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Munzvimbo dzine mvura yakachena, ngura yekabhoni nesimbi dzisina ngura inowanzoonekwa. Chidzidzo chekunyura mutangi remvura yakachena kwemwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri chakaitwa pano pachishandiswa simbi dzemhando pfumbamwe. Kuora kwakakurumidza kwakaonekwa musimbi dzekabhoni nechromium nesimbi dzakakandwa, nepo musimbi isina ngura hapana ngura inoonekwa yakaonekwa kunyangwe mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri. Ongororo yenharaunda yemabhakitiriya yakaratidza kuti panguva yekuora kwakajairika, mabhakitiriya eFe(II)-oxidizing akapfuma pakutanga kwekuora, mabhakitiriya eFe(III)-anoderedza ngura, padanho rekukura kwekuora, uye mabhakitiriya anoderedza sulfate, padanho rekupedzisira rekuora kwechigadzirwa. Kusiyana neizvi, mabhakitiriya eBeggiatocaea aive akawanda zvakanyanya musimbi ne9% Cr yakakanganiswa nekuora kwenzvimbo. Izvi zvakagadzirwa zvenharaunda dzemabhakitiriya zvakasiyanawo nezviri mumvura uye pasi pemvura. Saka, sezvo ngura ichifambira mberi, nharaunda yemabhakitiriya inochinja zvakanyanya, uye metabolism yesimba remabhakitiriya anoenderana nesimbi inogadzira nharaunda inogona kupfumisa mamwe mabhakitiriya.
Simbi dzinogona kuora nekuora nekuda kwezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvepanyama uye zvemakemikari zvakatipoteredza zvakaita se pH, tembiricha uye huwandu hweion. Mamiriro ezvinhu ane acid, tembiricha yakakwira uye huwandu hwechloride zvinonyanya kukanganisa ngura yesimbi1,2,3. Zvipukanana munzvimbo dzechisikigo nedzakavakwa zvinowanzo kukanganisa kupfeka nekuora kwesimbi, maitiro anoratidzwa mukuora kwe microbial (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. MIC inowanzo kuwanikwa munzvimbo dzakadai semapaipi emukati nematangi ekuchengetera zvinhu, mumipata yesimbi, uye muvhu, uko inoonekwa kamwe kamwe uye inokura nekukurumidza. Nokudaro, kutarisa uye kuona MICs nekukurumidza kwakaoma zvikuru, saka kuongororwa kweMIC kunowanzoitwa mushure mekuora. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zveMIC zvakataurwa umo mabhakitiriya anoderedza sulfate (SRB) aiwanzo kuwanikwa muzvigadzirwa zvekuora9,10,11,12,13. Zvisinei, hazvisati zvajeka kana SRBs dzichibatsira kutanga kwekuora, sezvo kuonekwa kwavo kwakavakirwa pakuongorora mushure mekuora.
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, pamusoro pemabhakitiriya anooxidation eiodine21, tupukanana twakasiyana-siyana tunoparadza iron twakataurwa, twakadai seSRB14 inoparadza iron, methanogens15,16,17, mabhakitiriya anoderedza nitrate18, mabhakitiriya anooxidation eiron19 uye acetogens20. Pasi pemamiriro erabhoritari asina aerobic kana microaerobic, mazhinji acho anoparadza iron necarbon steel. Pamusoro pezvo, nzira dzawo dzekuora dzinoratidza kuti methanogens neSRBs zvinokanganisa iron zvinokurudzira ngura nekuunganidza maerekitironi kubva kunull-valent iron vachishandisa extracellular hydrogenases uye multiheme cytochromes, zvichiteerana22,23. MICs dzakakamurwa kuita mhando mbiri: (i) chemical MIC (CMIC), inova corrosion isina kunanga nemarudzi akagadzirwa nehutachiona, uye (ii) electrical MIC (EMIC), inova corrosion yakananga nekuderedza simbi kwemaerekitironi24. EMIC inofambiswa ne extracellular electron transfer (EET) inokosha zvikuru nekuti tupukanana tune EET tunokonzera corrosion nekukurumidza kupfuura tupukanana tusiri EET. Kunyange zvazvo mhinduro inoganhurira mwero weCMIC pasi pemamiriro ekusagadzikana kwemhepo iri kugadzirwa kweH2 kuburikidza nekuderedza mapurotoni (H+), EMIC inoenderera mberi kuburikidza nemetabolism yeEET, iyo isingaenderane nekugadzirwa kweH2. Maitiro eEET muma microorganisms akasiyana ane chekuita nekushanda kwemafuta ema microorganisms cellular uye electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Nekuti mamiriro ekukura kwema microorganisms aya anoparadza akasiyana neeari munzvimbo yechisikigo, hazvina kujeka kana maitiro aya e microorganism corrosion corrosion achiratidza corrosion mukuita. Nokudaro, zvakaoma kuona mashandiro eMIC anokonzerwa nema microorganisms aya anoparadza munzvimbo yechisikigo.
Kuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yeDNA sequencing kwakaita kuti pave nekudzidza nezvezvinhu zviri munharaunda dzema microbial munzvimbo dzechisikigo nedzekugadzira, semuenzaniso, microbial profiling yakavakirwa pa16S rRNA gene sequence uchishandisa new generation sequencers yakashandiswa mumunda we microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zveMIC zvakaburitswa zvine ruzivo rwakadzama nezve microbial communities munzvimbo dzevhu nedzegungwa13,33,34,35,36. Pamusoro peSRB, kuwedzera muFe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) uye nitrifying bacteria muma corrosion samples, semuenzaniso FeOB, senge Gallionella spp. neDechloromonas spp., uye nitrifying bacteria, senge Nitrospira, zvakashumwawo. spp., muCarbon ne copper-bearing steels mu soil media33. Saizvozvowo, munzvimbo dzegungwa, kukurumidza kupinda kwe iron-oxidizing bacteria dziri mukirasi dzeZetaproteobacteria neBetaproteobacteria kwakaonekwa kwemavhiki akati wandei pa carbon steel36. Data iri rinoratidza kuti tupukanana utwu twunobatsira sei mukuora. Zvisinei, muzvidzidzo zvakawanda, nguva uye mapoka ekuyedza zvakaganhurirwa, uye zvishoma zvinozivikanwa nezvekuchinja kwenzvimbo dzetupukanana panguva yekuora.
Pano, tinoongorora maMIC esimbi yekabhoni, simbi yechromium, simbi isingatsvi, uye simbi yakakandwa tichishandisa zvidzidzo zvekunyudzwa mumvura yakachena ine nhoroondo yezviitiko zveMIC. Mienzaniso yakatorwa pamwedzi 1, 3, 6, 14 uye 22 uye mwero wekuora kwesimbi yega yega nechikamu chehutachiona wakadzidzwa. Mhedzisiro yedu inopa ruzivo rwekufamba kwenguva refu kwenharaunda dzehutachiona panguva yekuora.
Sezvakaratidzwa muTafura 1, simbi pfumbamwe dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi. Mienzaniso gumi yezvinhu chimwe nechimwe yakanyudzwa mudziva remvura yakachena. Hunhu hwemvura inogadzirwa ndeinotevera: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm uye pH 7.4. Kuwanda kweoxygen yakanyungudutswa (DO) pasi pedanho resampuro kwaive kungangoita 8.2 ppm uye tembiricha yemvura yaibva pa9 kusvika 23°C mwaka wega wega.
Sezvakaratidzwa paMufananidzo 1, mushure memwedzi mumwe chete wekunyudzwa muASTM A283, ASTM A109 Mamiriro #4/5, ASTM A179, uye ASTM A395 cast iron environments, zvigadzirwa zvebrown corrosion zvakaonekwa pamusoro pesimbi yekabhoni muchimiro chekuora kwakajairika. Kurasikirwa nehuremu kwezviyero izvi kwakawedzera nekufamba kwenguva (Tafura Yekuwedzera 1) uye mwero wekuora waive 0.13–0.16 mm pagore (Mufananidzo 2). Saizvozvowo, corrosion yakaonekwa musimbi dzine Cr yakaderera (1% ne2.25%) ine mwero wekuora weinenge 0.13 mm/gore (Mufananidzo 1 ne2). Kusiyana neizvi, simbi ine 9% Cr inoratidza corrosion inowanikwa munzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa nemagaskets. Mwero wekuora wemuenzaniso uyu ungangoita 0.02 mm/gore, iyo yakaderera zvakanyanya pane yesimbi ine corrosion yakajairika. Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzisina ngura dzemhando ye304 ne-316 hadzina ngura inoonekwa, uye huwandu hwengura hunofungidzirwa hwe <0.001 mm y−1. Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzisina ngura dzemhando ye304 ne-316 hadzina ngura inooneka, uye mwero wekumhanya unofungidzirwa we <0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет мм00; Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzisina ngura dzemhando ye304 ne316 hadziratidzi ngura inoonekwa, nechiyero chekuora chinofungidzirwa che<0.001 mm/gore.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzisina ngura dzemhando ye304 ne -316 hadzina kuratidza ngura inooneka ine ngura yakagadzirwa ye <0.001 mm/gore.
Zvinoratidzwa mifananidzo mikuru yemuenzaniso wega wega (kureba 50 mm × upamhi 20 mm) usati wabviswa uye mushure mekubviswa. 1 mita, mwedzi 1; 3 mamita, mwedzi 3; 6 mamita, mwedzi 6; 14 mamita, mwedzi 14; 22 mamita, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, type 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Mwero wekuora wakaverengerwa uchishandisa kudzikira kwehuremu nenguva yekunyudzwa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, yakaomeswa 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, simbi 1% Cr, 3 C, simbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, simbi 9% Cr, S6, simbi isina tsvina yemhando 316; S8, simbi isina tsvina yemhando 304.
Pamufananidzo 1 panoratidzawo kuti zvigadzirwa zvengura zvesimbi yekabhoni, simbi yeCr yakaderera uye simbi yakakandwa zvinokura zvakanyanya mushure mekunyudzwa kwemwedzi mitatu. Mwero wengura wakaderera zvishoma nezvishoma kusvika pa0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/gore mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri (Mufananidzo 2). Pamusoro pezvo, mwero wengura wesimbi yeCr ye2.25% wakaderera zvishoma pane mimwe sampuli yakaora, zvichiratidza kuti Cr inogona kudzivirira ngura. Pamusoro pekuora kwakajairika, maererano neASTM A179, ngura yakawanikwa mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri nekudzika kwengura kweinenge 700 µm (Mufananidzo 3). Mwero wengura yemunharaunda, wakaverengerwa uchishandisa kudzika kwengura nenguva yekunyudzwa, i0.38 mm/gore, inova nekukurumidza kashanu kupfuura ngura yakajairika. Mwero wengura weASTM A395 alloy unogona kuderedzwa sezvo zvigadzirwa zvengura zvisingabvise zvachose chiyero mushure memwedzi gumi nemana kana makumi maviri nemaviri yekunyudzwa mumvura. Zvisinei, mutsauko unofanira kuva mudiki. Pamusoro pezvo, makomba madiki mazhinji akaonekwa musimbi yechromium yakaderera yakaora.
Mufananidzo wakazara (scale bar: 10 mm) uye localized corrosion (scale bar: 500 µm) yeASTM A179 uye 9% Cr steel pahupamhi hwakanyanya uchishandisa 3D viewing laser microscope. Madenderedzwa matsvuku ari mumufananidzo wakazara anoratidza corrosion yakayerwa localized. Kuonekwa kwakazara kwe9% Cr steel kubva kudivi rekumashure kunoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.
Sezvakaratidzwa pamufananidzo wechipiri, simbi ine 9% Cr, hapana ngura yakaonekwa mukati memwedzi 3-14, uye ngura yaive zero. Zvisinei, ngura yakaonekwa mushure memwedzi 22 (Mufananidzo 3) ne ngura ye 0.04 mm/gore yakaverengerwa uchishandisa kudzikira kwehuremu. Kudzika kwe ngura kwakanyanya munzvimbo iyi i1260 µm uye ngura yenzvimbo iyi inofungidzirwa uchishandisa kudzika kwe ngura nenguva yekunyudzwa (mwedzi 22) i0.68 mm/gore. Nekuti nzvimbo chaiyo inotanga ngura haizivikanwe, ngura inogona kunge yakakwira.
Kusiyana neizvi, hapana ngura yakaonekwa pasimbi isingatsvedzeri kunyangwe mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri yekunyudzwa. Kunyangwe zvidimbu zvidiki zvebrown zvakaonekwa pamusoro pesimbi isati yabviswa paganda (Mufananidzo 1), zvakanga zvisina kusimba uye zvakanga zvisiri zvigadzirwa zvekuora. Sezvo simbi ichionekwazve pamusoro pesimbi isingatsvedzeri mushure mekunge chikero chabviswa, mwero wekuora uri zero.
Kutevedzana kweAmplicon kwakaitwa kuti tinzwisise mutsauko nemafambiro enzvimbo dzehutachiona nekufamba kwenguva muzvigadzirwa zvengura uye biofilms pamusoro pesimbi, mumvura uye mumadhaka. Huwandu hwekuverenga hunosvika 4,160,012 hwakagamuchirwa, uye huwandu hwekuverenga hunosvika 31,328 kusvika 124,183.
Nhamba dzeShannon dzemasampuli emvura dzakatorwa kubva mumigero yemvura nemadziva dzaiva pakati pe5.47 kusvika 7.45 (Mufananidzo 4a). Sezvo mvura yerwizi yakadzoserwa inoshandiswa semvura yeindasitiri, nharaunda yehutachiona inogona kuchinja mwaka. Kusiyana neizvi, nhamba yeShannon yesampuli dzepasi pemvura yaive inenge 9, iyo yakanyanya kukwira kupfuura yesampuli dzemvura. Saizvozvowo, sampuli dzemvura dzaive nenhamba dzeChao1 dzakaverengerwa shoma uye dzakaonekwa dzichiita taxonomic units (OTUs) pane sampuli dzemvura (Mufananidzo 4b, c). Misiyano iyi inokosha muhuwandu hwezvinhu (Tukey-Kramer test; p-values ​​< 0.01, Mufananidzo 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya ari musampuli dzematope dzakaoma kupfuura dziri mumvura. Misiyano iyi inokosha muhuwandu hwezvinhu (Tukey-Kramer test; p-values ​​​​< 0.01, Mufananidzo 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya ari musampuli dzematope dzakaoma kupfuura dziri mumvura. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, что микробные микробные микробные взобные собобные собобные отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Misiyano iyi yakakosha muhuwandu (Tukey-Kramer test; p values ​​​​<0.01, Mufananidzo 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya ari musampuli dzematope dzakaoma kupfuura dziri mumvura.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01, 图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂.這些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 , 图 4d） 表明 沉积物样 中 中 的 剩立群落更。。。。. Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, что мико микробо микрой, что микрожить образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Misiyano iyi yaive yakakosha muhuwandu (Tukey-Kramer test; p-value <0.01, Mufananidzo 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya musampuli dzematope dzaive dzakaoma kupfuura musampuli dzemvura.Sezvo mvura iri mudhishi rinopfungaira ichiramba ichivandudzwa uye madhaka achidzika pasi pedhishi pasina kukanganiswa kwemakemikari, musiyano uyu wekusiyana-siyana kwehutachiona hunofanira kuratidza magariro ezvisikwa mudhishi.
a Shannon index, b Yakaonekwa operational taxonomic unit (OTU), uye c Chao1 uptake index (n=6) uye basin (n=5) Mvura, sediment (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5), ASTM A395 (FC: n=5), 1% (1 C: n=5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) uye 9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, pamwe chete ne type 316 (S6: n = 5) uye -304 (S8: n = 5) stainless steels dzinoratidzwa se box-shaped uye whisker charts. d p-values ​​​​yeShannon neChao1 indices dzakawanikwa uchishandisa ANOVA neTukey-Kramer multiple comparison tests. Mavara matsvuku anomiririra mapeya ane p-values ​​< 0.05. Mavara matsvuku anomiririra mapeya ane p-values ​​​​< 0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Mavara matsvuku anomiririra mapeya ane p-values ​​​​< 0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对. Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Mavara matsvuku anomiririra mapeya ane p-values ​​​​<0.05.Mutsetse uri pakati pebhokisi, pamusoro nepazasi pebhokisi, uye ndebvu dzinomiririra avhareji, 25th ne75th percentiles, uye minimum ne maximum values, zvichiteerana.
MaShannon indices esimbi yekabhoni, simbi ine chromium shoma, uye simbi yakakandwa akafanana neemasampuli emvura (Mufananidzo 4a). Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices emasampuli esimbi isina ngura akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura esimbi dzakaora (p-values ​​< 0.05, Mufananidzo 4d) uye akafanana neemadhaka. Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices emasampuli esimbi isina ngura akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura esimbi dzakaora (p-values ​​​​< 0.05, Mufananidzo 4d) uye akafanana neemadhaka. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, руке), исполнились. отложений. Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices emhando dzesimbi dzisina ngura akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura esimbi dzakaora (p-values ​​​​< 0.05, Mufananidzo 4d) uye akafanana ne deposit indices.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图特缉伉红。相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图相伉数） Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, p.), рис. Kusiyana neizvi, Shannon index yesampuli dzesimbi dzisina ngura yaive yakakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura yesimbi yakaora (p value < 0.05, Mufananidzo 4d), pamwe chete nedhipoziti.Kusiyana neizvi, Shannon index yesimbi dzine 9% Cr yakabva pa6.95 kusvika 9.65. Makoshero aya aive akakwira zvakanyanya muzvienzaniso zvisina ngura pamwedzi 1 ne3 pane muzvienzaniso zvakaora pamwedzi 6, 14 ne22 (Mufananidzo 4a). Uyezve, maChao1 indices neOTUs dzakaonekwa dzesimbi dze9% Cr dzakakwira kupfuura dzesampuli dzakaora nemvura uye dzakaderera pane dzesampuli dzisina kuora nedzesediment (Mufananidzo 4b, c), uye musiyano wacho wakakosha muhuwandu (p-values ​​< 0.01, Mufananidzo 4d). Uyezve, maChao1 indices nemaOTU akacherechedzwa esimbi dze9% Cr akakwira kupfuura esampuli dzakaora nemvura uye akaderera pane esampuli dzisina kuora uye dzakaora (Mufananidzo 4b, c), uye mutsauko wacho wakakosha muhuwandu (p-values ​​​​< 0.01, Mufananidzo 4d).Pamusoro pezvo, Chao1 neOTU yakaonekwa yesimbi dzine 9% Cr dzakakwirira kupfuura dzesampuli dzakaora uye dzemvura uye dzakaderera pane dzesampuli dzisina ngura uye dzakaora (Mufananidzo 4b, c), uye musiyano wacho wakakosha muhuwandu.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (p-values ​​​​<0.01, Mufananidzo 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀樣品和水樣，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物样品（图4b，c），差异具有统房孉0.01, mufananidzo 4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 腐蚀 戶品和图 4b , c） 差异 统计学 意义 (p 值 <0.01 图 图 图 图 图 图图 Кроме того, индекс Chao1 uye наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных и водных образцов, и ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Pamusoro pezvo, Chao1 index neOTU yakaonekwa yesimbi ye9% Cr yaive yakakwira kupfuura yesampuli dzakaora uye dzemvura uye yakaderera pane yesampuli dzisina kuora uye dzakaora (Mufananidzo 4b,c), uye musiyano wacho waive wakakosha muhuwandu (p-value < 0.01, Mufananidzo 4d).Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti kusiyana kwehutachiona muzvigadzirwa zvengura kwakaderera pane muma biofilms pasimbi dzisina ngura.
Pamufananidzo 5a inoratidza chirongwa chePrincipal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) chakavakirwa paUniFrac isina huremu daro remasampuli ese, nemapoka matatu makuru akaonekwa. Mapoka ezvipembenene mumvura akasiyana zvakanyanya nemamwe matunhu. Mapoka ezvipembenene mumadhaka aisanganisirawo matunhu esimbi isina ngura, nepo aive akapararira musampuli dzengura. Kusiyana neizvi, mepu yesimbi ine 9% Cr yakakamurwa kuita mapoka asina ngura uye asina ngura. Nekuda kweizvozvo, matunhu ezvipembenene ari pamusoro pesimbi uye zvigadzirwa zvengura akasiyana zvakanyanya neari mumvura.
Kuongorora kukuru kwehurongwa (PCoA) kwakavakirwa padaro risina huremu reUniFrac musampuli dzese (a), mvura (b), uye simbi (c). Madenderedzwa anosimbisa boka rega rega. Nzira dzinoratidzwa nemitsetse inobatanidza nguva dzesampuli dzakatevedzana. 1 mita, mwedzi 1; 3 mamita, mwedzi 3; 6 mamita, mwedzi 6; 14 mamita, mwedzi 14; 22 mamita, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, type 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Kana zvarongwa zvichitevedzana nenguva, maPCoA plots emvura aive akaita sedenderedzwa (Mufananidzo 5b). Kuchinja kwedenderedzwa uku kunogona kuratidza shanduko dzemwaka.
Pamusoro pezvo, mapoka maviri chete (ane ngura neasina ngura) akaonekwa pamapuratifomu esimbi ePCoA, uko (kunze kwe9% chromium steel) kuchinja kwenharaunda yehutachiona kubva pamwedzi 1 kusvika ku22 kwakaonekwawo (Mufananidzo 5c). Pamusoro pezvo, sezvo shanduko musampuli dzakaora dzaive dzakakura kupfuura musampuli dzisina ngura, paive nehukama pakati pekuchinja munharaunda dzehutachiona uye kufambira mberi kwengura. Musampuli dzesimbi dzine 9% Cr, mhando mbiri dzenharaunda dzehutachiona dzakaratidzwa: mapoinzi pamwedzi 1 ne6, dziri pedyo nesimbi isina ngura, nedzimwe (mwedzi 3, 14, ne22), dziri panzvimbo dziri pedyo nesimbi yakaora. Mwedzi 1 uye makuponi anoshandiswa pakuburitsa DNA pamwedzi 6 haana ngura, nepo makuponi pamwedzi 3, 14 ne22 akaora (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 1). Nokudaro, nharaunda dzehutachiona musampuli dzakaora dzakasiyana nedziri mumvura, sediment, uye sampuli dzisina ngura uye dzakachinja sezvo ngura yaifambira mberi.
Mhando huru dzemabhakitiriya akaonekwa mumvura dzaive Proteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), Bacteroidetes (6.3–48.6%), Planctomycetota (0.4–19.6%) uye Actinobacteria (0–17.7%), huwandu hwadzo hwakasiyana kubva pamuenzaniso kuenda kune mumwe (Mufananidzo 6), semuenzaniso, huwandu hwemaBacteroidetes mumvura yedziva hwakanga hwakakwira kupfuura mumvura isina kujeka. Musiyano uyu unogona kukanganiswa nenguva yekugara kwemvura mutangi remvura. Mhando idzi dzakaonekwawo musampuli dzepasi pevhu, asi huwandu hwadzo hwakasiyana zvakanyanya nehwemumvura. Pamusoro pezvo, huwandu hweAcidobacteriota (8.7–13.0%), Chloroflexi (8.1–10.2%), Nitrospirota (4.2–4.4%) uye Desulfobacterota (1.5–4.4%) hwakanga hwakakwira kupfuura hwemumvura. Sezvo mhando dzese dzeDesulfobacterota dziri SRB37, nharaunda iri mumatope inofanira kunge isina mweya. Kunyangwe Desulfobacterota ichigona kukanganisa ngura, njodzi yacho inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru nekuti huwandu hwayo mumvura yedziva huri pasi pe0.04%. Kunyangwe Desulfobacterota ichigona kukanganisa ngura, njodzi yacho inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru nekuti huwandu hwayo mumvura yedziva huri pasi pe0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким <0,04%. Kunyangwe Desulfobacterota ichigona kukanganisa ngura, njodzi yacho inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru sezvo huwandu hwayo mumvura yedziva huri <0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因为它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水的中的相对度<0.04%. <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus может влиять на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в водей0, 4 %. Kunyangwe rudzi rweDesulfobacillus ruchigona kukanganisa ngura, njodzi yacho inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru sezvo huwandu hwayo mumvura yedziva huri <0.04%.
RW neMhepo zvinomiririra mvura kubva muchikamu chemvura chinopinzwa nedhishi, zvichiteerana. Sediment-C, -E, -W isampuli dzedhaka dzinotorwa kubva pakati pepasi pedhishi, pamwe nekubva kudivi rekumabvazuva nekumadokero. 1 mita, mwedzi 1; 3 mamita, mwedzi 3; 6 mamita, mwedzi 6; 14 mamita, mwedzi 14; 22 mamita, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, type 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Padanho rerudzi, huwandu hwakakwira zvishoma (6–19%) hwemabhakitiriya asina kupatsanurwa ari emhuri yeTrichomonadaceae, pamwe neNeosphingosine, Pseudomonas, neFlavobacterium, hwakaonekwa mumwaka yese. Sezvinhu zvikuru zvidiki, migove yavo inosiyana (Mufananidzo 1). . 7a na b). Mumigero, huwandu hweFlavobacterium, Pseudovibrio, neRhodoferrobacter hwakanga hwakakwira chete munguva yechando. Saizvozvowo, huwandu hwakawanda hwePseudovibrio neFlavobacterium hwakaonekwa mumvura yechando yemudhamu. Saka, nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya mumvura dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemwaka, asi hadzina kuchinja zvakanyanya panguva yekudzidza.
a Mvura yekunwa, b Mvura yedziva rekushambira, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 tembiricha #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, uye i 9% Cr simbi , j Type-316 uye simbi isina ngura K-304.
MaProteobacteria ndiwo aive makuru mumienzaniso yese, asi huwandu hwawo mumienzaniso yakaora hwakaderera sezvo ngura yairamba ichikwira (Mufananidzo 6). Mumienzaniso yeASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr, huwandu hweproteobacteria hwakaderera kubva pa89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% ndiwo 43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% uye 31.3% zvichiteerana. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanda kweDesulfobacterota kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa <0.1% kusvika pa12.5–45.9% nekuwedzera kwengura. Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanda kweDesulfobacterota kunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa <0.1% kusvika pa12.5–45.9% nekuwedzera kwengura. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota inokwanisa kukonzeresa chirwere ichi <0,1% kusvika 12,5–45,9% pamusoro pezvakawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hweDesulfobacterota hunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa <0.1% kusvika pa12.5–45.9% sezvo ngura ichienderera mberi.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность Desulfobacillus inokwanisa kuomeswa nemafuta kubva ku12,5–45,9% kusvika ku12,5–45,9% Kusiyana neizvi, kuwanda kweDesulfobacillus kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva pa <0.1% kusvika pa12.5–45.9% sezvo ngura yairamba ichikura.Saka, sezvo ngura yairamba ichikura, Proteobactereira yakatsiviwa neDesulfobacterota.
Kusiyana neizvi, biofilms pasimbi isina ngura yaive nehuwandu hwakafanana hwemabhakitiriya akasiyana. Proteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), Planctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), Nitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), Acidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), Bacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) uye Chloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). Zvakaonekwa kuti huwandu hweNitrospirota musampuli dzesimbi isina ngura hwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma (Mufananidzo 6). Aya ma ratios akafanana neari mu sediment samples, ayo anoenderana nePCoA plot inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 5a.
Mumasampuli esimbi ane 9% Cr, mhando mbiri dzemakombi dzakaonekwa: nharaunda dzemakombi dzemwedzi 1 nemwedzi 6 dzakafanana nedzemumasampuli epasi pevhu, nepo huwandu hwemabhakitiriya musampuli dzengura 3, 14, uye 22 hwakawedzera zvakanyanya. Pamusoro pezvo, idzi nharaunda mbiri dzemakombi mu9% Cr simbi sampuro dzakaenderana nemaboka akapatsanurwa muPCoA plot inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 5c.
Padanho rerudzi, maOTU anopfuura 2000 ane mabhakitiriya asina kugoverwa uye archaea akaonekwa. Padanho rerudzi, maOTU anopfuura 2000 ane mabhakitiriya asina kugoverwa uye archaea akaonekwa.Padanho rerudzi, maOTU anopfuura 2000 akaonekwa aine mabhakitiriya asina kuzivikanwa uye archaea.Padanho rerudzi, maOTU anopfuura 2000 akaonekwa aine mabhakitiriya asina kutaurwa uye archaea. Pakati pawo, takatarisa maOTU gumi ane huwandu hwakawanda mumuenzaniso wega wega. Izvi zvinofukidza 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% uye 21.8-45.1% muASTM A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% uye 9% Cr steels uye Type 316 uye -304 stainless steels.
Kuwanda kwemafuta emonoliths asina kucheneswa ane Fe(II) oxidizing properties kwakaonekwa mumasampuli engura akadai seASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye simbi dzine 1% uye 2.25% Cr. danho rekutanga rengura (mwedzi 1 nemwedzi 3, Mufananidzo 7c-h). Chikamu cheDechloromonas chakaderera nekufamba kwenguva, izvo zvinoenderana nekudzikira kweProteobacteria (Mufananidzo 6). Uyezve, huwandu hweDechloromonas mu biofilms pasampuli dzisina ngura huri <1%. Uyezve, huwandu hweDechloromonas mu biofilms pasampuli dzisina ngura huri <1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu cheDechloromonas mu biofilms pasampuli dzisina ngura chiri <1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu cheDechloromonas mu biofilm yesampuli dzisina ngura chaive <1%.Saka, pakati pezvigadzirwa zvengura, Dechloromonas inopfuma zvakanyanya pakutanga kwengura.
Kusiyana neizvi, muASTM A179, ASTM A109 yakanyoroveswa #4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye simbi dzine 1% uye 2.25% Cr, huwandu hwemhando dzeSRB Desulfovibrio hwakazowedzera mushure memwedzi 14 ne22 (Mufananidzo 7c–h). Desulfofibrion yaive yakaderera zvikuru kana kuti haina kuonekwa pakutanga kwengura, mumienzaniso yemvura (Mufananidzo 7a, b) uye mu biofilms dzisina ngura (Mufananidzo 7j, j). Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti Desulfovibrio inofarira nharaunda yezvigadzirwa zvengura zvakagadzirwa, kunyangwe zvisingakanganisi ngura pakutanga kwengura.
Mabhakitiriya ekuderedza ngura eFe(III) (RRB), akadai seGeobacter neGeothrix, akawanikwa muzvigadzirwa zvengura padanho repakati pengura (mwedzi 6 ne14), asi huwandu hwematanho ekupedzisira (mwedzi 22) ekuora hwakakwira mavari. hwakaderera zvishoma (Mufananidzo 7c, eh). MaSideroxydans erudzi rweFe(II) oxidation properties akaratidza maitiro akafanana (Mufananidzo 7f), saka huwandu hweFeOB, IRB, neSRB hwakanga hwakakwira chete musampuli dzakaora. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti shanduko munharaunda idzi dzehutachiona dzine chekuita nekufambira mberi kwengura.
Musimbi ine 9% Cr yakaora mushure memwedzi 3, 14 ne22, chikamu chikuru chemhuri yeBeggiatoacea (8.5–19.6%) chakaonekwa, chinogona kuratidza hunhu hwesulfur oxidizing, uye sideroxidans dzakaonekwa (8.4–13.7%) (Mufananidzo 1). ). 7i) Pamusoro pezvo, Thiomonas, bhakitiriya inooxidizing sulfur (SOB), yakawanikwa muhuwandu hwakakwira (3.4% ne8.8%) pamwedzi 3 ne14. Kusiyana neizvi, mabhakitiriya anoderedza nitrate Nitrospira (12.9%) akaonekwa musampuli dzisina kuora dzemwedzi 6. Chikamu chakawedzera cheNitrospira chakaonekwawo mubiofilms pasimbi isina kuora mushure mekunyudzwa (Mufananidzo 7j,k). Saka, nharaunda dzehutachiona dzesimbi dzisina kuora dzemwedzi 1 ne6 dzeCr dzakafanana nedzemubiofilms dzesimbi dzisina kuora dzemwedzi 1 ne6 dzakafanana nedzemubiofilms dzesimbi dzisina kuora dzesimbi dzisina kuora. Pamusoro pezvo, nharaunda dzehutachiona hwe9% Cr steel dzakaora pamwedzi mitatu, gumi nemana nemakumi maviri nemaviri dzakasiyana nezvigadzirwa zvengura zvekabhoni nesimbi dzakaderera dzechromium nesimbi yakakandwa.
Kukura kwengura kunowanzo nonoka mumvura yakachena pane mumvura yegungwa nekuti kuwanda kwemaion echloride kunokanganisa ngura yesimbi. Zvisinei, dzimwe simbi dzisina ngura dzinogona ngura munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena38,39. Pamusoro pezvo, MIC pakutanga yaifungidzirwa kuti zvinhu zvakaora zvakamboonekwa mudziva remvura yakachena rakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi. Muzvidzidzo zvekunyudzwa kwenguva refu, mhando dzakasiyana dzengura, mhando nhatu dzenzvimbo dzemabhakitiriya, uye shanduko munharaunda dzemabhakitiriya muzvigadzirwa zvengura zvakaonekwa.
Mvura yakachena inoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi itangi rakavharwa remvura yehunyanzvi inotorwa kubva murwizi ine makemikari akagadzikana uye shanduko yemwaka mukupisa kwemvura inotangira pa9 kusvika 23 °C. Nokudaro, kuchinja kwemwaka munharaunda dzemabhakitiriya mumvura yemvura kunogona kusanganiswa nekuchinja kwekupisa. Pamusoro pezvo, nharaunda yemabhakitiriya mumvura yedziva yakanga yakasiyana zvishoma neiri mumvura inopinzwa (Mufananidzo 5b). Mvura iri mudziva iri kugara ichitsiviwa nekuda kwekuzara. Nekuda kweizvozvo, DO yakaramba iri pa ~8.2 ppm kunyangwe pakadzika pakati pepamusoro pebheseni nepasi. Kusiyana neizvi, nharaunda yemadhaka inofanira kunge isina mweya, sezvo ichigara uye inoramba iri pasi pedhaka, uye maruva ari mairi (senge CRP) anofanirawo kusiyana nemaruva ari mumvura (Mufananidzo 6). Sezvo makuponi ari mudziva aive kure nemadhaka, aingosangana nemvura yakachena panguva yekunyudzwa pasi pemamiriro emhepo.
Kuora kwakajairika kunoitika musimbi yekabhoni, simbi ine chromium shoma, uye simbi yakakandwa munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena (Mufananidzo 1) nekuti zvinhu izvi hazvidziviriri ngura. Zvisinei, mwero wekuora (0.13 mm yr-1) pasi pemamiriro emvura yakachena asina biotic wakakwira kupfuura muzvidzidzo zvekare40 (0.04 mm yr-1) uye wakaenzana nemwero wekuora (0.02–0.76 mm yr-1) kana paine tupukanana 1) Zvakafanana nemamiriro emvura yakachena40,41,42. Mwero wekuora uyu wakakurumidza hunhu hweMIC.
Pamusoro pezvo, mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri yekunyudzwa, ngura yakawanikwa munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana musimbi dzakati wandei pasi pezvigadzirwa zvengura (Mufananidzo 3). Kunyanya, mwero wengura yakaonekwa munzvimbo imwe chete muASTM A179 unokurumidza kanenge kashanu kupfuura ngura yakajairika. Rudzi urwu rwengura rusingawanzoitiki uye mwero wengura wakakurumidza wakaonekwawo mukuora kunoitika pachinhu chimwe chete. Saka, kunyudzwa kwakaitwa muchidzidzo ichi kunoratidza ngura iri kuitika.
Pakati pesimbi dzakadzidzwa, 9% Cr steel yakaratidza ngura yakanyanya, ine kudzika kwengura kwe >1.2 mm, iyo ingangove MIC nekuda kwengura yakakurumidza uye ngura isina kujairika. Pakati pesimbi dzakadzidzwa, 9% Cr steel yakaratidza ngura yakanyanya, ine kudzika kwengura kwe >1.2 mm, iyo ingangove MIC nekuda kwengura yakakurumidza uye ngura isina kujairika. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 9% коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Pakati pesimbi dzakaongororwa, simbi ine 9% Cr yakaratidza ngura yakanyanya kukuvadza ine kudzika kwengura >1.2 mm, iyo ingangodaro iri MIC nekuda kwengura yakakurumidza uye ngura isina kujairika.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm, 由于加速腐萬和异常腐胀，还腐者。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-за условие коррозии. Pakati pesimbi dzakadzidzwa, simbi ine 9% Cr yakaora zvakanyanya, ine kudzika kwengura kwe >1.2 mm, kazhinji MIC nekuda kwemhando dzengura dzinokurumidza uye dzisina kujairika.Nekuti simbi ye9% Cr inoshandiswa mukushandiswa kwekupisa kwakanyanya, maitiro ayo ekuora akambodzidzwa kare43,44 asi hapana MIC yakambotaurwa nezvesimbi iyi. Sezvo tupukanana twakawanda, kunze kwetunotonhora zvakanyanya, tusingashande munzvimbo inodziya zvakanyanya (>100 °C), MIC musimbi ye9% Cr inogona kufuratirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Sezvo tupukanana twakawanda, kunze kwetunotonhora zvakanyanya, tusingashande munzvimbo inodziya zvakanyanya (>100 °C), MIC musimbi ye9% Cr inogona kufuratirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), случаях можно не учитывать. Sezvo tupukanana twakawanda, kunze kwetunonzi hyperthermophiles, tusingashande munzvimbo ine tembiricha yakakwira (>100°C), MIC iri musimbi ine 9% Cr inogona kufuratirwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽生的。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>100 ° С), в % 100 ° С данном случае можно не учитывать. Sezvo tupukanana twakawanda, kunze kwetunotonhora zvakanyanya, tusingaratidzi kushanda munzvimbo dzine tembiricha yepamusoro (>100 °C), MIC iri musimbi ine 9% Cr inogona kufuratirwa munyaya iyi.Zvisinei, kana simbi ye9% Cr ikashandiswa munzvimbo ine tembiricha iri pakati nepakati, matanho akasiyana-siyana anofanira kutorwa kuderedza MIC.
Matunhu akasiyana-siyana ehutachiona uye shanduko dzawo zvakaonekwa mumadhaka ezvinhu zvisina ngura uye muzvigadzirwa zvengura mu biofilms zvichienzaniswa nemvura, kuwedzera pakukora kwakakurumidza (Mufananidzo 5-7), zvichiratidza zvakasimba kuti ngura iyi maikorofoni. Ramirez nevamwe vake 13 vanotaura nezvekuchinja kwematanho matatu (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) mugungwa rine utachiona hwemumvura kupfuura mwedzi 6, apo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa neSRB yakapfuma inogona pakupedzisira kubatsira mukuwedzerwa kweSOB. Ramirez nevamwe vake 13 vanotaura nezvekuchinja kwematanho matatu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) mugungwa rine utachiona hwemumvura kweanopfuura mwedzi 6, apo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa neSRB yakapfuma inogona pakupedzisira kubatsira mukuwedzerwa kweSOB. Ramirez et al.13 сообщают трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в териние 6 месяцев, когой зем, правязей вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. Ramirez nevamwe vake 13 vanotaura nezvekuchinja kwezvikamu zvitatu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) muzvisikwa zvemabhakitiriya emugungwa kwenguva yemwedzi mitanhatu, uko hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa kubva mukuwedzera kweSRB inogona pakupedzisira kubatsira mukuwedzera SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SRB/IRB => 中公统生)，产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集.Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变 转转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 srb硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob的富集. Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, в косистеме образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. Ramirez nevamwe vake 13 vakataura nezvekuchinja kwematanho matatu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) muzvisikwa zvemabhakitiriya emugungwa kwenguva yemwedzi mitanhatu, umo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa kubva mukuwedzera kweSRB inogona pakupedzisira kubatsira mukuwedzera SOB.McBeth naEmerson36 vakataura nezvekusimudzirwa kwekutanga kweFeOB. Saizvozvowo, kuwedzerwa kweFeOB panguva yekutanga kwengura kunoonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi shanduko dzehutachiona nekufambira mberi kwengura kunoonekwa mukabhoni uye 1% ne2.25% Cr steels nesimbi yakakandwa pamusoro pemwedzi 22 ndeye FeOB => IRB = > SRB (Mifananidzo 7 ne8). Saizvozvowo, kuwedzerwa kweFeOB panguva yekutanga kwengura kunoonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi shanduko dzehutachiona nekufambira mberi kwengura kunoonekwa mukabhoni uye 1% ne2.25% Cr steels nesimbi yakakandwa pamusoro pemwedzi 22 ndeye FeOB => IRB => SRB (Mifananidzo 7 ne8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрековские углеродистых и 1% uye 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 ne8). Saizvozvowo, muchidzidzo ichi, kuwedzera kweFeOB padanho rekutanga rekuora kunoonekwa, asi shanduko dzehutachiona sezvo ngura ichifambira mberi, dzinoonekwa mucarbon ne1% ne2.25% Cr steels nesimbi yakakandwa kwemwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri, ndiFeOB => IRB => SRB (Mifananidzo 7 ne8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同樣 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 和 和 1% 和 2.25% Cr 鸇 超中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения и 1% uye 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 и 8). Saizvozvowo, kuwedzera kweFeOB muzvikamu zvekutanga zvekuora kwakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi shanduko dze microbiological dzakaonekwa mu carbon uye 1% ne 2.25% Cr steels ne cast iron kwemwedzi makumi maviri nemaviri dzaive FeOB => IRB => SRB (Mufananidzo 7 ne8).MaSRB anogona kuungana zviri nyore mumvura yegungwa nekuda kwehuwandu hwakawanda hwe sulfate ion, asi huwandu hwawo mumvura yakachena hunononoka nekuda kwehuwandu hushoma hwe sulfate ion. Kuwanda kweSRB mumvura yegungwa kwagara kuchitaurwa10,12,45.
a Organic carbon and nitrogen via Fe(II)-dependent energy metabolism iron oxide (red [Dechloromonas sp.] and green [Sideroxydans sp.] cells) and Fe(III) reduction bacteria (grey cells [Geothrix sp. and Geobacter sp. ]) at the early stage of corrosion, then anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRP) and heterotrophic microorganisms creating stage of corrosion by eating the organic matter. b Shanduko munharaunda dzema microorganisms on corrosion-resistant metals. Violet, blue, yellow, and white cells anomiririra mabhakitiriya anobva kumhuri dzeComamonadaceae, Nitrospira sp., Beggiatoacea, nedzimwe, zvichiteerana.
Nezvekuchinja munharaunda yehutachiona uye kuwedzerwa kweSRB, FeOB inokosha pakutanga kwengura, uye Dechloromonas inogona kuwana simba rayo rekukura kubva kuFe(II) oxidation. Zvipenyu zvinogona kurarama muzvinhu zvine trace elements, asi hazvizokure zvakanyanya. Zvisinei, dziva rekunyura rinoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi ibheseni rinopfurikidza, rine kupinda kwe20 m3/awa, iro rinoramba richipa zvinhu zvine trace elements zvine inorganic ions. Mukutanga kwengura, ferrous ions dzinoburitswa kubva musimbi yekabhoni nesimbi yakakandwa, uye FeOBs (dzakadai seDechloromonas) dzinoshandisa sesimba. Trace huwandu hwekabhoni, phosphate nenitrogen hunodiwa kuti masero akure hunofanira kunge huripo mumvura inogadzirwa muchimiro chezvinhu zvekabhoni nesimbi isina organic. Nokudaro, munzvimbo ino yemvura yakachena, FeOB inotanga kupfuma pamusoro pesimbi dzakadai sesimbi yekabhoni nesimbi yakakandwa. Zvadaro, IRBs dzinogona kukura nekushandisa organic matter nesimbi oxides semasimba uye ma terminal electron acceptors, zvichiteerana. Muzvigadzirwa zvengura zvakura, mamiriro ekusagadzikana kwemhepo akawedzerwa nenitrogen anofanira kugadzirwa nekuda kwekushandiswa kweFeOB neIRB. Nokudaro, SRB inogona kukura nekukurumidza uye kutsiva FeOB neIRB (Mufananidzo 8a).
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Tang nevamwe vake vakataura nezvekuora kwesimbi isina tsvina neGeobacter ferroredecreens munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena nekuda kwekutamiswa kwemaerekitironi zvakananga kubva kusimbi kuenda kuhutachiona46. Tichifunga nezveEMIC, mupiro wehutachiona hune hunhu hweEET wakakosha. SRB, FeOB, uye IRB ndiwo marudzi makuru ehutachiona muzvigadzirwa zvengura muchidzidzo chino, izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvine hunhu hweEET. Nokudaro, aya mabhakitiriya anoshanda nemagetsi anogona kubatsira mukuora kuburikidza neEET, uye kuumbwa kwenharaunda yavo kunochinja pasi pesimba remarudzi akasiyana-siyana eionic sezvo zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvichiumbwa. Kusiyana neizvi, nharaunda yehutachiona musimbi ine 9% Cr yakasiyana nedzimwe simbi (Mufananidzo 8b). Mushure memwedzi gumi nemana, pamusoro pekuwedzerwa neFeOB, dzakadai seSideroxydans, SOB47Beggiatoacea, uye Thiomonas dzakapfumiswawo (Mufananidzo 7i). Shanduko iyi yakasiyana zvakanyanya neiyo yezvimwe zvinhu zvinoparadza, senge simbi yekabhoni, uye inogona kukanganiswa nemaion ane chromium yakanyungudutswa panguva yekuora. Zvinonyanya kukosha kuti Thiomonas haina chete hunhu hwe sulfur oxidizing, asiwo hunhu hwe Fe(II) oxidizing, system ye EET, uye heavy metal tolerance48,49. Dzinogona kuwedzerwa nekuda kwe oxidative activity ye Fe(II) uye/kana kushandiswa zvakananga kwema electron esimbi. Muchidzidzo chekare, kuwanda kwakanyanya kweBeggiatoacea kwakaonekwa mu biofilms paCu uchishandisa system yekutarisa biofilm isingachinji, zvichiratidza kuti mabhakitiriya aya anogona kuramba simbi dzine chepfu dzakadai seCu neCr. Zvisinei, simba rinodiwa neBeggiatoacea kuti ikure munzvimbo iyi harizivikanwe.
Chidzidzo ichi chinoshuma shanduko munharaunda dzemabhakitiriya panguva yekuora munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena. Munzvimbo imwe chete, nharaunda dzemabhakitiriya dzakasiyana mumhando yesimbi. Pamusoro pezvo, zvatakawana zvinoratidza kukosha kweFeOB mumatanho ekutanga ekuora, sezvo metabolism yesimba remabhakitiriya inotsamira pasimbi ichikurudzira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo ine zvinovaka muviri inofarirwa nedzimwe tupukanana twakaita seSRB. Kuti kuderedza MIC munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena, kuwedzera kweFeOB neIRB kunofanira kuganhurirwa.
Simbi pfumbamwe dzakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi uye dzakagadzirwa kuita mabhuroko e50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (ukobvu hwesimbi yeASTM 395 uye 1%, 2.25% uye 9% Cr: 5 mm; ukobvu hweASTM A283 uye ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 uye Type 304 uye 316 Stainless Steel, ukobvu: 1mm), ine maburi maviri e4mm. Simbi dzeChromium dzakapukutwa nesandpaper uye dzimwe simbi dzakapukutwa nesandpaper yegrit 600 vasati vanyudza. Samples dzese dzakaiswa sonicated ne99.5% ethanol, dzakaomeswa uye dzakayerwa. Sampuli gumi dzesimbi imwe neimwe dzakashandiswa pakuverenga corrosion rate uye kuongorora microbiome. Sampuro yega yega yakagadziriswa nenzira yemanera nePTFE rods uye spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Supplementary Fig. 2).
Dziva iri rine vhoriyamu yemamita 1100 cubic uye kudzika kwemamita angangoita mana. Kupinda kwemvura kwaive 20 m3 h-1, kuwanda kwemvura kwakaburitswa, uye hunhu hwemvura hahuna kuchinja-chinja zvichienderana nemwaka (Mufananidzo Wekuwedzera 3). Manera emuenzaniso anodzikiswa pawaya yesimbi ye3 m yakasungirirwa pakati petangi. Maseti maviri emamanera akabviswa mudziva pa1, 3, 6, 14 uye 22 mwedzi. Mienzaniso kubva kune rimwe manera yakashandiswa kuyera kudzikira kwehuremu uye kuverenga mwero wekuora, nepo sampuli kubva kune rimwe manera dzakashandiswa kuongorora microbiome. Okisijeni yakanyungudika mutangi rekunyudza yakayerwa pedyo nepamusoro nepasi, pamwe nepakati, uchishandisa sensor yeoxygen yakanyungudika (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Zvigadzirwa zvengura ne biofilms pasampuli zvakabviswa nekukwesha nepurasitiki kana kupukuta ne donje swab, zvozocheneswa ne 99.5% ethanol uchishandisa ultrasonic bath. Sampuli dzakazonyudzwa muClark's solution zvichienderana neASTM G1-0351. Sampuli dzese dzakayerwa mushure mekunge dzaoma. Verengai mwero wekuora (mm/gore) wesampuli yega yega muchishandisa fomura inotevera:
apo K iri chinhu chisingachinji (8.76 × 104), T inguva yekuratidzwa (h), A inharaunda yese yenzvimbo (cm2), W i kurasikirwa nehuremu (g), D ihuwandu (g cm–3).
Mushure mekuyera sampuli, mifananidzo ye3D yemasampuli akati wandei yakawanikwa uchishandisa maikorosikopu yelaser inoyera ye3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).