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Ezindaweni zasemanzini ahlanzekile, ukugqwala okusheshayo kwekhabhoni nezinsimbi ezingenasici kuvame ukubonwa. Ucwaningo lokutshuza ethangini lamanzi ahlanzekile lwezinyanga ezingama-22 lwenziwa lapha kusetshenziswa amabanga ayisishiyagalolunye ensimbi. Ukugqwala okusheshisiwe kwabonwa ezinsimbini zekhabhoni ne-chromium nensimbi ecijile, kuyilapho ensimbini engagqwali akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo okwabonwa ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga ezingama-22. Ukuhlaziywa komphakathi we-microbial kwabonisa ukuthi ngesikhathi sokugqwala okujwayelekile, amagciwane e-Fe(II)-oxidizing ayenothisiwe ekuqaleni kokugqwala, ama-bacterium anciphisa i-Fe(III)-enciphisa, esigabeni sokukhula kokugqwala, kanye namagciwane anciphisa i-sulfate, esigabeni sokugqwala. isigaba esigabeni sokugcina sokugqwala komkhiqizo. Ngokuphambene, amagciwane e-Beggiatocaea ayemaningi ikakhulukazi ensimbi ngo-9% Cr etholwe ukugqwala kwendawo. Lezi zingoma zemiphakathi ye-microbial nazo zihlukile kulezo ezisemanzini namasampula enzinga engezansi. Ngakho-ke, njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, umphakathi we-microbial uba nezinguquko eziphawulekayo, futhi i-metabolism yamandla e-microbial encike ensimbi idala indawo engacebisa amanye ama-microorganisms.
Izinsimbi zingawohloka futhi zigqwale ngenxa yezinto ezihlukahlukene zomzimba namakhemikhali zemvelo ezifana ne-pH, izinga lokushisa kanye nokugxila kwe-ion. Izimo ezine-acidic, amazinga okushisa aphezulu kanye nokugxila kwe-chloride kuthinta ikakhulukazi ukugqwala kwezinsimbi1,2,3. Ama-microorganisms asendaweni yemvelo nezakhiwe ngokuvamile athonya ukuguga nokugqwala kwezinsimbi, ukuziphatha okuvezwa ku-microbial corrosion (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. I-MIC ivame ukutholakala ezindaweni ezinjengamapayipi asendlini namathangi okugcina, emifantwini yensimbi, nasenhlabathini, lapho ivela khona ngokuzumayo futhi ikhula ngokushesha. Ngakho-ke, ukuqapha nokutholwa kusenesikhathi kwama-MIC kunzima kakhulu, ngakho-ke ukuhlaziya kwe-MIC ngokuvamile kwenziwa ngemva kokugqwala. Ucwaningo oluningi lwe-MIC luye lwabikwa lapho amagciwane e-sulfate-reducing (SRB) ayevame ukutholakala emikhiqizweni yokugqwala9,10,11,12,13. Kodwa-ke, akukacaci ukuthi ama-SRB anegalelo yini ekuqaliseni ukugqwala, njengoba ukutholwa kwawo kusekelwe ekuhlaziyweni kokugqwala.
Muva nje, ngaphezu kwamagciwane e-iodine-oxidizing21, kubikwe ama-microorganisms ahlukahlukene e-iron-degrading, njenge-iron-degrading SRB14, i-methanogens15,16,17, i-nitrate-reducing bacteria18, i-iron-oxidizing bacteria19 kanye ne-acetogens20. Ngaphansi kwezimo zelabhorethri ye-anaerobic noma i-microaerobic, iningi lazo ligqwala i-zero-valent iron ne-carbon steel. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izindlela zabo zokugqwala ziphakamisa ukuthi i-methanogens e-iron-corrosive kanye nama-SRB akhuthaza ukugqwala ngokuvuna ama-electron asuka ku-null-valent iron esebenzisa ama-extracellular hydrogenases nama-cytochrome amaningi, ngokulandelana22,23. Ama-MIC ahlukaniswe abe izinhlobo ezimbili: (i) ikhemikhali i-MIC (CMIC), ewukugqwala okungaqondile ngezinhlobo ezikhiqizwa ngama-microbially, kanye (ii) ne-MIC kagesi (EMIC), ewukugqwala okuqondile ngokuncipha kwe-electron yensimbi24. I-EMIC eqhutshwa ukudluliswa kwama-electron angaphandle (EET) inentshisekelo enkulu ngoba ama-microorganisms anezakhiwo ze-EET adala ukugqwala okusheshayo kunama-non-EET microorganisms. Nakuba impendulo yokunciphisa izinga le-CMIC ngaphansi kwezimo ze-anaerobic ingukukhiqizwa kwe-H2 ngokunciphisa i-proton (H+), i-EMIC iqhubeka nge-EET metabolism, ezimele ekukhiqizweni kwe-H2. Indlela ye-EET kuma-microorganisms ahlukahlukene ihlobene nokusebenza kwe-microbial cell fuel and electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Ngenxa yokuthi izimo zesiko zalezi zinambuzane ezidlayo ziyahluka kulezo ezisendaweni yemvelo, akucaci ukuthi lezi zinqubo zokugqwala ezibonwayo zibonisa ukugqwala ekusebenzeni. Ngakho-ke, kunzima ukubona indlela ye-MIC edalwe yilawa magciwane ayonakalisayo endaweni yemvelo.
Ukuthuthukiswa kobuchwepheshe bokulandelana kwe-DNA kwenze kwaba lula ukucwaningwa kwemininingwane yemiphakathi yamagciwane endaweni yemvelo neyokwenziwa, isibonelo, ukuphrofaywa kwamagciwane okusekelwe ekulandeleni kofuzo lwe-16S rRNA kusetshenziswa izilandeleli zesizukulwane esisha kusetshenziswe emkhakheni we-microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Kushicilelwe ucwaningo oluningi lwe-MIC olunemininingwane yemiphakathi yamagciwane enhlabathini nasezindaweni zasolwandle13,33,34,35,36. Ngokungeziwe ku-SRB, ukucebisa ku-Fe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) kanye namagciwane ane-nitrifying kumasampuli okugqwala, isb. i-FeOB, njenge-Gallionella spp. kanye ne-Dechloromonas spp., kanye namagciwane afaka i-nitrifying, njenge-Nitrospira, nawo abikiwe. spp., kuCarbon nezinsimbi ezinethusi kumidiya yenhlabathi33. Ngokufanayo, endaweni yasolwandle, i-colonization esheshayo ye-iron-oxidizing amagciwane ayingxenye yamakilasi i-Zetaproteobacteria ne-Betaproteobacteria iye yabonwa amasonto ambalwa ku-carbon steel 36. Le datha ibonisa umnikelo walawa ma-microorganisms ekugqwaleni. Kodwa-ke, ezifundweni eziningi, ubude besikhathi kanye namaqembu okuhlola alinganiselwe, futhi kuncane okwaziwayo mayelana nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yamagciwane ngesikhathi sokugqwala.
Lapha, siphenya ama-MIC e-carbon steel, i-chromium steel, insimbi engagqwali, ne-cast iron sisebenzisa izifundo zokucwiliswa endaweni yamanzi ahlanzekile e-aerobic enomlando wemicimbi ye-MIC. Amasampula athathwe ezinyangeni ezingu-1, 3, 6, 14 kanye nezingu-22 futhi izinga lokugqwala kwengxenye ngayinye yensimbi ne-microbial yacwaningwa. Imiphumela yethu inikeza ukuqonda mayelana nokuguquguquka kwesikhathi eside kwemiphakathi yama-microbial ngesikhathi sokugqwala.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuThebula loku-1, kusetshenziswe izinsimbi eziyisishiyagalolunye kulolu cwaningo. Amasampula ayishumi ento ngayinye acwiliswa echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile. Ikhwalithi yamanzi okucubungula imi kanje: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm kanye ne-pH 7.4. Ukugxiliswa komoyampilo (i-DO) okuncibilikisiwe phansi kwesitebhisi sesampula kwakucishe kube ngu-8.2 ppm futhi izinga lokushisa lamanzi lalisukela ku-9 kuya ku-23°C ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, ngemva kwenyanga engu-1 yokucwiliswa ku-ASTM A283, ASTM A109 Condition #4/5, ASTM A179, kanye ne-ASTM A395 yensimbi ecijile, imikhiqizo yokugqwala ensundu yabonwa endaweni yensimbi ye-carbon ngesimo sokugqwala okujwayelekile. Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo salezi zibonelo kukhuphuke ngokuhamba kwesikhathi (Ithebula Lokwengeza 1) futhi izinga lokugqwala laliyi-0.13-0.16 mm ngonyaka (Fig. 2). Ngokufanayo, ukugqwala okujwayelekile kuye kwabonwa ezinsimbi ezinokuqukethwe okuphansi kwe-Cr (1% no-2.25%) ngenani lokugqwala elingaba ngu-0.13 mm/yr (Izibalo 1 no-2). Ngokuphambene, insimbi ene-9% Cr ibonisa ukugqwala kwendawo okwenzeka ezikhaleni ezakhiwe ama-gaskets. Izinga lokugqwala kwalesi sampula licishe libe ngu-0.02 mm/ngonyaka, eliphansi kakhulu kunelensimbi enokugqwala okuvamile. Ngokuphambene, izinsimbi ezingenasici zohlobo-304 kanye -316 azibonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngezilinganiso zokugqwala ezilinganiselwe ezingu-<0.001 mm y−1. Ngokuphambene, ama-stainless steels type-304 kanye -316 akabonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngezinga lokusheshisa elilinganiselwe elingu-<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет1 мм0,0. Ngokuphambene, Izinhlobo 304 nezingu-316 zensimbi ezingenasici azibonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo, ngesilinganiso sokugqwala esilinganiselwe esingu-<0.001 mm/unyaka.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Ngokuphambene, uhlobo lwe-304 kanye -316 lwensimbi engagqwali alubonisi ukugqwala okubonakalayo ngezinga lokugqwala ledizayini elingu-<0.001 mm/unyaka.
Kuboniswa izithombe ze-macroscopic zesampula ngayinye (ubude obungu-50 mm× ububanzi obungu-20 mm) ngaphambi nangemuva kokwehliswa. imitha engu-1, inyanga engu-1; 3 amamitha, 3 izinyanga; 6 amamitha, 6 izinyanga; amamitha angu-14, izinyanga ezingu-14; amamitha angu-22, izinyanga ezingu-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, isimo 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi 1% Cr; 3C insimbi, 2.25% Cr insimbi; insimbi 9C, insimbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 insimbi engagqwali; S8, thayipha 304 insimbi engagqwali.
Izinga lokugqwala libalwa kusetshenziswa ukuncipha kwesisindo nesikhathi sokucwiliswa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, eqinile 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, insimbi 1% Cr, 3 C, insimbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, insimbi 9% Cr, S6, uhlobo 316 insimbi engagqwali; S8, thayipha 304 insimbi engagqwali.
Emkhiwaneni. I-1 iphinde ibonise ukuthi imikhiqizo yokugqwala ye-carbon steel, i-Cr ephansi yensimbi nensimbi ewuketshezi ithuthuka kakhulu ngemva kokucwiliswa izinyanga ezi-3. Izinga lokugqwala lilonke lehla kancane kancane laya ku-0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/ngonyaka ngemva kwezinyanga ezingama-22 (Umfanekiso 2). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinga lokugqwala lika-2.25% Cr steel beliphansi kancane kunezinye izifanekiso ezigqwalile, okubonisa ukuthi i-Cr inganqanda ukugqwala. Ngaphezu kokugqwala okuvamile, ngokusho kwe-ASTM A179, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 ngokugqwala kokushona okungaba ngu-700 µm (Fig. 3). Izinga lokugqwala lendawo, elibalwa kusetshenziswa ukugqwala kwesikhathi sokugqwala nesikhathi sokucwiliswa, lingu-0.38 mm/unyaka, okushesha ngokuphindwe ka-5 kunokugqwala okuvamile. Izinga lokugqwala le-ASTM A395 alloy lingabukelwa phansi njengoba imikhiqizo yokugqwala ingasisusi ngokuphelele isikali ngemva kwezinyanga eziyi-14 noma ezingama-22 zokucwiliswa emanzini. Nokho, umehluko kufanele ube mncane. Ngaphezu kwalokho, imigodi emincane eminingi yabonwa ensimbi egqwalile ye-chromium ephansi.
Isithombe esigcwele (ibha yesikali: 10 mm) nokugqwala okwenziwe kwasendaweni (ibha yesikali: 500 µm) ye-ASTM A179 ne-9% Cr steel ekujuleni okuphezulu kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu se-laser yokubuka engu-3D. Imibuthano ebomvu esesithombeni esigcwele ikhombisa ukugqwala okulinganiselwe kwendawo. Ukubuka okugcwele kwensimbi engu-9% Cr ukusuka ohlangothini olungemuva kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 1.
Njengoba kuboniswe emkhiwaneni. 2, ngensimbi eno-9% Cr, akukho ukugqwala okubonwe phakathi nezinyanga ezi-3-14, futhi izinga lokugqwala lalicishe libe nguziro. Kodwa-ke, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 (Umfanekiso 3) ngezinga lokugqwala lika-0.04 mm/yr elibalwa kusetshenziswa ukuncipha kwesisindo. Ukujula kokugqwala okukhulu kwendawo kungu-1260 µm futhi izinga lokugqwala lasendaweni elilinganiselwe kusetshenziswa ukugqwala nesikhathi sokucwiliswa (izinyanga ezingama-22) ngu-0.68 mm/unyaka. Ngenxa yokuthi iphoyinti eliqondile lapho ukugqwala kuqala khona alaziwa, izinga lokugqwala lingase libe phezulu.
Ngokuphambene, akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo okubonwe ensimbi engagqwali ngisho nangemva kwezinyanga ezingama-22 zokucwiliswa. Nakuba izinhlayiya ezimbalwa ezinsundu zabonwa ebusweni ngaphambi kokwehliswa (Fig. 1), zazinanyathiselwe kancane futhi zazingeyona imikhiqizo yokugqwala. Njengoba insimbi ivela kabusha endaweni yensimbi engagqwali ngemva kokukhishwa kwesikali, izinga lokugqwala licishe libe yiziro.
Ukulandelana kwe-Amplicon kwenziwe ukuze kuqondwe umehluko kanye nokuguquguquka kwemiphakathi ye-microbial ngokuhamba kwesikhathi emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kanye nama-biofilms ezindaweni zensimbi, emanzini nasezinsikeni. Kwamukelwe isamba esiyizi-4,160,012 esifundwe, okuphakathi kuka-31,328 no-124,183.
Izinkomba ze-Shannon zamasampula amanzi athathwe emanzini okuphuza kanye namachibi asukela ku-5.47 kuya ku-7.45 (Fig. 4a). Njengoba amanzi asemfuleni abuyisiwe esetshenziswa njengamanzi ezimboni, umphakathi we-microbial ungashintsha ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka. Ngokuphambene, inkomba ye-Shannon yamasampula enhlabathi ephansi yayicishe ibe ngu-9, ephakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yamasampuli amanzi. Ngokufanayo, amasampula amanzi abe nezinkomba eziphansi ezibaliwe ze-Chao1 futhi aqaphela amayunithi e-taxonomic okusebenza (ama-OTU) kunamasampula enzika (Fig. 4b, c). Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi ye-microbial kumasampula e-sediment iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo emasampuli amanzi. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​< 0.01, Fig. 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi ye-microbial kumasampuli e-sediment iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunaleyo ekumasampuli amanzi. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, что микробные микробные микробные зобнфобные собобные отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Lo mehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; amanani we-p <0.01, Fig. 4d), okubonisa ukuthi imiphakathi yamagciwane kumasampula entlenga iyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu kunakumasampula amanzi.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01,图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂。這些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 , 图 4d） 表明 沉积物样 中 中 的微 中中群落更。。..... Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, чнто микрожить, чнто микостей образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Lo mehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ukuhlolwa kwe-Tukey-Kramer; p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d), ephakamisa ukuthi imiphakathi ye-microbial kumasampuli e-sediment yayiyinkimbinkimbi kunamasampula amanzi.Njengoba amanzi asemgodini ochichimayo evuselelwa njalo futhi izinsalela zihlala phansi komcengezi ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka kwemishini, lo mehluko ezinhlobonhlobo zama-microbial kufanele ubonise i-ecosystem ku-basin.
inkomba ye-Shannon, b iyunithi ye-taxonomic yokusebenza ebhekiwe (OTU), kanye ne-Chao1 inkomba yokuthatha (n=6) kanye nesitsha (n=5) Amanzi, intlenga (n=3), i-ASTM A283 (S: n=5), i-ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: ATM: n=5) n = 5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) kanye no-9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, kanye nohlobo 316 (S6: n = 5) kanye -304 (S8: n = 5) izinsimbi ezingenasici ziboniswa njengamashadi amise okwebhokisi kanye nama-whisker. d p-values ​​yezinkomba ze-Shannon ne-Chao1 ezitholwe kusetshenziswa izivivinyo zokuqhathanisa eziningi ze-ANOVA ne-Tukey-Kramer. Ingemuva elibomvu limele amapheya anamanani we-p <0.05. Ingemuva elibomvu limele amapheya anamanani we-p <0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Ingemuva elibomvu limele amapheya anamanani we-p <0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Ingemuva elibomvu limele amapheya anamanani we-p <0.05.Umugqa ophakathi kwebhokisi, phezulu nangaphansi kwebhokisi, kanye nentshebe imele i-median, i-25th kanye ne-75th percentiles, kanye namanani amancane kanye namanani aphezulu, ngokulandelanayo.
Izinkomba ze-Shannon ze-carbon steel, insimbi ephansi ye-chromium, ne-cast iron zazifana nalezo zamasampula amanzi (Fig. 4a). Ngokuphambene, izinkomba ze-Shannon zamasampuli ensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunalezo zezinsimbi ezigqwalile (amanani we-p <0.05, Fig. 4d) futhi afana nalawo ama-sediments. Ngokuphambene, izinkomba ze-Shannon zamasampuli ensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunalezo zezinsimbi ezigqwalile (amanani we-p <0.05, Fig. 4d) futhi afana nalawo ama-sediments. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, ринангей), другий отложений. Ngokuphambene, izinkomba ze-Shannon zezibonelo zensimbi engagqwali ziphakeme kakhulu kunalezo zezinsimbi ezigqwalile (amanani we-p <0.05, Fig. 4d) futhi afana nezinkomba zediphozi.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图缎缉伉伉红。相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图环伉理） Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, жни). Ngokuphambene, inkomba ye-Shannon yezibonelo zensimbi engagqwali yayiphakeme kakhulu kunaleyo yensimbi egqwalile (inani le-p <0.05, Fig. 4d), njengediphozithi.Ngokuphambene, inkomba ye-Shannon yezinsimbi ezino-9% Cr isuka ku-6.95 iye ku-9.65. Lawa manani ayephezulu kakhulu kuma-specimens angagqwalile ezinyangeni ezi-1 nezi-3 kunasezifanekiso ezigqwalile ezinyangeni eziyi-6, 14 nezingu-22 (Fig. 4a). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkomba ze-Chao1 kanye nama-OTU aqashiwe we-9% Cr steels aphakeme kunalawo amasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampula angagqwalile kanye nama-sediment (Fig. 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amanani we-p <0.01, Fig. 4d). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izinkomba ze-Chao1 kanye nama-OTU aqashiwe we-9% Cr steels aphakeme kunalawo amasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampuli angagqwalile nangama-sediment (Fig. 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amanani we-p <0.01, Fig. 4d).Ukwengeza, i-Chao1 kanye ne-OTU ephawuliwe yezinsimbi ezine-9% Cr ziphakeme kunamasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampula angagqwalile nama-sedimentary (Fig. 4b, c), futhi umehluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (amanani we-p <0.01, Fig. 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀样品和水样，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物樣品（图4b,c），差异具有统戡孉0.01, 4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察的 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 （样品 ） 4b , c） 差异 统计学 意义 (p 值 <0.01 图图 图 图 图 图 , , , , , , , Кроме того, индекс Chao1 and наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных and водных образцов, и ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Ngaphezu kwalokho, inkomba ye-Chao1 kanye ne-OTU ye-OTU ye-9% ye-Cr steel yayiphakeme kunamasampula agqwalile namanzi futhi aphansi kunalawo amasampula angagqwali kanye nama-sedimentary (Fig. 4b, c), futhi umehluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (i-p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d).Le miphumela ikhombisa ukuthi ukuhlukahluka kwamagciwane emikhiqizweni egqwalile kuphansi kunakuma-biofilms ezinsimbi ezingagqwali.
Emkhiwaneni. I-5a ibonisa i-Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) icebo elisuselwe ebangeni elingenasisindo le-UniFrac lawo wonke amasampuli, namaqoqo amathathu amakhulu abonwa. Imiphakathi ye-Microbial kumasampula amanzi yayihluke kakhulu kweminye imiphakathi. Imiphakathi ye-microbial in the sediments yayihlanganisa nemiphakathi yensimbi engagqwali, kuyilapho yayisabalele kumasampula okugqwala. Ngokuphambene, imephu yensimbi ene-9% Cr ihlukaniswe ngamaqoqo angagqwalile nagqwalile. Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi ye-microbial ezindaweni zensimbi nemikhiqizo yokugqwala ihluke kakhulu kuleyo esemanzini.
Isakhiwo se-Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) esisekelwe kumabanga e-UniFrac angenasisindo kuwo wonke amasampuli (a), amanzi (b), nezinsimbi (c). Imibuthano igqamisa iqoqo ngalinye. Ama-trajectories amelwe imigqa exhuma izikhathi zamasampula ochungechungeni. imitha engu-1, inyanga engu-1; 3 amamitha, 3 izinyanga; 6 amamitha, 6 izinyanga; amamitha angu-14, izinyanga ezingu-14; amamitha angu-22, izinyanga ezingu-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, isimo 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi 1% Cr; 3C insimbi, 2.25% Cr insimbi; insimbi 9C, insimbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 insimbi engagqwali; S8, thayipha 304 insimbi engagqwali.
Lapho ihlelwa ngokulandelana kwesikhathi, iziqephu ze-PCoA zamasampula amanzi zazihlelwe yindilinga (Fig. 5b). Lolu shintsho lomjikelezo lungabonisa izinguquko zesizini.
Ukwengeza, amaqoqo amabili kuphela (ama-corrod and non-corrod) abonwe kuma-PCoA amasampula ensimbi, lapho (ngaphandle kwe-9% yensimbi ye-chromium) ukushintshwa komphakathi we-microbial kusuka ku-1 kuya ezinyangeni ze-22 nakho kwabonwa (Fig. 5c). Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba uguquko lwamasampula agqwalile lwalulukhulu kunamasampula angagqwalile, kwaba khona ukuhlobana phakathi kwezinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane kanye nokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Kumasampula ensimbi ane-9% Cr, izinhlobo ezimbili zemiphakathi ye-microbial zembulwa: amaphuzu ku-1 nezinyanga ze-6, aseduze nensimbi engagqwali, nezinye (3, 14, kanye nezinyanga ezingu-22), ezitholakala ezindaweni eziseduze nensimbi egqwalile. Inyanga engu-1 kanye namakhuphoni asetshenziselwa ukukhishwa kwe-DNA ezinyangeni ezingu-6 awazange agqwaliswe, kuyilapho amakhuphoni ku-3, 14 kanye nezinyanga ezingu-22 agqwalile (Umfanekiso Owengeziwe 1). Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yama-microbial kumasampuli agqwalile yahluka kulawo asemanzini, ama-sediment, namasampula angagqwalile futhi ashintsha njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.
Izinhlobo eziyinhloko zemiphakathi ye-microbial ebonwe kumasampula amanzi kwakuyi-Proteobacteria (30.1-73.5%), i-Bacteroidetes (6.3-48.6%), i-Planctomycetota (0.4-19.6%) ne-Actinobacteria (0 -17.7%), ubuningi babo obuhlobene buhluka kusuka kusampula kuya kusampula (Fig. kunasemanzini angabonakali. Lo mehluko ungathonywa isikhathi sokuhlala samanzi ethangini elichichimayo. Lezi zinhlobo ziphinde zabonwa kumasampula enzika phansi, kodwa ubuningi bazo obuhlobene buhluke kakhulu kulokho kumasampula amanzi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, okuqukethwe okuhlobene kwe-Acidobacteriota (8.7-13.0%), i-Chloroflexi (8.1-10.2%), i-Nitrospirota (4.2-4.4%) kanye ne-Desulfobacterota (1.5-4.4%) %) yayiphezulu kunamasampula amanzi. Njengoba cishe zonke izinhlobo ze-Desulfobacterota ziyi-SRB37, indawo esesigangeni kufanele ibe i-anaerobic. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingase ibe nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu ngoba ubuningi bayo obuhlobene emanzini echibi bungu-<0.04%. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingase ibe nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu ngoba ubuningi bayo obuhlobene emanzini echibi bungu-<0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен <0,04%. Nakuba i-Desulfobacterota ingase ibe nomthelela ekugqwaleni, ingozi kufanele ibe phansi kakhulu njengoba ubuningi bayo obuhlobene emanzini wamachibi bungu-<0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水中的相对丰度<0.04%. <0.04%. I-Desulfobacillus ingakwazi ukukhiqiza i-Desulfobacillus ku-коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в водей0, 4% Nakuba uhlobo lwe-Desulfobacillus lungathonya ukugqwala, ubungozi kufanele bube buncane kakhulu njengoba ubuningi bawo obuhlobene emanzini wamachibi bungu-<0.04%.
I-RW kanye ne-Air imelela amasampula amanzi asuka emanzini okuphuza kanye nesitsha, ngokulandelana. I-Sediment-C, -E, -W amasampula enhlabathi athathwe phakathi nendawo phansi komcengezi, kanye nasempumalanga nasentshonalanga. imitha engu-1, inyanga engu-1; 3 amamitha, 3 izinyanga; 6 amamitha, 6 izinyanga; amamitha angu-14, izinyanga ezingu-14; amamitha angu-22, izinyanga ezingu-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, isimo 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, insimbi 1% Cr; 3C insimbi, 2.25% Cr insimbi; insimbi 9C, insimbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 insimbi engagqwali; S8, thayipha 304 insimbi engagqwali.
Ezingeni lohlobo, ingxenye ephakeme kancane (6-19%) yamagciwane angahlukaniswanga omndeni we-Trichomonadaceae, kanye ne-Neosphingosine, i-Pseudomonas, ne-Flavobacterium, yabonwa kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Njengezingxenye eziyinhloko ezincane, amasheya abo ayahlukahluka (Fig. 1). . 7a kanye b). Emingenela, ubuningi obuhlobene be-Flavobacterium, i-Pseudovibrio, ne-Rhodoferrobacter babuphezulu ebusika kuphela. Ngokufanayo, okuqukethwe okuphezulu kwe-Pseudovibrio ne-Flavobacterium kwabonwa emanzini asebusika omcengezi. Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi yama-microbial kumasampula amanzi ayehluka kuye ngesizini, kodwa ayizange ibe nezinguquko ezinqala ngesikhathi socwaningo.
a Amanzi okungena, b Amanzi echibi lokubhukuda, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 izinga lokushisa #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, kanye i 9% Cr steel , j Type-316 nensimbi engagqwali K-304.
Ama-Proteobacteria ayeyizingxenye eziyinhloko kuwo wonke amasampuli, kodwa ubuningi bawo obuhlobene kumasampuli agqwalile buyehla njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka (Fig. 6). Kumasampula e-ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 kanye no-1% no-2.25% Cr, ubuningi obuhlobene be-proteobacteria behle busuka ku-89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% 43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% kanye 31.3% ngokulandelana. Ngokuphambene, ubuningi obuhlobene be-Desulfobacterota bukhula kancane kancane busuka ku-<0.1% ukuya ku-12.5-45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Ngokuphambene, ubuningi obuhlobene be-Desulfobacterota bukhula kancane kancane busuka ku-<0.1% ukuya ku-12.5-45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Напротив, относительное содержание I-Desulfobacterota i-Desulfobacterota isusa i-увеличивается с <0,1% kuya ku-12,5–45,9% ngokuphathelene nokutholakala kwezifo. Ngokuphambene, ukuchichima okuhlobene kwe-Desulfobacterota kancane kancane kukhuphuka kusuka ku-<0.1% kuya ku-12.5-45.9% njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность I-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus ithola i-uвеличивалась с <0,1% kuya ku-12,5–45,9% ngokuphathelene nokwelashwa. Ngokuphambene, ukuchichima okuhlobene kwe-Desulfobacillus kancane kancane kwanda kusuka ku-<0.1% kuya ku-12.5–45.9% njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka.Ngakho, njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, i-Proteobactereira yathathelwa indawo yi-Desulfobacterota.
Ngokuphambene, ama-biofilms ensimbi engagqwali engagqwali ayequkethe izilinganiso ezifanayo zamabhaktheriya ahlukene. I-Proteobacteria (29.4-34.1%), i-Planctomycetota (11.7-18.8%), i-Nitrospirota (2.9-20.9%), i-Acidobacteriota (8.6-18.8%), i-Bacteroidota (3.1-9.2%) ne-Chloroflexi (2.1-8.8%). Kutholakale ukuthi ingxenye ye-Nitrospirota emasampuli ensimbi engagqwali yanda kancane kancane (Fig. 6). Lezi zilinganiso zifana nalezo ezitholakala kumasampula e-sediment, ahambisana nesakhiwo se-PCoA esiboniswe ku-Fig. 5a.
Kumasampula ensimbi aqukethe i-9% Cr, izinhlobo ezimbili zemiphakathi yamagciwane zabonwa: izinyanga ezingu-1 kanye nezinyanga ezingu-6 imiphakathi yamagciwane yayifana naleyo engaphansi kwamasampula e-sediment, kuyilapho ingxenye ye-proteobacteria kumasampuli okugqwala 3, 14, no-22 yanda kakhulu. izinyanga Ukwengeza, le miphakathi emibili yama-microbial kumasampuli ensimbi ye-9% Cr ihambelana nokuhlukaniswa kwamaqoqo esakhiweni se-PCoA esiboniswe ku-Fig. 5c.
Ezingeni lohlobo, >2000 OTUs aqukethe amagciwane angabelwe kanye ne-archaea abonwa. Ezingeni lohlobo, >2000 OTUs aqukethe amagciwane angabelwe kanye ne-archaea abonwa.Ezingeni lohlobo, ngaphezu kwe-2000 OTUs ibonwe equkethe amagciwane angaziwa kanye ne-archaea.Ezingeni lohlobo, ngaphezu kwama-OTU angu-2000 abonwe aqukethe amagciwane angashiwongo kanye ne-archaea. Phakathi kwabo, sigxile kuma-OTU angu-10 anabantu abaningi kusampula ngayinye. Lokhu kuhlanganisa u-58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-42.8% kanye AS 51.8% A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% kanye 9% Cr steels and Type 316 and -304 steels stainless.
Okuqukethwe okuphezulu uma kuqhathaniswa kwama-monolith ane-dechlorinated anezakhiwo ze-Fe(II) oxidizing kuye kwabonwa kumasampula okugqwala afana ne-ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 nezinsimbi ezino-1% no-2.25% Cr. isigaba sokuqala sokugqwala (inyanga engu-1 nezinyanga ezingu-3, ​​Umfanekiso 7c-h). Ingxenye ye-Dechloromonas yehla ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ehambisana nokuncipha kwe-Proteobacteria (Fig. 6). Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ze-Dechloromonas kuma-biofilms kumasampuli angagqwali zingu-<1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso ze-Dechloromonas kuma-biofilms kumasampuli angagqwali zingu-<1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ye-Dechloromonas ku-biofilms kuma-specimens angagqwali ingu-<1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye ye-Dechloromonas ku-biofilm yezibonelo ezingagqwali yayingaphansi kwe-1%.Ngakho-ke, phakathi kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala, i-Dechloromonas inothiswa kakhulu ekuqaleni kokugqwala.
Ngokuphambene, ku-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 i- tempered #4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 nezinsimbi ezino-1% no-2.25% Cr, ingxenye yezinhlobo ze-SRB Desulfovibrio ekugcineni yanda ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-14 nezingu-22 (Fig. 7c–h) . I-Desulfofibrion yayiphansi kakhulu noma ingatholakali ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokugqwala, kumasampula amanzi (Fig. 7a, b) kanye nama-biofilms angagqwali (Fig. 7j, j). Lokhu kuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi i-Desulfovibrio ikhetha indawo ezungezile yemikhiqizo yokugqwala eyenziwe, nakuba ingaphazamisi ukugqwala ezigabeni zokuqala zokubola.
I-Fe(III)-reducing bacterium (RRB), njenge-Geobacter ne-Geothrix, itholakale emikhiqizweni yokugqwala ezigabeni ezimaphakathi zokugqwala (izinyanga eziyisi-6 neziyi-14), kodwa ingxenye yezigaba zamuva (izinyanga ezingama-22) zokugqwala iphezulu kuzo. kancane kancane (Fig. 7c, eh). I-genus Sideroxydans ene-Fe(II) oxidation properties ibonise ukuziphatha okufanayo (Fig. 7f), ngakho ingxenye ye-FeOB, IRB, ne-SRB yayiphezulu kuphela kumasampuli agqwalile. Lokhu kuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi izinguquko kule miphakathi ye-microbial zihlotshaniswa nokuqhubekela phambili kokugqwala.
Ensimbi ene-9% Cr egqwalile ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-3, ​​14 kanye ne-22, ingxenye ephezulu yamalungu omndeni we-Beggiatoacea (8.5-19.6%) yabonwa, engabonisa izakhiwo ze-sulfur oxidizing, futhi i-sideroxidans yabonwa (8.4- 13.7%) (Fig. 1). ). 7i) Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Thiomonas, i-sulfur oxidizing bacterium (SOB), yatholakala ngamanani aphezulu (3.4% no-8.8%) ezinyangeni ezi-3 neziyi-14. Ngokuphambene, amabhaktheriya anciphisa i-nitrate i-Nitrospira (12.9%) abonwe kumasampuli angagqwali wezinyanga ezingu-6. Ingxenye eyengeziwe ye-Nitrospira nayo yabonwa kuma-biofilms ensimbi engagqwali ngemva kokucwiliswa (Fig. 7j,k). Ngakho-ke, imiphakathi ye-microbial yezinyanga ezingu-1 neziyi-6 ubudala engagqwali engu-9% yensimbi yayifana naleyo etholakala kuma-biofilms ensimbi engagqwali. Ukwengeza, imiphakathi ye-microbial ye-9% Cr steel egqwalile ezinyangeni ezi-3, 14 nezingu-22 ihluke emikhiqizweni yokugqwala yekhabhoni nezinsimbi ze-chromium ephansi kanye nensimbi esakhiwe.
Ukuthuthukiswa kokugqwala kuvame ukuhamba kancane emanzini ahlanzekile kunasemanzini olwandle ngoba ukugcwala kwama-ion e-chloride kuthinta ukugqwala kwensimbi. Kodwa-ke, ezinye izinsimbi ezingenasici zingagqwala ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile38,39. Ukwengeza, i-MIC ekuqaleni yasolwa ngokuthi izinto ezigqwalile zazike zabonwa echibini lamanzi ahlanzekile elisetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo. Ezifundweni zokucwiliswa isikhathi eside, izinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokugqwala, izinhlobo ezintathu zemiphakathi yamagciwane, kanye noshintsho emiphakathini yamagciwane emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kwabonwa.
Indawo yamanzi ahlanzekile esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo ithangi elivaliwe lamanzi obuchwepheshe athathwe emfuleni anokwakheka kwamakhemikhali okuzinzile kanye noshintsho lwesizini ezingeni lokushisa lamanzi elisukela ku-9 kuya ku-23 °C. Ngakho-ke, ukushintshashintsha kwesizini emiphakathini yamagciwane kumasampula amanzi kungase kuhlotshaniswe nezinguquko kuzinga lokushisa. Ukwengeza, umphakathi we-microbial emanzini echibi wawuhluke ngandlela-thile kulowo osemanzini okufakwayo (Fig. 5b). Amanzi echibini ahlala eshintshwa ngenxa yokuchichima. Ngenxa yalokho, i-DO yahlala ku-~8.2 ppm ngisho nasekujuleni okumaphakathi phakathi kwendawo yokugezela kanye naphansi. Ngokuphambene nalokho, imvelo ye-sediment kufanele ibe yi-anaerobic, ngoba ihlala futhi ihlala phansi kwe-reservoir, futhi i-microbial flora kuyo (njenge-CRP) kufanele ihluke ne-microbial flora emanzini (Fig. 6). Njengoba amakhuphoni echibini ayekude kakhulu nezinsalela, ayechayeka kuphela emanzini ahlanzekile phakathi nezifundo zokucwiliswa ngaphansi kwezimo ze-aerobic.
Ukugqwala okuvamile kwenzeka ku-carbon steel, insimbi ephansi ye-chromium, nensimbi esakazwa emanzini ahlanzekile (Umfanekiso 1) ngoba lezi zinto azikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala. Nokho, izinga lokugqwala (0.13 mm unyaka-1) ngaphansi kwezimo zamanzi ahlanzekile abiotic laliphezulu kunezifundo zangaphambilini40 (0.04 mm unyaka-1) futhi laliqhathaniswa nezinga lokugqwala (0.02–0.76 mm unyaka-1) lapho kukhona amagciwane 1) Ngokufanayo nezimo zamanzi ahlanzekile,4420. Lesi silinganiso sokugqwala esisheshisiwe siwuphawu lwe-MIC.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kwezinyanga ezingu-22 zokucwiliswa, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa ezinsimbi eziningana ngaphansi kwemikhiqizo yokugqwala (Fig. 3). Ikakhulukazi, izinga lokugqwala lendawo elibonwa ku-ASTM A179 lishesha ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunokugqwala okuvamile. Lolu hlobo olungavamile lokugqwala kanye nezinga lokugqwala elisheshisa kakhulu liye labonwa ekugqwaleni okwenzeka entweni efanayo. Ngakho-ke, ukucwiliswa okwenziwe kulolu cwaningo kubonisa ukugqwala ekusebenzeni.
Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, i-9% Cr steel ibonise ukugqwala okukhulu kakhulu, kunokugqwala okungaphezulu kokungu->1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nokugqwala okungavamile. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, i-9% Cr steel ibonise ukugqwala okukhulu kakhulu, kunokugqwala okungaphezulu kokungu->1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshayo kanye nokugqwala okungavamile. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 1,2 мм, что, верояйМуИено, зявляКи, зявлязия коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi ene-9% Cr ibonise ukugqwala okubi kakhulu kunokugqwala okungaphezulu kuka-1.2 mm, okungenzeka ukuthi kuyi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okusheshisa ukugqwala kanye nokugqwala okungavamile.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm, i-由于加速腐萬和异常腐胀，当腐蚀，常腐胀。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-за ускус коррозии. Phakathi kwezinsimbi ezihloliwe, insimbi eno-9% Cr yonale kanzima kakhulu, nokugqwala kokushona kuka->1.2 mm, okungenzeka kakhulu ukuthi i-MIC ngenxa yezinhlobo zokugqwala ezisheshisa nezingajwayelekile.Ngenxa yokuthi insimbi engu-9% Cr isetshenziswa ekusetshenzisweni kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu, ukuziphatha kwayo kokugqwala kuye kwafundwa ngaphambilini43,44 kodwa ayikho i-MIC ebike yabikwa ngaphambilini ngale nsimbi. Njengoba ama-microorganisms amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, angasebenzi endaweni enezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC ku-9% Cr steel ingase ishaywe indiva ezimweni ezinjalo. Njengoba ama-microorganisms amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, angasebenzi endaweni yokushisa ephezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC ku-9% Cr steel ingase ishaywe indiva ezimweni ezinjalo. I-Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), I-МИК 9 в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), I-МИК 9 случаях можно не учитывать. Njengoba ama-microorganisms amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, angasebenzi endaweni yokushisa ephezulu (>100°C), i-MIC esensimbi eno-9% Cr ingashaywa indiva ezimweni ezinjalo.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽况下可以忽生。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) I-Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>1000 ° С), высокотемпературных средах (>1000 ° С) данном случае можно не учитывать. Njengoba ama-microorganisms amaningi, ngaphandle kwama-hyperthermophiles, angabonisi umsebenzi ezindaweni ezinezinga lokushisa eliphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC esensimbi eno-9% Cr ingashaywa indiva kulesi simo.Kodwa-ke, lapho insimbi engu-9% Cr isetshenziswa endaweni yezinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo, kufanele kuthathwe izinyathelo ezihlukahlukene ukuze kwehliswe i-MIC.
Imiphakathi ehlukahlukene yama-microbial kanye nezinguquko zabo zibonwe ekufakweni kwezinto ezingagqwali kanye nemikhiqizo yokugqwala ku-biofilms uma kuqhathaniswa namanzi, ngaphezu kokugqwala okusheshisa (Fig. 5-7), okuphakamisa ngokuqinile ukuthi lokhu kugqwala kuyimakrofoni. U-Ramirez et al.13 babika uguquko olunezinyathelo ezi-3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) ku-ecosystem ye-microbial yasolwandle ngaphezu kwezinyanga eziyisi-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa i-SRB ecebile yesibili ingase ibe nomthelela ekugcineni ekuthuthukisweni kwe-SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 babika ukuguquka kwezinyathelo ezingu-3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ku-ecosystem ye-microbial yasolwandle ngaphezu kwe-6 mo, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa i-SRB ecebile yesibili ingase ibe nomthelela ekugcineni ekuthuthukisweni kwe-SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, когод зей, правязей вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 babika uguquko lwezigaba ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ku-ecosystem ye-microbial yasolwandle phakathi nenkathi yezinyanga ezingu-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwe ekuthuthukisweni kwesibili kwe-SRB ekugcineni ingafaka isandla ekuthuthukisweni kwe-SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SBR/IRB => SOB)产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集。Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变 转转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 srb硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob的富集。 U-Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, в д, козеро образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 ubike inguquko yezinyathelo ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) ku-ecosystem ye-microbial yasolwandle phakathi nenkathi yezinyanga ezingu-6, lapho i-hydrogen sulfide ekhiqizwa ekuthuthukisweni kwesibili kwe-SRB ingase ekugcineni ibe nomthelela ekuthuthukisweni kwe-SOB.UMcBeth no-Emerson36 babike ukunothiswa okuyinhloko ku-FeOB. Ngokufanayo, ukunothiswa kwe-FeOB ngesikhathi sesigaba sokuqala sokugqwala kubonakala kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko ze-microbial ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala okubonwa ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% yensimbi ye-Cr kanye ne-cast iron ngaphezu kwe-22 mo yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Amakhiwane 7 no-8). Ngokufanayo, ukunothiswa kwe-FeOB phakathi nesigaba sokuqala sokugqwala kubonwa kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko ze-microbial ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala okubonwa ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% yensimbi ye-Cr kanye ne-cast iron ngaphezu kwe-22 mo yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Amakhiwane 7 no-8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрескорский углеродистых kanye no-1% kanye no-2,25% Cr сталях kanye ne-чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 kanye no-8). Ngokufanayo, kulolu cwaningo ukucebisa kwe-FeOB ekuqaleni kokugqwala kuyabonwa, kodwa izinguquko ezincane kakhulu njengoba ukugqwala kuqhubeka, okubonwa ku-carbon kanye ne-1% kanye ne-2.25% yensimbi ye-Cr kanye ne-cast iron ezinyangeni ezingu-22, yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Izibalo 7 kanye ne-8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同样 , 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 kanye 1% kanye 2.25% Cr 钢 超中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения, наблюдалось обогащение kanye no-1% kanye no-2,25% Cr сталях kanye ne-чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 kanye no-8). Ngokufanayo, ukuthuthukiswa kwe-FeOB ezinyathelweni zokuqala zokugqwala kwabonwa kulolu cwaningo, kodwa izinguquko ze-microbiological ezibonwe ku-carbon kanye ne-1% ne-2.25% yensimbi ye-Cr kanye ne-cast iron ngaphezu kwezinyanga ze-22 kwakuyi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Fig. 7 ne-8).Ama-SRB anganqwabelana kalula ezindaweni zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yokugcwala kwe-ion ye-sulfate ephezulu, kodwa ukunothisa kwawo ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile kubambezeleka ukugxila kwe-ion ye-sulfate ephansi. Ukunothiswa kwe-SRB emanzini olwandle kubikwe kaningi10,12,45.
i-Organic carbon ne-nitrogen esebenzisa i-Fe(II)-encike emandleni e-iron oxide (ebomvu [Dechloromonas sp.] kanye namaseli aluhlaza [Sideroxydans sp.] cell) kanye ne-Fe(III) amagciwane ehlisayo (amaseli ampunga [Geothrix sp. ne-Geobacter sp. ]) esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala kanye ne-anterophic trophic-RP. ama-microorganisms anothisa isigaba esivuthiwe sokugqwala ngokudla izinto eziphilayo eziqoqiwe. b Izinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane ezinsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala. Amaseli e-Violet, aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, aphuzi, namhlophe amelela amagciwane avela emndenini i-Comamonadaceae, i-Nitrospira sp., i-Beggiatoacea, namanye ngokulandelana.
Mayelana nezinguquko emphakathini wamagciwane kanye nokunothisa kwe-SRB okungenzeka kube khona, i-FeOB ibalulekile esigabeni sokuqala sokugqwala, futhi i-Dechloromonas ingathola amandla ayo okukhula ku-Fe(II) oxidation. Ama-microorganisms angaphila kumidiya equkethe ama-trace elements, kodwa ngeke akhule kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, i-plunge pool esetshenziswe kulolu cwaningo iwumgodi ochichimayo, onokungena okungu-20 m3/h, okunikeza ngokuqhubekayo izici zokulandelela eziqukethe ama-ion angaphili. Ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala, ama-ion ayoni akhishwa ku-carbon steel ne-cast iron, futhi ama-FeOB (afana ne-Dechloromonas) awasebenzisa njengomthombo wamandla. Ukulandelela amanani ekhabhoni, i-phosphate kanye ne-nitrogen edingekayo ekukhuleni kwamangqamuzana kufanele kube khona emanzini acutshungulwayo ngendlela yezinto eziphilayo kanye ne-inorganic. Ngakho-ke, kule ndawo enamanzi ahlanzekile, i-FeOB iqale ithuthukiswe ezindaweni zensimbi ezifana ne-carbon steel ne-cast iron. Ngokulandelayo, ama-IRB angakhula futhi asebenzise i-organic matter kanye ne-iron oxides njengemithombo yamandla kanye nama-terminal electron receiver, ngokulandelana. Emikhiqizweni yokugqwala evuthiwe, izimo ze-anaerobic ezinothiswe i-nitrogen kufanele zidalwe ngenxa yemetabolism ye-FeOB ne-IRB. Ngakho-ke, i-SRB ingakhula ngokushesha futhi ithathe indawo ye-FeOB ne-IRB (Fig. 8a).
Muva nje, uTang et al. kubika ukugqwala kwensimbi engagqwali yi-Geobacter ferroreducens ezindaweni zamanzi ahlanzekile ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwe-electron eqondile isuka ensimbi iye kuma-microbes46. Uma kucatshangelwa i-EMIC, umnikelo wama-microorganisms anezakhiwo ze-EET ubalulekile. I-SRB, i-FeOB, ne-IRB yizinhlobo ze-microbial eziyinhloko emikhiqizweni yokugqwala kulolu cwaningo, okufanele ibe nezici ze-EET. Ngakho-ke, lawa ma-microorganisms asebenza nge-electrochemically angakwazi ukufaka isandla ekugqwaleni nge-EET, futhi ukwakheka komphakathi wabo kuyashintsha ngaphansi kwethonya lezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene ze-ionic njengoba kwakhiwa imikhiqizo yokugqwala. Ngokuphambene nalokho, umphakathi we-microbial ngensimbi ene-9% Cr ihluke kwezinye izinsimbi (Fig. 8b). Ngemuva kwezinyanga ze-14, ngaphezu kokucebisa nge-FeOB, njenge-Sideroxydans, i-SOB47Beggiatoacea, ne-Thiomonas nayo yacetshiswa (Fig. 7i). Lolu shintsho luhluke ngokuphawulekayo kunezinye izinto ezonakalisayo, njengensimbi ye-carbon, futhi lungathonywa ama-ion acebile nge-chromium ancibilike ngesikhathi sokugqwala. Ngokuphawulekayo, i-Thiomonas ayinayo kuphela izakhiwo ze-sulfur oxidizing, kodwa futhi izakhiwo ze-Fe(II) oxidizing, uhlelo lwe-EET, nokubekezelelana kwensimbi esindayo48,49. Angacetshiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-oxidative we-Fe(II) kanye/noma ukusetshenziswa okuqondile kwama-electron ensimbi. Ocwaningweni lwangaphambilini, ukuchichima okuphakeme kakhulu kwe-Beggiatoacea kwabonwa ku-biofilms ku-Cu kusetshenziswa uhlelo lokuqapha lwe-biofilm olungaqhubeki, okuphakamisa ukuthi lawa magciwane angase amelane nezinsimbi ezinobuthi njenge-Cu kanye ne-Cr. Kodwa-ke, umthombo wamandla odingwa yi-Beggiatoacea ukuze ukhule kule ndawo awaziwa.
Lolu cwaningo lubika izinguquko emiphakathini yamagciwane ngesikhathi sokugqwala ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile. Endaweni efanayo, imiphakathi ye-microbial yayihluka ngohlobo lwensimbi. Ukwengeza, imiphumela yethu iqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwe-FeOB ezigabeni zokuqala zokugqwala, njengoba i-metabolism yamandla e-microbial encike ensimbi ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwendawo ecebile yezakhi ethandwa amanye ama-microorganisms afana ne-SRB. Ukuze kwehliswe i-MIC ezindaweni ezinamanzi ahlanzekile, ukunothisa kwe-FeOB ne-IRB kufanele kukhawulelwe.
Kusetshenziswe izinsimbi eziyisishiyagalolunye kulolu cwaningo futhi zacutshungulwa zaba amabhulokhi angu-50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (ukuqina kwensimbi ye-ASTM 395 no-1%, 2.25% no-9% Cr: 5 mm; ukujiya kwe-ASTM A283 ne-ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; I-ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 ne-Type 304 kanye ne-316 Stainless Steel, ugqinsi: 1mm), enezimbobo ezimbili ezingu-4mm. Izinsimbi ze-Chromium zapholishwa nge-sandpaper kanti ezinye izinsimbi zapholishwa nge-600 grit sandpaper ngaphambi kokucwiliswa. Wonke amasampula ayenziwe nge-99.5% ethanol, omisiwe futhi akalwa. Amasampula ayishumi ensimbi ngayinye asetshenziselwa ukubala izinga lokugqwala kanye nokuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome. Isifanekiso ngasinye sasilungiswe ngendlela yesitebhisi enezinduku ze-PTFE nama-spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Fig. 2).
Ichibi linomthamo wama-cubic metres ayi-1100 kanye nokujula okungamamitha ama-4. Ukungena kwamanzi kwakungu-20 m3 h-1, ukuchichima kwakhululwa, futhi izinga lamanzi alizange liguquguquke ngezikhathi ezithile zonyaka (I-Supplementary Fig. 3). Iladi yesampula yehliselwa ocingweni lwensimbi elingu-3 m olulengiswe maphakathi nethangi. Amasethi amabili amaladi asusiwe echibini ezinyangeni ezi-1, 3, 6, 14 kanye nezingu-22. Amasampula asuka kwelinye iladi asetshenziselwa ukukala ukuncipha kwesisindo nokubala amazinga okugqwala, kuyilapho amasampula asuka kwesinye isitebhisi asetshenziselwa ukuhlaziywa kwe-microbiome. I-oxygen encibilikisiwe ethangini lokucwiliswa kukalwa eduze nendawo naphansi, kanye naphakathi, kusetshenziswa inzwa ye-oxygen encibilikile (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Imikhiqizo yokugqwala kanye nama-biofilms kumasampula akhishwe ngokukhuhla nge-scraper yepulasitiki noma ukusula nge-swab kakotini, bese kuhlanzwa nge-ethanol engu-99.5% kusetshenziswa ukugeza kwe-ultrasonic. Amasampula abe esecwiliswa kusixazululo sikaClark ngokuhambisana ne-ASTM G1-0351. Wonke amasampula akalwe ngemva kokuqedwa kokumiswa. Bala izinga lokugqwala (mm/unyaka) ngesampula ngayinye usebenzisa ifomula elandelayo:
lapho i-K iyisimo esingaguquki (8.76 × 104), T isikhathi sokuchayeka (h), A indawo engaphezulu (cm2), W ingukulahlekelwa okukhulu (g), D ukuminyana (g cm–3).
Ngemva kokulinganisa amasampula, izithombe ze-3D zamasampuli amaningana zitholwe kusetshenziswa isibonakhulu selaser yokulinganisa ye-3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).