran nwere isi iyi 1-6.02 KHz nke na-abanye ruo milisekọnd 400 na sedimenti dị nro n'okpuru ala mmiri, yana mkpebi kwụ ọtọ nke 30 cm. E nwetara ma ngwaọrụ Safe na Marsik na ọsọ nke 0.33 gbaa/sekọnd site na iji ọsọ arịa <3 Kn. E ji ngwanrọ Geosuite Allworks hazie ma gosipụta Data yana usoro ọrụ ndị a: mmezi mgbasa, mgbanwe kọlụm mmiri, nzacha IIR bandpass 2-6 KHz, na AGC.
E ji igbe plastik nke nwere diaphragm roba n'akụkụ elu ya chịkọta gas sitere na fumarole dị n'okpuru mmiri n'ala oké osimiri site na iji igbe plastik nke nwere diaphragm roba n'akụkụ elu ya, nke ROV tinyere n'elu oghere ikuku. Ozugbo afụ ikuku na-abanye n'ime igbe ahụ dochie mmiri oké osimiri kpamkpam, ROV ahụ laghachiri n'omimi nke 1 m, onye na-egwu mmiri na-ebufe gas a nakọtara site na septum roba n'ime karama iko 60 mL abụọ e bupụrụ tupu e wepụ ya nke nwere ihe mgbochi Teflon nke e tinyere na One nke ejiri 20 mL nke ihe ngwọta 5N NaOH (flask ụdị Gegenbach) jupụta. A na-agbaze ụdị gas acid bụ isi (CO2 na H2S) na ngwọta alkaline, ebe a na-echekwa ụdị gas acid dị ala (N2, Ar+O2, CO, H2, He, Ar, CH4 na hydrocarbons dị mfe) na isi karama nlele. Ejiri gas chromatography gas (GC) nyochaa gas na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe site na iji Shimadzu 15A nke nwere kọlụm sieve molecular 5A dị mita 10 na ihe nchọpụta okpomọkụ (TCD) 54.Argon na E jiri usoro chromatograph gas Thermo Focus nke nwere kọlụm sieve capillary ogologo mita 30 na TCD nyochaa O2. E jiri usoro chromatograph gas Shimadzu 14A nke nwere kọlụm ígwè anaghị agba nchara ogologo mita 10 nke ejiri Chromosorb PAW 80/100 mesh kpuchie ya, nke e ji 23% SP 1700 na ihe nchọpụta ionization ọkụ (FID) kpuchie ya. E jiri usoro mmiri mmiri mee nyocha nke 1) CO2, dịka, nke e ji mmiri 0.5 N HCl (Metrohm Basic Titrino) na 2) H2S mee, dịka, mgbe e jiri 5 mL H2O2 (33%) mee ihe, site na ion chromatography (IC) (IC) (Wantong 761) mee ihe. Njehie nyocha nke titration, GC na nyocha IC erughị 5%. Mgbe e mechara usoro mwepụ na nhicha ọkọlọtọ maka ngwakọta gas, e jiri 13C/12C CO2 (nke e gosipụtara dị ka δ13C-CO2% na V-PDB) mee nyocha ahụ. ihe nlele anya nke Finningan Delta S dị oke 55,56. Ụkpụrụ e ji mee atụmatụ nkenke mpụga bụ Carrara na San Vincenzo marble (nke dị n'ime), NBS18 na NBS19 (nke mba ụwa), ebe njehie nyocha na mmepụtagharị bụ ±0.05% na ±0.1%, n'otu n'otu.
E jiri Agilent 6890 N gas chromatograph (GC) nke ejikọtara na Finnigan Delta plusXP na-aga n'ihu chọpụta δ15N (nke e gosipụtara dị ka % vs. Air) na 40Ar/36Ar. Njehie nyocha ahụ bụ: δ15N±0.1%, 36Ar<1%, 40Ar<3%. Oke isotope He (nke e gosipụtara dị ka R/Ra, ebe R bụ 3He/4He tụrụ na sample na Ra bụ otu nha ahụ na ikuku: 1.39 × 10−6)57 ka e kpebiri na ụlọ nyocha nke INGV-Palermo (Italy) 3He, 4He na 20Ne ka e ji igwe spectrometer (Helix SFT-GVI)58 chọpụta mgbe e kewasịrị He na Ne. Njehie nyocha ≤ 0.3%. Oghere nkịtị maka He na Ne bụ <10-14 na <10-16 mol, n'otu n'otu.
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