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Harasabwa uburyo bushya bushingiye ku gutoranya lazeri yatoranijwe kugirango igenzure microstructure yibicuruzwa mugikorwa cyo gukora. Ubu buryo bushingiye ku kubyara ingufu za ultrasonic nini cyane muri pisine yashongeshejwe nimbaraga zikomeye-zahinduwe na lazeri ya lazeri.
Gukora inyongeramusaruro (AM) yibice bimeze nkibintu byateye imbere byiyongereye cyane mumyaka mirongo ishize.Nyamara, nubwo uburyo butandukanye bwo gukora ibicuruzwa byongeweho, harimo gushiramo lazeri yatoranijwe (SLM) 1,2,3, ibyuma bya lazeri byashizwemo 4.5,6, ibyuma bya elegitoronike bishonga 7,8 nibindi 9,10, Ibice bishobora kuba bifite inenge.Ibyo ahanini biterwa nibiranga ibintu byihariye biranga ubukonje bukabije hamwe no gukonjesha kwinshi, gusibanganya ibikoresho11, biganisha ku gukura kw'intete epitaxial no gukomera cyane12,13. Ibisubizo byerekana ko, ari ngombwa kugenzura ubushyuhe bwumuriro, igipimo cyo gukonjesha, hamwe nudusimba twa alloy, cyangwa ugashyiraho izindi mpanuka zumubiri zinyuze mumirima yo hanze yimitungo itandukanye (urugero, ultrasound) kugirango tugere ku ngano nziza zingana.
Ibisohokayandikiro byinshi bihangayikishijwe n'ingaruka zo kuvura kunyeganyega ku buryo bwo gukomera mu buryo busanzwe bwo guterana 14,15.Nyamara, gukoresha umurima wo hanze gushonga kwinshi ntibitanga microstructure yibikoresho byifuzwa.Niba ingano yicyiciro cyamazi ari nto, ibintu birahinduka kuburyo bugaragara.Muri iki gihe, umurima wo hanze ugira ingaruka zikomeye mubikorwa byo gukomera.Electromagnetic ingaruka zasuzumwe mugihe gikomeye cya acoustic. imirima16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27, arc stirring28 na oscillation29, pulsed plasma arcs30,31 nubundi buryo32 .Kwihuza na substrate ukoresheje isoko ya ultrasound yo hanze cyane (kuri 20 kHz) .Ibintu bitunganijwe byatewe na ultrasound biterwa no kwiyongera kwubushuhe bwimbuto ziterwa na sisitemu ya ultrasound. cavitation.
Muri iki gikorwa, twasesenguye uburyo bwo guhindura imiterere yintete za austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga twa sonicic pisine yashongeshejwe hamwe numuhengeri wamajwi watanzwe na lazeri yo gushonga ubwayo. Guhindura ubukana bwikibazo cyimirasire ya lazeri kubisubizo bituruka kumirasire yumuriro wa ultrasonic, bihindura microstructure yibikoresho.Ubushakashatsi bwimbaraga za lazime SL amasahani afite ubuso bwerekanwe nimirasire ya lazeri yimbaraga.None rero, mubuhanga, kuvura hejuru ya laser birakorwa.Nyamara, niba ubwo buryo bwo kuvura lazeri bukorerwa hejuru ya buri gice, mugihe cyo kwiyubaka, ingaruka ku mubumbe wose cyangwa ku bice byatoranijwe byijwi bigerwaho. Muyandi magambo, niba igice cyubatswe murwego rumwe, kuvura lazeri kuri buri cyiciro bihwanye n "ubuvuzi bwa lazeri".
Mugihe mubuvuzi bwa ultrasonic ivura ama ultrasonic, ingufu za ultrasonic zumuvuduko wamajwi uhagaze zikwirakwizwa mubice byose, mugihe ubukana bwa ultrasonic buterwa na lazeri bwibanda cyane hafi y’aho imirasire ya lazeri yinjirira. hafi ya zeru kandi umuvuduko wibice bifite amplitude ntarengwa hejuru yubuso bwose bwigice. Umuvuduko wijwi imbere muri pisine yose yashongeshejwe ntushobora kurenga 0.1% yumuvuduko mwinshi uturuka kumutwe wo gusudira, kubera ko uburebure bwumuraba wumuraba wa ultrasonic ufite inshuro 20 kHz mubyuma bidafite ingese ni \ (\ sim 0.3 ~ \ inyandiko {m} \), kandi ubujyakuzimu ni munsi ya \ kuri cavitation irashobora kuba nto.
Twabibutsa ko gukoresha imishwarara ya lazeri yimbaraga zashizwe mumashanyarazi ya laser ni agace gakomeye k'ubushakashatsi 35,36,37,38.
Ingaruka ziterwa nubushyuhe bwimirasire ya laser kurwego ni ishingiro ryubuhanga bwa lazeri hafi ya 39, 40 mugutunganya ibikoresho, nko gukata41, gusudira, gukomera, gucukura 42, gusukura hejuru, kuvanga hejuru, gusya hejuru43, nibindi. Ivumburwa rya lazeri ryashishikarije iterambere rishya muburyo bwo gutunganya ibikoresho, kandi ibisubizo byibanze byakusanyirijwe mubisobanuro byinshi hamwe na monografiya 44,45,46.
Twabibutsa ko igikorwa icyo aricyo cyose kidahagaze murwego rwo hagati, harimo nigikorwa cyo gukubita uburyo bwo gukurura ibintu, bivamo gushimisha imivumba ya acoustic muri yo hamwe nubushobozi buke cyangwa buke.Mu ntangiriro, icyibanze cyibanze ku gushimisha lazeri yimivumba mumazi hamwe nuburyo butandukanye bwo gushimisha ubushyuhe bwamajwi (kwaguka k'ubushyuhe, guhumeka, guhinduka kwijwi mugihe cyinzibacyuho, kugabanuka, nibindi) 47, 48, 450Num. Porogaramu.
Ibyo bibazo byaje kuganirwaho mu nama zitandukanye, kandi gushimisha lazeri ya ultrasound bifite ibyifuzo mubikorwa byombi byinganda zikoreshwa na tekinoroji ya laser53 nubuvuzi54.Nuko rero, hashobora gutekerezwa ko hashyizweho igitekerezo cyibanze cyerekana uburyo urumuri rwa lazeri rukoreshwa mu buryo bukurura.
Ingaruka ziterwa na lazeri zatewe na lazeri kubikoresho nizo shingiro rya laser shock peening57.58,59, nayo ikoreshwa mugutunganya hejuru yibice byakozwe byongeweho60.Nyamara, gushimangira lazeri bigira akamaro cyane kuri nanosekond ya laser puls hamwe nubuso bwuzuye imashini (urugero, hamwe nigice cyamazi) 59 kuko gupakira imashini byongera umuvuduko mwinshi.
Hakozwe ubushakashatsi kugirango hamenyekane ingaruka zishobora guterwa nimirima itandukanye yumubiri kuri microstructure yibikoresho bihamye.Igishushanyo mbonera cyibikorwa byubushakashatsi cyerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 1.A pulsed Nd: YAG ikomeye-ya laser ikora muburyo bwo gukora ku buntu (igihe cya pulse igihe \ (\ tau _L \ sim 150 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \)) cyakoreshejwe. muyunguruzi, imbaraga za pulse ku ntego ziratandukanye kuva \ (E_L \ sim 20 ~ \ inyandiko {mJ} \) kugeza kuri \ (E_L \ sim 100 ~ \ inyandiko {mJ} \) .Ibikoresho bya laser bigaragarira mu gucamo ibiti bigaburirwa kuri fotodiode yo kubona amakuru icyarimwe, kandi kalorimetero ebyiri (fotodiode hamwe nigihe kirekire cyo gusubiza zikoreshwa {(1 ~ \)) metero z'amashanyarazi (fotodiode hamwe nigihe gito cyo gusubiza \ (<10 ~ \ inyandiko {ns} \)) kugirango hamenyekane ibyabaye kandi bigaragaze imbaraga za optique. Calorimetero na metero z'amashanyarazi byahinduwe kugirango bitange indangagaciro mubice byuzuye ukoresheje moteri ya termopile Gentec-EO XLP12-3S-H2-D0 hamwe nindorerwamo ya dielectric yashyizwe kumurongo wicyerekezo. {}})
Igishushanyo mbonera cyibishushanyo mbonera byubushakashatsi: 1 - laser; 2 - urumuri rwa laser; 3 - muyunguruzi idafite aho ibogamiye; 4 - gufotora hamwe; 5 - gutandukanya ibiti; 6 - diafragm; 7 - calorimeter yibyabaye; 8 - calorimeter yumurambararo ugaragara; 9 - icyuma gipima amashanyarazi; 10 - kwerekana metero y'amashanyarazi; 11 - kwibanda ku ntego; 12 - indorerwamo; 13 - icyitegererezo; 14 - umuyoboro mugari piezoelectric transducer; 15 - 2D ihindura; 16 - gushyira microcontroller; 17 - igice cyo guhuza; 18 - sisitemu yo kugura imiyoboro myinshi igizwe nibiciro bitandukanye by'icyitegererezo; 19 - mudasobwa bwite.
Ubuvuzi bwa Ultrasonic bukorwa nkibi bikurikira. Lazeri ikora muburyo bwubusa; igihe rero cya laser pulse ni \ (\ tau _L \ sim 150 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \), igizwe nigihe kinini cyikigereranyo cya \ (1.5 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \) buriwese. Imiterere yigihe gito yimpanuka ya laser hamwe na spécran yayo igizwe n ibahasha ntoya kandi ihinduranya inshuro zingana na {(0.7 ~) gushyushya no gukurikiraho gushonga no guhumeka ibintu, mugihe igice kinini cyumuvuduko gitanga ihindagurika rya ultrasonic bitewe ningaruka ya fotoacoustique. Imiterere yumuraba wa ultrasonic pulse iterwa na laser igenwa ahanini nuburyo bwigihe cyimbaraga za laser. Ni kuva kuri ( uburyo bwubusa-laser.
Gukwirakwiza by'agateganyo ubukana bwa laser pulse (a) n'umuvuduko w'ijwi hejuru yinyuma yicyitegererezo (b), spekure ya laser pulse (c) na ultrasonic pulse (d) wagereranije impiswi zirenga 300 (umurongo utukura) kumurongo umwe wa lazeri (umurongo wubururu).
Turashobora gutandukanya neza ibice bike-byinshyi hamwe nubuvanganzo bwinshi bwo kuvura acoustique ihuye n ibahasha yo hasi ya enseveri ya laser pulse hamwe na modulisiyo yo hejuru cyane. kubwibyo, ingaruka nyamukuru yumurongo mugari wibice byinshi bya signal ya acoustic kuri microstructure iteganijwe.
Inzira zifatika muri SLM ziragoye kandi zibera icyarimwe kumunzani zitandukanye zigihe gito nigihe gito.Nuko rero, uburyo bunini burakwiriye cyane kubisesengura rya tewolojiya ya SLM.Imibare yimibare igomba kubanza kuba iyumubiri-mwinshi.
Igipimo cyo gushyushya no gukonjesha kugeza kuri \ (10 ​​^ 6 ~ \ inyandiko {K} / \ inyandiko {s} \) / \ umwandiko {kubera imirasire ya laser yaho ifite ingufu zingana kugeza \ (10 ​​^ {13} ~ \ inyandiko {W} cm} ^ 2 \).
Gushonga-gukomera kuzenguruka kumara hagati ya 1 na \ (10 ​​~ \ inyandiko {ms} \), bigira uruhare mugukomera byihuse kwakarere gushonga mugihe cyo gukonja.
Ubushuhe bwihuse bwubuso bwicyitegererezo butera gushiraho imbaraga za termo-elastike murwego rwo hejuru.Igice gihagije (kigera kuri 20%) cyifu yifu ihumeka cyane63, ibyo bigatuma umutwaro winyongera winyongera hejuru yikibazo cyo gukuraho lazeri. Kubwibyo rero, imbaraga zatewe no kugoreka ibice bya geometrike biva mubisekuru byikwirakwizwa rya lazeri. substrate.Kubona amakuru yuzuye yukuri kubibazo byaho no gukwirakwiza ibibazo, hakorwa mesoskopique yikibazo cya elastique deformasique ihujwe nubushyuhe no guhererekanya imbaga.
Ingano igenga icyitegererezo ikubiyemo (1) ikigereranyo cyo guhererekanya ubushyuhe butajegajega aho ubushyuhe bwumuriro bushingiye kumiterere yicyiciro (ifu, gushonga, polycrystalline) nubushyuhe, (2) ihindagurika ryimiterere ya elastique nyuma yo guhanagura no kugereranya kwaguka. hashingiwe ku kubara umuvuduko wumwuka wumuyaga wibintu bigenda byuka. Umubano wa elastoplastique uhangayikishijwe no gukoresha imbaraga za termoelastique ugereranije nubushyuhe bwubushyuhe. Kubwimbaraga zizina \ (300 ~ \ inyandiko {W} \), inshuro \
Igishushanyo cya 3 cyerekana ibisubizo byigero cyumubare wa zone yashongeshejwe ukoresheje urugero rwimibare ya macroscopique. Diameter yakarere ka fusion ni \ (200 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \) (\ ibintu rimwe na rimwe byerekana impinduka ya pulse. Igipimo cyo gushyushya \ (V_h \) no gukonjesha \ (V_c \) biri ku rutonde rwa \ (10 ​​^ 7 \) na \ kuri substrate ntibihagije kugirango ukureho ubushyuhe.Nuko rero, kuri \ (t = 26 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \) ubushyuhe bwubuso buri hejuru cyane nka \ (4800 ~ \ inyandiko {K} \).
Ibigereranyo byigero byumubyimba wa zone ya laser pulse annealing kuri plaque 316L yicyitegererezo.Igihe kuva intangiriro yimpanuka kugeza ubujyakuzimu bwa pisine yashongeshejwe igera ku giciro ntarengwa ni \ (180 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \). igice gikurikira. Kubera iyo mpamvu, muri domaine iri hagati yizungu ebyiri (isotherms \ (T = T_L \) na isobars \ (\ sigma = \ sigma _V (T) \)), icyiciro gikomeye gikorerwa imitwaro ikomeye ya mashini, ishobora gutera impinduka muri microstructure.
Izi ngaruka zongeye gusobanurwa mu gishushanyo cya 4a, aho urwego rwumuvuduko muri zone yashongeshejwe ruteganijwe nkigikorwa cyigihe nintera iri hejuru yubuso.Bwa mbere, imyitwarire yumuvuduko ifitanye isano no guhindura ubukana bwa laser pulse yasobanuwe ku gishushanyo cya 2 hejuru. ibiranga kunyeganyega nkinshuro ya \ (500 ~ \ inyandiko {kHz} \). Ibi bivuze ko umuvuduko ukabije wa ultrasonic ukorerwa hejuru hanyuma ugakwirakwira muri substrate.
Ibara ryabazwe muri zone deformasiyo hafi ya zone yashonga irerekanwa kumashusho ya 4b. Gukuraho lazeri hamwe na stress ya thermoelastique bitanga imivumba ya elastique ikwirakwira muri substrate.Nkuko bigaragara kuri iyo shusho, hari ibyiciro bibiri byo kubyara ibibazo.Mu cyiciro cya mbere cya \ (t <40 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {s} \), imitekerereze ya Mises irazamuka kuri \ (8 ~ igitutu.Iyi mihangayiko ibaho bitewe no gukuraho lazeri, kandi nta guhangayikishwa na termoelastique byagaragaye ahantu hagenzurwa kuko akarere ka mbere katewe nubushyuhe kari gake cyane.Iyo ubushyuhe bwakwirakwijwe muri substrate, aho bugenzura butera imbaraga za termolastique hejuru \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \).
Inzego zahinduwe zahinduwe zigira ingaruka zikomeye kumurongo ukomeye-wamazi kandi birashobora kuba uburyo bwo kugenzura kugenga inzira yo gukomera.Ubunini bwa zone deformasiyo bwikubye inshuro 2 kugeza kuri 3 kurenza akarere gashonga.Nkuko bigaragara ku gishushanyo cya 3, aho isotherm ishonga hamwe nurwego rwo guhangayika bingana nuduce twinshi \ duke diyimetero 800 \ {m} \) bitewe nigihe gito.
Kubwibyo, modulisiyo igoye ya pulsed laser annealing iganisha ku ngaruka za ultrasonic. Inzira yo gutoranya microstructure inzira iratandukanye iyo ugereranije na SLM idafite imizigo ya ultrasonic. Uturere duhindagurika duhindagurika tuganisha kumurongo wikigihe cyo kwikuramo no kurambura mugice gikomeye.Nuko rero, gushiraho imipaka mishya yintete hamwe nimbibi za subgrain birashobora kuba bishoboka. pulse modulation-iterwa na ultrasound itwarwa na SLM prototype.Muri iki gihe, inductor ya piezoelectric 26 ikoreshwa ahandi irashobora gukurwaho.
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Ubushakashatsi bwakorewe kuri AISI 321H ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bifite ibipimo \ (20 \ inshuro 20 \ inshuro 5 ~ \ umwandiko {mm} \). Nyuma ya buri pulse ya laser, isahani yimuka \ (50 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \), kandi ikibuno cya lazeri ku kibanza cyagenewe ni hafi ((100 ~ \ upmu \ inyandiko {m} \). imanza zose, zone yahinduwe yasubiwemo, bitewe nigice cya oscillatory yimirasire ya lazeri.Ibyo bivamo kugabanuka inshuro zirenga 5 mukarere kangana nimbuto.Figure 5 yerekana uburyo microstructure yakarere ka elegitoronike yashonze ihinduka numubare wikurikiranya (pass).
Subplots (a, d, g, j) na (b, e, h, k) - microstructure yuturere twa elegitoronike yashonze, insimburangingo (c, f, i, l) - gukwirakwiza agace k’ibara ryamabara. Igicucu cyerekana ibice bikoreshwa mukubara histogramu.Amabara ahuye n'uturere twinshi (reba ibara ryamabara hejuru ya histogram. Subplots (ac) ihuye nicyuma kitavuwe neza, naho subplots (df), (gi), (jl) ihuye na 1, 3 na 5 remelts.
Kubera ko ingufu za laser pulse zidahinduka hagati yinzira zakurikiyeho, ubujyakuzimu bwa zone yashongeshejwe ni kimwe.Nuko rero, umuyoboro wakurikiyeho "utwikiriye" rwose uwabanje.Nyamara, histogramu yerekana ko ingano yintete yo hagati na mediani igabanuka hamwe numubare winyongera.Ibi birashobora kwerekana ko lazeri ikora kuri substrate aho gushonga.
Kunonosora ibinyampeke bishobora guterwa no gukonjesha byihuse ikidendezi cyashongeshejwe 65.Ubundi bushakashatsi bwakorewe aho ubuso bwibibaho byibyuma bitagira umwanda (321H na 316L) byerekanaga imirasire yumurambararo wa lazeri mukirere (Igishusho 6) na vacuum (Igicapo 7) .Imbaraga za lazeri (300 W na 100 W muburyo bukurikira) hamwe nuburebure bwa pisine ya Y. Inkingi Imiterere.
Microstructure yakarere ka laser yashongeshejwe ya lazeri ikomeza (300 W imbaraga zihoraho, umuvuduko wa mm 200 / s, umuvuduko wa AISI 321H).
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Kubwibyo, byerekanwe neza ko modulisiyo igoye yuburemere bwa laser pulse igira ingaruka zikomeye kuri microstructure yavuyemo.Twemera ko iyi ngaruka ari mikoranike muri kamere kandi ibaho bitewe no kubyara ibinyeganyega bya ultrasonic bikwirakwiza hejuru yumurase wa elegitoronike byimbitse byintangarugero. Ibisubizo bisa byabonetse muri 13, 26, 34, 66, 67 hakoreshejwe ibikoresho bya piezoelectric transducers hamwe na sonotrode. alloy 26 nicyuma kitagira umwanda 34 ibisubizo bya.Uburyo bushoboka buteganijwe nkibi bikurikira. Ultrasound ikomeye irashobora gutera acoustic cavitation, nkuko bigaragara muri ultrafast muri situ synchrotron X-ray imashusho. Isenyuka ryibibyimba bya cavitation naryo ritanga imivurungano yibintu byashongeshejwe bikagira imbaraga zikomeye zitera imbaraga zingana na nuclei zikomeye. ubwinshi bwamazi, guhungabanya imiterere yinkingi yimiterere yimiterere yinyongera yinganda.
Hano, turasaba ubundi buryo bushinzwe guhindura imiterere hakoreshejwe sonication ikomeye. Ako kanya nyuma yo gukomera, ibikoresho biri mubushyuhe bwo hejuru hafi yo gushonga kandi bifite umuvuduko muke mwinshi.Imiraba ya ultrasonic irashobora gutuma imigezi ya plastike ihindura imiterere yingano yibintu bishyushye, gusa bikomye.Nyamara, amakuru yizewe yubushakashatsi ku bushyuhe bwubushyuhe bwumusaruro uraboneka kuri \ (T \ hato) gerageza iyi hypothesis, twakoze imitekerereze ya molekulari (MD) yikigereranyo cya Fe-Cr-Ni gisa nicyuma cya AISI 316 L kugirango dusuzume imyitwarire yumusaruro utangwa hafi yo gushonga. Kugirango tubare impungenge zumusaruro, twakoresheje tekinike ya MD yogosha imitekerereze irambuye muri 70, 71, 72, 73.Ku kubara kwa interatomique ya Embeded 74.MD ibigereranyo bya MD bizashyirwa ahagaragara ahandi.Ibisubizo bya MD byo kubara umusaruro nkibikorwa byubushyuhe byerekanwe ku gishushanyo cya 8 hamwe namakuru yubushakashatsi ahari hamwe nandi masuzuma77,78,79,80,81,82.
Gutanga umusaruro kuri AISI icyiciro cya 316 austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga hamwe nicyitegererezo cyikigereranyo hamwe nubushyuhe bwo kwigana MD.Ibipimo by'ubushakashatsi bivuye kuri: (a) 77, (b) 78, (c) 79, (d) 80, (e) 81. Reba kuri. \ (\ vartriangleleft)
Birashobora kugaragara ko kuri \ (T> 1500 ~ \ inyandiko {K} \) guhangayikishwa numusaruro bigabanuka munsi ya \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \). Ku rundi ruhande, ibigereranyo byerekana ko amplitude yakozwe na lazeri irenze urugero ((40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \) (reba Ishusho ya 4b), ibyo bikaba bihagije kugira ngo utere amashanyarazi mu bikoresho bishyushye gusa.
Imiterere ya microstructure ya 12Cr18Ni10Ti (AISI 321H) ibyuma bya austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga mugihe cya SLM byakorewe ubushakashatsi hakoreshejwe uburyo bukomeye bwifashishijwe na pulsed laser.
Kugabanya ingano yintete muri zone ya laser yashonze byabonetse kubera guhora kwa lazeri nyuma ya 1, 3 cyangwa 5.
Icyitegererezo cya Macroscopique cyerekana ko ingano yagereranijwe yakarere aho ihindagurika rya ultrasonic rishobora kugira ingaruka nziza imbere yo gukomera kugeza kuri \ (1 ~ \ inyandiko {mm} \).
Moderi ya microscopique MD yerekana ko imbaraga zumusaruro wa AISI 316 austenitis ibyuma bitagira umuyonga bigabanuka cyane kugeza kuri \ (40 ~ \ inyandiko {MPa} \) hafi yo gushonga.
Ibisubizo byabonetse byerekana uburyo bwo kugenzura microstructure yibikoresho ukoresheje lazeri itunganijwe neza kandi ishobora kuba ishingiro ryo gushiraho uburyo bushya bwo guhindura tekinike ya SLM.
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