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Ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile, ukugqwala okusheshayo kwekhabhoni nezinsimbi ezingagqwali kuvame ukubonwa. Ucwaningo lokuntywila ethangini lamanzi ahlanzekile lwezinyanga ezingu-22 lwenziwe lapha kusetshenziswa amazinga ayisishiyagalolunye ensimbi. Ukugqwala okusheshayo kwabonwa ezinsimbini zekhabhoni ne-chromium kanye nensimbi ephonswe, kanti ensimbini engagqwali akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo okwabonwa ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22. Ukuhlaziywa komphakathi wamagciwane kubonise ukuthi ngesikhathi sokugqwala okuvamile, amabhaktheriya akhiqiza i-Fe(II) acebiswa esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala, amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-Fe(III), esigabeni sokuthuthuka kokugqwala, kanye namabhaktheriya anciphisa i-sulfate, esigabeni sokugqwala. esigabeni sokugcina sokugqwala komkhiqizo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amabhaktheriya e-Beggiatocaea ayemaningi kakhulu ensimbini kanti ama-9% Cr abhekene nokugqwala kwendawo. Lezi zakhiwo zemiphakathi yamagciwane nazo zahlukile kulezo ezisezinhlayiyeni zamanzi nezangaphansi. Ngakho-ke, njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, umphakathi wamagciwane ubhekana nezinguquko ezinkulu, futhi imetabolism yamandla amagciwane ancike ensimbini idala indawo engacebisa amanye ama-microorganism.
Izinsimbi zingawohloka futhi zibole ngenxa yezici ezahlukahlukene zemvelo nezomzimba ezifana ne-pH, izinga lokushisa kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-ion. Izimo ze-asidi, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokuhlushwa kwe-chloride kuthinta kakhulu ukubola kwezinsimbi1,2,3. Izinambuzane ezincane ezindaweni zemvelo nezakhiwe zivame ukuthonya ukuguguleka nokubola kwezinsimbi, ukuziphatha okuvezwa ekugqwaleni kwamagciwane (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. I-MIC ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezifana namapayipi angaphakathi namathangi okugcina izinto, emifantwini yensimbi, nasenhlabathini, lapho ivela khona ngokuzumayo futhi ikhula ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha kanye nokutholwa kusenesikhathi kwe-MICs kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziywa kwe-MIC kuvame ukwenziwa ngemva kokugqwala. Kuye kwabikwa izifundo eziningi ze-MIC lapho amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-sulfate (SRB) ayevame ukutholakala emikhiqizweni yokugqwala9,10,11,12,13. Kodwa-ke, akukacaci ukuthi ama-SRB anegalelo yini ekuqaleni kokugqwala, njengoba ukutholwa kwawo kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kwangemva kokugqwala.
Muva nje, ngaphezu kwamagciwane akhipha i-iodine oxidization21, kuye kwabikwa izinhlobo ezahlukene zama-microorganisms abhubhisa insimbi, njenge-SRB14 ebhubhisa insimbi, ama-methanogens15,16,17, ama-bacteria anciphisa i-nitrate18, ama-bacteria akhipha i-iron oxidization19 kanye nama-acetogens20. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelebhu ze-anaerobic noma ze-microaerobic, iningi lawo libhubhisa insimbi ne-carbon steel zero-valent. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zawo zokubola zisikisela ukuthi ama-methanogens aphula insimbi kanye nama-SRB akhuthaza ukubola ngokuvuna ama-electron kusuka kunsimbi engenalutho besebenzisa ama-hydrogenase angaphandle kanye nama-cytochrome amaningi, ngokulandelana22,23. Ama-MIC ahlukaniswe ngezinhlobo ezimbili: (i) i-chemical MIC (CMIC), okuwukubola okungaqondile yizinhlobo ezikhiqizwa ngamagciwane, kanye (ii) i-MIC kagesi (EMIC), okuwukubola okuqondile ngokuncipha kwensimbi ngama-electron24. I-EMIC eqhutshwa ukudluliselwa kwama-electron angaphandle (EET) ithakazelisa kakhulu ngoba ama-microorganisms anezakhiwo ze-EET abangela ukubola okusheshayo kune-microorganisms ezingezona eze-EET. Nakuba impendulo ekhawulela izinga le-CMIC ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic iwukukhiqizwa kwe-H2 ngokunciphisa i-proton (H+), i-EMIC iqhubeka nge-metabolism ye-EET, engancikile ekukhiqizweni kwe-H2. Indlela yokusebenza kwe-EET kuma-microorganisms ahlukahlukene ihlobene nokusebenza kukaphethiloli wamangqamuzana ama-microbial kanye ne-electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Ngenxa yokuthi izimo zokukhula kwala ma-microorganisms aqothulayo zihlukile kulezo ezisendaweni yemvelo, akucaci ukuthi lezi zinqubo zokugqwala kwama-microbial ezibonwayo zibonisa ukugqwala yini ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukubona indlela yokusebenza kwe-MIC ebangelwa la ma-microorganisms aqothulayo endaweni yemvelo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwe-DNA kuye kwenza kwaba lula ukutadisha imininingwane yemiphakathi yamagciwane ezindaweni zemvelo nezokwenziwa, isibonelo, ukuprofayilisha kwamagciwane okusekelwe kuchungechunge lwezakhi zofuzo lwe-16S rRNA kusetshenziswa ama-sequencer esizukulwane esisha kuye kwasetshenziswa emkhakheni we-microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Kuye kwanyatheliswa izifundo eziningi ze-MIC ezinemininingwane yemiphakathi yamagciwane ezindaweni zomhlabathi nezasolwandle13,33,34,35,36. Ngaphezu kwe-SRB, ukucebisa ku-Fe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) kanye namagciwane anitrifying kumasampula okugqwala, isib. i-FeOB, njenge-Gallionella spp. kanye ne-Dechloromonas spp., kanye namagciwane anitrifying, njenge-Nitrospira, nawo abikwe. spp., ezinsimbini ze-Carbon kanye nethusi ezisebenzisa i-medium yomhlabathi33. Ngokufanayo, endaweni yasolwandle, ukuqoqana okusheshayo kwamagciwane anitrifying ensimbini amakilasi e-Zetaproteobacteria kanye ne-Betaproteobacteria kuye kwabonwa amasonto amaningana ensimbini yekhabhoni 36. Le datha ikhombisa umnikelo walezi zinambuzane ekugqwaleni. Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni eziningi, ubude besikhathi kanye namaqembu okuhlola kunqunyelwe, futhi kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yamagciwane ngesikhathi sokugqwala.
Lapha, sihlola ama-MIC ensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ye-chromium, insimbi engagqwali, kanye nensimbi ephothiwe sisebenzisa izifundo zokucwiliswa endaweni enamanzi ahlanzekile enomlando wemicimbi ye-MIC. Amasampula athathwe ezinyangeni ezi-1, 3, 6, 14 kanye nezingu-22 futhi izinga lokugqwala kwengxenye ngayinye yensimbi kanye neyamagciwane lafundwa. Imiphumela yethu inikeza ukuqonda mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesikhathi eside kwemiphakathi yamagciwane ngesikhathi sokugqwala.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuThebula 1, kusetshenziswe izinsimbi eziyisishiyagalolunye kulolu cwaningo. Amasampula ayishumi ento ngayinye acwiliswe echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile. Ikhwalithi yamanzi enqubo injengoba ilandelayo: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, i-turbidity 1 ppm kanye ne-pH 7.4. Ukuhlushwa kwe-oxygen (DO) encibilikisiwe phansi kwelebhu yesampula kwakucishe kube ngu-8.2 ppm kanti izinga lokushisa lamanzi lalisukela ku-9 kuya ku-23°C ngokwezinkathi zonyaka.
Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1, ngemva kwenyanga e-1 yokucwiliswa ezindaweni ze-ASTM A283, ASTM A109 Isimo #4/5, ASTM A179, kanye ne-ASTM A395 zensimbi ecijile, imikhiqizo yokugqwala ensundu yabonwa ebusweni bensimbi yekhabhoni ngesimo sokugqwala okujwayelekile. Ukulahlekelwa isisindo kwalezi zibonelo kwanda ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Ithebula Elingeziwe 1) kanti izinga lokugqwala lalingu-0.13–0.16 mm ngonyaka (Umfanekiso 2). Ngokufanayo, ukugqwala okujwayelekile kubonwe ezinsimbini ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-Cr (1% kanye no-2.25%) ngesilinganiso sokugqwala esingaba ngu-0.13 mm/ngonyaka (Izithombe 1 kanye no-2). Ngokuphambene nalokho, insimbi ene-9% Cr ibonisa ukugqwala kwendawo okwenzeka ezikhaleni ezakhiwe ngama-gasket. Izinga lokugqwala lalesi sampula lingaba ngu-0.02 mm/ngonyaka, okuphansi kakhulu kunensimbi ene-corrosion ejwayelekile. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinsimbi ezingagqwali zohlobo lwe-304 kanye ne-316 azibonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngamazinga okugqwala alinganiselwa ku-<0.001 mm y−1. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinsimbi ezingagqwali zohlobo lwe-304 kanye ne-316 azibonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngamazinga okusheshisa alinganiselwa ku-<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет1 мм0,0. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinhlobo zensimbi ezingagqwali zezinhlobo ezingu-304 kanye no-316 azibonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngesilinganiso sokugqwala esilinganiselwa ku-<0.001 mm/ngonyaka.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinsimbi ezingagqwali zohlobo lwe-304 kanye ne-316 azibonisanga ukugqwala okubonakalayo ngesilinganiso sokugqwala esiklanywe kahle esingu-<0.001 mm/ngonyaka.
Kuboniswe izithombe ezinkulu zesampula ngayinye (ukuphakama okungu-50 mm × ububanzi obungu-20 mm) ngaphambi nangemva kokususwa kwesilinganiso. Imitha eli-1, inyanga eyi-1; amamitha ama-3, izinyanga ezi-3; amamitha ayi-6, izinyanga ezi-6; amamitha ayi-14, izinyanga eziyi-14; amamitha angama-22, izinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, isimo esingu-4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi engu-1% Cr; insimbi engu-3C, insimbi engu-2.25% Cr; insimbi engu-9C, insimbi engu-9% Cr; S6, insimbi engagqwali engu-316; S8, insimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-304.
Izinga lokugqwala libalwe kusetshenziswa isikhathi sokunciphisa isisindo kanye nokucwiliswa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, eqinile 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, insimbi 1% Cr, 3 C, insimbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, insimbi 9% Cr, S6, insimbi engagqwali yohlobo 316; S8, insimbi engagqwali yohlobo 304.
Ku-Fig. 1 kukhombisa nokuthi imikhiqizo yokugqwala yensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ye-Cr ephansi kanye nensimbi ephonswe ikhula kakhulu ngemva kokucwiliswa izinyanga ezi-3. Izinga lokugqwala lilonke lehla kancane kancane laya ku-0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/ngonyaka ngemva kwezinyanga ezingama-22 (Isithombe 2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokugqwala lensimbi ye-Cr engu-2.25% laliphansi kancane kunezinye izinhlobo ezigqwalile, okubonisa ukuthi i-Cr ingavimbela ukugqwala. Ngaphezu kokugqwala okuvamile, ngokusho kwe-ASTM A179, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingama-22 ngokujula kokugqwala okungaba ngu-700 µm (Isithombe 3). Izinga lokugqwala kwendawo, elibalwa kusetshenziswa ukujula kokugqwala kanye nesikhathi sokucwiliswa, lingu-0.38 mm/ngonyaka, okushesha cishe izikhathi ezi-5 kunokugqwala okuvamile. Izinga lokugqwala le-ASTM A395 alloy lingancishiswa njengoba imikhiqizo yokugqwala ingasusi ngokuphelele isikali ngemva kwezinyanga eziyi-14 noma ezingama-22 zokucwiliswa emanzini. Kodwa-ke, umehluko kufanele ube mncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabonakala imigodi eminingi emincane ensimbini ye-chromium ephansi egqwalile.
Isithombe esigcwele (ibha yesikali: 10 mm) kanye nokugqwala kwendawo (ibha yesikali: 500 µm) kwensimbi ye-ASTM A179 kanye nensimbi engu-9% Cr ekujuleni okuphezulu kusetshenziswa imakroskopu yelaser yokubuka ye-3D. Izindilinga ezibomvu esithombeni esigcwele zibonisa ukugqwala kwendawo okulinganisiwe. Umbono ogcwele wensimbi engu-9% Cr kusukela ohlangothini olungemuva uboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 2, ngensimbi ene-9% Cr, akukho ukugqwala okwabonwa zingakapheli izinyanga ezingu-3-14, kanti izinga lokugqwala lalicishe libe yi-zero. Kodwa-ke, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 (Isithombe 3) ngesilinganiso sokugqwala esingu-0.04 mm/ngonyaka esibalwe kusetshenziswa ukwehla kwesisindo. Ukujula kokugqwala okuphezulu kwendawo kungu-1260 µm kanti izinga lokugqwala kwendawo elibalwe kusetshenziswa ukujula kokugqwala kanye nesikhathi sokucwiliswa (izinyanga ezingu-22) lingu-0.68 mm/ngonyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi iphuzu eliqondile lapho ukugqwala kuqala khona alaziwa, izinga lokugqwala lingase libe phezulu.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo okwabonwa ensimbini engagqwali ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 zokucwiliswa. Nakuba izinhlayiya ezimbalwa ezinsundu zabonwa ebusweni ngaphambi kokwehla kwesilinganiso (Isithombe 1), zazinamathele kancane futhi kwakungeyona imikhiqizo yokugqwala. Njengoba insimbi iphinda ivele ebusweni bensimbi engagqwali ngemva kokususwa kwesikali, izinga lokugqwala cishe liyi-zero.
Ukulandelana kwe-Amplicon kwenziwe ukuze kuqondwe umehluko kanye nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yamagciwane ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kanye nama-biofilm ezindaweni zensimbi, emanzini nasezindaweni ezimanzi. Kwamukelwe inani eliphelele lama-readings angu-4,160,012, kanye nobubanzi obuphakathi kwama-readings angu-31,328 kuya ku-124,183.
Izinkomba zeShannon zamasampula amanzi athathwe ezindaweni zokungenisa amanzi kanye namachibi zazisukela ku-5.47 kuya ku-7.45 (Isithombe 4a). Njengoba amanzi omfula abuyiselwe esetshenziswa njengamanzi ezimboni, umphakathi wamagciwane ungashintsha ngokwezinkathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inkomba yeShannon yamasampula enhlabathi engezansi yayicishe ibe ngu-9, okuyinto ephakeme kakhulu kuneyamasampula amanzi. Ngokufanayo, amasampula amanzi ayenezinkomba zeChao1 ezibalwe phansi kanye namayunithi e-taxonomic operational abonakalayo (ama-OTU) kunezibonelo zenhlabathi (Isithombe 4b, c). Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; amanani e-p < 0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula enhlabathi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo esezibonelweni zamanzi. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; amanani e-p < 0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula enhlabathi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo esezibonelweni zamanzi. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, что микробные микробные микробные зобнфобные собобные отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; amanani e-p <0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula enhlabathi iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunakumasampula amanzi.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01,图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂。這些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 , 图 4d） 表明 沉积物样 中 中 的微 中中群落更。。..... Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, чнто микрожить, чнто микостей образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Lo mehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; inani le-p <0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), okuphakamisa ukuthi imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula enhlabathi yayiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunakumasampula amanzi.Njengoba amanzi asesitsheni sokugcwala kwamanzi ehlala evuselelwa futhi inhlabathi ihla phansi kwesitsheni ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemishini, lo mehluko wokuhlukahluka kwamagciwane kufanele ubonise imvelo esitsheni.
a Shannon index, b Kubonwe iyunithi yokusebenza ye-taxonomic (OTU), kanye ne-c Chao1 uptake index (n=6) kanye ne-basin (n=5) Amanzi, i-sediment (n=3), i-ASTM A283 (S: n=5), i-ASTM A109 I-Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), i-ASTM A179 (B: n=5), i-ASTM A395 (FC: n=5), i-1% (1 C: n=5), i-2.25% (3 C: n = 5) kanye ne-9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, kanye nezinhlobo ze-316 (S6: n = 5) kanye ne--304 (S8: n = 5) zensimbi ezingagqwali ziboniswa njengamashadi anjengebhokisi kanye nama-whisker. d p-values ​​​​ze-Shannon kanye ne-Chao1 indices ezitholwe kusetshenziswa izivivinyo eziningi zokuqhathanisa ze-ANOVA kanye ne-Tukey-Kramer. Izizinda ezibomvu zimele amabhangqa anamanani e-p < 0.05. Izizinda ezibomvu zimele amabhangqa anamanani e-p < 0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Izizinda ezibomvu zimele amabhangqa anamanani e-p < 0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Izizinda ezibomvu zimele amabhangqa anamanani e-p <0.05.Umugqa ophakathi kwebhokisi, phezulu nangaphansi kwebhokisi, kanye nama-whiskers amelela isilinganiso esimaphakathi, samaphesenti angama-25 nangama-75, kanye namanani amancane naphezulu, ngokulandelana.
Izinkomba zeShannon zensimbi yekhabhoni, insimbi ephansi ye-chromium, kanye nensimbi ephonswe zazifana nalezo zamasampula amanzi (Isithombe 4a). Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkomba zeShannon zamasampula ensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunezensimbi ezigqwalile (amanani e-p < 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d) futhi zifana nezezihlabathi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkomba zeShannon zamasampula ensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunezensimbi ezigqwalile (amanani e-p < 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d) futhi zifana nezezihlabathi. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, ринангей), другий отложений. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkomba zeShannon zamasampula ensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunezensimbi ezigqwalile (amanani e-p ​​< 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d) futhi zifana nezinkomba zediphozithi.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图缎缉伉伉红。相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图环伉理） Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, жни). Ngokuphambene nalokho, inkomba yeShannon yamasampula ensimbi engagqwali yayiphakeme kakhulu kuneyensimbi ebolile (inani le-p < 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d), njengoba kwakunjalo ngediphozithi.Ngokuphambene nalokho, inkomba yeShannon yezinsimbi ezine-9% Cr yayisukela ku-6.95 kuya ku-9.65. Lawa manani ayephezulu kakhulu kumasampula angagqwali ngenyanga eyi-1 neye-3 kunakumasampula agqwali ezinyangeni eziyi-6, 14 kanye nezingama-22 (Isithombe 4a). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Chao1 indices kanye nama-OTU abonwe ezinsimbi ze-9% Cr aphezulu kunalawo amasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampula angagqwalile nalawo angqwalile (Isithombe 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amanani e-p < 0.01, Isithombe 4d). Ngaphezu kwalokho, ama-Chao1 indices kanye nama-OTU abonwe ezinsimbi ze-9% Cr aphezulu kunalawo amasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampula angagqwalile nalawo angqwalile (Isithombe 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amanani e-p ​​< 0.01, Isithombe 4d).Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Chao1 kanye ne-OTU ebonwe yezinsimbi ezine-9% Cr ziphakeme kunezamasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi ziphansi kunezamasampula angagqwalile nalawo angqwalile (Isithombe 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (amanani e-p ​​<0.01, Umfanekiso 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀样品和水样，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物樣品（图4b,c），差异具有统戡孉0.01, 4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察的 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 （样品 ） 4b , c） 差异 统计学 意义 (p 值 <0.01 图图 图 图 图 图 , , , , , , , Кроме того, индекс Chao1 and наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных and водных образцов, и ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkomba ye-Chao1 kanye ne-OTU ebonwe yensimbi engu-9% Cr yayiphakeme kuneyamasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi iphansi kuneyamasampula angagqwalile nalawo angqwalile (Isithombe 4b,c), futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (inani le-p < 0.01, Isithombe 4d).Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kuphansi kunakuma-biofilm ezinsimbi ezingagqwali.
Ku-fig. 5a kukhombisa i-Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) plot esekelwe ebangeni elingalingani nesisindo se-UniFrac lazo zonke izibonelo, kanye namaqoqo amathathu amakhulu abonwe. Imiphakathi yama-microbial kumasampula amanzi yayihluke kakhulu kweminye imiphakathi. Imiphakathi yama-microbial enhlabathini yayihlanganisa nemiphakathi yensimbi engagqwali, kuyilapho yayisakazeke kakhulu kumasampula okugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imephu yensimbi ene-9% Cr ihlukaniswe ngamaqoqo angagqwali nagqwali. Ngenxa yalokho, imiphakathi yama-microbial ebusweni bensimbi kanye nemikhiqizo yokugqwala ihluke kakhulu kuleyo esemanzini.
Isakhiwo sokuhlaziywa kwe-Principal coordinate (PCoA) esisekelwe ebangeni elingalingani nesisindo se-UniFrac kuzo zonke izibonelo (a), amanzi (b), kanye nezinsimbi (c). Izindilinga ziqokomisa iqoqo ngalinye. Izindlela zokulandelana zimelelwa yimigqa exhumanisa izikhathi zokuthatha isampula ochungechungeni. Imitha eli-1, inyanga e-1; amamitha ama-3, izinyanga ezi-3; amamitha ayi-6, izinyanga ezi-6; amamitha ayi-14, izinyanga eziyi-14; amamitha angama-22, izinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, isimo 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi engu-1% Cr; insimbi engu-3C, insimbi engu-2.25% Cr; insimbi engu-9C, insimbi engu-9% Cr; S6, insimbi engagqwali engu-316; S8, insimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-304.
Uma zihlelwe ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, ama-PCoA plots amasampula amanzi ayehlelwe ngendlela eyindilinga (Isithombe 5b). Lokhu kuguquka komjikelezo kungabonisa izinguquko zesizini.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, kwabonakala amaqoqo amabili kuphela (agqwalile nangagqwalile) kuma-PCoA plots amasampula ensimbi, lapho (ngaphandle kwe-9% chromium steel) kwabonakala khona ushintsho lomphakathi wamagciwane kusukela ezinyangeni ezi-1 kuya kwezingama-22 (Isithombe 5c). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba izinguquko kumasampula agqwalile zazinkulu kunezasampula ezingagqwalile, kwakukhona ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane kanye nokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Kumasampula ensimbi ane-9% Cr, kwavezwa izinhlobo ezimbili zemiphakathi yamagciwane: amaphuzu ezinyangeni ezi-1 nezi-6, atholakala eduze kwensimbi engagqwali, kanye nezinye (izinyanga ezi-3, 14, kanye nezingama-22), atholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nensimbi egqwalile. Inyanga e-1 kanye namakhuphoni asetshenziselwa ukukhipha i-DNA ezinyangeni ezi-6 awagqwalanga, kanti amakhuphoni ezinyangeni ezi-3, 14 kanye nezingama-22 agqwalile (Isithombe Esingeziwe 1). Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula agqwalile yahlukile kuleyo esemanzini, edakeni, kanye namasampula angagqwalile futhi yashintsha njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemiphakathi yamagciwane abonwe kumasampula amanzi kwakuyi-Proteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), ama-Bacteroidetes (6.3–48.6%), i-Planctomycetota (0.4–19.6%) kanye ne-Actinobacteria (0–17.7%), ubuningi bawo obuhlukahlukene buhlukahluka kusukela kusampula kuya kusampula (Isithombe 6), isibonelo, ubuningi bama-Bacteroidetes emanzini echibi babuphakeme kunasemanzini angabonakali. Lo mehluko ungathonywa isikhathi sokuhlala kwamanzi ethangini lokugcwala. Lezi zinhlobo nazo zabonwa kumasampula enhlabathi engezansi, kodwa ubuningi bawo obuhlukahlukene buhluke kakhulu kobamanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwe-Acidobacteriota (8.7–13.0%), i-Chloroflexi (8.1–10.2%), i-Nitrospirota (4.2–4.4%) kanye ne-Desulfobacterota (1.5–4.4%) % kwakuphakeme kunakumasampula amanzi. Njengoba cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-Desulfobacterota ziyi-SRB37, indawo ezungezile kumele ibe ne-anaerobic. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingase ibe nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu ngoba ubuningi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphansi kuka-0.04%. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingase ibe nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu ngoba ubuningi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphansi kuka-0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен <0,04%. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingaba nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu njengoba inala yayo emanzini echibi ingaphansi kuka-0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水中的相对丰度<0.04%. <0.04%. I-Desulfobacillus ingakwazi ukukhiqiza i-Desulfobacillus ku-коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в водей0, 4% Nakuba uhlobo lwe-Desulfobacillus lungathinta ukugqwala, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu njengoba ubuningi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphansi kuka-0.04%.
I-RW kanye ne-Air zimelela amasampula amanzi avela ekungeneni kwamanzi kanye ne-basin, ngokulandelana. I-Sediment-C, -E, -W amasampula e-sediment athathwe maphakathi nephansi le-basin, kanye nasezinhlangothini zasempumalanga nasentshonalanga. Imitha eli-1, inyanga eli-1; amamitha ama-3, izinyanga ezi-3; amamitha ayi-6, izinyanga ezi-6; amamitha ayi-14, izinyanga eziyi-14; amamitha angama-22, izinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, isimo 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi engu-1% Cr; insimbi engu-3C, insimbi engu-2.25% Cr; insimbi engu-9C, insimbi engu-9% Cr; S6, insimbi engagqwali engu-316; S8, insimbi engagqwali yohlobo lwe-304.
Ezingeni lohlobo, ingxenye ephezulu kancane (6-19%) yamabhaktheriya angahlukaniswanga angomndeni wakwaTrichomonadaceae, kanye neNeosphingosine, iPseudomonas, kanye neFlavobacterium, yabonwa kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Njengezingxenye ezincane eziyinhloko, amasheya awo ayahlukahluka (Isithombe 1). . 7a kanye no-b). Emifudlaneni, ubuningi beFlavobacterium, iPseudovibrio, kanye neRhodoferrobacter babuphezulu kuphela ebusika. Ngokufanayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwePseudovibrio kanye neFlavobacterium kwabonwa emanzini asebusika esitsheni. Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yamagciwane emanzini yahlukahluka kuye ngesizini, kodwa ayizange ibhekane nezinguquko ezinkulu ngesikhathi socwaningo.
a Amanzi okungenisa, b Amanzi echibi lokubhukuda, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 izinga lokushisa #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, kanye i 9% Cr insimbi, j Uhlobo-316 kanye nensimbi engagqwali K-304.
Ama-Proteobacteria ayeyizinto eziyinhloko kuzo zonke izibonelo, kodwa ubuningi bawo obuhlobene kumasampula agqwalile behla njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka (Isithombe 6). Kumasampula i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kanye no-1% kanye no-2.25% Cr, ubuningi bama-proteobacteria behle busuka ku-89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% angama-43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% kanye no-31.3% ngokulandelana. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuningi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula kancane kancane kusuka ku-<0.1% kuya ku-12.5–45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuningi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula kancane kancane kusuka ku-<0.1% kuya ku-12.5–45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Напротив, относительное содержание I-Desulfobacterota i-Desulfobacterota isusa i-увеличивается с <0,1% kuya ku-12,5–45,9% ngokuphathelene nokutholakala kwezifo. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ubuningi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula kancane kancane kusuka ku-<0.1% kuya ku-12.5–45.9% njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность I-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus ithola i-uвеличивалась с <0,1% kuya ku-12,5–45,9% ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa. Ngokuphambene nalokho, inani elilinganiselwe le-Desulfobacillus landa kancane kancane lisuka ku-<0.1% laya ku-12.5–45.9% njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.Ngakho-ke, njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, i-Proteobactereira yathathelwa indawo yi-Desulfobacterota.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ama-biofilm ensimbi engagqwali engagqwali ayequkethe isilinganiso esifanayo samabhaktheriya ahlukene. Ama-Proteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), i-Planctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), i-Nitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), i-Acidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), i-Bacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) kanye ne-Chloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). Kutholakale ukuthi isilinganiso se-Nitrospirota kumasampula ensimbi engagqwali sanda kancane kancane (Isithombe 6). Lezi zilinganiso zifana nalezo ezisezinhlayiyeni, okuhambisana nesakhiwo se-PCoA esiboniswe ku-Isithombe 5a.
Kumasampula ensimbi aqukethe i-9% Cr, kwabonwa izinhlobo ezimbili zemiphakathi yamagciwane: imiphakathi yamagciwane yenyanga e-1 kanye neyezinyanga ezi-6 yayifana naleyo esezinhlayiyeni ezingezansi, kuyilapho isilinganiso sama-proteobacteria kumasampula okugqwala 3, 14, kanye no-22 sanda kakhulu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le miphakathi emibili yamagciwane kumasampula ensimbi e-9% Cr ihambelana namaqoqo ahlukene ku-PCoA plot eboniswe ku-Fig. 5c.
Ezingeni lohlobo, kwabonakala ama-OTU angaphezu kuka-2000 aqukethe amabhaktheriya angabelwe kanye ne-archaea. Ezingeni lohlobo, kwabonakala ama-OTU angaphezu kuka-2000 aqukethe amabhaktheriya angabelwe kanye ne-archaea.Ezingeni lohlobo, kuye kwabonwa ama-OTU angaphezu kuka-2000 aqukethe amabhaktheriya angaziwa kanye ne-archaea.Ezingeni lohlobo, kuye kwabonakala ama-OTU angaphezu kuka-2000 aqukethe amabhaktheriya angachazwanga kanye ne-archaea. Phakathi kwawo, sigxile kuma-OTU ayi-10 anenani eliphezulu kusampula ngayinye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa ama-58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% kanye no-21.8-45.1% ku-ASTM A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% kanye no-9% we-Cr steels kanye ne-Type 316 kanye ne-304 stainless steels.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwama-monolith akhishwe i-chlorine anezakhiwo ze-oxidizing ze-Fe(II) kuye kwabonwa kumasampula okugqwala njenge-ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 kanye nezinsimbi ezine-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr. isigaba sokuqala sokugqwala (inyanga e-1 nezinyanga ezi-3, Umfanekiso 7c-h). Ingxenye yama-Dechloromonas yehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okuhambisana nokwehla kwama-Proteobacteria (Umfanekiso 6). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ze-Dechloromonas kuma-biofilms kumasampula angagqwali zingaphansi kwe-1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ze-Dechloromonas kuma-biofilms kumasampula angagqwali zingaphansi kwe-1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sama-Dechloromonas kuma-biofilms kumasampula angagqwali singaphansi kwe-1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isilinganiso sama-Dechloromonas ku-biofilm yamasampula angagqwali sasingaphansi kwe-1%.Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala, i-Dechloromonas icebile kakhulu esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala.
Ngokuphambene nalokho, ku-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 ethambile #4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kanye nezinsimbi ezine-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr, inani lezinhlobo ze-SRB Desulfovibrio ekugcineni landa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-14 kanye nezingu-22 (Isithombe 7c–h). I-Desulfofibrion yayiphansi kakhulu noma ayizange itholakale ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala, kumasampula amanzi (Isithombe 7a, b) kanye nakumafilimu angagqwali (Isithombe 7j, j). Lokhu kusikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi i-Desulfovibrio ithanda indawo yemikhiqizo yokugqwala eyakhiwe, yize ingathinti ukugqwala ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala.
Amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-Fe(III) (RRB), njenge-Geobacter ne-Geothrix, atholakale emikhiqizweni yokugqwala ezigabeni eziphakathi zokugqwala (izinyanga eziyi-6 neziyi-14), kodwa isilinganiso sezigaba zokugqwala sekwephuzile (izinyanga ezingama-22) siphezulu kuzo. siphansi kakhulu (Isithombe 7c, eh). Uhlobo lwe-Sideroxydans olunezakhiwo zokuxiliswa kwe-Fe(II) lubonise ukuziphatha okufanayo (Isithombe 7f), ngakho-ke isilinganiso se-FeOB, i-IRB, ne-SRB sasiphezulu kuphela kumasampula agqwalile. Lokhu kusikisela ngokuqinile ukuthi izinguquko kule miphakathi yamagciwane zihlotshaniswa nokuqhubeka kokugqwala.
Ensimbini ene-9% Cr egqwalile ngemva kwezinyanga ezi-3, 14 kanye nezi-22, kwabonwa ingxenye ephezulu yamalungu omndeni wakwaBeggiatoacea (8.5–19.6%), engabonisa izakhiwo ze-sulfur oxidizing, kanti ama-sideroxidan abonwa (8.4–13.7%) (Isithombe 1). ). 7i) Ngaphezu kwalokho, iThiomonas, i-sulfur oxidizing bacterium (SOB), yatholakala ngamanani aphezulu (3.4% kanye no-8.8%) ezinyangeni ezi-3 kanye nezi-14. Ngokuphambene nalokho, amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-nitrate iNitrospira (12.9%) abonwa kumasampula angagqwalile ezinyanga ezi-6 ubudala. Ingxenye ekhulayo yeNitrospira nayo yabonwa kuma-biofilms ensimbi engagqwali ngemva kokucwilisa (Isithombe 7j,k). Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yamagciwane yezinsimbi ze-Cr ezingagqwali zezinyanga ezi-1 nezi-6 ubudala yayifana naleyo e-biofilms yensimbi engagqwali. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphakathi yamagciwane ensimbi engu-9% Cr egqwalile ezinyangeni ezi-3, 14 kanye nezingu-22 yayihlukile emikhiqizweni yokugqwala yensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ephansi ye-chromium kanye nensimbi ephonswe.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugqwala kuvame ukuhamba kancane emanzini ahlanzekile kunasemanzini olwandle ngoba ukugcwala kwama-ion e-chloride kuthinta ukugqwala kwensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinsimbi ezingagqwali zingagqwala ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile38,39. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MIC ekuqaleni yayisolwa njengoba izinto ezigqwalile zazibonwe ngaphambilini echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile elisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo. Ezifundweni zokucwiliswa kwesikhathi eside, kwabonakala izinhlobo ezahlukene zokugqwala, izinhlobo ezintathu zemiphakathi yamagciwane, kanye noshintsho emiphakathini yamagciwane emikhiqizweni yokugqwala.
Indawo yamanzi ahlanzekile esetshenziswa kulolu cwaningo iyithangi elivaliwe lamanzi obuchwepheshe athathwe emfuleni onesakhiwo samakhemikhali esizinzile kanye noshintsho lwesizini ekushiseni kwamanzi oluqala ku-9 kuya ku-23 °C. Ngakho-ke, ukuguquguquka kwesizini emiphakathini yamagciwane kumasampula amanzi kungahlotshaniswa noshintsho ekushiseni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umphakathi wamagciwane emanzini echibi wawuhlukile kancane kulowo osemanzini angenayo (Isithombe 5b). Amanzi echibini ashintshwa njalo ngenxa yokuchichima. Ngenxa yalokho, i-DO yahlala ku-~8.2 ppm ngisho nasekujuleni okuphakathi phakathi kobuso besitsha kanye nephansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, indawo yedaka kufanele ibe ne-anaerobic, njengoba ihlala futhi ihlala phansi kwechibi, kanti izitshalo zamagciwane ezikuyo (njenge-CRP) nazo kufanele zihluke ezitshalweni zamagciwane emanzini (Isithombe 6). Njengoba amakhuphoni echibini ayekude kakhulu nedaka, ayevezwa kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile ngesikhathi sokufunda ngokucwiliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic.
Ukugqwala okuvamile kwenzeka ensimbini yekhabhoni, ensimbini ephansi ye-chromium, kanye nensimbi ephonswe ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile (Isithombe 1) ngoba lezi zinto azimelani nokugqwala. Kodwa-ke, izinga lokugqwala (0.13 mm yr-1) ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi ahlanzekile angenawo umoya laliphezulu kunezifundo zangaphambilini40 (0.04 mm yr-1) futhi lalifana nezinga lokugqwala (0.02–0.76 mm yr-1) lapho kukhona ama-microorganisms 1) Kufana nezimo zamanzi ahlanzekile40,41,42. Leli zinga lokugqwala elisheshayo liyisici se-MIC.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 zokucwiliswa, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonakala ezinsimbini eziningana ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala (Isithombe 3). Ikakhulukazi, izinga lokugqwala kwendawo elibonwe ku-ASTM A179 lishesha ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunokugqwala okuvamile. Lolu hlobo olungavamile lokugqwala kanye nezinga lokugqwala elisheshayo nalo libonwe ekugqwaleni okwenzeka entweni efanayo. Ngakho-ke, ukucwiliswa okwenziwe kulolu cwaningo kubonisa ukugqwala ekusebenzeni.
Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi engu-9% Cr ibonise ukugqwala okubi kakhulu, ngokujula kokugqwala okungu->1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nohlobo olungavamile lokugqwala. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi engu-9% Cr ibonise ukugqwala okubi kakhulu, ngokujula kokugqwala okungu->1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nohlobo olungavamile lokugqwala. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 1,2 мм, что, верояйМуИено, зявляКи, зявлязия коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi ene-9% Cr ibonise ukugqwala okubi kakhulu ngokujula kokugqwala >1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nohlobo olungavamile lokugqwala.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm, i-由于加速腐萬和异常腐胀，当腐蚀，常腐胀。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-за ускус коррозии. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi ene-9% Cr yagqwala kakhulu, ngokujula kokugqwala okungu->1.2 mm, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yezinhlobo zokugqwala ezisheshayo nezingavamile.Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engu-9% Cr isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukuziphatha kwayo kokugqwala kuye kwafundwa ngaphambilini43,44 kodwa akukho MIC ebikwe ngaphambilini ngale nsimbi. Njengoba ama-microorganism amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, engasebenzi endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC ku-9% Cr steel ingase inganakwa ezimweni ezinjalo. Njengoba ama-microorganism amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, engasebenzi endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC ku-9% Cr steel ingase inganakwa ezimweni ezinjalo. I-Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), I-МИК 9 в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), I-МИК 9 случаях можно не учитывать. Njengoba ama-microorganism amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, engasebenzi endaweni enokushisa okuphezulu (>100°C), i-MIC ensimbini ene-9% Cr inganakwa ezimweni ezinjalo.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽况下可以忽生。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) I-Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>1000 ° С), высокотемпературных средах (>1000 ° С) данном случае можно не учитывать. Njengoba ama-microorganism amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, engakhombisi umsebenzi ezindaweni ezishisa kakhulu (>100 °C), i-MIC ensimbini ene-9% Cr inganakwa kulokhu.Kodwa-ke, uma insimbi engu-9% Cr isetshenziswa endaweni enezinga lokushisa eliphakathi, kumele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezahlukahlukene zokunciphisa i-MIC.
Imiphakathi eyahlukahlukene yamagciwane kanye nezinguquko zawo kwabonwa ezinqwabeni zezinto ezingagqwali kanye nasemikhiqizweni yokugqwala kuma-biofilm uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi, ngaphezu kokugqwala okusheshayo (Umfanekiso 5-7), okuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi lokhu kugqwala kuyimakrofoni. URamirez nabanye.13 babika ushintsho olunezinyathelo ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) ohlelweni lwe-microbial lwasolwandle olungaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa yi-SRB ecebile yesibili ingase igcine inegalelo ekucebiseni i-SOB. URamirez nabanye.13 babika ushintsho olunezinyathelo ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ohlelweni lwe-microbial lolwandle olungaphezu kwezinyanga eziyi-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa yi-SRB ecebile yesibili ingase igcine inegalelo ekucebiseni i-SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, когод зей, правязей вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. URamirez nabanye.13 babika ushintsho olunezigaba ezintathu (i-FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ohlelweni lwe-microbial lwasolwandle esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyi-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa ngokucebisa kwesibili kwe-SRB ekugcineni ingaba negalelo ekucebiseni i-SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SBR/IRB => SOB)产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集。Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变 转转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 srb硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob 的富集。 U-Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, в д, козеро образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. URamirez nabanye.13 babike ushintsho olunezinyathelo ezintathu (i-FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ohlelweni lwe-microbial lwasolwandle esikhathini esiyizinyanga eziyi-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa ngokucebisa kwesibili kwe-SRB ingase igcine inegalelo ekucebiseni i-SOB.UMcBeth no-Emerson36 babike ngokuceba okuyinhloko ku-FeOB. Ngokufanayo, ukunothiswa kwe-FeOB ngesikhathi sokuqala kokugqwala kuyabonwa kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko zamagciwane ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala okubonwe ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr izinsimbi kanye nensimbi ephonswe ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezingu-22 yi-FeOB => IRB = > SRB (Izithombe 7 no-8). Ngokufanayo, ukunothiswa kwe-FeOB ngesikhathi sokuqala kokugqwala kuyabonwa kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko zamagciwane ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala okubonwe ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr izinsimbi kanye nensimbi ephonswe ngaphezu kwezinyanga ezingu-22 yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Izithombe 7 no-8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрескорский углеродистых kanye no-1% kanye no-2,25% Cr сталях kanye ne-чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 kanye no-8). Ngokufanayo, kulolu cwaningo kutholakala ukuceba ku-FeOB esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala, kodwa izinguquko zamagciwane njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, okubonwa ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr izinsimbi kanye nensimbi ephonswe ezinyangeni ezingu-22, yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Izithombe 7 no-8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同样 , 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 kanye 1% kanye 2.25% Cr 钢 超中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения, наблюдалось обогащение kanye no-1% kanye no-2,25% Cr сталях kanye ne-чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 kanye no-8). Ngokufanayo, ukucebisa i-FeOB ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala kwabonwa kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko zezinto eziphilayo ezibonwe ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% Cr izinsimbi kanye nensimbi ephonswe ezinyangeni ezingu-22 kwakuyi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Isithombe 7 no-8).Ama-SRB angaqongelela kalula ezindaweni zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yokugcwala kwama-ion e-sulfate ephezulu, kodwa ukuceba kwawo ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile kubambezeleka ngenxa yokugcwala kwama-ion e-sulfate aphansi. Ukuceba kwama-SRB emanzini olwandle kuye kwabikwa kaningi10,12,45.
a I-carbon kanye ne-nitrogen engokwemvelo ngokusebenzisa i-metabolism yamandla encike ku-Fe(II) i-iron oxide (amaseli abomvu [Dechloromonas sp.] kanye naluhlaza [Sideroxydans sp.]) kanye namabhaktheriya anciphisa i-Fe(III) (amaseli ampunga [Geothrix sp. kanye ne-Geobacter sp. ]) esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala, bese kuba amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-anaerobic sulfate (SRP) kanye nama-microorganisms angenawo umoya acebisa isigaba sokuvuthwa sokugqwala ngokudla izinto eziphilayo eziqongelelwe. b Izinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane ezinsimbini ezingamelani nokugqwala. Amaseli aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aphuzi, namhlophe amelela amabhaktheriya avela emindenini i-Comamonadaceae, i-Nitrospira sp., i-Beggiatoacea, kanye neminye, ngokulandelana.
Ngokuphathelene nezinguquko emphakathini wamagciwane kanye nokunongwa kwe-SRB okungenzeka, i-FeOB ibalulekile esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala, futhi ama-Dechloromonas angathola amandla awo okukhula kusuka ku-oxidation ye-Fe(II). Ama-microorganisms angasinda ezindaweni eziqukethe izakhi zokulandelela, kodwa ngeke akhule ngokushesha. Kodwa-ke, ichibi lokucwila elisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo liyisitsha sokugcwala, esinokungena okungu-20 m3/h, okuhlinzeka njalo ngezinto zokulandelela eziqukethe ama-ion angaphili. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala, ama-ion e-ferrous akhishwa ensimbini yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ephonswe, kanti ama-FeOB (njenge-Dechloromonas) asebenzisa wona njengomthombo wamandla. Amanani okulandelela ekhabhoni, i-phosphate kanye ne-nitrogen adingekayo ekukhuleni kwamaseli kumele abe khona emanzini enqubo ngesimo sezinto eziphilayo nezingaphili. Ngakho-ke, kule ndawo yamanzi ahlanzekile, i-FeOB iqale icebile ezindaweni zensimbi njengensimbi yekhabhoni kanye nensimbi ephonswe. Ngemva kwalokho, ama-IRB angakhula futhi asebenzise izinto eziphilayo kanye nama-oxide ensimbi njengemithombo yamandla kanye nama-electron amukelayo, ngokulandelana. Emikhiqizweni yokugqwala evuthiwe, izimo ze-anaerobic ezicebile nge-nitrogen kufanele zidalwe ngenxa ye-metabolism ye-FeOB ne-IRB. Ngakho-ke, i-SRB ingakhula ngokushesha futhi ithathe indawo ye-FeOB ne-IRB (Isithombe 8a).
Muva nje, uTang nabanye babike ukuthi ukugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali yiGeobacter ferrorederedes ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile ngenxa yokudluliselwa ngqo kwama-electron kusuka ensimbini kuya kuma-microbes46. Uma ubheka i-EMIC, umnikelo wama-microorganisms anezakhiwo ze-EET ubalulekile. I-SRB, i-FeOB, kanye ne-IRB yizinhlobo zama-microorganisms eziyinhloko emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kulolu cwaningo, okufanele zibe nezici ze-EET. Ngakho-ke, la ma-microorganisms asebenza ngogesi angafaka isandla ekugqwaleni nge-EET, kanye nokwakheka komphakathi wawo okushintshayo ngaphansi kwethonya lezinhlobo ezahlukene ze-ionic njengoba kwakhiwa imikhiqizo yokugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umphakathi wama-microorganisms ensimbini ene-9% Cr wahluka kwezinye izinsimbi (Isithombe 8b). Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyi-14, ngaphezu kokunothiswa nge-FeOB, njenge-Sideroxydans, i-SOB47Beggiatoacea, kanye ne-Thiomonas nawo anothiswa (Isithombe 7i). Lolu shintsho luhluke kakhulu kolwezinye izinto ezibolayo, njengensimbi yekhabhoni, futhi lungathonywa ama-ion acebile nge-chromium ancibilikisiwe ngesikhathi sokugqwala. Okuphawulekayo ukuthi iThiomonas ayinazo nje kuphela izakhiwo ze-sulfur oxidizing, kodwa futhi nezakhiwo ze-Fe(II) oxidizing, uhlelo lwe-EET, kanye nokubekezelelana kwensimbi esindayo48,49. Zingacetshiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-oxidative we-Fe(II) kanye/noma ukusetshenziswa ngqo kwama-electron ensimbi. Esifundweni sangaphambilini, inani elikhulu kakhulu le-Beggiatoacea labonwa kuma-biofilms ku-Cu kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuqapha lwe-biofilm olungaqhubeki, okuphakamisa ukuthi la mabhaktheriya angase amelane nezinsimbi ezinobuthi njenge-Cu ne-Cr. Kodwa-ke, umthombo wamandla odingwa yi-Beggiatoacea ukuze ikhule kule ndawo awaziwa.
Lolu cwaningo lubika izinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane ngesikhathi sokugqwala ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile. Endaweni efanayo, imiphakathi yamagciwane yayihlukile ngohlobo lwensimbi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imiphumela yethu iqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwe-FeOB ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala, njengoba imetabolism yamandla amagciwane ancike ensimbini ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwendawo ecebile ngezakhamzimba ethandwa ezinye izinto ezincane ezifana ne-SRB. Ukuze kuncishiswe i-MIC ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile, ukucebisa i-FeOB kanye ne-IRB kumele kulinganiselwe.
Kusetshenziswe izinsimbi eziyisishiyagalolunye kulolu cwaningo futhi zacutshungulwa zaba amabhlogo angu-50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (ukujiya kwensimbi ye-ASTM 395 kanye no-1%, 2.25% kanye no-9% Cr: 5 mm; ukujiya kwe-ASTM A283 kanye no-ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 kanye nohlobo lwe-304 kanye no-316 Stainless Steel, ukujiya: 1mm), enezimbobo ezimbili ze-4mm. Izinsimbi ze-Chromium zapholishwa nge-sandpaper kanti ezinye izinsimbi zapholishwa nge-sandpaper engama-grit angu-600 ngaphambi kokucwilisa. Wonke amasampula afakwa nge-sonic nge-ethanol engu-99.5%, omisiwe futhi alinganiswa. Amasampula ayishumi ensimbi ngayinye asetshenziselwa ukubala izinga lokugqwala kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome. Isampula ngayinye yalungiswa ngendlela yeladi ngezinduku ze-PTFE kanye nama-spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Isithombe Esingeziwe 2).
Ichibi linomthamo wamamitha ayi-1100 cubic kanye nokujula okungaba amamitha angu-4. Ukugeleza kwamanzi kwakungu-20 m3 h-1, ukugcwala kwakhishwa, futhi ikhwalithi yamanzi ayizange ishintshe ngokwezinkathi (Isithombe Esingeziwe 3). Iladi lesampula lehliswa entanjeni yensimbi engu-3 m elenga phakathi kwethangi. Amasethi amabili ezitebhisi asusiwe echibini ezinyangeni ezingu-1, 3, 6, 14 kanye no-22. Amasampula avela esitebhisini esisodwa asetshenziswa ukukala ukwehla kwesisindo nokubala amazinga okugqwala, kuyilapho amasampula avela kwesinye isitebhisi asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome. I-oxygen encibilikisiwe ethangini lokucwilisa yalinganiswa eduze kobuso nangaphansi, kanye naphakathi, kusetshenziswa inzwa ye-oxygen encibilikisiwe (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Imikhiqizo yokugqwala kanye nama-biofilm kumasampula asuswe ngokuklwebha ngesikrwela sepulasitiki noma ngokusula nge-cotton swab, bese ehlanzwa nge-ethanol engu-99.5% kusetshenziswa i-ultrasonic bath. Amasampula abe esecwiliswa esisombululo sikaClark ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM G1-0351. Wonke amasampula alinganiswa ngemva kokuba ukomiswa sekuqediwe. Bala izinga lokugqwala (mm/ngonyaka) kwesampula ngayinye usebenzisa ifomula elandelayo:
lapho u-K engumuntu ongaguquki (8.76 × 104), u-T isikhathi sokuchayeka (h), u-A indawo yonke yobuso (cm2), u-W ukulahleka kwesisindo (g), u-D ubuningi (g cm–3).
Ngemva kokulinganisa amasampula, izithombe ze-3D zamasampula amaningana zatholakala kusetshenziswa imakroskopu yelaser yokulinganisa ye-3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).