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I loko o nā kaiapuni wai maʻemaʻe, ʻike pinepine ʻia ka pala wikiwiki o ke kalapona a me nā kila kila kila. Ua mālama ʻia kahi noiʻi luʻu wai maʻemaʻe he 22 mahina ma ʻaneʻi me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ʻeiwa mau papa o ke kila. Ua ʻike ʻia ka pala wikiwiki i nā kila kalapona a me chromium a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, ʻoiai i loko o ke kila kila ʻaʻohe pala i ʻike ʻia ma hope o 22 mau mahina. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi loiloi o ke kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka pala maʻamau, ua hoʻonui ʻia nā bacteria Fe(II)-oxidizing i ke kahua mua o ka pala, nā bacteria Fe(III)-reducing, i ke kahua o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pala, a me nā bacteria sulfate-reducing, i ke kahua pala. i ke kahua hope loa o ka pala huahana. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ua nui loa nā bacteria Beggiatocaea i ke kila me 9% Cr i hoʻopilikia ʻia i ka pala kūloko. Ua ʻokoʻa pū kēia mau ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial mai nā mea i loko o ka wai a me nā laʻana sediment lalo. No laila, i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala, ua loli nui ke kaiāulu microbial, a ʻo ka metabolism ikehu microbial e hilinaʻi ana i ka hao e hana i kahi kaiapuni e hiki ai ke hoʻonui i nā microorganism ʻē aʻe.
Hiki i nā metala ke hōʻino a palaho ma muli o nā kumu like ʻole o ke kaiapuni kino a me ke kemika e like me ka pH, ka mahana a me ka nui o ka ion. Hoʻopilikia nui nā kūlana waikawa, nā mahana kiʻekiʻe a me nā nui o ka chloride i ka palaho o nā metala1,2,3. Hoʻopilikia pinepine nā microorganism i nā wahi kūlohelohe a me nā wahi i kūkulu ʻia i ka ʻaʻahu a me ka palaho o nā metala, kahi ʻano i hōʻike ʻia i ka palaho microbial (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. Loaʻa pinepine ʻo MIC i nā wahi e like me nā paipu o loko a me nā pahu mālama, i loko o nā māwae metala, a ma ka lepo, kahi e ʻike koke ʻia ai a ulu koke. No laila, he paʻakikī loa ka nānā ʻana a me ka ʻike mua ʻana o nā MIC, no laila hana pinepine ʻia ka nānā ʻana o MIC ma hope o ka palaho. Ua hōʻike ʻia nā haʻawina hihia MIC he nui kahi i loaʻa pinepine ai nā bacteria hoʻemi sulfate (SRB) i nā huahana palaho9,10,11,12,13. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā hāʻawi nā SRB i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ka palaho, ʻoiai ua hoʻokumu ʻia kā lākou ʻike ʻana ma ka nānā ʻana ma hope o ka palaho.
I kēia mau lā iho nei, me ka hoʻohui ʻana i nā bacteria iodine-oxidizing21, ua hōʻike ʻia nā ʻano microorganisms hao like ʻole, e like me ka hao-degrading SRB14, methanogens15,16,17, nitrate-reducing bacteria18, iron-oxidizing bacteria19 a me acetogens20. Ma lalo o nā kūlana hoʻokolohua anaerobic a microaerobic paha, ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e pala i ka hao zero-valent a me ke kila kalapona. Eia kekahi, hōʻike kā lākou mau ʻano hana pala e hoʻolaha nā methanogens hao-corrosive a me SRBs i ka pala ma ka ʻohi ʻana i nā electrons mai ka hao null-valent me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hydrogenases extracellular a me nā cytochromes multiheme, kēlā me kēia22,23. Ua māhele ʻia nā MIC i ʻelua ʻano: (i) MIC kemika (CMIC), ʻo ia ka pala ʻole pololei e nā ʻano i hana ʻia e ka microbially, a me (ii) MIC uila (EMIC), ʻo ia ka pala pololei e ka electron depletion o ka metal24. He mea hoihoi nui ka EMIC i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia e ka extracellular electron transfer (EET) no ka mea ʻo nā microorganisms me nā waiwai EET e hoʻoulu ai i ka pala wikiwiki ma mua o nā microorganisms non-EET. ʻOiai ʻo ka pane palena wikiwiki o CMIC ma lalo o nā kūlana anaerobic ka hana ʻana o H2 ma o ka hoʻemi ʻana o ka proton (H+), hoʻomau ʻo EMIC ma o ka metabolism EET, kahi kūʻokoʻa o ka hana ʻana o H2. Pili ka ʻano o EET i nā microorganism like ʻole i ka hana o ka wahie cellular microbial a me ka electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. No ka mea, ʻokoʻa nā kūlana moʻomeheu no kēia mau microorganism corrosive mai nā mea ma ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole maopopo inā hōʻike kēia mau kaʻina hana microbial corrosion i ʻike ʻia i ka corrosion i ka hana. No laila, he paʻakikī ke nānā i ke ʻano MIC i hoʻokumu ʻia e kēia mau microorganism corrosive i ke kaiapuni kūlohelohe.
ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o ka ʻenehana hoʻonohonoho DNA ua hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kikoʻī o nā kaiāulu microbial i nā wahi kūlohelohe a me nā wahi hana, no ka laʻana, ua hoʻohana ʻia ka profiling microbial e pili ana i ka moʻo gene 16S rRNA me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā sequencers hanauna hou ma ke kahua o ka microbial ecology30,31.,32. Ua paʻi ʻia nā haʻawina MIC he nui i hōʻike kikoʻī i nā kaiāulu microbial i nā wahi lepo a me ke kai13,33,34,35,36. Ma waho aʻe o SRB, ua hōʻike pū ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana i ka Fe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) a me nā bacteria nitrifying i nā laʻana corrosion, e laʻa me FeOB, e like me Gallionella spp. a me Dechloromonas spp., a me nā bacteria nitrifying, e like me Nitrospira. spp., i loko o ke kalapona a me nā kila keleawe-bearing i loko o ka media lepo33. Pēlā nō, i loko o ke kai, ua ʻike ʻia ka colonization wikiwiki o nā bacteria hao-oxidizing no nā papa Zetaproteobacteria a me Betaproteobacteria no kekahi mau pule ma ke kila kalapona 36. Hōʻike kēia mau ʻikepili i ka hāʻawi ʻana o kēia mau microorganism i ka corrosion. Eia nō naʻe, i loko o nā haʻawina he nui, ua kaupalena ʻia ka lōʻihi a me nā hui hoʻokolohua, a ʻaʻole ʻike nui ʻia e pili ana i ka dinamika o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka pala.
Maanei, ke noiʻi nei mākou i nā MIC o ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium, ke kila kila, a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā haʻawina hoʻoluʻu i loko o kahi kaiapuni wai maʻemaʻe aerobic me ka mōʻaukala o nā hanana MIC. Ua lawe ʻia nā laʻana ma 1, 3, 6, 14 a me 22 mau mahina a ua aʻo ʻia ka nui o ka pala o kēlā me kēia metala a me ka ʻāpana microbial. Hāʻawi kā mākou mau hopena i ka ʻike i ka dinamika lōʻihi o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā pala.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ka Papa 1, ua hoʻohana ʻia ʻeiwa mau metala ma kēia haʻawina. Ua hoʻokomo ʻia he ʻumi mau laʻana o kēlā me kēia mea i loko o kahi wai wai hou. Penei ke ʻano o ka wai hana: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm a me pH 7.4. ʻO ka nui o ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (DO) ma lalo o ke alapiʻi laʻana ma kahi o 8.2 ppm a ʻo ka mahana o ka wai mai 9 a 23°C i kēlā me kēia kau.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 1, ma hope o 1 mahina o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i loko o ASTM A283, ASTM A109 Kūlana #4/5, ASTM A179, a me ASTM A395 mau wahi hao i hoʻolei ʻia, ua ʻike ʻia nā huahana pala ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka ʻili kila kalapona ma ke ʻano o ka pala ākea. Ua piʻi aʻe ka pohō kaumaha o kēia mau laʻana me ka manawa (Papa Hoʻohui 1) a ʻo ka helu pala he 0.13-0.16 mm i kēlā me kēia makahiki (Kiʻi 2). Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka pala ākea i nā kila me ka haʻahaʻa o ka Cr (1% a me 2.25%) me ka helu pala ma kahi o 0.13 mm/yr (Kiʻi 1 a me 2). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, hōʻike ke kila me 9% Cr i ka pala kūloko e kū mai ana i nā hakahaka i hana ʻia e nā gaskets. ʻO ka helu pala o kēia laʻana ma kahi o 0.02 mm/makahiki, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa ma mua o ke kila me ka pala ākea. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole hōʻike nā kila kila kila ʻano-304 a me -316 i ka pala ʻike ʻia, me nā helu pala i manaʻo ʻia he <0.001 mm y−1. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole hōʻike nā kila kila kila ʻano-304 a me -316 i ka pala ʻike ʻia, me nā helu wikiwiki i manaʻo ʻia he <0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорозить корость коррозии мм/год. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ka pala o nā kila kila ʻAno 304 a me 316, me ka helu pala i manaʻo ʻia he <0.001 mm/yr.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢没有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии коррозии <0,000 I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻole i ʻike ʻia ka pala o nā kila kila ʻano 304 a me -316 me ka helu pala hoʻolālā o <0.001 mm/yr.
Hōʻike ʻia nā kiʻi macroscopic o kēlā me kēia laʻana (ke kiʻekiʻe 50 mm × ka laulā 20 mm) ma mua a ma hope o ka wehe ʻana i ka scaling. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, kila kila 316; S8, ʻano kila kila 304.
Ua helu ʻia ka nui o ka palaho me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pohō kaumaha a me ka manawa hoʻoluʻu. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, paʻakikī ʻia 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, kila 1% Cr, 3 C, kila 2.25% Cr, 9 C, kila 9% Cr, S6, kila kila ʻano 316; S8, kila kila ʻano 304.
Ma ke kiʻi 1, hōʻike pū ʻia nā huahana pala o ke kila kalapona, ke kila Cr haʻahaʻa a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia e ulu hou aʻe ma hope o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana no 3 mau mahina. Ua emi mālie ka nui o ka pala i 0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/makahiki ma hope o 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi 2). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka pala o ke kila 2.25% Cr ma mua o nā mea i pala ʻia ʻē aʻe, e hōʻike ana hiki iā Cr ke kāohi i ka pala. Ma waho aʻe o ka pala maʻamau, e like me ASTM A179, ua ʻike ʻia ka pala kūloko ma hope o 22 mau mahina me ka hohonu o ka pala ma kahi o 700 µm (Kiʻi 3). ʻO ka nui o ka pala kūloko, i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hohonu o ka pala a me ka manawa hoʻokomo, he 0.38 mm/yr, ʻo ia hoʻi ma kahi o 5 mau manawa wikiwiki ma mua o ka pala maʻamau. Hiki ke hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ka nui o ka pala o ka hui ASTM A395 no ka mea ʻaʻole wehe loa nā huahana pala i ka unahi ma hope o 14 a i ʻole 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻokomo ʻana i ka wai. Eia naʻe, pono e liʻiliʻi ka ʻokoʻa. Eia kekahi, ua ʻike ʻia nā lua liʻiliʻi he nui i loko o ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa i pala.
ʻO ke kiʻi piha (ka pā unahi: 10 mm) a me ka pala kūloko (ka pā unahi: 500 µm) o ASTM A179 a me ke kila 9% Cr ma ka hohonu loa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope laser nānā 3D. Hōʻike nā pōʻai ʻulaʻula ma ke kiʻi piha i ka pala kūloko i ana ʻia. Hōʻike ʻia kahi hiʻohiʻona piha o ke kila 9% Cr mai ka ʻaoʻao hope ma ke Kiʻi 1.
E like me ka mea i hōʻike ʻia ma ke kiʻi 2, no ke kila me 9% Cr, ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻia o ka pala i loko o 3-14 mau mahina, a ʻaneʻane ʻole ka nui o ka pala. Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻia ka pala kūloko ma hope o 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi 3) me ka nui o ka pala o 0.04 mm/yr i helu ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka pohō kaumaha. ʻO ka hohonu pala kūloko kiʻekiʻe loa he 1260 µm a ʻo ka nui o ka pala kūloko i manaʻo ʻia me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka hohonu pala a me ka manawa hoʻoluʻu (22 mau mahina) he 0.68 mm/yr. No ka mea, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kiko kikoʻī e hoʻomaka ai ka pala, ʻoi aku paha ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka pala.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻaʻohe ʻike ʻia o ka pala ma ke kila kila ma hope o 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana. ʻOiai ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau ʻāpana ʻeleʻele ma luna o ka ʻili ma mua o ka wehe ʻana i ka scaling (Kiʻi 1), ua palupalu lākou i ka hoʻopili ʻia a ʻaʻole ia he mau huahana pala. ʻOiai ua ʻike hou ʻia ka metala ma luna o ka ʻili kila kila ma hope o ka wehe ʻia ʻana o ka unahi, ua aneane ʻole ka helu pala.
Ua hana ʻia ke kaʻina hana ʻana o Amplicon e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻokoʻa a me nā dinamika o nā kaiāulu microbial i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa i nā huahana pala a me nā biofilms ma nā ʻili metala, i ka wai a me nā sediments. Ua loaʻa he 4,160,012 mau heluhelu, me kahi laulā o 31,328 a 124,183 mau heluhelu.
ʻO nā ʻōkuhi Shannon o nā hāpana wai i lawe ʻia mai nā wahi lawe wai a me nā loko wai mai 5.47 a 7.45 (Kiʻi 4a). ʻOiai ua hoʻohana ʻia ka wai muliwai i hoʻihoʻi ʻia ma ke ʻano he wai ʻoihana, hiki ke loli ke kaiāulu microbial i kēlā me kēia kau. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka ʻōkuhi Shannon o nā hāpana sediment lalo ma kahi o 9, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā hāpana wai. Pēlā nō, ua emi nā ʻōkuhi Chao1 i helu ʻia ma nā hāpana wai a ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻāpana taxonomic operational (OTUs) ma mua o nā hāpana sediment (Kiʻi 4b, c). He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano helu (hoʻāʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​< 0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana sediment ma mua o nā mea i loko o nā laʻana wai. He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano helu (hoʻāʻo ʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-values ​​​​< 0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana sediment ma mua o nā mea i loko o nā laʻana wai. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает на то, чобто микро образцах донных отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma ke ʻano helu (hoʻāʻo ʻo Tukey-Kramer; nā waiwai p <0.01, Kiʻi 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana sediment ma mua o nā laʻana wai.这些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01，图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂。这些 差异 具有 统计学 （tukey-kramer 检验 ； p 值 <0.01 ， 图 4d） 表明 沉积物明 沉积物样 的羮物样 羮中中 的 群落更 . . . . . . . . Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет пимред, полет сообщества в образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. He koʻikoʻi kēia mau ʻokoʻa ma ka helu helu (hoʻāʻo Tukey-Kramer; p-value <0.01, Fig. 4d), e hōʻike ana he ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana sediment ma mua o nā laʻana wai.ʻOiai ke hoʻohou hou ʻia nei ka wai i loko o ke kīʻaha kahe a noho nā lepo i lalo o ke kīʻaha me ka ʻole o ka hoʻopilikia ʻana o ka mīkini, pono e hōʻike kēia ʻokoʻa o ke ʻano like ʻole o nā microbial i ka ʻōnaehana ola i loko o ke kīʻaha.
a ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi Shannon, b ʻO ka ʻāpana taxonomic operational i ʻike ʻia (OTU), a me c ʻO ka papa kuhikuhi uptake Chao1 (n=6) a me ke kīʻaha (n=5) Wai, sediment (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5), ASTM A395 (FC: n=5), 1% (1 C: n=5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) a me 9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, a me ke ʻano 316 (S6: n = 5) a me -304 (S8: n = 5) nā kila kila kila i hōʻike ʻia ma ke ʻano he pahu a me nā pakuhi whisker. d nā waiwai p no nā papa kuhikuhi Shannon a me Chao1 i loaʻa me ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā hoʻokolohua hoʻohālikelike lehulehu ANOVA a me Tukey-Kramer. Hōʻike nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula i nā hui me nā p-values ​​​​<0.05. Hōʻike nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula i nā hui me nā p-values ​​​​<0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Hōʻike nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula i nā hui me nā p-values ​​​​<0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Hōʻike nā ʻaoʻao ʻulaʻula i nā hui me nā p-values ​​​​<0.05.ʻO ka laina ma waenakonu o ka pahu, ka luna a me ka lalo o ka pahu, a me nā ʻumiʻumi e hōʻike ana i ka waena, ka 25 a me ka 75 pakeneka, a me nā waiwai haʻahaʻa a me ka nui loa.
Ua like nā ʻōkuhi Shannon no ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa, a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia me nā mea no nā laʻana wai (Kiʻi 4a). I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōkuhi Shannon o nā laʻana kila kila ma mua o nā kila i ʻānai ʻia (nā waiwai p < 0.05, Kiʻi 4d) a like me nā mea o nā sediments. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōkuhi Shannon o nā laʻana kila kila ma mua o nā kila i ʻānai ʻia (nā waiwai p < 0.05, Kiʻi 4d) a like me nā mea o nā sediments. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей , з0. и аналогичны индексам отложений. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōkuhi Shannon o nā ʻāpana kila kila ma mua o nā kila i ʻānai ʻia (nā waiwai p < 0.05, Kiʻi 4d) a ua like ia me nā ʻōkuhi waiho.相比之下，不锈钢样品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05，图4d），与沉积物相似。E Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем у корродированной стали (p.0,500) как и у отложений. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu kuhikuhi Shannon o nā hāpana kila kila ma mua o ke kila i ʻānai ʻia (waiwai p < 0.05, Kiʻi 4d), e like me ka waiho ʻana.I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ʻo ka helu kuhikuhi Shannon no nā kila me 9% Cr mai 6.95 a 9.65. ʻOi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o kēia mau waiwai i nā laʻana i ʻole i pala i ka 1 a me 3 mau mahina ma mua o nā laʻana i pala i ka 6, 14 a me 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi 4a). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōkuhi Chao1 a me nā OTU i nānā ʻia o nā kila 9% Cr ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻōpala ʻia a me nā laʻana wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻole i pala ʻia a me nā laʻana sediment (Kiʻi 4b, c), a he koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa (nā waiwai p < 0.01, Kiʻi 4d). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o nā ʻōkuhi Chao1 a me nā OTU i nānā ʻia o nā kila 9% Cr ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻōpala ʻia a me ka wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻole i pala ʻia a me ka sediment (Kiʻi 4b, c), a he koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa (nā waiwai p < 0.01, Kiʻi 4d).Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka Chao1 a me ka OTU i nānā ʻia o nā kila me 9% Cr ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻōpala ʻia a me nā laʻana wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻole i pala a me nā laʻana sedimentary (Kiʻi 4b, c), a he koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa ma ka helu helu.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (nā waiwai p <0.01, Kiʻi 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀样品和水样，低于未腐蚀样品和沉积物样品（图4b，c），差异具有义具有石0.01， 4d）.此外 ， 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察 的 的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 ， 低于 腐蚀 样品 样品LIKE LIKE LIKE Кроме того, индекс Chao1 и наблюдаемые OTU стали с содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированныхци во,бижеци чем у некорродированных и осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), a разница была статистически значимой (p- значение, < 0,014г ). Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ke kiʻekiʻe o ka helu kuhi Chao1 a me ka OTU i ʻike ʻia o ke kila 9% Cr ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻino ʻia a me nā laʻana wai a haʻahaʻa ma mua o nā laʻana i ʻino ʻole ʻia a me nā laʻana sedimentary (Kiʻi 4b,c), a he koʻikoʻi ka ʻokoʻa (p-value < 0.01, Kiʻi 4d).Hōʻike kēia mau hopena ua haʻahaʻa ka ʻokoʻa o nā microbial i nā huahana corrosion ma mua o nā biofilms ma nā metala i pala ʻole ʻia.
Ma ke kiʻi 5a e hōʻike ana i kahi kiʻi Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) e pili ana i ka mamao UniFrac unweighted no nā laʻana āpau, me ʻekolu mau hui nui i ʻike ʻia. He ʻokoʻa loa nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana wai mai nā kaiāulu ʻē aʻe. ʻO nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā sediments pū kekahi me nā kaiāulu kila kila, ʻoiai ua laha nui lākou i nā laʻana corrosion. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua māhele ʻia ka palapala ʻāina o ke kila me 9% Cr i nā hui i ʻole i corroded a me nā hui i corroded. No laila, ʻokoʻa loa nā kaiāulu microbial ma nā ʻili metala a me nā huahana corrosion mai nā mea i loko o ka wai.
ʻO ka palapala hoʻolālā hoʻonohonoho kumu (PCoA) e pili ana i nā mamao UniFrac i kaupaona ʻole ʻia ma nā laʻana āpau (a), wai (b), a me nā metala (c). Hōʻike nā pōʻai i kēlā me kēia hui. Hōʻike ʻia nā ala e nā laina e hoʻopili ana i nā wā laʻana ma ke ʻano he moʻo. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, kila kila 316; S8, ʻano kila kila 304.
I ka hoʻonohonoho ʻana ma ke kaʻina manawa, ua noho nā kiʻi PCoA o nā hāpana wai i loko o kahi hoʻonohonoho pōʻai (Kiʻi 5b). Hiki i kēia hoʻololi pōʻaiapuni ke hōʻike i nā loli kau.
Eia kekahi, ʻelua wale nō mau hui (i pala a ʻaʻole i pala) i ʻike ʻia ma nā kiʻi PCoA o nā laʻana metala, kahi (koe wale nō ke kila chromium 9%) i ʻike ʻia ai kahi neʻe ʻana o ke kaiāulu microbial mai 1 a 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi 5c). Eia kekahi, ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o nā hoʻololi ʻana i nā laʻana i pala ma mua o nā laʻana i pala ʻole, aia kahi pilina ma waena o nā loli i nā kaiāulu microbial a me ka holomua o ka pala. I nā laʻana kila me 9% Cr, ua hōʻike ʻia ʻelua ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial: nā kiko ma 1 a me 6 mau mahina, aia ma kahi kokoke i ke kila kila, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe (3, 14, a me 22 mau mahina), aia ma nā kiko kokoke i ke kila i pala. ʻAʻole i pala ʻia ka 1 mahina a me nā coupons i hoʻohana ʻia no ka unuhi ʻana o ka DNA ma 6 mau mahina, ʻoiai ua pala nā coupons ma 3, 14 a me 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 1). No laila, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i nā laʻana i pala ʻia mai nā mea i loko o ka wai, ka sediment, a me nā laʻana i pala ʻole a ua loli i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala.
ʻO nā ʻano nui o nā kaiāulu microbial i ʻike ʻia i loko o nā laʻana wai ʻo Proteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), Bacteroidetes (6.3–48.6%), Planctomycetota (0.4–19.6%) a me Actinobacteria (0 –17.7%), ʻokoʻa ko lākou nui mai ka laʻana a i ka laʻana (Kiʻi 6), no ka laʻana, ʻoi aku ka nui o Bacteroidetes i loko o ka wai loko ma mua o ka wai abstract. Hiki ke hoʻololi ʻia kēia ʻokoʻa e ka manawa noho o ka wai i loko o ka pahu kahe. Ua ʻike ʻia kēia mau ʻano i loko o nā laʻana sediment lalo, akā ʻokoʻa loa ko lākou nui mai nā laʻana wai. Eia kekahi, ʻoi aku ka nui o Acidobacteriota (8.7–13.0%), Chloroflexi (8.1–10.2%), Nitrospirota (4.2–4.4%) a me Desulfobacterota (1.5–4.4%)%) ma mua o nā laʻana wai. ʻOiai ʻo ka hapa nui o nā ʻano Desulfobacterota he SRB37, pono ke anaerobic ke kaiapuni i loko o ka sediment. ʻOiai paha e hoʻopilikia ʻo Desulfobacterota i ka pala, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ko lākou nui i loko o ka wai o ka loko he <0.04%. ʻOiai paha e hoʻopilikia ʻo Desulfobacterota i ka pala, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ko lākou nui i loko o ka wai o ka loko he <0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относилените воде бассейна составляет <0,04%. ʻOiai paha he hopena ko Desulfobacterota i ka pala, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ko lākou nui i loko o ka wai loko he <0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因为它们在池水中的相对中的相对中的相对中。 <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus может влиять на коррозию, риск должен быть крайне низким, поскольку их относительноеж содеб составляет <0,04%. ʻOiai hiki i ke ʻano Desulfobacillus ke hoʻopilikia i ka pala, pono e haʻahaʻa loa ka pilikia no ka mea ʻo ko lākou nui i ka wai loko he <0.04%.
Hōʻike ʻo RW a me Air i nā laʻana wai mai ka ʻai wai a me ke kīʻaha, kēlā me kēia. ʻO Sediment-C, -E, -W nā laʻana sediment i lawe ʻia mai ke kikowaena o lalo o ke kīʻaha, a mai nā ʻaoʻao hikina a me ke komohana. 1 mika, 1 mahina; 3 mika, 3 mahina; 6 mika, 6 mahina; 14 mika, 14 mahina; 22 mika, 22 mahina; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, kūlana 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, kila 1% Cr; 3C kila, 2.25% Cr kila; kila 9C, kila 9% Cr; S6, kila kila 316; S8, ʻano kila kila 304.
Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hapa kiʻekiʻe iki (6-19%) o nā bacteria i hoʻokaʻawale ʻole ʻia no ka ʻohana Trichomonadaceae, a me Neosphingosine, Pseudomonas, a me Flavobacterium, i nā kau āpau. Ma ke ʻano he mau ʻāpana nui liʻiliʻi, ʻokoʻa ko lākou mau ʻāpana (Kiʻi 1). . 7a a me b). Ma nā kahawai, ʻoi aku ka nui o Flavobacterium, Pseudovibrio, a me Rhodoferrobacter i ka hoʻoilo wale nō. Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike kiʻekiʻe o Pseudovibrio a me Flavobacterium i loko o ka wai hoʻoilo o ke kīʻaha. No laila, ua ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā hāpana wai ma muli o ke kau, akā ʻaʻole i loli nui i ka wā o ke aʻo ʻana.
a Wai lawe, b Wai loko ʻauʻau, c ASTM A283, d mahana ASTM A109 #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, a me i 9% Cr kila, j ʻAno-316 a me ke kila kila K-304.
ʻO Proteobacteria nā ʻāpana nui i nā laʻana āpau, akā ua emi iho ko lākou nui i nā laʻana i ʻānai ʻia i ka holomua ʻana o ka ʻānai (Kiʻi 6). I nā laʻana ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr, ua emi iho ka nui o nā proteobacteria mai 89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% he 43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% a me 31.3% pakahi. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% me ka holomua o ka pala. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% me ka holomua o ka pala. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota постепенно увеличивается с <0,1% a hiki i 12,5–45,9% по мере развроизиик. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, piʻi mālie ka nui o Desulfobacterota mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность Desulfobacillus постепенно увеличивалась с <0,1% a hiki i 12,5–45,9% по мере развизтия корроро. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua piʻi mālie ka nui o Desulfobacillus mai <0.1% a i 12.5–45.9% i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala.No laila, i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala, ua pani ʻia ʻo Proteobactereira e Desulfobacterota.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua loaʻa i nā biofilms ma ke kila kila ʻole i pala ʻole nā ​​​​​​ʻāpana like o nā bacteria like ʻole. ʻO Proteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), Planctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), Nitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), Acidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), Bacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) a me Chloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). Ua ʻike ʻia ua piʻi mālie ka ʻāpana o Nitrospirota i loko o nā laʻana kila kila (Kiʻi 6). Ua like kēia mau lakio me nā mea i loko o nā laʻana sediment, kahi e kūlike ana me ka pakuhi PCoA i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5a.
I loko o nā laʻana kila e loaʻa ana he 9% Cr, ua ʻike ʻia ʻelua ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial: ua like nā kaiāulu microbial 1-mahina a me 6-mahina me nā mea i loko o nā laʻana sediment lalo, ʻoiai ua piʻi nui ka hapa o nā proteobacteria i loko o nā laʻana corrosion 3, 14, a me 22. mahina Eia kekahi, ua pili kēia mau kaiāulu microbial ʻelua i loko o nā laʻana kila 9% Cr i nā hui māhele i ka pakuhi PCoA i hōʻike ʻia ma ke Kiʻi 5c.
Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia >2000 OTUs e loaʻa ana nā bacteria i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia a me nā archaea. Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia >2000 OTUs e loaʻa ana nā bacteria i hāʻawi ʻole ʻia a me nā archaea.Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 2000 OTUs e loaʻa ana nā bacteria i ʻike ʻole ʻia a me nā archaea.Ma ka pae genus, ua ʻike ʻia ma mua o 2000 OTUs e loaʻa ana nā bacteria a me nā archaea i kuhikuhi ʻole ʻia. I waena o lākou, ua kālele mākou i 10 OTUs me ka heluna kanaka kiʻekiʻe i kēlā me kēia laʻana. Uhi kēia i 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% a me 21.8-45.1% ma ASTM A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% a me 9% Cr steels a me Type 316 a me -304 stainless steels.
Ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻike kiʻekiʻe o nā monolith dechlorinated me nā waiwai oxidizing Fe(II) i nā laʻana corrosion e like me ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me nā kila me 1% a me 2.25% Cr. ke kahua mua o ka corrosion (1 mahina a me 3 mahina, Fig. 7c-h). Ua emi ka hapa o Dechloromonas i ka hala ʻana o ka manawa, kahi i kūlike me ka emi ʻana o Proteobacteria (Fig. 6). Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā laʻana i ʻole i pala he <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka nui o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā laʻana i ʻole i pala he <1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o nā biofilms ma nā specimens i pala ʻole he <1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Eia kekahi, ʻo ka hapa o Dechloromonas i loko o ka biofilm o nā specimens i pala ʻole he <1%.No laila, i waena o nā huahana pala, ua hoʻonui nui ʻia ʻo Dechloromonas i ka wā mua o ka pala.
I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ma ASTM A179, ASTM A109 i hoʻomaʻamaʻa ʻia #4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 a me nā kila me 1% a me 2.25% Cr, ua piʻi hope ka hapa o nā ʻano SRB Desulfovibrio ma hope o 14 a me 22 mau mahina (Kiʻi 7c–h). Ua haʻahaʻa loa ʻo Desulfofibrion a ʻaʻole paha i ʻike ʻia i nā pae mua o ka pala, i nā laʻana wai (Kiʻi 7a, b) a me nā biofilms i pala ʻole (Kiʻi 7j, j). Hōʻike ikaika kēia e makemake ʻo Desulfovibrio i ke kaiapuni o nā huahana pala i hana ʻia, ʻoiai ʻaʻole lākou e hoʻopilikia i ka pala i nā pae mua o ka pala.
Ua loaʻa nā bacteria hoʻemi Fe(III) (RRB), e like me Geobacter lāua ʻo Geothrix, i loko o nā huahana pala i nā pae waena o ka pala (6 a me 14 mau mahina), akā ʻoi aku ka nui o nā pae hope (22 mau mahina) o ka pala i loko o lākou. haʻahaʻa loa (Kiʻi 7c, eh). Ua hōʻike like ka genus Sideroxydans me nā waiwai oxidation Fe(II) i kahi ʻano like (Kiʻi 7f), no laila ʻoi aku ka nui o ka FeOB, IRB, a me SRB i nā laʻana i pala. Hōʻike ikaika kēia e pili ana nā loli i loko o kēia mau kaiāulu microbial me ka holomua o ka pala.
I loko o ke kila me ka 9% Cr i ʻānai ʻia ma hope o 3, 14 a me 22 mau mahina, ua ʻike ʻia kahi hapa nui o nā lālā o ka ʻohana Beggiatoacea (8.5–19.6%), hiki ke hōʻike i nā waiwai sulfur oxidizing, a ua ʻike ʻia nā sideroxidans (8.4–13.7%) (Kiʻi 1). ). 7i) Eia kekahi, ua loaʻa ʻo Thiomonas, kahi bacteria sulfur oxidizing (SOB), i nā helu kiʻekiʻe (3.4% a me 8.8%) i 3 a me 14 mau mahina. I ka hoʻohālikelike ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia nā bacteria nitrate-reducing Nitrospira (12.9%) i nā laʻana ʻaʻole i ʻānai ʻia he 6 mahina. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi kahi hapa nui o Nitrospira i loko o nā biofilms ma ke kila kila ma hope o ke kuʻi ʻana (Kiʻi 7j,k). No laila, ua like nā kaiāulu microbial o nā kila 9% Cr i ʻānai ʻia he 1 a me 6 mahina me nā mea i loko o nā biofilms kila kila. Eia kekahi, ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial o ke kila 9% Cr i popopo i 3, 14 a me 22 mau mahina mai nā huahana popopo o nā kila kalapona a me ka chromium haʻahaʻa a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia.
ʻOi aku ka lohi o ka ulu ʻana o ka pala i loko o ka wai maʻemaʻe ma mua o ka wai kai no ka mea ʻo ka nui o nā ion chloride e hoʻopilikia i ka pala o ka metala. Eia nō naʻe, hiki i kekahi mau kila kila ke pala i loko o nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe38,39. Eia kekahi, ua kānalua mua ʻia ʻo MIC ʻoiai ua ʻike mua ʻia nā mea pala i loko o ka loko wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi. I nā haʻawina hoʻoluʻu lōʻihi, ua ʻike ʻia nā ʻano like ʻole o ka pala, ʻekolu ʻano o nā kaiāulu microbial, a me kahi loli i nā kaiāulu microbial i nā huahana pala.
ʻO ke ʻano wai maʻemaʻe i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia noiʻi he pahu pani no ka wai loea i lawe ʻia mai kahi muliwai me kahi ʻano kemika paʻa a me ka loli kau i ka mahana wai mai 9 a 23 °C. No laila, hiki ke pili nā loli kau i nā kaiāulu microbial i loko o nā laʻana wai me nā loli o ka mahana. Eia kekahi, ua ʻokoʻa iki ke kaiāulu microbial i loko o ka wai loko mai ka wai i hoʻokomo ʻia (Kiʻi 5b). Ke hoʻololi mau ʻia nei ka wai i loko o ka loko ma muli o ke kahe ʻana. No laila, ua noho ʻo DO ma ~8.2 ppm ʻoiai ma nā hohonu waena ma waena o ka ʻili o ke kīʻaha a me ka lalo. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, pono ke anaerobic ke kaiapuni o ka sediment, no ka mea, noho ia a noho ma lalo o ka waihona, a ʻo ka flora microbial i loko (e like me CRP) pono e ʻokoʻa hoʻi mai ka flora microbial i loko o ka wai (Kiʻi 6). ʻOiai ua mamao aku nā coupons i loko o ka loko mai nā sediments, ua hōʻike wale ʻia lākou i ka wai hou i ka wā o nā haʻawina hoʻoluʻu ma lalo o nā kūlana aerobic.
Loaʻa ka palaho maʻamau i ke kila kalapona, ke kila chromium haʻahaʻa, a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia i nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe (Kiʻi 1) no ka mea ʻaʻole kūpaʻa kēia mau mea i ka palaho. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka palaho (0.13 mm yr-1) ma lalo o nā kūlana wai maʻemaʻe abiotic ma mua o nā haʻawina mua40 (0.04 mm yr-1) a ua like ia me ka helu palaho (0.02–0.76 mm yr-1) i ke alo o nā microorganism 1) ʻOi like me nā kūlana wai maʻemaʻe40,41,42. ʻO kēia helu palaho wikiwiki kahi ʻano o MIC.
Eia kekahi, ma hope o 22 mau mahina o ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana, ua ʻike ʻia ka pala kūloko i loko o kekahi mau metala ma lalo o nā huahana pala (Kiʻi 3). ʻOi aku ka wikiwiki o ka nui o ka pala kūloko i ʻike ʻia ma ASTM A179 ma kahi o ʻelima mau manawa ma mua o ka pala maʻamau. Ua ʻike ʻia hoʻi kēia ʻano pala ʻē aʻe a me ka wikiwiki o ka pala i ka pala e hana ʻia ana ma ka mea like. No laila, ʻo ka hoʻokomo ʻia ʻana i loko o kēia haʻawina e hōʻike ana i ka pala i ka hana.
Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ʻo ke kila 9% Cr i hōʻike i ka pala koʻikoʻi loa, me ka hohonu o ka pala o >1.2 mm, ʻo ia hoʻi he MIC ma muli o ka pala wikiwiki a me ke ʻano ʻē o ka pala. Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ʻo ke kila 9% Cr i hōʻike i ka pala koʻikoʻi loa, me ka hohonu o ka pala o >1.2 mm, ʻo ia hoʻi he MIC ma muli o ka pala wikiwiki a me ke ʻano ʻē o ka pala. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозтои> 1,2 м, м, является МИК из-за ускоренной коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Ma waena o nā metala i nānā ʻia, ʻo ke kila me 9% Cr i hōʻike i ka pala koʻikoʻi loa me ka hohonu pala >1.2 mm, ʻo ia paha ka MIC ma muli o ka pala wikiwiki a me kahi ʻano ʻē o ka pala.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最为严重，腐蚀深度>1.2 mm，由于加速腐蚀和异常腐蚀形式，很可能是MIC。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мо, скоре, скоре ускоренных и аномальных форм коррозии. Ma waena o nā metala i aʻo ʻia, ʻo ke kila me 9% Cr ka mea i ʻino loa, me ka hohonu o ka ʻino o >1.2 mm, ʻo MIC paha ma muli o nā ʻano ʻino i wikiwiki ʻia a me nā ʻano ʻē.Ma muli o ka hoʻohana ʻia ʻana o ke kila 9% Cr i nā noi wela kiʻekiʻe, ua aʻo mua ʻia kāna ʻano palaho43,44 akā ʻaʻohe MIC i hōʻike mua ʻia no kēia metala. ʻOiai he nui nā microorganisms, koe wale nō nā hyperthermophiles, ʻaʻole hana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe (>100 °C), hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka MIC i loko o ke kila 9% Cr i ia mau hihia. ʻOiai he nui nā microorganisms, koe wale nō nā hyperthermophiles, ʻaʻole hana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe (>100 °C), hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka MIC i loko o ke kila 9% Cr i ia mau hihia. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной колед (>10ред) с 9% Cr в таких случаях можно не учитывать. ʻOiai he nui nā microorganisms, koe wale nō nā hyperthermophiles, ʻaʻole hana i kahi mahana kiʻekiʻe (>100°C), hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka MIC i ke kila me 9% Cr i ia mau hihia.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在这种不情在这种不情又这种不情双跃Cr 钢中的MIC. 9% Cr (>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемператных (>1КМ0 °C) в стали с 9% Cr в данном случае можно не учитывать. ʻOiai ʻaʻole hōʻike nā microorganism he nui, koe wale nō nā hyperthermophiles, i ka hana ma nā wahi wela kiʻekiʻe (>100 °C), hiki ke hoʻowahāwahā ʻia ka MIC i ke kila me 9% Cr i kēia hihia.Eia nō naʻe, i ka wā e hoʻohana ʻia ai ke kila 9% Cr i kahi mahana waena, pono e hana ʻia nā ʻano hana like ʻole e hōʻemi i ka MIC.
Ua ʻike ʻia nā kaiāulu microbial like ʻole a me kā lākou mau loli i nā waihona o nā mea i pala ʻole a me nā huahana pala i loko o nā biofilms i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka wai, me ka hoʻonui ʻia o ka pala (Kiʻi 5-7), e hōʻike ikaika ana he microphone kēia pala. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi 3-ʻanuʻu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana microbial kai ma luna o 6 mo, kahi e hiki ai i ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia e ka SRB i hoʻonui ʻia ke kōkua hope loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana o SOB. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi 3-ʻanuʻu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o kahi ʻōnaehana microbial kai ma luna o 6 mo, i ka wā e hiki ai i ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia e ka SRB i hoʻonui ʻia ke lua ke kōkua hope loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana o SOB. Ramirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 мескоц сероводород, образующийся при вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi ʻekolu-kahua (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana microbial kai ma luna o 6 mau mahina, kahi e hiki ai i ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia mai ka hoʻonui lua ʻana o SRB ke kōkua hope loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana o SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB)，其中二次富集SRB 产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集。Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 步 说转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) ， 其中 次 察 盆可能 最终 有助于 sob 的富集。 Ramirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 меся сероводород, образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обог SOBще. Ua hōʻike ʻo Ramirez et al.13 i kahi hoʻololi ʻekolu-ʻanuʻu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) i loko o ka ʻōnaehana microbial kai ma luna o 6 mau mahina, kahi e hiki ai i ka hydrogen sulfide i hana ʻia mai ka hoʻonui lua ʻana o SRB ke kōkua hope loa i ka hoʻonui ʻana o SOB.Ua hōʻike ʻo McBeth lāua ʻo Emerson36 i ka hoʻonui mua ʻana ma FeOB. Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o FeOB i ka wā mua o ka palaho ma kēia haʻawina, akā ua loli nā microbial me ka holomua o ka palaho i ʻike ʻia ma ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr kila a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ma luna o 22 mo ʻo ia ʻo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Nā Kiʻi 7 a me 8). Pēlā nō, ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o FeOB i ka wā mua o ka palaho ma kēia haʻawina, akā ua loli nā microbial me ka holomua o ka palaho i ʻike ʻia ma ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr kila a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ma luna o 22 mo ʻo ia ʻo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Nā Kiʻi 7 a me 8). Точно так же в этом исследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные измронмение коррозии, наблюдаемые в углеродистых и 1% и 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представлобют > ORB. a 8). Pēlā nō, ma kēia haʻawina ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻia ʻana o FeOB i kahi pae mua o ka pala, akā ʻike ʻia nā loli microbial i ka holomua ʻana o ka pala, i ʻike ʻia i loko o ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr kila a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ma luna o 22 mau mahina, ʻo ia ʻo FeOB => IRB => SRB (Nā Kiʻi 7 a me 8).同样，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB 的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及越越个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）。同样 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 ， 但 碳 和 和 1% 和 2.25% Cr 2.25% Cr的 铸铁 中 到 的 微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）。 Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиемяч наблюдаемые в углеродистых и 1% и 2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (a. 7). Pēlā nō, ua ʻike ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o FeOB i nā pae mua o ka palaho ma kēia haʻawina, akā ʻo nā loli microbiological i ʻike ʻia i ke kalapona a me 1% a me 2.25% Cr kila a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia ma luna o 22 mau mahina he FeOB => IRB => SRB (Kiʻi 7 a me 8).Hiki i nā SRB ke hōʻiliʻili maʻalahi i nā wahi kai ma muli o ke kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka ion sulfate, akā ua hoʻopaneʻe ʻia ko lākou hoʻonui ʻana i nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe e nā haʻahaʻa o ka nui o ka ion sulfate. Ua hōʻike pinepine ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o SRB i loko o ka wai kai10,12,45.
ʻO ke kalapona organik a me ka naikokene ma o ka metabolism ikehu e pili ana iā Fe(II) i ka hao oxide (nā pūnaewele ʻulaʻula [Dechloromonas sp.] a me nā pūnaewele ʻōmaʻomaʻo [Sideroxydans sp.]) a me nā bacteria hoʻemi Fe(III) (nā pūnaewele hina [Geothrix sp. a me Geobacter sp. ]) i ka wā mua o ka palaho, a laila nā bacteria hoʻemi sulfate anaerobic (SRP) a me nā microorganism heterotrophic e hoʻonui i ke kahua makua o ka palaho ma ka hoʻopau ʻana i nā mea organik i hōʻiliʻili ʻia. b Nā loli i nā kaiāulu microbial ma nā metala pale i ka palaho. ʻO nā pūnaewele poni, uliuli, melemele, a me ke keʻokeʻo e hōʻike ana i nā bacteria mai nā ʻohana Comamonadaceae, Nitrospira sp., Beggiatoacea, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe.
E pili ana i nā loli i ke kaiāulu microbial a me ka hoʻonui ʻana o SRB, he mea koʻikoʻi ʻo FeOB i ka wā mua o ka corrosion, a hiki iā Dechloromonas ke loaʻa i ko lākou ikehu ulu mai ka oxidation Fe (II). Hiki i nā microorganism ke ola i loko o nā media e loaʻa ana nā trace elements, akā ʻaʻole lākou e ulu nui. Eia nō naʻe, ʻo ka loko wai i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina he kīʻaha kahe, me ka inflow o 20 m3 / h, kahi e hoʻolako mau ai i nā trace elements e loaʻa ana nā ions inorganic. I nā wā mua o ka corrosion, hoʻokuʻu ʻia nā ions ferrous mai ke kila kalapona a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia, a hoʻohana nā FeOB (e like me Dechloromonas) iā lākou ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu. Pono e loaʻa nā nui trace o ke kalapona, phosphate a me ka nitrogen e pono ai no ka ulu ʻana o nā cell i loko o ka wai hana ma ke ʻano o nā mea organik a me nā mea inorganic. No laila, i loko o kēia kaiapuni wai maʻemaʻe, hoʻonui mua ʻia ʻo FeOB ma nā ʻili metala e like me ke kila kalapona a me ka hao i hoʻolei ʻia. Ma hope mai, hiki i nā IRB ke ulu a hoʻohana i nā mea organik a me nā oxides hao ma ke ʻano he kumu ikehu a me nā mea hoʻokipa electron terminal, kēlā me kēia. I nā huahana corrosion makua, pono e hana ʻia nā kūlana anaerobic i hoʻonui ʻia me ka nitrogen ma muli o ka metabolism o FeOB a me IRB. No laila, hiki i ka SRB ke ulu koke a pani iā ​​FeOB a me IRB (Kiʻi 8a).
I kēia mau lā iho nei, ua hōʻike ʻo Tang et al. i ka pala o ke kila kila e Geobacter ferroreducens i nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe ma muli o ka hoʻoili pololei ʻana o ka electron mai ka hao i nā microbes46. Ke noʻonoʻo nei i ka EMIC, he mea koʻikoʻi ka hāʻawi ʻana o nā microorganism me nā waiwai EET. ʻO SRB, FeOB, a me IRB nā ʻano microbial nui i nā huahana pala i kēia haʻawina, pono e loaʻa nā ʻano EET. No laila, hiki i kēia mau microorganism electrochemically active ke hāʻawi i ka pala ma o EET, a loli ke ʻano o ko lākou kaiāulu ma lalo o ka mana o nā ʻano ionic like ʻole i ka wā e hoʻokumu ʻia ai nā huahana pala. I ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, ʻokoʻa ke kaiāulu microbial i ke kila me 9% Cr mai nā kila ʻē aʻe (Kiʻi 8b). Ma hope o 14 mau mahina, me ka hoʻonui ʻana me FeOB, e like me Sideroxydans, SOB47Beggiatoacea, a me Thiomonas i hoʻonui ʻia (Kiʻi 7i). He ʻokoʻa loa kēia hoʻololi mai nā mea pala ʻē aʻe, e like me ke kila kalapona, a hiki ke hoʻohuli ʻia e nā ions waiwai chromium i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka wā pala. ʻO ka mea nui, ʻaʻole wale nā ​​​​​​waiwai oxidizing sulfur a Thiomonas, akā ʻo nā waiwai oxidizing Fe(II), kahi ʻōnaehana EET, a me ka hoʻomanawanui metala kaumaha48,49. Hiki ke hoʻonui ʻia lākou ma muli o ka hana oxidative o Fe(II) a/a i ʻole ka hoʻohana pololei ʻana i nā electrons metala. Ma kahi noiʻi mua, ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o Beggiatoacea i nā biofilms ma Cu me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻōnaehana nānā biofilm discontinuous, e hōʻike ana he kūpaʻa paha kēia mau bacteria i nā metala ʻawahia e like me Cu a me Cr. Eia nō naʻe, ʻaʻole ʻike ʻia ke kumu ikehu e pono ai ʻo Beggiatoacea e ulu i kēia wahi.
Hōʻike kēia haʻawina i nā loli i nā kaiāulu microbial i ka wā o ka pala i nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe. I loko o ke kaiapuni like, ua ʻokoʻa nā kaiāulu microbial i ke ʻano o ka metala. Eia kekahi, hōʻoia kā mākou mau hopena i ke koʻikoʻi o FeOB i nā pae mua o ka pala, ʻoiai ʻo ka metabolism ikehu microbial e hilinaʻi ana i ka hao e paipai i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o kahi kaiapuni waiwai i makemake ʻia e nā microorganism ʻē aʻe e like me SRB. I mea e hōʻemi ai i ka MIC i nā wahi wai maʻemaʻe, pono e kaupalena ʻia ka hoʻonui ʻana o FeOB a me IRB.
ʻEiwa mau metala i hoʻohana ʻia ma kēia haʻawina a ua hana ʻia i loko o nā poloka o 50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (mānoanoa no ke kila ASTM 395 a me 1%, 2.25% a me 9% Cr: 5 mm; mānoanoa no ASTM A283 a me ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 a me Type 304 a me 316 Stainless Steel, mānoanoa: 1mm), me ʻelua mau lua 4mm. Ua hoʻopili ʻia nā kila chromium me ka pepa one a ua hoʻopili ʻia nā metala ʻē aʻe me ka pepa one 600 grit ma mua o ke kuʻi ʻana. Ua sonicated ʻia nā laʻana a pau me ka 99.5% ethanol, hoʻomaloʻo ʻia a kaupaona ʻia. Ua hoʻohana ʻia he ʻumi mau laʻana o kēlā me kēia metala no ka helu ʻana i ka nui o ka corrosion a me ka nānā ʻana i ka microbiome. Ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia kēlā me kēia laʻana ma ke ʻano alapiʻi me nā koʻokoʻo PTFE a me nā spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Kiʻi Hoʻohui 2).
ʻO ka nui o ka loko wai he 1100 mika cubic a ʻo ka hohonu ma kahi o 4 mika. ʻO ke kahe ʻana o ka wai he 20 m3 h-1, ua hoʻokuʻu ʻia ke kahe ʻana, a ʻaʻole i loli ke ʻano o ka wai i kēlā me kēia kau (Kiʻi Hoʻohui 3). Ua hoʻohaʻahaʻa ʻia ke alapiʻi laʻana ma luna o kahi uea kila 3 m i kau ʻia ma waenakonu o ka pahu. Ua wehe ʻia ʻelua mau seti o nā alapiʻi mai ka loko wai i ka 1, 3, 6, 14 a me 22 mau mahina. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana mai kekahi alapiʻi e ana i ka pohō kaumaha a helu i nā helu palaho, ʻoiai ua hoʻohana ʻia nā laʻana mai kekahi alapiʻi ʻē aʻe no ka nānā ʻana i ka microbiome. Ua ana ʻia ka oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i loko o ka pahu hoʻoluʻu kokoke i ka ʻili a me lalo, a ma waenakonu hoʻi, me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi sensor oxygen i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Ua wehe ʻia nā huahana pala a me nā biofilms ma nā laʻana ma ke kahakaha ʻana me kahi scraper plastik a i ʻole ka holoi ʻana me kahi swab pulupulu, a laila hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻia i ka 99.5% ethanol me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi ʻauʻau ultrasonic. A laila ua hoʻokomo ʻia nā laʻana i loko o ka hopena o Clark e like me ASTM G1-0351. Ua kaupaona ʻia nā laʻana a pau ma hope o ka pau ʻana o ka maloʻo ʻana. E helu i ka helu pala (mm/yr) no kēlā me kēia laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēia ʻano hana:
kahi ʻo K he kūpaʻa (8.76 × 104), ʻo T ka manawa hōʻike (h), ʻo A ka huina ʻili (cm2), ʻo W ka pohō nuipa (g), ʻo D ka nui (g cm–3).
Ma hope o ke kaupaona ʻana i nā laʻana, ua loaʻa nā kiʻi 3D o kekahi mau laʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi microscope laser ana 3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Iapana).