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A cikin ruwan da ke cikin ruwa, sau da yawa ana lura da saurin tsatsa na carbon da bakin ƙarfe. An gudanar da wani bincike na nutsewar tankin ruwa mai tsafta na watanni 22 a nan ta amfani da nau'ikan ƙarfe tara. An lura da saurin tsatsa a cikin ƙarfen carbon da chromium da ƙarfen siminti, yayin da a cikin bakin ƙarfe ba a ga tsatsa a bayyane ba ko da bayan watanni 22. Wani bincike na al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta ya nuna cewa a lokacin tsatsa gabaɗaya, ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata Fe(II) sun wadatar a farkon matakin tsatsa, ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage Fe(III), a matakin ci gaban tsatsa, da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sulfate, a matakin tsatsa. a matakin ƙarshe na tsatsa na samfur. Akasin haka, ƙwayoyin cuta na Beggiatocaea sun yi yawa musamman a cikin ƙarfe tare da 9% Cr da aka fallasa ga tsatsa na gida. Waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta sun bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin samfuran ruwa da ƙasan laka. Don haka, yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba, al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta suna fuskantar canje-canje masu ban mamaki, kuma metabolism na makamashin ƙwayoyin cuta masu dogaro da ƙarfe yana ƙirƙirar yanayi wanda zai iya wadatar da wasu ƙananan halittu.
Karfe na iya lalacewa da lalacewa saboda dalilai daban-daban na muhalli kamar su pH, zafin jiki da yawan ion. Yanayin acidic, yanayin zafi mai yawa da yawan chloride musamman suna shafar tsatsa na karafa1,2,3. Ƙananan halittu a cikin yanayi na halitta da na gina jiki galibi suna shafar lalacewa da tsatsa na karafa, wani hali da ake nunawa a cikin tsatsa na ƙwayoyin cuta (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. Sau da yawa ana samun MIC a cikin muhalli kamar bututun cikin gida da tankunan ajiya, a cikin ramuka na ƙarfe, da kuma a cikin ƙasa, inda yake bayyana ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haɓaka da sauri. Saboda haka, sa ido da gano MICs da wuri yana da matukar wahala, don haka ana yin nazarin MIC yawanci bayan tsatsa. An ruwaito nazarin shari'o'i da yawa na MIC inda ake samun ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sulfate (SRB) akai-akai a cikin samfuran tsatsa9,10,11,12,13. Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a san ko SRBs suna ba da gudummawa ga fara tsatsa ba, tunda gano su ya dogara ne akan nazarin bayan tsatsa.
Kwanan nan, ban da ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙarfe21, an ruwaito nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙarfe daban-daban, kamar SRB14 masu lalata ƙarfe, methanogens15,16,17, ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage nitrate18, ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙarfe19 da acetogens20. A ƙarƙashin yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje na anaerobic ko microaerobic, yawancinsu suna lalata ƙarfe mai sifili da ƙarfe mai carbon. Bugu da ƙari, hanyoyin lalata su suna nuna cewa methanogens da SRBs masu lalata ƙarfe suna haɓaka lalata ta hanyar girbe electrons daga ƙarfe mai null-valent ta amfani da hydrogenases na extracellular da multiheme cytochromes, bi da bi22,23. MICs an raba su zuwa nau'i biyu: (i) MIC na sinadarai (CMIC), wanda shine tsatsa kai tsaye ta nau'ikan da aka samar da ƙwayoyin cuta, da (ii) MIC na lantarki (EMIC), wanda shine tsatsa kai tsaye ta hanyar raguwar electron na ƙarfe24. EMIC wanda canja wurin electron na extracellular (EET) ya sauƙaƙe yana da babban sha'awa saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu halayen EET suna haifar da tsatsa da sauri fiye da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta marasa EET. Duk da cewa martanin da CMIC ke bayarwa na iyakance saurin aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin anaerobic shine samar da H2 ta hanyar rage proton (H+), EMIC yana gudana ta hanyar metabolism na EET, wanda ba ya dogara da samar da H2. Tsarin EET a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban yana da alaƙa da aikin man fetur na ƙwayoyin cuta da electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Saboda yanayin al'ada na waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata sun bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin muhallin halitta, ba a bayyana ko waɗannan hanyoyin lalata ƙwayoyin cuta da aka lura suna nuna tsatsa a aikace ba. Saboda haka, yana da wuya a lura da tsarin MIC da waɗannan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ke haifarwa a cikin muhallin halitta.
Ci gaban fasahar jerin kwayoyin halitta ta DNA ya sauƙaƙa nazarin cikakkun bayanai game da al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin muhalli na halitta da na wucin gadi, misali, an yi amfani da bayanin ƙwayoyin cuta bisa ga jerin kwayoyin halitta na 16S rRNA ta amfani da masu tsara sabbin tsara a fannin ilimin halittu na ƙwayoyin cuta30,31. ,32. An buga bincike da yawa na MIC waɗanda ke da cikakkun bayanai game da al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin muhallin ƙasa da na ruwa13,33,34,35,36. Baya ga SRB, an kuma bayar da rahoton wadatar ƙwayoyin cuta na Fe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) da nitrifying a cikin samfuran lalata, misali FeOB, kamar Gallionella spp. da Dechloromons spp., da ƙwayoyin cuta na nitrifying, kamar Nitrospira,. spp., a cikin ƙarfe masu ɗauke da jan ƙarfe a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa33. Hakazalika, a cikin yanayin ruwa, an lura da saurin mamaye ƙwayoyin cuta masu lalata ƙarfe waɗanda ke cikin azuzuwan Zetaproteobacteria da Betaproteobacteria na tsawon makonni da yawa akan ƙarfe na carbon 36. Waɗannan bayanai sun nuna gudummawar waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ga tsatsa. Duk da haka, a cikin bincike da yawa, tsawon lokaci da ƙungiyoyin gwaji suna da iyaka, kuma ba a san komai game da yanayin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta ba yayin tsatsa.
A nan, muna binciken MICs na ƙarfen carbon, ƙarfe chromium, bakin ƙarfe, da ƙarfen siminti ta amfani da nazarin nutsewa a cikin yanayi mai ruwa-ruwa mai kama da na iskar oxygen tare da tarihin abubuwan da suka faru na MIC. An ɗauki samfura a watanni 1, 3, 6, 14 da 22 kuma an yi nazarin ƙimar tsatsa na kowane ɓangaren ƙarfe da ƙwayoyin cuta. Sakamakonmu yana ba da haske game da yanayin dogon lokaci na al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin tsatsa.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Jadawali na 1, an yi amfani da ƙarfe tara a cikin wannan binciken. An nutsar da samfuran kowane abu goma a cikin tafkin ruwan sabo. Ingancin ruwan da aka sarrafa shine kamar haka: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm da pH 7.4. Yawan iskar oxygen da aka narkar (DO) a ƙasan tsani na samfurin ya kai kusan 8.2 ppm kuma zafin ruwan ya kama daga 9 zuwa 23°C a kowane lokaci.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 1, bayan wata 1 na nutsewa a cikin yanayin ƙarfe na ASTM A283, ASTM A109 #4/5, ASTM A179, da ASTM A395, an lura da samfuran lalata launin ruwan kasa a saman ƙarfe na carbon a cikin nau'in tsatsa ta gabaɗaya. Rage nauyin waɗannan samfuran ya ƙaru da lokaci (Tebur na Ƙarin 1) kuma ƙimar tsatsa ta kasance 0.13–0.16 mm a kowace shekara (Hoto na 2). Hakazalika, an lura da tsatsa ta gabaɗaya a cikin ƙarfe masu ƙarancin abun ciki na Cr (1% da 2.25%) tare da ƙimar tsatsa ta kusan 0.13 mm/shekara (Hoto na 1 da 2). Akasin haka, ƙarfe mai 9% Cr yana nuna tsatsa ta gida wacce ke faruwa a cikin gibin da gaskets suka samar. Yawan tsatsa na wannan samfurin kusan 0.02 mm/shekara ne, wanda ya yi ƙasa da na ƙarfe mai tsatsa ta gabaɗaya. Sabanin haka, nau'in ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe-304 da -316 ba su nuna tsatsa a bayyane ba, tare da kimanta ƙimar tsatsa ta <0.001 mm y−1. Sabanin haka, nau'in ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe-304 da -316 ba su nuna tsatsa a bayyane ba, tare da kimanta ƙimar hanzarin <0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавею стали типов 304 и 316 составляет <0,001 мм/год. Sabanin haka, nau'ikan ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe 304 da 316 ba sa nuna tsatsa a bayyane, tare da kimanta ƙimar tsatsa ta <0.001 mm/shekara.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1。相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1。 Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой m/gudu. Sabanin haka, nau'in ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe na 304 da -316 ba su nuna tsatsa a bayyane ba tare da ƙimar tsatsa ta ƙira ta <0.001 mm/shekara.
An nuna hotunan macroscopic na kowane samfurin (tsawo 50 mm × faɗi 20 mm) kafin da bayan cirewa. Mita 1, wata 1; mita 3, watanni 3; mita 6, watanni 6; mita 14, watanni 14; mita 22, watanni 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, yanayin 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, ƙarfe 1% Cr; ƙarfe 3C, ƙarfe 2.25% Cr; ƙarfe 9C, ƙarfe 9% Cr; S6, ƙarfe 316; S8, nau'in ƙarfe 304.
An ƙididdige ƙimar tsatsa ta amfani da asarar nauyi da lokacin nutsewa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, taurare 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, ƙarfe 1% Cr, 3 C, ƙarfe 2.25% Cr, 9 C, ƙarfe 9% Cr, S6, nau'in ƙarfe 316; S8, nau'in ƙarfe 304.
A hoto na 1 kuma ya nuna cewa samfuran tsatsa na ƙarfen carbon, ƙaramin ƙarfen Cr da baƙin ƙarfen siminti suna ci gaba da ƙaruwa bayan nutsewa na tsawon watanni 3. Jimlar tsatsa ta ragu a hankali zuwa 0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/shekara bayan watanni 22 (Hoto na 2). Bugu da ƙari, ƙimar tsatsa na ƙarfen Cr 2.25% ya ɗan yi ƙasa da sauran samfuran da suka lalace, yana nuna cewa Cr na iya hana tsatsa. Baya ga tsatsa ta gabaɗaya, a cewar ASTM A179, an lura da tsatsa ta gida bayan watanni 22 tare da zurfin tsatsa na kimanin 700 µm (Hoto na 3). Yawan tsatsa na gida, wanda aka ƙididdige ta amfani da zurfin tsatsa da lokacin nutsewa, shine 0.38 mm/shekara, wanda ya ninka saurin tsatsa ta gabaɗaya sau 5. Ba za a iya rage ƙimar tsatsa na ƙarfen ASTM A395 ba saboda samfuran tsatsa ba sa cire sikelin gaba ɗaya bayan watanni 14 ko 22 na nutsewa cikin ruwa. Duk da haka, bambancin ya kamata ya zama ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, an lura da ƙananan ramuka da yawa a cikin ƙarfen chromium mai ƙarancin lalacewa.
Cikakken hoto (sandar sikelin: 10 mm) da tsatsa ta gida (sandar sikelin: 500 µm) na ƙarfe ASTM A179 da 9% Cr a zurfin da ya kai zurfin amfani da na'urar hangen nesa ta laser mai duba 3D. Da'irori ja a cikin cikakken hoton suna nuna tsatsa ta gida da aka auna. Cikakken hoto na ƙarfe 9% Cr daga gefen baya an nuna shi a Hoto na 1.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin hoto na 2, ga ƙarfe mai 9% Cr, ba a ga tsatsa ba a cikin watanni 3-14, kuma ƙimar tsatsa ta kusan sifili. Duk da haka, an lura da tsatsa ta gida bayan watanni 22 (Hoto na 3) tare da ƙimar tsatsa ta 0.04 mm/shekara da aka ƙididdige ta amfani da asarar nauyi. Matsakaicin zurfin tsatsa ta gida shine 1260 µm kuma ƙimar tsatsa ta gida da aka kiyasta ta amfani da zurfin tsatsa da lokacin nutsewa (watanni 22) shine 0.68 mm/shekara. Domin ba a san ainihin wurin da tsatsa ta fara ba, ƙimar tsatsa na iya zama mafi girma.
Sabanin haka, ba a ga wani tsatsa da aka gani a kan bakin karfe ba ko da bayan watanni 22 na nutsewa. Duk da cewa an ga wasu ƙananan barbashi masu launin ruwan kasa a saman kafin a cire su (Hoto na 1), an haɗa su da rauni kuma ba samfuran tsatsa ba ne. Tunda ƙarfen yana sake bayyana a saman bakin karfe bayan an cire sikelin, ƙimar tsatsa kusan sifili ne.
An gudanar da jerin Amplicon don fahimtar bambance-bambance da yanayin ƙwayoyin cuta a tsawon lokaci a cikin samfuran lalata da biofilms akan saman ƙarfe, a cikin ruwa da laka. An karɓi jimillar karatu 4,160,012, tare da kewayon karatu 31,328 zuwa 124,183.
Ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran ruwa da aka ɗauka daga ruwa da tafkuna sun kasance daga 5.47 zuwa 7.45 (Hoto na 4a). Tunda ruwan kogin da aka sake amfani da shi azaman ruwan masana'antu, al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta na iya canzawa a yanayi. Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran laka na ƙasa ya kasance kusan 9, wanda ya fi na samfuran ruwa girma sosai. Hakazalika, samfuran ruwa suna da ƙananan ma'aunin Chao1 da aka ƙididdige kuma an lura da raka'o'in aiki na taxonomic (OTUs) fiye da samfuran laka (Hoto na 4b, c). Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga (gwajin Tukey-Kramer; ƙimar p < 0.01, Hoto na 4d), wanda ke nuna cewa al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran laka sun fi rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda ke cikin samfuran ruwa. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga (gwajin Tukey-Kramer; ƙimar p < 0.01, Hoto na 4d), yana nuna cewa al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran laka sun fi rikitarwa fiye da waɗanda ke cikin samfuran ruwa. Эти различя статистически значимы (kryteriy Тьюky-Крамера; znaчения p <0,01, rис. 4d) сообщества в образцах донных отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga (gwajin Tukey-Kramer; ƙimar p <0.01, Hoto na 4d), yana nuna cewa al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran laka sun fi rikitarwa fiye da samfuran ruwa.这些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01，图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂。这些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01中 的 群落更….. Эти различия были статистически znachymymy (kryteriy Тьюky-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), da sauransu. что микробные сообщества в образцах донных отложений Waɗannan bambance-bambancen sun kasance masu mahimmanci a kididdiga (gwajin Tukey-Kramer; ƙimar p <0.01, Hoto na 4d), yana nuna cewa al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran laka sun fi rikitarwa fiye da samfuran ruwa.Tunda ruwan da ke cikin kwarin da ke cikewa yana sabuntawa koyaushe kuma laka yana sauka ƙasan kwarin ba tare da wata matsala ta injiniya ba, wannan bambancin bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta ya kamata ya nuna yanayin muhalli a cikin kwarin.
a Shannon index, b An nuna na'urar sarrafa aiki (OTU), da c Chao1 ta ɗaukar ma'aunin ɗaukar ma'aunin (n=6) da kwano (n=5) Ruwa, laka (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5), ASTM A395 (FC: n=5), 1% (1 C: n=5), 2.25% (3 C: n=5) da 9% (9 C: n=5) ƙarfe Cr, da kuma nau'in 316 (S6: n=5) da -304 (S8: n=5) ƙarfe bakin ƙarfe an nuna su azaman jadawalin akwatin da wisker. ƙimar d p don ma'aunin Shannon da Chao1 da aka samu ta amfani da gwaje-gwajen kwatantawa da yawa na ANOVA da Tukey-Kramer. Jajayen bayanan suna wakiltar nau'i-nau'i tare da ƙimar p < 0.05. Ja bayan suna wakiltar nau'i-nau'i tare da ƙimar p < 0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Ja bayan baya suna wakiltar nau'i-nau'i tare da ƙimar p < 0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Ja bayan baya suna wakiltar nau'i-nau'i tare da ƙimar p <0.05.Layin da ke tsakiyar akwatin, saman da ƙasan akwatin, da kuma gashin baki suna wakiltar matsakaicin kashi, kashi na 25 da 75, da kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙima da matsakaicin ƙima, bi da bi.
Ma'aunin Shannon na ƙarfen carbon, ƙarfe mai ƙarancin chromium, da ƙarfen siminti sun yi kama da na samfuran ruwa (Hoto na 4a). Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe sun fi na ƙarfe masu tsatsa (p-values ​​< 0.05, Hoto na 4d) kuma sun yi kama da na laka. Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran ƙarfe mai bakin ƙarfe sun fi na ƙarfe masu tsatsa (p-value < 0.05, Hoto na 4d) kuma suna kama da na laka. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированный 5 (p) рис. Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe sun fi na ƙarfe da suka lalace yawa (ƙimar p < 0.05, Hoto na 4d) kuma suna kama da ma'aunin ajiya.相比之下，不锈钢样品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05, 图4d），与沉积物相似。相比之下，不锈钢样品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，囉物与（4d Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше <0,05, рис. 4d), как у отложений. Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na samfuran ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe ya fi na ƙarfen da ya lalace sosai (ƙimar p < 0.05, Hoto na 4d), kamar yadda aka yi ajiyar.Sabanin haka, ma'aunin Shannon na ƙarfe mai kashi 9% na Cr ya kasance daga 6.95 zuwa 9.65. Waɗannan ƙimar sun fi girma a cikin samfuran da ba su lalace ba a cikin watanni 1 da 3 fiye da na samfuran da suka lalace a cikin watanni 6, 14 da 22 (Hoto na 4a). Bugu da ƙari, ma'aunin Chao1 da kuma OTUs da aka lura da su na ƙarfe 9% Cr sun fi na samfuran da suka lalace da na ruwa kuma sun yi ƙasa da na samfuran da ba su lalace da na laka ba (Hoto na 4b, c), kuma bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga (ƙimar p < 0.01, Hoto na 4d). Bugu da ƙari, ma'aunin Chao1 da OTUs da aka lura da su na ƙarfe 9% Cr sun fi na samfuran da suka lalace da na ruwa kuma sun yi ƙasa da na samfuran da ba su lalace da na laka ba (Hoto na 4b, c), kuma bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga (ƙimar p < 0.01, Hoto na 4d).Bugu da ƙari, Chao1 da OTU da aka lura da su na ƙarfe masu kashi 9% na Cr sun fi na samfuran da suka lalace da na ruwa kuma sun yi ƙasa da na samfuran da ba su lalace da waɗanda ke laka ba (Hoto na 4b, c), kuma bambance-bambancen suna da mahimmanci a kididdiga.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (ƙimar p <0.01, Hoto na 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀样品和水样，低于未腐蚀样品和沉积物样品（图4b，c），差异具蜉差异具蜉繭有绦0.01, da 4d.此外 ， 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察 的 Rtu 高于（图 图 4b ، c） 差异 统计学 意义 （p 值 <0.01 图 Кроме того, индекс Chao1 и наблюдаемые OTU стали с содержанием 9 % Cr были выше ниже, чем у некорродированных и осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), разница была статистически значимой (p. 4 г). Bugu da ƙari, ma'aunin Chao1 da kuma OTU da aka lura da shi na ƙarfe 9% Cr sun fi na samfuran da suka lalace da na ruwa kuma sun yi ƙasa da na samfuran da ba su lalace da waɗanda ba su lalace ba (Hoto na 4b,c), kuma bambancin ya kasance mai mahimmanci a kididdiga (ƙimar p < 0.01, Hoto na 4d).Waɗannan sakamakon sun nuna cewa bambancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran tsatsa ya yi ƙasa da na biofilms akan karafa marasa tsatsa.
A hoto na 5a, an nuna wani babban tsari na Binciken Daidaito (PCoA) bisa ga nisan UniFrac mara nauyi ga dukkan samfura, tare da lura da manyan rukuni uku. Al'ummomin ƙananan halittu a cikin samfuran ruwa sun bambanta sosai da sauran al'ummomi. Al'ummomin ƙananan halittu a cikin laka sun haɗa da al'ummomin bakin ƙarfe, yayin da suka yaɗu a cikin samfuran tsatsa. Akasin haka, taswirar ƙarfe mai kashi 9% na Cr an raba shi zuwa ƙungiyoyi marasa tsatsa da tsatsa. Saboda haka, al'ummomin ƙananan halittu akan saman ƙarfe da samfuran tsatsa sun bambanta sosai da waɗanda ke cikin ruwa.
Babban tsarin nazarin daidaitawa (PCoA) bisa ga nisan UniFrac mara nauyi a cikin dukkan samfuran (a), ruwa (b), da ƙarfe (c). Da'irori suna haskaka kowace ƙungiya. Ana wakiltar hanyoyin ta hanyar layukan da ke haɗa lokutan ɗaukar samfur a jere. Mita 1, wata 1; mita 3, watanni 3; mita 6, watanni 6; mita 14, watanni 14; mita 22, watanni 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, yanayin 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, ƙarfe 1% Cr; ƙarfe 3C, ƙarfe 2.25% Cr; ƙarfe 9C, ƙarfe 9% Cr; S6, ƙarfe 316; S8, nau'in ƙarfe 304.
Lokacin da aka tsara su bisa ga tsarin lokaci, filayen PCoA na samfuran ruwa sun kasance cikin tsari mai zagaye (Hoto na 5b). Wannan canjin zagayowar na iya nuna canje-canjen yanayi.
Bugu da ƙari, an lura da ƙungiyoyi biyu kawai (masu lanƙwasa da marasa lanƙwasa) a kan taswirar samfuran ƙarfe na PCoA, inda (banda ƙarfe chromium 9%) aka kuma lura da canjin al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta daga watanni 1 zuwa 22 (Hoto na 5c). Bugu da ƙari, tunda sauye-sauye a cikin samfuran da suka lanƙwasa sun fi girma fiye da na samfuran da ba su lanƙwasa ba, akwai alaƙa tsakanin canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta da ci gaban tsatsa. A cikin samfuran ƙarfe da 9% Cr, an bayyana nau'ikan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu: maki a watanni 1 da 6, waɗanda ke kusa da bakin ƙarfe, da sauransu (watanni 3, 14, da 22), waɗanda ke kusa da ƙarfe da ya lanƙwasa. Wata 1 da takardun shaida da aka yi amfani da su don cire DNA a watanni 6 ba su lanƙwasa ba, yayin da takardun shaida a watanni 3, 14 da 22 sun lanƙwasa (Hoto na Ƙarin 1). Saboda haka, al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran da suka lanƙwasa sun bambanta da waɗanda ke cikin ruwa, laka, da samfuran da ba su lanƙwasa ba kuma sun canza yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba.
Manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta da aka lura a cikin samfuran ruwa sune Proteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), Bacteroidetes (6.3–48.6%), Planctomycetota (0.4–19.6%) da Actinobacteria (0 –17.7%), yawansu ya bambanta daga samfurin zuwa samfurin (Hoto na 6), misali, yawan Bacteroidetes a cikin ruwan tafki ya fi na ruwan da ba a iya gani ba. Wannan bambanci zai iya shafar lokacin zama na ruwan a cikin tankin ambaliya. An kuma lura da waɗannan nau'ikan a cikin samfuran laka na ƙasa, amma yawansu ya bambanta sosai da na samfuran ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, adadin Acidobacteriota (8.7–13.0%), Chloroflexi (8.1–10.2%), Nitrospirota (4.2–4.4%) da Desulfobacterota (1.5–4.4%) %) ya fi na samfuran ruwa. Tunda kusan dukkan nau'ikan Desulfobacterota SRB37 ne, muhallin da ke cikin laka dole ne ya kasance mai rashin isasshen ruwa. Duk da cewa Desulfobacterota yana iya yin tasiri ga tsatsa, haɗarin ya kamata ya yi ƙasa sosai saboda yawan su a cikin ruwan tafkin <0.04%. Duk da cewa Desulfobacterota yana iya yin tasiri ga tsatsa, haɗarin ya kamata ya yi ƙasa sosai saboda yawan su a cikin ruwan tafkin <0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию содержание в воде бассейна составляет <0.04%. Duk da cewa Desulfobacterota na iya yin tasiri ga tsatsa, haɗarin ya kamata ya yi ƙasa sosai domin yawan ruwan tafkin da suke da shi bai wuce 0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因为它们在池水中的相对<丰应。 <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus может влиять на бассейна составляет <0.04%. Duk da cewa nau'in Desulfobacillus na iya yin tasiri ga tsatsa, haɗarin ya kamata ya yi ƙasa sosai domin yawan ruwan tafkin da suke da shi bai kai kashi 0.04% ba.
RW da Air suna wakiltar samfuran ruwa daga shan ruwa da kuma kwano, bi da bi. Sediment-C, -E, -W samfuran laka ne da aka ɗauka daga tsakiyar ƙasan kwano, da kuma daga gefen gabas da yamma. Mita 1, wata 1; mita 3, watanni 3; mita 6, watanni 6; mita 14, watanni 14; mita 22, watanni 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, yanayin 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, ƙarfe 1% Cr; ƙarfe 3C, ƙarfe 2.25% Cr; ƙarfe 9C, ƙarfe 9% Cr; S6, ƙarfe 316; S8, nau'in ƙarfe 304.
A matakin nau'in halittar, an lura da ɗan ƙaramin kaso (6–19%) na ƙwayoyin cuta marasa rarrabuwa waɗanda ke cikin dangin Trichomonadaceae, da kuma Neosphingosine, Pseudomonas, da Flavobacterium, a duk yanayi. A matsayin ƙananan manyan abubuwan da ke cikinta, rabon su ya bambanta (Hoto na 1). . 7a da b). A cikin magudanar ruwa, yawan Flavobacterium, Pseudovibrio, da Rhodoferrobacter ya fi yawa ne kawai a lokacin hunturu. Hakazalika, an lura da yawan Pseudovibrio da Flavobacterium a cikin ruwan hunturu na kwarin. Don haka, al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran ruwa sun bambanta dangane da lokacin, amma ba su fuskanci manyan canje-canje a lokacin binciken ba.
a Ruwan sha, b Ruwan wanka, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 zafin jiki #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, da i 9% Cr ƙarfe, j Type-316 da bakin ƙarfe K-304.
Proteobacteria sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin dukkan samfuran, amma yawan su a cikin samfuran da suka lalace ya ragu yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba (Hoto na 6). A cikin samfuran ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 da 1% da 2.25% Cr, yawan proteobacteria ya ragu daga 89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%, 83.8% sune 43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% da 31.3% bi da bi. Sabanin haka, yawan Desulfobacterota yana ƙaruwa a hankali daga <0.1% zuwa 12.5–45.9% tare da ci gaban tsatsa. Sabanin haka, yawan Desulfobacterota yana ƙaruwa a hankali daga <0.1% zuwa 12.5–45.9% tare da ci gaban tsatsa. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota постепенно увеличивается с <0,1% до 12,5-45,9% по меррази . Sabanin haka, yawan Desulfobacterota yana ƙaruwa a hankali daga <0.1% zuwa 12.5–45.9% yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность Desulfobacillus постепенно увеличивалась с <0,1% до 12,5-45,9% по мивив по мивививири разив. Sabanin haka, yawan Desulfobacillus a hankali ya ƙaru daga <0.1% zuwa 12.5–45.9% yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba.Saboda haka, yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba, an maye gurbin Proteobactereira da Desulfobacterota.
Sabanin haka, fina-finan biofilms akan bakin karfe mara lalacewa sun ƙunshi daidai gwargwado na ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban. Proteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), Planctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), Nitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), Acidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), Bacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) da Chloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). An gano cewa rabon Nitrospirota a cikin samfuran bakin karfe ya ƙaru a hankali (Hoto na 6). Waɗannan rabon sun yi kama da na samfuran laka, wanda ya yi daidai da taswirar PCoA da aka nuna a Hoto na 5a.
A cikin samfuran ƙarfe da ke ɗauke da kashi 9% na Cr, an lura da nau'ikan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu: al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta na wata 1 da watanni 6 sun yi kama da waɗanda ke cikin samfuran ƙasa na laka, yayin da adadin proteobacteria a cikin samfuran tsatsa 3, 14, da 22 ya ƙaru sosai. watanni Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta guda biyu a cikin samfuran ƙarfe na 9% na Cr sun yi daidai da ƙungiyoyin da aka raba a cikin taswirar PCoA da aka nuna a Hoto na 5c.
A matakin nau'in halittar, an lura da sama da ƙwayoyin cuta 2000 da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da archaea marasa tsari. A matakin nau'in halittar, an lura da sama da ƙwayoyin cuta 2000 da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da archaea marasa tsari.A matakin nau'in halittar, an lura da sama da ƙwayoyin cuta 2000 da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da archaea da ba a san su ba.A matakin nau'in halittar, an lura da OTU sama da 2000 da ke ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta da archaea da ba a bayyana ba. Daga cikinsu, mun mayar da hankali kan OTU guda 10 waɗanda ke da yawan jama'a a kowane samfurin. Wannan ya ƙunshi 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% da 21.8-45.1% a cikin ASTM A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% da 9% ƙarfe Cr da ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe Type 316 da -304.
An lura da yawan sinadarin monoliths masu narkewar chlorine tare da halayen oxidizing na Fe(II) a cikin samfuran lalata kamar ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 da ƙarfe masu 1% da 2.25% Cr. matakin farko na tsatsa (wata 1 da watanni 3, Hoto na 7c-h). Kason Dechloronas ya ragu akan lokaci, wanda yayi daidai da raguwar Proteobacteria (Hoto na 6). Bugu da ƙari, rabon Dechloromonas a cikin biofilms akan samfuran da ba su lalace ba shine <1%. Bugu da ƙari, rabon Dechloromonas a cikin biofilms akan samfuran da ba su lalace ba shine <1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Bugu da ƙari, rabon Dechloromonas a cikin biofilms akan samfuran da ba su lalace ba shine <1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Bugu da ƙari, adadin Dechloromonas a cikin biofilm na samfuran da ba su lalace ba ya kai <1%.Saboda haka, daga cikin samfuran tsatsa, Dechloromonas yana da wadatar gaske a farkon matakin tsatsa.
Sabanin haka, a cikin ASTM A179, ASTM A109 mai zafi #4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 da ƙarfe masu 1% da 2.25% Cr, adadin nau'in SRB Desulfovibrio ya ƙaru bayan watanni 14 da 22 (Hoto na 7c–h). Desulfofibrion ya yi ƙasa sosai ko kuma ba a gano shi ba a farkon matakan tsatsa, a cikin samfuran ruwa (Hoto na 7a, b) da kuma a cikin fina-finan bio waɗanda ba su lalace ba (Hoto na 7j, j). Wannan yana nuna cewa Desulfovibrio ya fi son yanayin samfuran tsatsa da aka samar, kodayake ba sa shafar tsatsa a farkon matakan tsatsa.
An gano ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage Fe(III) (RRB), kamar Geobacter da Geothrix, a cikin samfuran tsatsa a matsakaicin matakan tsatsa (watanni 6 da 14), amma rabon matakan tsatsa na ƙarshen (watanni 22) ya fi yawa a cikinsu. ƙasa kaɗan (Hoto na 7c, eh). Nau'in Sideroxydans tare da halayen iskar shaka na Fe(II) sun nuna irin wannan hali (Hoto na 7f), don haka rabon FeOB, IRB, da SRB ya fi girma kawai a cikin samfuran da suka lalace. Wannan yana nuna cewa canje-canje a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta suna da alaƙa da ci gaban tsatsa.
A cikin ƙarfe mai kashi 9% na Cr da ya lalace bayan watanni 3, 14 da 22, an lura da babban kaso na membobin dangin Beggiatoacea (8.5–19.6%), wanda zai iya nuna halayen iskar sulfur, kuma an lura da sideroxydans (8.4–13.7%) (Hoto na 1). ). 7i) Bugu da ƙari, an gano Thiomonas, ƙwayar cuta mai hana iskar sulfur (SOB), a cikin adadi mafi girma (3.4% da 8.8%) a cikin watanni 3 da 14. Akasin haka, an lura da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage nitrate Nitrospira (12.9%) a cikin samfuran watanni 6 marasa lalacewa. An kuma lura da ƙaruwar yawan Nitrospira a cikin biofilms akan bakin karfe bayan tsomawa (Hoto na 7j,k). Don haka, al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙarfe 9% na Cr na watanni 1 da 6 waɗanda ba su lalace ba sun yi kama da waɗanda ke cikin biofilms na bakin karfe. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙarfe 9% Cr da suka lalace a cikin watanni 3, 14 da 22 sun bambanta da samfuran tsatsa na ƙarfe carbon da ƙarancin chromium da baƙin ƙarfe.
Ci gaban tsatsa yawanci yana raguwa a cikin ruwan sha fiye da ruwan teku saboda yawan ions na chloride yana shafar tsatsar ƙarfe. Duk da haka, wasu ƙarfe na bakin ƙarfe na iya lalacewa a cikin yanayin ruwan sha38,39. Bugu da ƙari, da farko an yi zargin MIC saboda an riga an lura da kayan da suka lalace a cikin tafkin ruwan sha da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken. A cikin nazarin nutsewa na dogon lokaci, an lura da nau'ikan tsatsa daban-daban, nau'ikan al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta guda uku, da canji a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran tsatsa.
Ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken tanki ne mai rufewa don ruwan fasaha da aka ɗauko daga kogi tare da ingantaccen sinadarin sinadarai da canjin yanayi a zafin ruwa wanda ya kama daga 9 zuwa 23 °C. Saboda haka, canjin yanayi a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran ruwa na iya danganta da canje-canje a zafin jiki. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ruwan tafkin ya ɗan bambanta da na ruwan shigarwa (Hoto na 5b). Ana ci gaba da maye gurbin ruwan da ke cikin tafkin saboda ambaliya. Saboda haka, DO ya kasance a ~8.2 ppm ko da a tsakiyar zurfin tsakanin saman kwarin da ƙasa. Akasin haka, yanayin laka ya kamata ya zama mara kyau, tunda yana zaune kuma yana nan a ƙasan ma'ajiyar, kuma ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikinsa (kamar CRP) suma ya kamata su bambanta da ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin ruwa (Hoto na 6). Tunda takardun shaida a cikin tafkin sun yi nisa da laka, an fallasa su ga ruwan sabo ne kawai yayin nazarin nutsewa a ƙarƙashin yanayin iskar oxygen.
Tsatsa gaba ɗaya tana faruwa a cikin ƙarfen carbon, ƙaramin ƙarfe na chromium, da baƙin ƙarfe da aka yi da siminti a cikin yanayin ruwa mai tsafta (Hoto na 1) saboda waɗannan kayan ba su da juriya ga tsatsa. Duk da haka, ƙimar tsatsa (0.13 mm yr-1) a ƙarƙashin yanayin ruwan da ba shi da kyau ya fi girma fiye da na binciken da aka yi a baya40 (0.04 mm yr-1) kuma ya yi daidai da ƙimar tsatsa (0.02–0.76 mm yr-1) a gaban ƙananan halittu 1) Kamar yanayin ruwan da ba shi da tsafta40,41,42. Wannan saurin saurin tsatsa alama ce ta MIC.
Bugu da ƙari, bayan watanni 22 na nutsewa, an lura da tsatsa ta gida a cikin ƙarfe da yawa a ƙarƙashin samfuran tsatsa (Hoto na 3). Musamman ma, ƙimar tsatsa ta gida da aka lura a cikin ASTM A179 ta ninka ta sau biyar fiye da tsatsa ta gabaɗaya. An kuma lura da wannan nau'in tsatsa mai ban mamaki da saurin tsatsa a cikin tsatsa da ke faruwa akan abu ɗaya. Don haka, nutsewa da aka yi a cikin wannan binciken yana nuna tsatsa a aikace.
Daga cikin karafa da aka yi nazari a kansu, ƙarfe 9% na Cr ya nuna mafi tsananin tsatsa, tare da zurfin tsatsa na >1.2 mm, wanda wataƙila MIC ne saboda saurin tsatsa da kuma nau'in tsatsa mara kyau. Daga cikin karafa da aka yi nazari a kansu, ƙarfe 9% na Cr ya nuna mafi tsananin tsatsa, tare da zurfin tsatsa na >1.2 mm, wanda wataƙila MIC ne saboda saurin tsatsa da kuma nau'in tsatsa mara kyau. Среди иследованных металлов стальс 9% Cr показала наиболее вероятно, является МИК из-за ускоренной коррозии и аномальной формы. Daga cikin karafan da aka bincika, karfe mai kashi 9% na Cr ya nuna mafi tsananin tsatsa tare da zurfin tsatsa fiye da mm 1.2, wanda wataƙila shine MIC saboda saurin tsatsa da kuma wani nau'in tsatsa mara kyau.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最为严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm，由于加速腐蚀和异常腐蚀形式，很可能是MIC。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr МИК из-за ускоренных и аномальных форм коррозии. Daga cikin karafa da aka yi nazari a kansu, ƙarfe mai kashi 9% na Cr ya lalace sosai, tare da zurfin tsatsa na >1.2 mm, mafi kusantar MIC saboda saurin tsatsa da rashin tsari.Saboda ana amfani da ƙarfe 9% Cr a aikace-aikacen zafi mai yawa, an yi nazarin halayen tsatsa a baya43,44 amma babu wani rahoton MIC da aka bayar a baya game da wannan ƙarfe. Ganin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, banda hyperthermophiles, ba sa aiki a yanayin zafi mai yawa (>100 °C), ana iya yin watsi da MIC a cikin ƙarfe 9% Cr a irin waɗannan yanayi. Ganin cewa ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, banda hyperthermophiles, ba sa aiki a yanayin zafi mai yawa (>100 °C), ana iya yin watsi da MIC a cikin ƙarfe 9% Cr a irin waɗannan yanayi. Поскольky в стали с 9% Cr в таких случаях можно не учитывать. Tunda yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta, ban da hyperthermophiles, ba sa aiki a yanayin zafi mai yawa (>100°C), ana iya yin watsi da MIC a cikin ƙarfe mai 9% Cr a irin waɗannan yanayi.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C)钢中的MIC. 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольky МПК стали с 9% Cr в данном случае можно не учитывать. Tunda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa, banda hyperthermophiles, ba sa nuna aiki a yanayin zafi mai yawa (>100 °C), ana iya yin watsi da MIC a cikin ƙarfe tare da 9% Cr a wannan yanayin.Duk da haka, idan aka yi amfani da ƙarfe 9% Cr a yanayin matsakaicin zafin jiki, dole ne a ɗauki matakai daban-daban don rage MIC.
An lura da al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta daban-daban da canje-canjensu a cikin tarin kayan da ba su lalace ba da kuma samfuran tsatsa a cikin fina-finan biofilms idan aka kwatanta da ruwa, ban da saurin tsatsa (Hoto na 5-7), wanda ke nuna cewa wannan tsatsa makirufo ce. Ramirez et al.13 sun bayar da rahoton sauyi mai matakai 3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) a cikin yanayin halittun ruwa na tsawon watanni 6, inda hydrogen sulfide da SRB mai wadata ta biyu ke samarwa zai iya taimakawa wajen wadatar da SOB. Ramirez et al.13 sun bayar da rahoton sauyi mai matakai 3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) a cikin yanayin halittun ruwa na tsawon watanni 6, lokacin da hydrogen sulfide da SRB mai wadatarwa na biyu ya samar zai iya taimakawa wajen wadatar SOB. Ramirez & сероводород, образующийся при вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению. Ramirez et al.13 sun ba da rahoton sauyi mai matakai uku (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) a cikin yanayin halittun ruwa na tsawon watanni 6, inda hydrogen sulfide da aka samar daga haɓaka SRB na sakandare zai iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka SOB. Ramirez 告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB)，其中二次富集SRB 产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集。Ramirez 三 人 13 报告转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob 的富集。 Ramirez et al.13 собщили сероводород, образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может | Ramirez et al.13 sun ba da rahoton sauyi mai matakai uku (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) a cikin yanayin halittun ruwa na tsawon watanni 6, inda hydrogen sulfide da aka samar daga haɓaka SRB na sakandare na iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka SOB.McBeth da Emerson36 sun ba da rahoton babban ci gaba a cikin FeOB. Hakazalika, an lura da wadatar FeOB a farkon matakin tsatsa a cikin wannan binciken, amma canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ci gaban tsatsa da aka gani a cikin carbon da 1% da 2.25% ƙarfe Cr da ƙarfen da aka jefa sama da watanni 22 shine FeOB => IRB = > SRB (Hotuna na 7 da 8). Hakazalika, an lura da wadatar FeOB a lokacin farkon matakin tsatsa a cikin wannan binciken, amma ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna canzawa tare da ci gaban tsatsa da aka gani a cikin carbon da 1% da 2.25% ƙarfe Cr da ƙarfen da aka jefa sama da watanni 22 shine FeOB => IRB => SRB (Hotuna na 7 da 8). Точно так же в этом иследовании наблюдаетя огащение FeOB. прогрессирования корррозии, наблюдаемые в углеродистых 1% da 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 и 8). Hakazalika, a cikin wannan binciken an lura da wadatar FeOB a farkon matakin tsatsa, amma canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da tsatsa ke ci gaba, wanda aka lura a cikin carbon da 1% da 2.25% ƙarfe Cr da ƙarfen simintin ƙarfe tsawon watanni 22, sune FeOB => IRB => SRB (Figures 7 da 8).同样，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及2个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）。在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 ， 但 碳 和 1% 和 2.25% C.的 铸铁 中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）。 Аналогиchnыm obrazom, в этоm иssledovanny наблюдалось обогащение FeOB изменения, наблюдаемые углеродистых и 1% и 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FEB7 => рис . Hakazalika, an lura da wadatar FeOB a farkon matakan tsatsa a cikin wannan binciken, amma canje-canjen ƙwayoyin cuta da aka lura a cikin carbon da 1% da 2.25% ƙarfe Cr da ƙarfen simintin ƙarfe tsawon watanni 22 sune FeOB => IRB => SRB (Hoto na 7 da 8).SRBs na iya taruwa cikin sauƙi a cikin yanayin ruwan teku saboda yawan sinadarin sulfate ion, amma wadatar su a cikin yanayin ruwan da ke cikinsa yana jinkiri saboda ƙarancin sinadarin sulfate ion. An sha bayar da rahoton cewa ana ƙara yawan sinadarin SRB a cikin ruwan teku10,12,45.
a Organic carbon da nitrogen ta hanyar metabolism na makamashi mai dogara da Fe(II) iron oxide (ja [Dechloronas sp.] da kore [Sideroxydans sp.] ƙwayoyin cuta) da kuma Fe(III) masu rage ƙwayoyin cuta (ƙwayoyin toka [Geothrix sp. da Geobacter sp.]) a farkon matakin tsatsa, sannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sinadarin sulfate (SRP) da ƙwayoyin cuta masu rage sinadarin heterotrophic suna wadatar da matakin tsufa na tsatsa ta hanyar cinye abubuwan da aka tara na halitta. b Canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta akan ƙarfe masu jure tsatsa. Ƙwayoyin Violet, shuɗi, rawaya, da fari suna wakiltar ƙwayoyin cuta daga iyalai Comamonadaceae, Nitrospira sp., Beggiatoacea, da sauransu, bi da bi.
Dangane da canje-canje a cikin al'ummar ƙwayoyin cuta da yuwuwar wadatar SRB, FeOB yana da mahimmanci a farkon matakin tsatsa, kuma Dechloromonas na iya samun kuzarin ci gaban su daga iskar shaka ta Fe(II). Ƙananan halittu na iya rayuwa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai da ke ɗauke da abubuwan da aka gano, amma ba za su girma sosai ba. Duk da haka, wurin da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin wannan binciken shine wurin da ke cike da ruwa, tare da kwararar 20 m3/h, wanda ke ci gaba da samar da abubuwan da aka gano waɗanda ke ɗauke da ions marasa amfani. A farkon matakan tsatsa, ana fitar da ions masu ƙarfe daga ƙarfen carbon da ƙarfen siminti, kuma FeOBs (kamar Dechloronas) suna amfani da su azaman tushen kuzari. Yawan ƙwayoyin carbon, phosphate da nitrogen da ake buƙata don ci gaban ƙwayoyin halitta dole ne su kasance a cikin ruwan sarrafawa a cikin nau'in abubuwan halitta da marasa amfani. Saboda haka, a cikin wannan yanayin ruwan sha, ana wadatar da FeOB da farko akan saman ƙarfe kamar ƙarfen carbon da ƙarfen siminti. Bayan haka, IRBs na iya girma da amfani da kwayoyin halitta da oxides na ƙarfe a matsayin tushen makamashi da masu karɓar electron na ƙarshe, bi da bi. A cikin samfuran tsatsa masu girma, ya kamata a ƙirƙiri yanayin anaerobic da aka wadatar da nitrogen saboda metabolism na FeOB da IRB. Saboda haka, SRB na iya girma cikin sauri kuma ya maye gurbin FeOB da IRB (Hoto na 8a).
Kwanan nan, Tang da abokan aikinsa sun ba da rahoton tsatsa ta bakin ƙarfe ta hanyar Geobacter ferroreducens a cikin yanayin ruwa mai tsafta saboda canja wurin electron kai tsaye daga ƙarfe zuwa ƙwayoyin cuta46. Idan aka yi la'akari da EMIC, gudummawar ƙananan halittu masu halayen EET yana da matuƙar muhimmanci. SRB, FeOB, da IRB su ne manyan nau'ikan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin samfuran tsatsa a cikin wannan binciken, wanda yakamata ya sami halayen EET. Saboda haka, waɗannan ƙananan halittu masu aiki da sinadarai na iya taimakawa wajen tsatsa ta hanyar EET, kuma tsarin al'ummarsu yana canzawa ƙarƙashin tasirin nau'ikan ionic daban-daban yayin da ake samar da samfuran tsatsa. Akasin haka, al'ummar ƙananan halittu a cikin ƙarfe mai kashi 9% Cr ya bambanta da sauran ƙarfe (Hoto na 8b). Bayan watanni 14, ban da wadatarwa da FeOB, kamar Sideroxydans, SOB47Beggiatoacea, da Thiomonas suma an wadatar da su (Hoto na 7i). Wannan canjin ya bambanta sosai da na sauran kayan lalata, kamar ƙarfe carbon, kuma ions masu arzikin chromium waɗanda aka narkar a lokacin tsatsa na iya shafar su. Abin lura shi ne, Thiomonas ba wai kawai yana da kaddarorin oxidizing na sulfur ba, har ma da kaddarorin oxidizing na Fe(II), tsarin EET, da kuma juriyar ƙarfe mai nauyi48,49. Ana iya wadatar da su saboda aikin oxidative na Fe(II) da/ko amfani da electrons na ƙarfe kai tsaye. A wani bincike da ya gabata, an lura da yawan Beggiatoacea a cikin biofilms akan Cu ta amfani da tsarin sa ido na biofilm mara ci gaba, yana nuna cewa waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya jure wa ƙarfe masu guba kamar Cu da Cr. Duk da haka, tushen kuzarin da Beggiatoa ke buƙata don girma a wannan muhalli ba a san shi ba.
Wannan binciken ya ba da rahoton canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta yayin tsatsa a cikin muhallin ruwan sha. A cikin wannan muhalli, al'ummomin ƙwayoyin cuta sun bambanta a cikin nau'in ƙarfe. Bugu da ƙari, sakamakonmu ya tabbatar da mahimmancin FeOB a farkon matakan tsatsa, yayin da metabolism na makamashin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke dogara da ƙarfe ke haɓaka samar da yanayi mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki wanda wasu ƙananan halittu kamar SRB suka fi so. Domin rage MIC a cikin muhallin ruwan sha, dole ne a iyakance wadatar FeOB da IRB.
An yi amfani da karafa tara a cikin wannan binciken kuma an sarrafa su zuwa tubalan 50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (kauri ga ƙarfe na ASTM 395 da 1%, 2.25% da 9% Cr: 5 mm; kauri ga ASTM A283 da ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 da Type 304 da 316 Bakin Karfe, kauri: 1mm), tare da ramuka biyu na 4mm. An goge ƙarfe na Chromium da takarda mai sandpaper kuma an goge sauran ƙarfe da takarda mai sandpaper mai grit 600 kafin a tsoma su. An shafa dukkan samfuran da ethanol 99.5%, an busar da su kuma an auna su. An yi amfani da samfuran goma na kowane ƙarfe don ƙididdige ƙimar tsatsa da nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta. An gyara kowane samfurin ta hanyar tsani tare da sandunan PTFE da masu sarari (φ 5 × 30 mm, Ƙarin Hoto na 2).
Wurin wanka yana da girman mita 1100 na cubic da zurfin kimanin mita 4. Ruwan da ke shigowa ya kai mita 20 a awa 3, an saki ruwan da ke kwarara, kuma ingancin ruwan bai canza ba a lokacin da ake bukata (Hoto na 3). An saukar da tsani samfurin a kan wayar karfe mai tsawon mita 3 da aka dakatar a tsakiyar tankin. An cire tsani biyu daga wurin wanka a watanni 1, 3, 6, 14 da 22. An yi amfani da samfuran daga tsani ɗaya don auna asarar nauyi da kuma ƙididdige yawan tsatsa, yayin da aka yi amfani da samfuran daga wani tsani don nazarin ƙwayoyin cuta. An auna iskar oxygen da ta narke a cikin tankin nutsewa kusa da saman da ƙasa, da kuma a tsakiya, ta amfani da na'urar firikwensin oxygen da ta narke (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, Amurka).
An cire samfuran tsatsa da kuma biofilms ɗin da ke kan samfuran ta hanyar gogewa da filastik ko gogewa da auduga, sannan a tsaftace su da ethanol 99.5% ta amfani da wanka na ultrasonic. Sannan aka nutsar da samfuran a cikin maganin Clark bisa ga ASTM G1-0351. An auna duk samfuran bayan an gama bushewa. A ƙididdige ƙimar tsatsa (mm/shekara) ga kowane samfurin ta amfani da dabarar da ke ƙasa:
inda K yake dawwama (8.76 × 104), T shine lokacin fallasa (h), A shine jimlar yankin saman (cm2), W shine asarar taro (g), D shine yawa (g cm–3).
Bayan auna samfuran, an samo hotunan 3D na samfura da yawa ta amfani da na'urar auna laser ta 3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).