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Munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena, kukurumidza kuora kwekabhoni uye simbi dzisina tsvina kunowanzoonekwa. Ongororo yemwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri yekunyura kwetangi remvura yakaitwa pano pachishandiswa mamakisi mapfumbamwe esimbi. Kukurumidza kuora kwakaonekwa mu carbon uye chromium simbi uye simbi yakakandwa, nepo musimbi isina tsvina pasina kuora kunooneka kwakaonekwa kunyangwe mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri. Ongororo yenharaunda yehutachiona yakaratidza kuti panguva yekuora kwakawanda, mabhakitiriya eFe (II) -oxidizing akafumiswa padanho rekutanga rekuora, Fe (III) -kuderedza mabhakitiriya, padanho rekukura kwekuora, uye mabhakitiriya anoderedza sulfate, padanho rekuora. nhanho muchikamu chekupedzisira chekuora kwechigadzirwa. Kusiyana neizvi, mabhakitiriya eBeggiatocaea aive akanyanya kuwanda musimbi ne9% Cr akaiswa mukuora kwenzvimbo. Aya maumbirwo enharaunda dzehutachiona hwakasiyanawo neaya ari mumvura uye epasi sediment samples. Saka, sezvo ngura inofambira mberi, nharaunda yehutachiona inosangana nekuchinja kukuru, uye iron-inotsamira microbial simba metabolism inogadzira nharaunda inogona kupfumisa mamwe ma microorganisms.
Simbi dzinogona kushata nekuora nekuda kweakasiyana emuviri uye kemikari zvakatipoteredza zvinhu zvakaita sepH, tembiricha uye ion concentration. Acid mamiriro, tembiricha yakakwirira uye chloride concentrations kunyanya kukanganisa ngura kwesimbi1,2,3. Microorganisms munzvimbo dzechisikigo uye dzakavakwa dzinowanzo kupesvedzera mapfekero nekuora kwesimbi, hunhu hunoratidzwa mumicrobial corrosion (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. MIC inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo dzakadai semapombi emukati uye matangi ekuchengetera, mumigodhi yesimbi, uye muvhu, umo inongoerekana yaonekwa uye inokura nekukurumidza. Naizvozvo, kutarisisa uye kutanga kuona maMIC kwakaoma, saka kuongororwa kweMIC kunowanzoitwa mushure mekuora. Zvidzidzo zvakawanda zveMIC zvakataurwa umo mabhakitiriya ekuderedza sulfate (SRB) aiwanzowanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvekuora9,10,11,12,13. Zvisinei, zvinoramba zvisina kujeka kana SRBs inobatsira kutanga kwekuora, sezvo kuonekwa kwavo kunobva pakuongororwa kwemashure.
Munguva ichangopfuura, kuwedzera kune iodine-oxidizing mabhakitiriya21, zvakasiyana-siyana zvesimbi-zvinosvibisa zvipembenene zvakashumwa, zvakadai sesimbi-inoderedza SRB14, methanogens15,16,17, nitrate-reducing bacteria18, iron-oxidizing bacteria19 uye acetogens20. Pasi peanaerobic kana microaerobic laboratory mamiriro, mazhinji acho anoora zero-valent iron uye kabhoni simbi. Mukuwedzera, maitiro avo ekuora anoratidza kuti iron-corrosive methanogens uye SRBs inokurudzira kuora nekukohwa maerekitironi kubva kune null-valent iron vachishandisa extracellular hydrogenases uye multiheme cytochromes, maererano22,23. MICs dzakakamurwa kuva mhando mbiri: (i) kemikari MIC (CMIC), iyo isina kunanga kukoromoka ne microbially inogadzirwa mhando, uye (ii) yemagetsi MIC (EMIC), iyo inokonzeresa ngura nemagetsi kupera kwesimbi24. EMIC inofambiswa neextracellular electron transfer (EET) inofadza zvikuru nekuti tupukanana tune EET zvimiro zvinokonzeresa ngura nekukurumidza kupfuura tupukanana tusiri eEET. Kunyange zvazvo chiyero-chinogadzirisa mhinduro yeCMIC pasi pemamiriro eanaerobic kugadzirwa kweH2 kuburikidza neproton kuderedza (H +), EMIC inopfuurira kuburikidza neEET metabolism, iyo yakasununguka pakugadzirwa kweH2. Nzira yeEET mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvipembenene zvine chokuita nekushanda kwe microbial cellular fuel uye electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Nekuti iyo tsika mamiriro ezvipembenene zvinoparadza izvi zvakasiyana neaya ari munzvimbo yechisikigo, hazvina kujeka kana aya akacherechedzwa corrosion maitiro anoratidza corrosion mukuita. Naizvozvo, zvinonetsa kuona iyo MIC nzira inokonzereswa neaya ma microorganisms anoparadza munzvimbo yechisikigo.
Kuvandudzwa kweDNA sequencing tekinoroji kwakagonesa kudzidza kweruzivo rwenharaunda dzehutachiona munzvimbo dzechisikigo uye dzakagadzirwa, semuenzaniso, microbial profiling yakavakirwa pa16S rRNA gene sequence uchishandisa chizvarwa chitsva sequencers yakashandiswa mumunda we microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Zvakawanda zvidzidzo zveMIC zvakaburitswa zvine ruzivo rwakadzama nharaunda dzehutachiona muvhu uye mugungwa nharaunda13,33,34,35,36. Kuwedzera kune SRB, kupfumisa muFe (II) -oxidizing (FeOB) uye nitrifying mabhakitiriya mumasampu ekuora, semuenzaniso FeOB, seGallionella spp. uye Dechloromonas spp., uye nitrifying mabhakitiriya, akadai seNitrospira, anonziwo. spp., muCarbon nemasimbi anotakura mhangura muvhu media33. Saizvozvowo, munharaunda yegungwa, kukurumidza kwekoloni yesimbi-oxidizing mabhakitiriya ari emakirasi Zetaproteobacteria uye Betaproteobacteria yakaonekwa kwemavhiki akawanda pa carbon steel 36. Aya data anoratidza mupiro wema microorganisms aya mukuora. Zvisinei, muzvidzidzo zvakawanda, nguva uye mapoka ekuedza ane zvishoma, uye zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro pemasimba enharaunda dzehutachiona panguva yekuora.
Pano, tinoongorora maMIC ecarbon steel, chromium simbi, simbi isina tsvina, uye simbi yakakandwa tichishandisa zvidzidzo zvekunyudza munzvimbo ine aerobic mvura yakachena ine nhoroondo yezviitiko zveMIC. Samples dzakatorwa pa1, 3, 6, 14 uye 22 mwedzi uye chiyero chekuora chesimbi imwe neimwe uye microbial chikamu chakadzidzwa. Mhedzisiro yedu inopa ruzivo rwekureba-simba kwenharaunda dzehutachiona panguva yekuora.
Sezvinoratidzwa muTable 1, masimbi mapfumbamwe akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi. Mienzaniso gumi yechinhu chimwe nechimwe chakanyudzwa mudziva remvura yakachena. Gadzirisa kunaka kwemvura kunotevera: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm uye pH 7.4. Iyo yakanyungudutswa yeokisijeni (DO) yakasungwa pazasi pesampling ladder yaive ingangoita 8.2 ppm uye tembiricha yemvura yakabva ku9 kusvika 23 ° C mwaka.
Sezvinoratidzwa mumufananidzo 1, mushure memwedzi umwe wekunyudzwa muASTM A283, ASTM A109 Condition #4/5, ASTM A179, uye ASTM A395 simbi yakakandwa nharaunda, brown corrosion zvigadzirwa zvakaonekwa pamusoro pekabhoni simbi muchimiro che generalized corrosion. Kurasikirwa kwekurema kwezvienzaniso izvi kwakawedzera nenguva (Supplementary Table 1) uye chiyero chekuora chaiva 0.13-0.16 mm pagore (Fig. 2). Saizvozvo, kuparara kwakawanda kwave kuchionekwa mumasimbi ane yakaderera Cr content (1% uye 2.25%) ine corrosion rate inenge 0.13 mm / yr (Mifananidzo 1 uye 2). Kusiyana neizvi, simbi ine 9% Cr inoratidza corrosion yenzvimbo inoitika mumagapu akaumbwa nemagaskets. Kuora kweyero yemuenzaniso uyu inenge 0.02 mm / gore, iyo yakanyanya kuderera kupfuura iyo yesimbi ine mhirizhonga yakawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzesimbi dzemhando-304 uye -316 dzinoratidza kusaora kunoonekwa, pamwe nemazinga ekuora anofungidzirwa e <0.001 mm y-1. Kusiyana neizvi, simbi dzisina simbi dzemhando-304 uye -316 dzinoratidza kusaora kunoonekwa, nemazinga anofungidzirwa ekuwedzera <0.001 mm y-1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет мм00; Kusiyana neizvi, Types 304 uye 316 simbi dzisina tsvina dzinoratidza kusaora kunoonekwa, pamwe nechiyero chekuora chinofungidzirwa che <0.001 mm / yr.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Kusiyana neizvi, mhando ye304 uye -316 simbi isina tsvina yakaratidza kusaora kunooneka nedesign corrosion rate ye <0.001 mm/yr.
Inoratidzwa macroscopic mifananidzo yemuenzaniso wega wega (urefu 50 mm×hupamhi 20 mm) isati yasvika uye mushure mekudzika. mita 1, mwedzi mumwe; mamita matatu, mwedzi mitatu; mamita matanhatu, mwedzi mitanhatu; mamita 14, mwedzi 14; mamita 22, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; simbi 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, mhando 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Mwero wekuora wakaverengerwa uchishandisa uremu uye nguva yekunyudza. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, yakaoma 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, simbi 1% Cr, 3 C, simbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, simbi 9% Cr, S6, mhando 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, mhando 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Pamusoro pemuonde. 1 inoratidzawo kuti zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvekabhoni simbi, yakaderera Cr simbi uye simbi yakakandwa inokura zvakare mushure mekunyudzwa kwemwedzi mitatu. Iyo yakazara corrosion rate zvishoma nezvishoma yakaderera kusvika 0.07 ~ 0.08 mm / gore mushure memwedzi ye22 (Mufananidzo 2). Mukuwedzera, chiyero chekuora che 2.25% Cr simbi chaive chakaderera zvishoma pane zvimwe zvidhori zvakasvibiswa, zvichiratidza kuti Cr inogona kudzivisa kuora. Mukuwedzera kune kuparara kwakawanda, maererano neASTM A179, kuparara kwenzvimbo kwakaonekwa mushure memwedzi ye22 nekudzika kwekudzika kwe700 µm (Fig. 3). Mwero wekuora kwenzvimbo, wakaverengerwa uchishandisa kudzika kwekuora uye nguva yekunyudza, i 0.38 mm/gore, iyo inomhanya kanokwana kashanu pane kukora kwese. Iyo corrosion rate yeASTM A395 alloy inogona kushomeka sezvo zvigadzirwa zvekuora hazvibvisi zvachose chiyero mushure memwedzi gumi nemana kana 22 yekunyudzwa mumvura. Zvisinei, musiyano unofanira kuva muduku. Pamusoro pezvo, makomba madiki mazhinji akaonekwa mune yakaora yakaderera chromium simbi.
Mufananidzo uzere (scale bar: 10 mm) nekuora kwenzvimbo (scale bar: 500 µm) yeASTM A179 uye 9% Cr simbi pakudzika kwepamusoro uchishandisa 3D yekuona laser maikorosikopu. Denderedzwa dzvuku pamufananidzo wakazara anoratidza kuyerwa kwecorrosion yenzvimbo. Maonero akazara e9% Cr simbi kubva kumashure inoratidzwa muMufananidzo 1.
Sezvinoratidzwa mufig. 2, yesimbi ine 9% Cr, hapana ngura yakaonekwa mukati memwedzi 3-14, uye chiyero chekuora chaive zero. Zvisinei, kuparara kwenzvimbo kwakaonekwa mushure memwedzi ye22 (Mufananidzo 3) nehuwandu hwekuora kwe 0.04 mm / yr yakaverengwa uchishandisa kurasikirwa. Hudzamu hwekuora kwenzvimbo i1260 µm uye mwero wekuora wenzvimbo unofungidzirwa kushandisa hudzamu hwekuora uye nguva yekunyudza (mwedzi 22) i0.68 mm/gore. Nekuti painotangira ngura haizivikanwe, chiyero chekuora chinogona kunge chakakwira.
Mukupesana, hapana ngura inooneka yakaonekwa pasimbi isina tsvina kunyangwe mushure memwedzi makumi maviri nemiviri yekunyudzwa. Kunyange zvazvo zvishoma zvimedu zvebrown zvakaonekwa pamusoro pepamusoro zvisati zvaderedzwa (Fig. 1), zvakanga zvisina kusimba zvakabatanidzwa uye zvakanga zvisiri zvigadzirwa zvekuora. Sezvo simbi ichizoonekwazve pamusoro pesimbi isina tsvina mushure mekunge chikero chabviswa, chiyero chekuora chinoita zero.
Amplicon sequencing yakaitwa kuti inzwisise mutsauko uye simba renharaunda dzehutachiona nekufamba kwenguva muzvigadzirwa zvekuora uye biofilms pane simbi, mumvura uye sediments. Hwerengedzo ye4,160,012 yakaverengwa yakagamuchirwa, ine huwandu hwe31,328 kusvika 124,183 kuverenga.
Iyo Shannon indices yemasampuli emvura akatorwa kubva mumvura inotorwa nemadziva kubva pa5.47 kusvika 7.45 (Fig. 4a). Sezvo yakadzoserwa mvura yerwizi ichishandiswa semvura yemaindasitiri, nharaunda yehutachiona inogona kuchinja mwaka. Kusiyana neizvi, iyo Shannon index yepasi sediment samples yaive ingangoita 9, iyo yakanyanya kukwirira kupfuura iyo yemasampuli emvura. Saizvozvo, mvura samples yakanga yakaderera akaverengerwa Chao1 indices uye akacherechedza kushanda taxonomic zvikamu (OTUs) pane sediment samples (Fig. 4b, c). Iyi misiyano yakakosha (Tukey-Kramer bvunzo; p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampuremu e sediment dzakanyanya kuoma kupfuura dziri mumvura sampuli. Iyi misiyano yakakosha (Tukey-Kramer bvunzo; p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampure ediment dzakaomarara kupfuura idzo dziri mumvura samples. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, что микробные микробные микробные взобные собобные собобные отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Iyi misiyano yakakosha (Tukey-Kramer bvunzo; p values ​​​​<0.01, Fig. 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampure ediment dzakanyanya kuoma kupfuura mumasampuli emvura.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01, 图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂.這些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 , 图 4d） 表明 沉积物样 中 中 的 剩立群落更。。。。. Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, что мико микробо микрой, что микрожить образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Misiyano iyi yaive yakakosha (Tukey-Kramer bvunzo; p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d), zvichiratidza kuti nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampure e sediment dzaive dzakaoma kupfuura mumasampuli emvura.Sezvo mvura iri mubheseni rinofashukira ichigara ichivandudzwa uye madonhwe anogara pasi pebheseni pasina nyonganiso yemuchina, mutsauko uyu mukusiyana kwehutachiona unofanirwa kuratidza ecosystem mubheseni.
a Shannon index, b Yakacherechedzwa kushanda taxonomic unit (OTU), uye c Chao1 uptake index (n=6) nebheseni (n=5) Mvura, sediment (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: ATM: 3%: C=5), ASTM A179 (B: N=5) n = 5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) uye 9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-simbi, pamwe chete nemhando 316 (S6: n = 5) uye -304 (S8: n = 5) simbi isina tsvina inoratidzwa sebhokisi-shaped uye whisker charts. d p-tsika dzeShannon uye Chao1 indices dzakawanikwa uchishandisa ANOVA uye Tukey-Kramer akawanda ekuenzanisa bvunzo. Iwo matsvuku ekumashure anomiririra maviri ane p-values ​​<0.05. Iwo matsvuku ekumashure anomiririra maviri ane p-values ​​<0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Masikirwo matsvuku anomiririra maviri ane p-values ​​<0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对. Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Masikirwo matsvuku anomiririra maviri ane p-values ​​<0.05.Mutsara uri pakati pebhokisi, kumusoro uye pasi pebhokisi, uye ndebvu dzinomiririra pakati, 25th uye 75th percentiles, uye zvishoma uye zvakanyanya kukosha, maererano.
IShannon indices ye carbon steel, low chromium steel, uye iron yakakandwa yakafanana neiya yemasampuli emvura (Fig. 4a). Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices e-stainless-steel samples akakwirira zvakanyanya kudarika e-corroded steels (p-values ​​<0.05, Fig. 4d) uye yakafanana neyo sediments. Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices emasampuli e-stainless-steel akanyanya kukwirira kupfuura ayo e-corroded steels (p-values ​​<0.05, Fig. 4d) uye akafanana neaya emarara. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, руке), исполнились. отложений. Kusiyana neizvi, maShannon indices emhando yesimbi isina tsvina akakwira zvakanyanya kupfuura ayo emarara akaora (p-values ​​<0.05, Fig. 4d) uye akafanana nedhipoziti indices.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图特缉伉红。相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图相伉数） Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, p.), рис. Kusiyana neizvi, nhamba yeShannon yezvinyorwa zvesimbi isina tsvina yakanga yakakwirira zvikuru kupfuura iyo yesimbi yakasvibiswa (p value <0.05, Fig. 4d), sezvakange zvakaita dhipoziti.Kusiyana neizvi, iyo Shannon index yesimbi ine 9% Cr yakabva pa6.95 kusvika 9.65. Aya makoshero aive akakwira zvakanyanya mumienzaniso isina kusvibiswa pamwedzi 1 uye 3 pane mune yakaora sampuli pa6, 14 uye 22 mwedzi (Fig. 4a). Uyezve, maChao1 indices uye akacherechedza OTUs ye9% Cr masimbi akakwirira kudarika ayo emvura yakasvibiswa uye yemvura uye yakaderera pane iyo isina kusvibiswa uye sediment samples (Fig. 4b, c), uye misiyano inokosha zvikuru (p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d). Uyezve, maChao1 indices uye akacherechedza OTUs ye9% Cr masimbi akakwirira kudarika ayo emvura yakasvibiswa uye yemvura uye yakaderera pane iyo isina-corroded uye sediment samples (Fig. 4b, c), uye misiyano inokosha zvikuru (p-values ​​<0.01, Fig. 4d).Mukuwedzera, iyo Chao1 uye yakacherechedza OTU yesimbi ine 9% Cr yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibiswa sampuli uye yakaderera pane iyo isina-corroded uye sedimentary samples (Fig. 4b, c), uye kusiyana kunokosha.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (p-tsika <0.01, Fig. 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀樣品和水樣，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物样品（图4b，c），差异具有统房孉0.01, mufananidzo 4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 腐蚀 戶品和图 4b , c） 差异 统计学 意义 (p 值 <0.01 图 图 图 图 图 图图 Кроме того, индекс Chao1 uye наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных и водных образцов, и ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Mukuwedzera, iyo Chao1 index uye yakacherechedza OTU ye9% Cr simbi yakanga yakakwirira kudarika iyo yakasvibiswa uye yakasvibiswa sampuli uye yakaderera pane iyo isina kusvibiswa uye sedimentary samples (Fig. 4b, c), uye mutsauko waive wakakosha (p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d).Mhedzisiro iyi inoratidza kuti hutachiona hwakasiyana-siyana muzvigadzirwa zvecorrosion hwakadzikira pane mune biofilms pasimbi dzisina kuororwa.
Pamusoro pemuonde. 5a inoratidza Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) zano rakavakirwa paUniFrac isina kuremerwa kureba kwemasamples ese, aine masumbu makuru matatu akaonekwa. Nharaunda dzeMicrobial mumasampuli emvura dzaive dzakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune dzimwe nharaunda. Idzo nharaunda dze microbial mu sediments dzaisanganisira nharaunda dzesimbi isina tsvina, nepo dzaive dzakapararira mumasampure ekuora. Kusiyana neizvi, mepu yesimbi ine 9% Cr yakakamurwa kuita masumbu asina marara uye ane corrod. Nekuda kweizvozvo, nharaunda dzine hutachiona pane simbi uye zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvakasiyana zvakanyanya nezviri mumvura.
Principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) plot yakavakirwa pane unweighted UniFrac madaro mune ese masampuli (a), mvura (b), uye simbi (c). Denderedzwa rinoratidza boka rega rega. Matarekisheni anomiririrwa nemitsetse inobatanidza nguva dzesampling munhevedzano. 1 mita, mwedzi mumwe; mamita matatu, mwedzi mitatu; mamita matanhatu, mwedzi mitanhatu; mamita 14, mwedzi 14; mamita 22, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; simbi 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, mhando 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Kana yakarongedzwa munhevedzano yenguva, zvirongwa zvePCoA zvezviyero zvemvura zvaive muhurongwa hwedenderedzwa (Fig. 5b). Iyi shanduko inogona kuratidza shanduko yemwaka.
Mukuwedzera, masumbu maviri chete (akasvibiswa uye asina kusvibiswa) akaonekwa paPCoA zvirongwa zvesimbi sampuli, apo (kunze kwe9% chromium steel) kuchinja kwehutachiona hwehutachiona kubva ku1 kusvika kumwedzi ye22 yakaonekwawo (Fig. 5c). Pamusoro pezvo, sezvo shanduko mumasampuri akaora aive akakura kupfuura emamwe masampuli asina kusvibiswa, pakanga paine kuwirirana pakati pekuchinja munharaunda dzehutachiona uye kufambira mberi kwekuora. Mune sampuli dzesimbi ne9% Cr, marudzi maviri enharaunda dzehutachiona dzakaratidzwa: mapoinzi pa1 uye 6 mwedzi, iri pedyo nesimbi isina tsvina, uye vamwe (3, 14, uye 22 mwedzi), iri panzvimbo dziri pedyo nesimbi yakaora. Mwedzi we1 uye mapikoni anoshandiswa DNA kutorwa pamwedzi mitanhatu haana kusvibiswa, nepo mapikoni pa3, 14 uye 22 mwedzi yakasvibiswa (Supplementary Figure 1). Naizvozvo, nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampuri akaora dzakasiyana kubva kune dziri mumvura, sediment, uye dzisina-corrod samples uye dzakashandurwa sezvo ngura yaifambira mberi.
Mhando huru dzenharaunda dzehutachiona dzakaonekwa mumasampuli emvura dzaive Proteobacteria (30.1-73.5%), Bacteroidetes (6.3-48.6%), Planctomycetota (0.4-19.6%) uye Actinobacteria (0 -17.7%), kuwanda kwavo kwakasiyana-siyana kubva kumuenzaniso kusvika kumuenzaniso (Fig. kupfuura mumvura isingabviri. Musiyano uyu unogona kupesvedzerwa nenguva yekugara kwemvura mutangi rinofashukira. Aya marudzi akaonekwawo muzasi sediment samples, asi kuwanda kwavo kwakasiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumasampuli emvura. Mukuwedzera, iyo yakaenzana yeAcidobacteriota (8.7-13.0%), Chloroflexi (8.1-10.2%), Nitrospirota (4.2-4.4%) uye Desulfobacterota (1.5-4.4%) %) yakanga yakakwirira kudarika mumasampuli emvura. Sezvo dzinenge dzese Desulfobacterota marudzi ari SRB37, zvakatipoteredza musediment inofanira kuva anaerobic. Kunyange zvazvo Desulfobacterota inogona kukanganisa kuora, njodzi inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru nokuti kuwanda kwavo mumvura yedhamu ndeye <0.04%. Kunyange zvazvo Desulfobacterota inogona kukanganisa kuora, njodzi inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru nokuti kuwanda kwavo mumvura yedhamu ndeye <0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким <0,04%. Kunyange zvazvo Desulfobacterota inogona kuva nemigumisiro pakuora, njodzi inofanira kunge yakaderera zvikuru sezvo kuwanda kwavo mumvura yedhamu iri <0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因为它們在池水门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水的中的相对度<0.04%. <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus может влиять на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительное содержание в водей0, 4 %. Kunyangwe mhando yeDesulfobacillus ichigona kukanganisa ngura, njodzi inofanirwa kunge yakadzikira zvakanyanya sezvo kuwanda kwavo mumvura yedhamu kuri <0.04%.
RW neMhepo inomiririra masampuli emvura kubva pakudyara kwemvura uye bheseni, zvichiteerana. Sediment-C, -E, -W sampuli dzakatorwa kubva pakati pezasi kwebheseni, uye kubva kumabvazuva nekumadokero. 1 mita, mwedzi mumwe; mamita matatu, mwedzi mitatu; mamita matanhatu, mwedzi mitanhatu; mamita 14, mwedzi 14; mamita 22, mwedzi 22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, mamiriro 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, simbi 1% Cr; 3C simbi, 2.25% Cr simbi; simbi 9C, simbi 9% Cr; S6, 316 simbi isina tsvina; S8, mhando 304 simbi isina tsvina.
Payero yegenus, chikamu chepamusoro zvishoma (6-19%) chebhakitiriya chisina kunyorwa chemhuri yeTrichomonadaceae, pamwe neNeosphingosine, Pseudomonas, uye Flavobacterium, yakaonekwa mumwaka yese. Sezvikamu zviduku zvikuru, migove yavo inosiyana (Fig. 1). . 7a uye b). Mumigove, kuwanda kweFlavobacterium, Pseudovibrio, uye Rhodoferrobacter kwakange kwakakwira chete munguva yechando. Saizvozvowo, zvinyorwa zvepamusoro zvePseudovibrio uye Flavobacterium zvakaonekwa mumvura yechando yebheseni. Nokudaro, nharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampuli emvura dzakasiyana zvichienderana nemwaka, asi hadzina kuchinja zvakanyanya panguva yekudzidza.
a Intake mvura, b Mvura yeswimming pool, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 tembiricha #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, uye i 9% Cr simbi , j Type-316 nesimbi isina tsvina K-304.
Proteobacteria ndiyo yainyanya kubatanidzwa mumasampuli ose, asi kuwanda kwavo mumienzaniso yakasvibiswa yakaderera sezvo kuparara kunofambira mberi (Fig. 6). Mune samples ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr, kuwanda kweproteobacteria kwakaderera kubva ku89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% i43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% uye 31.3% maererano. Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwakawanda hweDesulfobacterota hunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva ku <0.1% kusvika ku12.5-45.9% nekufambira mberi kwekuora. Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwakawanda hweDesulfobacterota hunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva ku <0.1% kusvika ku12.5-45.9% nekufambira mberi kwekuora. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota inokwanisa kukonzeresa chirwere ichi <0,1% kusvika 12,5–45,9% pamusoro pezvakawanda. Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwehuwandu hweDesulfobacterota hunowedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva ku <0.1% kusvika ku12.5-45.9% sezvo kuora kunowedzera.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность Desulfobacillus inokwanisa kuomeswa nemafuta kubva ku12,5–45,9% kusvika ku12,5–45,9% Kusiyana neizvi, huwandu hwehuwandu hweDesulfobacillus hwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma kubva ku <0.1% kusvika ku12.5-45.9% sezvo kuora kunofambira mberi.Nokudaro, sezvo kuora kwakafambira mberi, Proteobactereira yakatsiviwa neDesulfobacterota.
Mukupesana, biofilms pasimbi isina corroded Stainless simbi yaive nezvikamu zvakafanana zvebhakitiriya akasiyana. Proteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), Planctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), Nitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), Acidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), Bacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) uye Chloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). Yakawanikwa kuti chikamu cheNitrospirota mumasampuli esimbi isina tsvina yakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma (Fig. 6). Aya mareshiyo akafanana neaya ari mune sediment samples, iyo inofanana nePCoA plot inoratidzwa muFig. 5a.
Mune sampuli dzesimbi dzine 9% Cr, mhando mbiri dzenharaunda dzehutachiona dzakaonekwa: 1-mwedzi uye 6-mwedzi midiki nharaunda dzaive dzakafanana neaya ari pasi pasi sediment samples, nepo chikamu cheproteobacteria mune corrosion samples 3, 14, uye 22 yakawedzera zvakanyanya. mwedzi Mukuwedzera, idzi nharaunda mbiri dze microbial mu 9% Cr simbi sampuli dzakaenderana nekupatsanura masumbu muPCoA plot inoratidzwa muFig. 5c.
Payero ye genus, > 2000 OTUs ine mabhakitiriya asina kugoverwa uye archaea akaonekwa. Payero ye genus, > 2000 OTUs ine mabhakitiriya asina kugoverwa uye archaea akaonekwa.Payero ye genus, pamusoro pe2000 OTUs yakaonekwa iine mabhakitiriya asingazivikanwe uye archaea.Payero ye genus, pamusoro pe2000 OTUs yakaonekwa iine mabhakitiriya asina kutaurwa uye archaea. Pakati pavo, takatarisa pa10 OTUs ine vanhu vakawanda mumuenzaniso wega wega. Izvi zvinosanganisira 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-42.8% uye AS 51.8. A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% uye 9% Cr masimbi uye Type 316 uye -304 simbi isina tsvina.
Chinhu chakanyanya kukwira che dechlorinated monoliths ine Fe (II) oxidizing zvimiro zvakaonekwa mune corrosion samples seASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye simbi ine 1% uye 2.25% Cr. danho rekutanga rekuora (mwedzi 1 nemwedzi mitatu, Fig. 7c-h). Chikamu cheDechloromonas chakaderera nekufamba kwenguva, icho chakaenderana nekuderera kweProteobacteria (Fig. 6). Uyezve, zvikamu zveDechloromonas mune biofilms pane isina-corrod samples ndeye <1%. Uyezve, zvikamu zveDechloromonas mune biofilms pane isina-corrod samples ndeye <1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu cheDechloromonas mune biofilms pane isina kuororwa sampuli ndeye <1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Pamusoro pezvo, chikamu cheDechloromonas mubiofilm yezvisina kuvharwa zvienzaniso chaive <1%.Naizvozvo, pakati pezvigadzirwa zvekuora, Dechloromonas inopfumiswa zvakanyanya padanho rekutanga rekuora.
Kusiyana neizvi, muASTM A179, ASTM A109 yakadzikama #4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 uye masimbi ane 1% uye 2.25% Cr, chikamu cheSRB Desulfovibrio marudzi pakupedzisira chakawedzera mushure memwedzi gumi nemana ne22 (Fig. 7c-h) . Desulfofibrion yakanga yakaderera zvikuru kana kuti isingaonekwi mumatanho ekutanga ekuora, mumasampuli emvura (Fig. 7a, b) uye mune zvisingasviki biofilms (Fig. 7j, j). Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti Desulfovibrio inofarira zvakatipoteredza zvezvakagadzirwa corrosion zvigadzirwa, kunyange zvazvo zvisingakanganisi kuora mumatanho ekutanga ekuora.
Fe (III) -kuderedza mabhakitiriya (RRB), akadai seGeobacter neGeothrix, akawanikwa mune zvigadzirwa zvekuora pazvikamu zvepakati zvekuora (6 uye 14 mwedzi), asi chikamu chekupedzisira (22 mwedzi) nhanho dzekuora yakakwirira mazviri. zvishoma zvishoma (Fig. 7c, eh). The genus Sideroxydans neFe (II) oxidation properties yakaratidza maitiro akafanana (Fig. 7f), saka chikamu cheFeOB, IRB, uye SRB chaive chakakwirira chete mumasampuli akaora. Izvi zvinoratidza zvakasimba kuti shanduko munharaunda idzi dzine utachiona hune hukama nekufambira mberi kwekuora.
Musimbi ine 9% Cr yakasvibiswa mushure memwedzi 3, 14 uye 22, chikamu chepamusoro chenhengo dzeBeggiatoacea mhuri (8.5-19.6%) yakaonekwa, iyo inogona kuratidza sulfur oxidizing properties, uye sideroxidans yakaonekwa (8.4- 13.7%) (Fig. 1). ) 7i) Pamusoro pezvo, Thiomonas, sulfur oxidizing bacteria (SOB), yakawanikwa muhuwandu hwepamusoro (3.4% uye 8.8%) pamwedzi mitatu negumi nemina. Kusiyana neizvi, mabhakitiriya anoderedza nitrate Nitrospira (12.9%) akaonekwa mumwedzi mitanhatu yemwedzi isina kusvibiswa. Kuwedzera kwechikamu cheNitrospira chakaonekwawo mune biofilms pasimbi isina tsvina mushure mekunyura (Fig. 7j, k). Nokudaro, nharaunda dze microbial dze 1- uye 6-mwedzi-yakare isina kusvibiswa 9% Cr masimbi akafanana neaya ari musimbi isina tsvina biofilms. Pamusoro pezvo, nharaunda dzine hutachiona hwe9% Cr simbi yakaora pamwedzi mitatu, gumi nemana uye makumi maviri nemaviri yakasiyana kubva kune zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvekabhoni uye yakaderera chromium simbi uye simbi yakakandwa.
Kukura kweCorrosion kunowanzo kunonoka mumvura yakachena kupfuura mumvura yegungwa nekuti kuwanda kwemaioni echloride kunokanganisa kukora kwesimbi. Nekudaro, mamwe masimbi asina tsvina anogona kukanganisa munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena38,39. Pamusoro pezvo, MIC yakambofungidzirwa sezvinhu zvakaora zvakamboonekwa mudziva remvura yakachena rakashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi. Muzvidzidzo zvekunyudzwa kwenguva refu, maitiro akasiyana-siyana ekuora, marudzi matatu enharaunda dzehutachiona, uye shanduko munharaunda dzehutachiona muzvigadzirwa zvekuora zvakaonekwa.
Mvura yakachena inoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi itangi rakavharwa remvura yehunyanzvi inotorwa murwizi ine kemikari yakagadzikana uye shanduko yemwaka yetembiricha yemvura inotangira pa9 kusvika 23 °C. Naizvozvo, kushanduka kwemwaka munharaunda dzehutachiona mumasampuli emvura kunogona kuve kwakabatana nekuchinja kwekushisa. Mukuwedzera, iyo microbial munharaunda mumvura yedziva yakanga yakati siyanei neiyo mumvura yekupinza (Fig. 5b). Mvura iri mudziva inogara ichitsiviwa nekuda kwekufashukira. Nekuda kweizvozvo, DO yakaramba iri pa ~ 8.2 ppm kunyangwe pakadzika pepakati pakati pebheseni pamusoro nepasi. Pane zvinopesana, nzvimbo ye sediment inofanira kuva anaerobic, sezvo inogadzirisa uye inoramba iri pasi pechigadziko, uye microbial flora mairi (yakadai seCRP) inofanirawo kusiyana nehutachiona hwehutachiona mumvura (Fig. 6). Sezvo makuponi ari mudziva akanga ari kure kure nemarara, aingoonekwa chete nemvura yakachena panguva yezvidzidzo zvekunyudzwa pasi pemamiriro e-aerobic.
General corrosion inoitika mucarbon steel, low chromium steel, uye simbi yakakandwa munzvimbo dzine mvura yakachena (Mufananidzo 1) nekuti zvinhu izvi hazvidzivirirwe nekuora. Nekudaro, iyo corrosion rate (0.13 mm yr-1) pasi peabiotic yemvura yakachena mamiriro yaive yakakwira kupfuura muzvidzidzo zvakapfuura40 (0.04 mm gore-1) uye yakaenzaniswa nehuwandu hwekuora (0.02-0.76 mm yr-1) pamberi pehudiki 1) Zvakafanana nemvura yakachena,41,420. Uku kukwidziridzwa kwecorrosion rate hunhu hweMIC.
Mukuwedzera, mushure memwedzi ye22 yekunyudzwa, kusvibiswa kwepanyika kwakaonekwa mumatare akawanda pasi pezvigadzirwa zvekuora (Fig. 3). Kunyanya, mwero wecorrosion wenzvimbo wakaonekwa muASTM A179 unomhanya zvakapetwa kashanu pane kukora kwakazara. Iyi nzira isina kujairika yekuora uye kukurumidza kuita ngura yakaonekwa zvakare mukuora kunoitika pachinhu chimwe chete. Nokudaro, kunyudzwa kunoitwa muchidzidzo ichi kunoratidza kuora mukuita.
Pakati pemasimbi akadzidzwa, 9% Cr simbi yairatidza kuonda kwakanyanya, nekudzika kwakadzika kwe> 1.2 mm, ingangove MIC nekuda kwekukurumidzira kukora uye kusiri kwemaitiro ekuora. Pakati pemasimbi akadzidzwa, 9% Cr simbi yairatidza kuonda kwakanyanya, nekudzika kwakadzika kwe> 1.2 mm, ingangove MIC nekuda kwekukurumidzira kukora uye kusiri kwemaitiro ekuora. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 9% коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Pakati pemasimbi akaongororwa, simbi ine 9% Cr yakaratidza kuonda kwakanyanya nekudzika kwakadzika> 1.2 mm, iyo ingangove iyo MIC nekuda kwekukurumidzira kukora uye chimiro chisina kujairika chekuora.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm, 由于加速腐萬和异常腐胀，还腐者。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-за условие коррозии. Pakati pesimbi dzakadzidzwa, simbi ine 9% Cr yakaora zvakanyanya, iine ngura yakadzika ye> 1.2 mm, ingangoita MIC nekuda kwekukurumidza uye kusinganzwisisike mafomu ekuora.Nekuti 9% Cr simbi inoshandiswa mukupisa kupisa kwakanyanya, maitiro ayo ekuora akaongororwa kare43,44 asi hapana MIC yakambotaurwa nezvesimbi iyi. Sezvo akawanda ma microorganisms, kunze kwe hyperthermophiles, asingashande munzvimbo yepamusoro-tembiricha (> 100 ° C), MIC mu9% Cr simbi inogona kuregererwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Sezvo ma microorganisms akawanda, kunze kwe hyperthermophiles, asingashande munzvimbo yakakwirira yekushisa (> 100 ° C), MIC mu 9% Cr simbi inogona kuregererwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), случаях можно не учитывать. Sezvo ma microorganisms akawanda, kunze kwe hyperthermophiles, asingashandisi munzvimbo yakakwirira yekushisa (> 100 ° C), iyo MIC musimbi ine 9% Cr inogona kuregererwa mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽生的。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>100 ° С), в % 100 ° С данном случае можно не учитывать. Sezvo ma microorganisms mazhinji, kunze kwe hyperthermophiles, haaratidze basa munzvimbo dzepamusoro-tembiricha (> 100 ° C), iyo MIC musimbi ine 9% Cr inogona kuregererwa munyaya iyi.Nekudaro, kana 9% Cr simbi ichishandiswa munzvimbo yepakati tembiricha, matanho akasiyana anofanirwa kutorwa kudzikisa MIC.
Various microbial community and their changes were seen in deposits of uncorroded material and in corrosion products in biofilms zvichienzaniswa nemvura, kuwedzera kune accelerated corrosion (Fig. 5-7), zvichiratidza zvakasimba kuti kukoromoka uku imaikorofoni. Ramirez et al.13 vanorondedzera 3-step transition (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) mune marine microbial ecosystem pamusoro pe6 mo, umo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa nesekondari yakapfuma SRB inogona kupedzisira yabatsira mukupfumisa kweSOB. Ramirez et al.13 vanorondedzera 3-step transition (FeOB => SRB / IRB => SOB) mune marine microbial ecosystem pamusoro pe6 mo, apo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa nesekondari yakagadziriswa SRB inogona kupedzisira yabatsira pakupfumisa kweSOB. Ramirez et al.13 сообщают трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в териние 6 месяцев, когой зем, правязей вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. Ramirez et al.13 vanorondedzera nhanho-nhanho nhatu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) mugungwa tupukanana ecosystem mukati memwedzi ye6, apo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa kubva kuSRB yechipiri hupfumi inogona kupedzisira yaita kuti SOB iwedzere. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SRB/IRB => 中公统生)，产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集.Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变 转转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 srb硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob的富集. Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, в косистеме образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. Ramirez et al.13 vakashuma nhanho-nhanho nhatu (FeOB => SRB / IRB => SOB) mumakungwa ezvisikwa zvipenyu mukati memwedzi ye6, umo hydrogen sulfide inogadzirwa kubva kuSRB yechipiri hupfumi inogona kupedzisira yaita kuti SOB iwedzere.McBeth naEmerson36 vakashuma hupfumi hwekutanga muFeOB. Saizvozvowo, kupfumisa kweFeOB panguva yekutanga kwekutanga kunoonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi hutachiona hunochinja nekufambira mberi kwekuora kunoonekwa mu carbon uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr masimbi uye simbi yakakandwa pamusoro pe22 mo ndiyo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Figs. 7 uye 8). Saizvozvowo, kupfumisa kweFeOB panguva yekutanga kwekutanga kunoonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi hutachiona hunochinja nekufambira mberi kwekuora kunoonekwa mu carbon uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr masimbi uye simbi yakakandwa pamusoro pe22 mo ndiyo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Figs. 7 uye 8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрековские углеродистых и 1% uye 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 ne8). Saizvozvo, muchidzidzo ichi kupfumisa muFeOB padanho rekutanga rekuora kunoonekwa, asi hutachiona huchichinja sekuora kunowedzera, kunoonekwa mucarbon uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr masimbi uye simbi yakakandwa mukati memwedzi ye22, ndeye FeOB => IRB => SRB (Figure 7 uye 8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同樣 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 和 和 1% 和 2.25% Cr 鸇 超中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения и 1% uye 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 и 8). Saizvozvowo, kuwedzera kweFeOB mumatanho ekutanga ekuora kwakaonekwa muchidzidzo ichi, asi kuchinja kwe microbiological kunoonekwa mu carbon uye 1% uye 2.25% Cr masimbi uye simbi yakakandwa pamusoro pemwedzi ye22 yaiva FeOB => IRB => SRB (Fig. 7 uye 8).MaSRB anogona kuungana nyore nyore munzvimbo dzemvura yegungwa nekuda kwekuwanda kweiyo sulfate ion, asi kupfumisa kwavo munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena kunononoka nekushomeka kweiyo sulfate ion. SRB kupfumisa mumvura yegungwa yagara ichitaurwa10,12,45.
a Organic kabhoni nenitrogen kuburikidza neFe(II)-inotsamira simba remetabolism iron oxide (tsvuku [Dechloromonas sp.] uye girini [Sideroxydans sp.] masero) uye Fe(III) inoderedza utachiona (grey cells [Geothrix sp. uye Geobacter sp.]) padanho rekutanga recorrosion uye RP-aerobic bacteria (RPA). ma microorganisms anopfumisa danho rekukura rekuora nekudya iyo yakaunganidzwa organic matter. b Shanduko munharaunda dzine utachiona pasimbi dzisingaite ngura. Violet, bhuruu, yero, uye chena maseru anomiririra mabhakitiriya kubva kumhuri dzeComamonadaceae, Nitrospira sp., Beggiatoacea, nevamwe, zvichiteerana.
Nezve shanduko munharaunda yehutachiona uye inogona kuvandudza SRB, FeOB yakakosha mukutanga nhanho yekuora, uye Dechloromonas inogona kuwana yavo yekukura simba kubva kuFe (II) oxidation. Microorganisms inogona kurarama mune midhiya ine trace elements, asi haizokura zvakanyanya. Zvisineyi, dziva rekunyudza rinoshandiswa muchidzidzo ichi ibheseni rinofashukira, rine 20 m3/h, iro rinoramba richipa zvinhu zvekutevera zvine maion inorganic. Mumatanho ekutanga ekuora, ferrous ions inoburitswa kubva kabhoni simbi uye simbi yakakandwa, uye maFeOB (akadai seDechloromonas) anoashandisa sesosi yesimba. Tevera huwandu hwekabhoni, phosphate uye nitrogen inodiwa pakukura kwesero inofanirwa kunge iripo mumvura inoshandiswa muchimiro cheorganic uye inorganic zvinhu. Naizvozvo, munzvimbo ino yemvura yakachena, FeOB inotanga kupfumiswa pane simbi dzakaita senge kabhoni simbi uye simbi yakakandwa. Zvadaro, maIRB anogona kukura nekushandisa organic matter uye iron oxides semasimba emagetsi uye materminal maerekitironi anogamuchira, zvichiteerana. Muzvigadzirwa zvekuora zvakakura, mamiriro eanaerobic akafumiswa nenitrogen anofanirwa kugadzirwa nekuda kwemasabolism eFeOB neIRB. Nokudaro, SRB inogona kukurumidza kukura uye kutsiva FeOB uye IRB (Fig. 8a).
Munguva pfupi yapfuura, Tang et al. yakashuma kuora kwesimbi isina tsvina neGeobacter ferroreducens munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena nekuda kwekufambisa maerekitironi kubva kusimbi kuenda kumicrobes46. Tichifunga nezveEMIC, mupiro wemamicroorganisms ane EET zvivakwa zvakakosha. SRB, FeOB, uye IRB ndiwo makuru emhando dzemicrobial muzvigadzirwa zvekuora muchidzidzo ichi, izvo zvinofanirwa kunge zvine hunhu hweEET. Nokudaro, ma microorganisms aya e-electrochemically active anogona kubatsira mukuora kuburikidza neEET, uye kuumbwa kwenharaunda yavo kunoshanduka pasi pesimba remarudzi akasiyana-siyana e-ionic sezvo zvigadzirwa zvekuora zvinogadzirwa. Pane zvinopesana, nharaunda ye microbial musimbi ine 9% Cr yakasiyana nedzimwe simbi (Fig. 8b). Mushure memwedzi ye14, kunze kwekupfumisa neFeOB, yakadai seSideroxydans, SOB47Beggiatoacea, uye Thiomonas zvakare vakafumiswa (Fig. 7i). Shanduko iyi yakasiyana zvakanyanya neiyo yezvimwe zvinhu zvinoparadza, senge kabhoni simbi, uye inogona kupesvedzerwa neiyo chromium-rich ion inonyungudika panguva yekuora. Zvikuru, Thiomonas haina chete sulfur oxidizing zvivakwa, asiwo Fe(II) oxidizing zvivakwa, EET system, uye heavy metal tolerance48,49. Vanogona kupfumiswa nekuda kweiyo oxidative chiitiko cheFe (II) uye / kana kushandiswa zvakananga kwemaerekitironi esimbi. Muchidzidzo chakapfuura, kuwanda kwakawanda kweBeggiatoacea kwakaonekwa mubiofilms paCu uchishandisa discontinuous biofilm monitoring system, zvichiratidza kuti mabhakitiriya aya anogona kurwisa simbi dzine chepfu seCu uye Cr. Nekudaro, iyo sosi yesimba inodiwa neBeggiatoacea kuti ikure munzvimbo ino haizivikanwe.
Chidzidzo ichi chinoshuma shanduko munharaunda dzehutachiona panguva yekuora munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena. Munharaunda imwe chete, nharaunda dzehutachiona dzakasiyana mumhando yesimbi. Pamusoro pezvo, mhedzisiro yedu inosimbisa kukosha kweFeOB mumatanho ekutanga ekuora, sezvo iron inotsamira microbial simba metabolism inosimudzira kuumbwa kwenzvimbo yakapfuma ine hutano inofarirwa nemamwe ma microorganisms akadai seSRB. Kuti uderedze MIC munzvimbo dzemvura yakachena, FeOB uye IRB hupfumi hunofanirwa kuve hushoma.
Masimbi mapfumbamwe akashandiswa muchidzidzo ichi uye akagadziriswa kuita mabhuroko e50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (ukobvu hweASTM 395 simbi uye 1%, 2.25% uye 9% Cr: 5 mm; ukobvu hweASTM A283 uye ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 uye Type 304 uye 316 Stainless Simbi, ukobvu: 1mm), ine maburi maviri 4mm. Chromium simbi dzakakwenenzverwa nejecha uye dzimwe simbi dzakakwenenzverwa ne600 grit sandpaper isati yanyudzwa. Yese masampuli akaiswa sonicated ne99.5% ethanol, yakaomeswa uye kuyerwa. Zvikamu gumi zvesimbi imwe neimwe zvakashandiswa kuverengera corrosion rate calculation uye microbiome analysis. Imwe neimwe yemuenzaniso yakanga yakagadziriswa mumatanho emanera ane PTFE tsvimbo uye spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Supplementary Fig. 2).
Dziva rine huwandu hwe1100 cubic metres uye kudzika kwemamita mana. Mvura yaipinda yaiva 20 m3 h-1, iyo yakabudiswa yakabudiswa, uye mvura yemvura haina kuchinja nguva nenguva (Supplementary Fig. 3). Sample ladder inodzikiswa pawaya yesimbi yemamita matatu yakaturikwa pakati petangi. Maseti maviri emamanera akabviswa mudziva pa1, 3, 6, 14 uye 22 mwedzi. Samples kubva kune imwe manera akashandiswa kuyera uremu uye kuverenga corrosion rates, nepo samples kubva kune imwe manera akashandiswa pakuongorora microbiome. Okisijeni yakanyungudutswa mutangi rekunyudza yakayerwa pedyo nepamusoro nepasi, pamwe nepakati, uchishandisa yakanyungudutswa okisijeni sensor (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Zvigadzirwa zveCorrosion uye biofilms pamasampuli zvakabviswa nekukweshwa neplastic scraper kana kupukuta nekotoni swab, ndokuzocheneswa mu99.5% ethanol uchishandisa ultrasonic bath. Iwo masampula akabva anyudzwa mumhinduro yaClark maererano neASTM G1-0351. Masampuli ese akayerwa mushure mekuomeswa kwapera. Verenga mwero wekuora (mm/gore) pamuenzaniso wega wega uchishandisa fomura rinotevera:
apo K inogara (8.76 × 104), T inguva yekuratidzwa (h), A inzvimbo yakazara yepasi (cm2), W kurasikirwa kukuru (g), D kusimba (g cm-3).
Mushure mekuyera sampuli, mifananidzo ye3D yemasampuli akati wandei yakawanikwa pachishandiswa 3D yekuyera laser microscope (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).