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Kwiindawo ezihlala amanzi acocekileyo, ukubola okukhawulezayo kwekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi ezingenasici kuhlala kubonwa. Uphononongo lweenyanga ezingama-22 lokuntywila kwitanki yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo lwenziwe apha kusetyenziswa amanqanaba alithoba entsimbi. Ukukhawuleza kwe-corrosion kwabonwa kwi-carbon kunye ne-chromium steels kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo, ngelixa kwinsimbi engenasici akukho konakala okubonakalayo kwabonwa nangemva kweenyanga ze-22. Uhlalutyo lwe-microbial community lubonise ukuba ngexesha lokubola okuqhelekileyo, iibhaktheriya ze-Fe (II) -i-oxidizing zaye zatyetyiswa kwinqanaba lokuqala le-corrosion, i-Fe (III) -ukunciphisa ibhaktheriya, kwinqanaba lokuphuhliswa kwe-corrosion, kunye neebhaktheriya zokunciphisa i-sulfate, kwinqanaba le-corrosion. isigaba kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokubola kwemveliso. Ngokuchasene noko, iibhaktheriya ze-Beggiatocaea bezininzi kakhulu kwintsimbi kunye ne-9% ye-Cr ephantsi kwe-corrosion yendawo. Oku kuqulunqwa koluntu lwe microbial kwakhona kwahluka kwezo zisemanzini kunye neesampulu zentlenga esezantsi. Ngaloo ndlela, njengoko i-corrosion iqhubela phambili, uluntu lwe-microbial lutshintsha kakhulu, kwaye i-metabolism yamandla e-iron-exhomekeke kwi-microbial idala indawo enokuthi ityebise ezinye ii-microorganisms.
Isinyithi sinokonakala kwaye sidle ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo zomzimba kunye neekhemikhali zokusingqongileyo ezifana ne-pH, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-ion. Iimeko ze-Acidic, ubushushu obuphezulu kunye nokugxilwa kwekloridi ngokukodwa kuchaphazela ukubola kweentsimbi1,2,3. I-Microorganisms kwindawo yendalo kunye neyakhiweyo zihlala zinefuthe ekunxiweni kunye nokubola kwesinyithi, ukuziphatha okubonakaliswe kwi-microbial corrosion (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. I-MIC idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo ezifana nemibhobho yangaphakathi kunye neetanki zokugcina, kwiintsimbi zetsimbi, kunye nomhlaba, apho ibonakala ngokukhawuleza kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ke ngoko, ukubekwa esweni kunye nokufunyanwa kwangoko kwe-MICs kunzima kakhulu, ke uhlalutyo lwe-MIC luhlala luqhutywa emva kokuhlwa. Uphando oluninzi lwe-MIC luye lwabikwa apho iibhaktheriya zokunciphisa i-sulfate (SRB) zifumaneka rhoqo kwiimveliso ze-corrosion9,10,11,12,13. Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba ii-SRBs zinegalelo ekuqaliseni ukubola, ekubeni ukufumanisa kwabo kusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwe-post-corrosion.
Kungekudala, ngaphezu kwe-iodine-oxidizing ibhaktheriya21, ii-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo ze-iron-degrading ziye zabikwa, njenge-iron-degrading SRB14, i-methanogens15,16,17, i-nitrate-reducing bacteria18, i-iron-oxidizing bacteria19 kunye ne-acetogens20. Phantsi kweemeko zelebhu ye-anaerobic okanye i-microaerobic, uninzi lwazo ludla i-zero-valent iron kunye ne-carbon steel. Ukongeza, iindlela zabo zokubola zibonisa ukuba i-iron-corrosive methanogens kunye ne-SRBs zikhuthaza ukubola ngokuvuna ii-electron kwi-null-valent iron usebenzisa i-extracellular hydrogenases kunye ne-multiheme cytochromes, ngokulandelanayo22,23. Ii-MIC zihlulwe zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i) ikhemikhali ye-MIC (CMIC), i-corrosion engathanga ngqo ngeentlobo eziveliswa yi-microbially, kunye (ii) ne-MIC yombane (i-EMIC), e-corrosion ngokuthe ngqo ngokuchithwa kwe-electron ye-metal24. I-EMIC eququzelelwa yi-extracellular electron transfer (EET) inomdla omkhulu kuba ii-microorganisms ezineempawu ze-EET zibangela ukubola okukhawulezayo kune-non-EET microorganisms. Nangona impendulo yokunciphisa izinga le-CMIC phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic yimveliso ye-H2 ngokunciphisa iproton (H +), i-EMIC iqhubela phambili nge-EET metabolism, ezimeleyo kwimveliso ye-H2. Indlela ye-EET kwii-microorganisms ezahlukeneyo ihambelana nokusebenza kwe-microbial cellular fuel kunye ne-electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zenkcubeko yezi ntsholongwane zitshabalalisayo zahlukile kwezo zikwimo engqongileyo yendalo, ayicacanga ukuba ezi nkqubo ziqwalaselweyo ze-microbial corrosion process zibonisa umhlwa xa usebenza. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukujonga indlela ye-MIC eyenziwa zezi microorganisms ezitshabalalisayo kwindawo yendalo.
Ukuphuhliswa kweteknoloji yokulandelelanisa i-DNA kuye kwaququzelela ukufundwa kweenkcukacha zoluntu lwe-microbial kwindawo yendalo kunye neyokwenziwa, umzekelo, iphrofayili ye-microbial esekelwe kwi-16S rRNA ukulandelelana kwemfuza usebenzisa i-sequencers yesizukulwana esitsha isetyenziswe kwintsimi ye-microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Uphando oluninzi lwe-MIC luye lwapapashwa oluneenkcukacha zoluntu lwe-microbial emhlabeni kunye neendawo zaselwandle13,33,34,35,36. Ukongeza kwi-SRB, ukutyetyiswa kwi-Fe (II) -oxidizing (FeOB) kunye ne-nitrifying bacteria kwiisampuli zokubola, umz. FeOB, njenge-Gallionella spp. kunye ne-Dechloromonas spp., kunye neebhaktheriya ezenza i-nitrifying, njenge-Nitrospira, nayo iye yaxelwa. spp., kwiCarbon kunye neentsimbi ezinobhedu kwimidiya yomhlaba33. Ngokufanayo, kwindawo yolwandle, i-colonization ekhawulezayo ye-iron-oxidizing ibhakteria ehlala kwiiklasi ze-Zetaproteobacteria kunye ne-Betaproteobacteria ziye zabonwa kwiiveki ezimbalwa kwi-carbon steel 36. Ezi nkcukacha zibonisa igalelo lezi microorganisms kwi-corrosion. Nangona kunjalo, kuphononongo oluninzi, ixesha kunye namaqela ovavanyo anqongophele, kwaye kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokutshintsha koluntu lwe-microbial ngexesha lomhlwa.
Apha, siphonononga ii-MICs ze-carbon steel, i-chromium steel, intsimbi engatyiwa, kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo kusetyenziswa izifundo zokuntywiliselwa kwindawo ejikeleze amanzi acocekileyo anembali yeziganeko ze-MIC. Iisampulu zithathwe kwi-1, 3, 6, 14 kunye neenyanga ze-22 kwaye izinga lokubola kwentsimbi nganye kunye nenxalenye ye-microbial yafundwa. Iziphumo zethu zibonelela ngengqiqo kwixesha elide lokuguquguquka koluntu lwe-microbial ngexesha lokubola.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiThebhile 1, iintsimbi ezilithoba zisetyenzisiwe kolu phononongo. Iisampulu ezilishumi zemathiriyeli nganye zantywiliselwa echibini lamanzi acocekileyo. Inkqubo umgangatho wamanzi umi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm kunye pH 7.4. I-oksijini enyibilikileyo (DO) yoxinaniso ezantsi kweleli yesampulu yayimalunga ne-8.2 ppm kwaye ubushushu bamanzi busuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-23 ° C ngexesha lonyaka.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, emva kwenyanga eyi-1 yokuntywiliselwa kwi-ASTM A283, i-ASTM A109 Condition #4/5, i-ASTM A179, kunye ne-ASTM A395 yendawo yentsimbi ephonsiweyo, iimveliso ze-corrosion ezimdaka zabonwa kumphezulu we-carbon steel ngendlela ye-corrosion jikelele. Ukulahlekelwa kwesisindo sale mizekelo kwanda ngexesha (iTheyibhile eyoNgezelelweyo 1) kwaye izinga lokubola laliyi-0.13-0.16 mm ngonyaka (umzobo 2). Ngokufanayo, ukubola okuqhelekileyo kuye kwabonwa kwiintsimbi ezinomxholo ophantsi we-Cr (i-1% kunye ne-2.25%) kunye nezinga lokubola malunga ne-0.13 mm / yr (Amanani 1 kunye ne-2). Ngokwahlukileyo, intsimbi ene-9% yeCr ibonisa umhlwa owenzeka kwizithuba ezenziwe ziigaskiti. Izinga lokubola kwesi sampulu malunga ne-0.02 mm / ngonyaka, ephantsi kakhulu kuneyentsimbi kunye ne-corrosion jikelele. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-stainless steels uhlobo-304 kunye ne-316 ibonisa ukuba akukho monakalo obonakalayo, kunye namazinga okuqikelelwa kwe-corrosion <0.001 mm y-1. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-stainless steels uhlobo-304 kunye ne-316 ibonisa ukuba akukho konakala okubonakalayo, kunye namazinga okukhawuleza okuqikelelwa <0.001 mm y-1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет мм0, 0,0. Ngokwahlukileyo, Iindidi ze-304 kunye ne-316 zensimbi ezingenasici zibonisa ukuba akukho monakalo obonakalayo, kunye nomlinganiselo oqikelelwayo we-corrosion <0.001 mm / ngonyaka.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Ngokwahlukileyo, uhlobo lwe-304 kunye ne-316 i-stainless steels alubonisi ukubola okubonakalayo kunye neqondo lokurhweba lokuyila <0.001 mm / ngonyaka.
Kuboniswa imifanekiso ye-macroscopic yesampulu nganye (ubude obuyi-50 mm× ububanzi obuyi-20 mm) phambi nasemva kokuhla. imitha eyi-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr; 3C intsimbi, 2.25% Cr intsimbi; intsimbi 9C, intsimbi 9% Cr; I-S6, i-316 insimbi engenasici; S8, uhlobo 304 steel stainless.
Izinga lokubola libalwe kusetyenziswa ukulahleka kwesisindo kunye nexesha lokucwiliswa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, lukhuni 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr, 3 C, intsimbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, intsimbi 9% Cr, S6, uhlobo 316 intsimbi stainless; S8, uhlobo 304 steel stainless.
Kwikhiwane. I-1 iphinda ibonise ukuba iimveliso ze-corrosion ye-carbon steel, i-Cr ephantsi yensimbi kunye nentsimbi yokuphosa iphuhlisa ngakumbi emva kokucwiliswa kweenyanga ezi-3. Izinga lokutya lilonke liye lehla kancinci ukuya kwi-0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/ngonyaka emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongeza, izinga lokubola kwe-2.25% yentsimbi ye-Cr yayingaphantsi kancinci kunezinye iisampuli ezigqwesiweyo, ezibonisa ukuba i-Cr inokuthintela ukubola. Ukongeza kwi-corrosion jikelele, ngokutsho kwe-ASTM A179, i-corrosion yendawo yabonwa emva kweenyanga ze-22 kunye nobunzulu bomhlwa malunga ne-700 µm (umzobo 3). Izinga le-corrosion yendawo, elibalwe ngokusebenzisa ubunzulu be-corrosion kunye nexesha lokucwiliswa, ngu-0.38 mm / yr, malunga namaxesha angama-5 ngokukhawuleza kunokutshatyalaliswa ngokubanzi. Izinga lokutya kwe-ASTM A395 ingxubevange inokujongelwa phantsi njengoko iimveliso zomhlwa zingasisusi ngokupheleleyo isikali emva kweenyanga ezili-14 okanye ezingama-22 zokuntywiliselwa emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kufuneka ube mncinci. Ukongeza, imingxunya emincinci emininzi yabonwa kwintsimbi yechromium edlekileyo.
Umfanekiso ogcweleyo (ibar yesikali: 10 mm) kunye nokuthotywa kwendawo (isikali sobukhulu: 500 µm) ye-ASTM A179 kunye ne-9% yentsimbi ye-Cr kubunzulu obukhulu kusetyenziswa i-3D yokujonga imicroscope yelaser. Izangqa ezibomvu kumfanekiso opheleleyo zibonisa umhlwa olinganisiweyo wendawo. Umbono opheleleyo wensimbi ye-9% ye-Cr ukusuka kwicala elingasemva iboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwifig. I-2, yentsimbi ene-9% ye-Cr, akukho konakala kwabonwa phakathi kweenyanga ezi-3-14, kwaye izinga lokubola laliyi-zero. Nangona kunjalo, i-corrosion yendawo yabonwa emva kweenyanga ze-22 (umzobo 3) kunye nezinga lokubola kwe-0.04 mm / yr kubalwa ngokusebenzisa ukulahleka kwesisindo. Obona bukhulu bobunzulu bomhlwa bendawo yi-1260 µm kunye nezinga lokuthotywa kwendawo eliqikelelwa kusetyenziswa ubunzulu bomhlwa kunye nexesha lokuntywiliselwa (iinyanga ezingama-22) yi-0.68 mm/ngonyaka. Ngenxa yokuba eyona ndawo iqala kuyo umhlwa ayaziwa, izinga lokutya linokuba phezulu.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho mhlwa obonakalayo obonwe kwintsimbi engenasici nasemva kweenyanga ezingama-22 zokuntywiliselwa. Nangona iinqununu ezimbalwa ezimdaka zabonwa phezu komhlaba ngaphambi kokuhla (umzobo 1), zazifakwe ngobuthathaka kwaye zazingeyimveliso ye-corrosion. Kuba intsimbi iphinda ivele kumphezulu wentsimbi emva kokuba isikali sisusiwe, izinga lokurhweba liyi-zero.
Ukulandelelana kwe-Amplicon kuye kwenziwa ukuze kuqondwe ukungafani kunye nokuguquguquka koluntu lwe-microbial ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiimveliso zokubola kunye ne-biofilms kwiindawo zetsimbi, emanzini kunye ne-sediments. Kufunyenwe ukufundwa kwe-4,160,012 iyonke, uluhlu lwama-31,328 ukuya kwi-124,183 lufundwe.
I-indices ye-Shannon yeesampuli zamanzi ezithathwe emanzini kunye namachibi avela kwi-5.47 ukuya kwi-7.45 (umzobo 4a). Ekubeni amanzi omlambo abuyiselweyo esetyenziswa njengamanzi emizi-mveliso, uluntu lwe-microbial lungatshintsha ngamaxesha onyaka. Ngokwahlukileyo, isalathiso se-Shannon yeesampulu zentlenga esezantsi yayimalunga ne-9, engaphezulu kakhulu kunesampulu zamanzi. Ngokufanayo, iisampulu zamanzi zinezalathisi ezisezantsi ezibaliweyo ze-Chao1 kwaye ziqwalaselwe iiyunithi zetaxonomic zokusebenza (OTUs) kunesampulu zentlenga (umzobo 4b, c). Ezi zintlukwano zibalulekile ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lwe-Tukey-Kramer; i-p-values ​​<0.01, i-Fig. 4d), ebonisa ukuba uluntu lwe-microbial kwiisampuli ze-sediment lunzima ngakumbi kunezo kwiisampuli zamanzi. Ezi zintlukwano zibalulekile ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lwe-Tukey-Kramer; i-p-values ​​<0.01, i-Fig. 4d), ebonisa ukuba uluntu lwe-microbial kwiisampuli ze-sediment ziyinkimbinkimbi kunezo kwiisampuli zamanzi. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает значимы отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Ezi zintlukwano zibalulekile ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lwe-Tukey-Kramer; ixabiso le-p <0.01, i-Fig. 4d), ebonisa ukuba uluntu lwe-microbial kwiisampuli ze-sediment lunzima ngakumbi kuneesampuli zamanzi.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01, 图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂.3群落更。。。。. Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, что мико программы. образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Ezi zintlukwano zibaluleke kakhulu (uvavanyo lwe-Tukey-Kramer; ixabiso le-p-value <0.01, i-Fig. 4d), ebonisa ukuba uluntu lwe-microbial kwiisampuli ze-sediment lwalunzima ngakumbi kuneesampuli zamanzi.Ekubeni amanzi akwisitya sokuphuphumayo ahlala ehlaziywa kwaye intlenga ihleli phantsi kwesitya ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka komatshini, lo mahluko kwiyantlukwano ye-microbial kufuneka ibonise i-ecosystem kwi-basin.
isalathiso seShannon, b Iyunithi yetaxonomic yokusebenza eqatshelweyo (OTU), kunye ne-c Chao1 isalathisi sokuthatha (n=6) kunye nesitya (n=5) Amanzi, intlenga (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Ubushushu #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: N=5) (B: ​​n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5) n = 5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) kunye ne-9% (9 C: n = 5) I-Cr-steels, kunye nohlobo lwe-316 (S6: n = 5) kunye -304 (S8: n = 5) iintsimbi ezingenasici ziboniswa njengebhokisi-shadi kunye neetshathi ze-whisker. d p-amaxabiso e-Shannon kunye ne-Chao1 indices efunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-ANOVA kunye ne-Tukey-Kramer yovavanyo lothelekiso oluninzi. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele izibini ezine-p-values ​​<0.05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele izibini ezinamaxabiso e-p <0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele izibini ezinamaxabiso e-p <0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele izibini ezinamaxabiso e-p <0.05.Umgca ophakathi kwebhokisi, phezulu kunye nezantsi kwebhokisi, kunye ne-whiskers imele i-median, i-25th kunye ne-75th percentiles, kunye nobuncinci kunye namaxabiso aphezulu, ngokulandelanayo.
I-indices ye-Shannon ye-carbon steel, i-chromium ephantsi yentsimbi, kunye nentsimbi etyhidiweyo yayifana nezo zesampuli zamanzi (umzobo 4a). Ngokwahlukileyo, i-indices ye-Shannon yeesampuli ze-stainless-steel ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo ze-corroded steels (i-p-values ​​<0.05, i-Fig. 4d) kunye nokufana ne-sediments. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-indices ye-Shannon yeesampuli ze-stainless-steel ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo ze-corrod steels (i-p-values ​​<0.05, i-Fig. 4d) kwaye ifana nezo ze-sediments. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, другий), другий отложений. Ngokwahlukileyo, i-indices ye-Shannon ye-stainless steel specimens iphezulu kakhulu kunezo ze-corrod steels (i-p-values ​​<0.05, i-Fig. 4d) kwaye ifana ne-indices yediphozithi.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05 Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, , , ] Ngokwahlukileyo, isalathisi se-Shannon yeesampuli zensimbi engenasici yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneyentsimbi edibeneyo (ixabiso le-p <0.05, i-Fig. 4d), njengediphozithi.Ngokwahlukileyo, isalathisi se-Shannon se-steels kunye ne-9% Cr ukusuka kwi-6.95 ukuya kwi-9.65. Ezi xabiso zaziphezulu kakhulu kwimizekelo engagqwaliyo kwi-1 kunye neenyanga ezi-3 kunemizekelo ebolileyo kwi-6, 14 kunye ne-22 iinyanga (umzobo 4a). Ngaphezu koko, i-Chao1 indices kunye nee-OTU eziqatshelweyo ze-9% ze-Cr zensimbi ziphezulu kunezo zesampuli ezigqwesiweyo kunye namanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zesampuli ezingabonakaliyo kunye ne-sediment (umzobo 4b, c), kwaye ulwahlulo lubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ixabiso le-p <0.01, i-Fig. 4d). Ngaphezu koko, i-Chao1 indices kunye nee-OTU eziqatshelweyo ze-9% ze-Cr zensimbi ziphezulu kunezo zesampuli ezigqwesiweyo kunye namanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zesampuli ezingabonakaliyo kunye ne-sediment (umzobo 4b, c), kwaye ulwahlulo lubaluleke kakhulu (i-p-values ​​<0.01, i-Fig. 4d).Ukongezelela, i-Chao1 kunye ne-OTU yaqaphela i-steels kunye ne-9% ye-Cr iphezulu kunezo zeesampuli ezigqwebileyo kunye ne-aqueous kunye nezantsi kunezo ze-non-corroded and sedimentary samples (Fig. 4b, c), kwaye ukuhlukana kubaluleke kakhulu.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (amaxabiso e-p <0.01, umzobo 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀樣品和水样，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物樣品（图4b，c），差异具有统戡光0.01, umfanekiso we-4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 （样品） （p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p）（p） Кроме того, индекс Chao1 и наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных и водных образцов, ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Ukongezelela, isalathisi se-Chao1 kunye ne-OTU ye-9% ye-Cr yensimbi yayiphezulu kuneesampuli ezigqwesileyo kunye nezamanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zesampuli ezingabonakaliyo kunye ne-sedimentary (umzobo 4b, c), kwaye umehluko wawubaluleke kakhulu (i-p-value <0.01, i-Fig. 4d).Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba iyantlukwano ye-microbial kwiimveliso zomhlwa iphantsi kune-biofilms kwiintsimbi ezingagqwaliyo.
Kwikhiwane. I-5a ibonisa i-Principal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) iyelenqe esekelwe kwi-UniFrac umgama ongenabunzima kuzo zonke iisampuli, kunye namaqela amathathu amakhulu aqatshelwe. Uluntu lweMicrobial kwiisampulu zamanzi zahluke kakhulu kwezinye iindawo. Uluntu lwe-microbial kwi-sediments lukwabandakanya uluntu lwensimbi engenasici, ngelixa zazixhaphake kwiisampuli zokubola. Ngokwahlukileyo, imephu yentsimbi ene-9% Cr ihlulwe ibe ngamaqela angagqwaliyo kunye ne-corrod. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu lwemicrobial kwimigangatho yesinyithi kunye neemveliso zomhlwa zahluke kakhulu kwezo zisemanzini.
Uhlalutyo oluphambili lolungelelwaniso (PCoA) iploti esekelwe kumgama we-UniFrac ongenabunzima kuzo zonke iisampuli (a), amanzi (b), kunye neentsimbi (c). Izangqa ziqaqambisa iqela ngalinye. Iitrajectories zimelwe yimigca edibanisa amaxesha esampuli kuthotho. imitha eyi-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr; 3C intsimbi, 2.25% Cr intsimbi; intsimbi 9C, intsimbi 9% Cr; I-S6, i-316 insimbi engenasici; S8, uhlobo 304 steel stainless.
Xa zicwangciswe ngokulandelelana kwexesha, iiplani zePCoA zeesampuli zamanzi zazisetyhula (umzobo 5b). Olu tshintsho lomjikelo lusenokubonisa utshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka.
Ukongezelela, amaqoqo amabini kuphela (ama-corrod and non-corrod) abonwa kwiiplani ze-PCoA zeesampuli zetsimbi, apho (ngaphandle kwe-9% yentsimbi ye-chromium) ukutshintshwa kwe-microbial community ukusuka kwi-1 ukuya kwiinyanga ze-22 nazo zabonwa (umzobo 5c). Ukongeza, ekubeni iinguqu kwiisampulu ezigqwethiweyo zazinkulu kuneisampulu ezingangcoliswanga, bekukho ulungelelwaniso phakathi kweenguqu kuluntu lwe-microbial kunye nenkqubela phambili ye-corrosion. Kwiisampuli zensimbi kunye ne-9% Cr, iindidi ezimbini ze-microbial community zavezwa: amanqaku kwi-1 kunye neenyanga ze-6, ezikufutshane nensimbi engenasici, kunye nezinye (i-3, i-14, kunye neenyanga ze-22), ezibekwe kwiindawo ezikufutshane nentsimbi edibeneyo. Inyanga ye-1 kunye namakhuphoni asetyenziselwa ukukhutshwa kwe-DNA kwiinyanga ze-6 azizange zigqweswe, ngelixa amakhuphoni kwi-3, i-14 kunye ne-22 iinyanga zachithwa (umzobo owongezelelweyo 1). Ke ngoko, iindawo ezihlala iintsholongwane kwiisampulu ezidlekileyo zahlukile kwezo zisemanzini, kwintlenga, kunye neesampulu ezingagqwaliswanga kwaye zatshintsha njengoko umhlwa uqhubeka.
Iindidi eziphambili ze-microbial community ezibonwa kwiisampuli zamanzi zaziyiProteobacteria (30.1-73.5%), i-Bacteroidetes (6.3-48.6%), i-Planctomycetota (0.4-19.6%) kunye ne-Actinobacteria (0 -17.7%), ubuninzi babo obunxulumene nesampulu ukuya kwisampuli (Umfanekiso we-6. kunasemanzini angekhoyo. Lo mahluko unokuphenjelelwa lixesha lokuhlala lamanzi kwitanki yokuphuphuma. Ezi ntlobo zikwajongwe kwiisampulu zentlenga esezantsi, kodwa ubuninzi bazo obunxulumeneyo bohluke kakhulu kuleyo iisampulu zamanzi. Ukongezelela, umxholo ohambelana ne-Acidobacteriota (8.7-13.0%), i-Chloroflexi (8.1-10.2%), i-Nitrospirota (4.2-4.4%) kunye ne-Desulfobacterota (1.5-4.4%) yayiphezulu kuneesampuli zamanzi. Kuba phantse zonke iintlobo ze-Desulfobacterota ziyi-SRB37, okusingqongileyo kwintlenga kufuneka kube yi-anaerobic. Nangona i-Desulfobacterota inokuba nefuthe ekudlekeni, umngcipheko kufuneka ubephantsi kakhulu kuba ubuninzi bayo obunxulumene namanzi echibini buyi-<0.04%. Nangona i-Desulfobacterota inokuba nefuthe ekudlekeni, umngcipheko kufuneka ubephantsi kakhulu kuba ubuninzi bayo obunxulumene namanzi echibini buyi-<0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким, <0,04%. Nangona i-Desulfobacterota inokuba nefuthe ekudlekeni, umngcipheko kufuneka ube phantsi kakhulu njengoko ubuninzi bayo kumanzi echibini buyi-<0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水中的相对度<0.04%. <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus Nangona uhlobo lweDesulfobacillus lunokuchaphazela umhlwa, umngcipheko kufuneka ubephantsi kakhulu njengoko ubuninzi bawo kumanzi echibi buyi-<0.04%.
I-RW kunye ne-Air imele iisampulu zamanzi ukusuka kumanzi okungena kunye nesitya, ngokulandelelanayo. Intlenga-C, -E, -W ziisampulu zentlenga ezithatyathwe embindini wezantsi kwesitya, ngokunjalo nakumacala asempuma nasentshona. imitha eyi-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; I-SP, i-ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr; 3C intsimbi, 2.25% Cr intsimbi; intsimbi 9C, intsimbi 9% Cr; I-S6, i-316 insimbi engenasici; S8, uhlobo 304 steel stainless.
Kwinqanaba le-genus, inxalenye ephezulu kancinane (6-19%) yeebhaktheriya ezingachazwanga ezizezosapho lwe-Trichomonadaceae, kunye ne-Neosphingosine, i-Pseudomonas, kunye ne-Flavobacterium, yabonwa kuwo onke amaxesha onyaka. Njengamacandelo amancinci amancinci, izabelo zabo ziyahluka (umzobo 1). . 7a kunye b). Kwimirhumo, ubuninzi obunxulumene neFlavobacterium, iPseudovibrio, kunye neRhodoferrobacter yayiphezulu kuphela ebusika. Ngokufanayo, umxholo ophezulu wePseudovibrio kunye neFlavobacterium wabonwa kumanzi asebusika kwisitya. Ke, uluntu lwemicrobial kwiisampulu zamanzi zahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka, kodwa azizange zitshintshe kakhulu ngexesha lokufunda.
a Amanzi okungena, b Amanzi edama lokuqubha, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 lobushushu #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, kunye i 9% Cr intsimbi , j Uhlobo-316 kunye nentsimbi ecocekileyo K-304.
Iiproteobacteria zezona zinto ziphambili kuzo zonke iisampulu, kodwa ubuninzi bazo obunxulumeneyo kwiisampuli ezigrunjiweyo zehla njengoko ukudumba kuqhubela phambili (umzobo 6). Kwiisampuli ze-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr, ubuninzi be-proteobacteria behla ukusuka kwi-89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% yi-43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% kunye ne-31.3% ngokulandelelanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo, ubuninzi bobuninzi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ku- <0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5-45.9% kunye nokunyuka kwe-corrosion. Ngokwahlukileyo, ubuninzi bobuninzi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ku- <0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5-45.9% kunye nokunyuka kwe-corrosion. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota постепенно увеличивается с <0,1% ukuya ku-12,5–45,9% kwi-мере развития коррозии. Ngokwahlukileyo, ubuninzi obuninzi be-Desulfobacterota bukhula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ku- <0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5-45.9% njengoko i-corrosion iqhubeka.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность I-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus i-uвеличивалась с <0,1% ukuya kwi-12,5–45,9% kwi-мере развития коррозии. Ngokwahlukileyo, ubuninzi obunxulumene ne-Desulfobacillus bunyuke ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ku- <0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5-45.9% njengoko i-corrosion iqhubela phambili.Ngaloo ndlela, njengoko i-corrosion iqhubela phambili, i-Proteobactereira yatshintshwa yi-Desulfobacterota.
Ngokwahlukileyo, ii-biofilms kwintsimbi estainless uncorroded iqulethe imilinganiselo efanayo yeebhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo. I-Proteobacteria (29.4-34.1%), i-Planctomycetota (11.7-18.8%), i-Nitrospirota (2.9-20.9%), i-Acidobacteriota (8.6-18.8%), i-Bacteroidota (3.1-9.2%) kunye ne-Chloroflexi (2.1-8.8%). Kwafunyaniswa ukuba umlinganiselo weNitrospirota kwiisampuli zensimbi ezingenasici zanda ngokuthe ngcembe (umzobo 6). Ezi zilinganiso zifana nalezo kwiisampuli ze-sediment, ezihambelana nesicwangciso se-PCoA esiboniswe kwi-Fig. 5a.
Kwiisampuli zetsimbi eziqukethe i-9% ye-Cr, iindidi ezimbini ze-microbial community zabonwa: inyanga ye-1 kunye neenyanga ze-6 ze-microbial community zazifana nezo ziphantsi kweesampuli ze-sediment, ngelixa i-proteobacteria kwiisampuli ze-corrosion 3, 14, kunye ne-22 yanda kakhulu. iinyanga Ukongezelela, ezi zimbini ze-microbial community kwi-9% ye-sampulu ze-Cr zensimbi zihambelana nokuhlukana kwamaqela kwiplani ye-PCoA eboniswe kwi-Fig. 5c.
Kwinqanaba le-genus,> 2000 OTUs equkethe ibhaktheriya engabelwe kunye ne-archaea yabonwa. Kwinqanaba le-genus,> 2000 OTUs equkethe ibhaktheriya engabelwe kunye ne-archaea yabonwa.Kwinqanaba le-genus, ngaphezu kwe-2000 ye-OTUs iye yabonwa iqulethe ibhaktheriya engaziwayo kunye ne-archaea.Kwinqanaba le-genus, ngaphezu kwe-2000 ye-OTUs iye yabonwa iqulethe ibhaktheriya engachazwanga kunye ne-archaea. Phakathi kwabo, sigxininise kwii-OTU ezili-10 ezinabantu abaninzi kwisampuli nganye. Oku kubandakanya 58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5%-42. A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% kunye 9% Cr steels kunye Uhlobo 316 kunye -304 steels stainless.
Umxholo ophezulu we-monoliths we-dechlorinated kunye neempawu ze-oxidizing ze-Fe (II) ziye zabonwa kwiisampuli zokubola ezifana ne-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 Temp No. isigaba sokuqala sokubola (inyanga eyi-1 kunye neenyanga ezi-3, umzobo 7c-h). Umlinganiselo weDechloromonas wehla ngokuhamba kwexesha, ohambelana nokuncipha kweProteobacteria (umzobo 6). Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo we-Dechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwiisampuli ezingenayo i-1%. Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo we-Dechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwiisampuli ezingenayo i-1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Ukongezelela, umlinganiselo we-Dechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwi-specimens engabonakaliyo yi-<1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Ukongezelela, umlinganiselo we-Dechloromonas kwi-biofilm ye-specimens engabonakaliyo yayiyi-<1%.Ke ngoko, phakathi kweemveliso ze-corrosion, i-Dechloromonas ityetyiswe kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubola.
Ngokwahlukileyo, kwi-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 inomsindo #4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kunye neentsimbi ezine-1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr, umlinganiselo weentlobo ze-SRB Desulfovibrio ekugqibeleni uye wanda emva kwe-14 kunye ne-22 iinyanga (Umfanekiso 7c-h) . I-Desulfofibrion yayiphantsi kakhulu okanye ingabonwanga kwizigaba zokuqala zokubola, kwiisampuli zamanzi (umzobo 7a, b) kunye nakwii-biofilms ezingenayo i-corrod (Umfanekiso 7j, j). Oku kuphakamisa kakhulu ukuba i-Desulfovibrio ikhetha indawo engqongileyo yeemveliso ze-corrosion ezenziwe, nangona azichaphazeli ukubola kwizigaba zokuqala zokubola.
I-Fe (III) -i-bacteria yokunciphisa (i-RRB), efana ne-Geobacter kunye ne-Geothrix, ifunyenwe kwimveliso ye-corrosion kwinqanaba eliphakathi lokubola (iinyanga ezi-6 kunye ne-14), kodwa umlinganiselo wexesha elide (iinyanga ezingama-22) izigaba ze-corrosion ziphezulu kuzo. iphantsi kakhulu (umzobo 7c, eh). I-genus Sideroxydans eneempawu ze-Fe (II) ze-oxidation zibonise ukuziphatha okufanayo (Umfanekiso we-7f), ngoko ke umlinganiselo we-FeOB, i-IRB, kunye ne-SRB yayiphezulu kuphela kwiisampuli ezigqwesileyo. Oku kuphakamisa ngamandla ukuba utshintsho kolu luntu lwemicrobial lunxulunyaniswa nokuqhubekeka komhlwa.
Kwintsimbi ene-9% yeCr corrod emva kwe-3, i-14 kunye neenyanga ze-22, inxalenye ephezulu yamalungu entsapho yaseBeggiatoacea (8.5-19.6%) yabonwa, enokubonisa iipropati ze-sulfure oxidizing, kunye ne-sideroxidans yabonwa (8.4- 13.7%) (umzobo 1). ). 7i) Ukongeza, i-Thiomonas, i-sulfur oxidizing bacterium (SOB), ifunyenwe kumanani aphezulu (3.4% kunye ne-8.8%) kwiinyanga ezi-3 kunye ne-14. Ngokwahlukileyo, iibhaktheriya zokunciphisa i-nitrate i-Nitrospira (i-12.9%) yabonwa kwiisampuli zeenyanga ezi-6 ezingapheliyo. Umlinganiselo owandisiweyo we-Nitrospira uphinde wabonwa kwi-biofilms kwintsimbi engenasici emva kokudipha (Umfanekiso 7j, k). Ngaloo ndlela, i-microbial community of 1- kunye ne-6-ubudala obungaguqukiyo i-9% ye-Cr steels yayifana naleyo ye-biofilms yensimbi engenasici. Ukongezelela, i-microbial community of 9% Cr steel corrod at 3, 14 kunye ne-22 iinyanga zahluke kwimveliso ye-corrosion ye-carbon kunye neentsimbi eziphantsi ze-chromium kunye nentsimbi.
Uphuhliso lomhlwa lukholisa ukucotha emanzini ahlaziyekileyo kunamanzi olwandle kuba ukuxinana kwee-ion zekloridi kuchaphazela ukubola kwesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintsimbi ezingenastainless zinokonakala kwiindawo ezihlala amanzi acocekileyo38,39. Ukongeza, i-MIC ekuqaleni yayikrokrelwa njengezinto ezidlekileyo ngaphambili zabonwa kwidama lamanzi amatsha elisetyenziswe kolu phononongo. Kwizifundo zokucwiliswa kwexesha elide, iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokubola, iintlobo ezintathu zeendawo ezincinci ze-microbial, kunye notshintsho kwiindawo ezincinci kwiimveliso ze-corrosion zabonwa.
Umthombo wamanzi ahlaziyekileyo osetyenziswa kolu phononongo yitanki evaliweyo yamanzi obugcisa athathwe emlanjeni anemichiza ezinzileyo notshintsho lwamaxesha onyaka kubushushu bamanzi ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-23 °C. Ke ngoko, ukuguquguquka kwamaxesha onyaka kwimimandla yeentsholongwane kwiisampulu zamanzi kunokunxulunyaniswa notshintsho kwiqondo lobushushu. Ukongeza, i-microbial community kumanzi echibini yayihluke ngandlel 'ithile kumanzi afaka igalelo (Fig. 5b). Amanzi echibini ahlala etshintshwa ngenxa yokuphuphuma. Ngenxa yoko, iDO yahlala ku ~ 8.2 ppm nakubunzulu obuphakathi phakathi komphezulu wesitya kunye nomzantsi. Ngokuchasene noko, indawo ye-sediment kufuneka ibe yi-anaerobic, ekubeni ihlalisa kwaye ihlala iphantsi kwendawo yokugcina amanzi, kwaye i-microbial flora kuyo (njenge-CRP) kufuneka ihluke kwi-microbial flora emanzini (umzobo 6). Ekubeni amakhuphoni echibini ayekude kwi-sediments, ayevezwa kuphela kumanzi amatsha ngexesha lezifundo zokucwiliswa phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic.
Ukutya okuqhelekileyo kwenzeka kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi ephantsi yechromium, kunye nentsimbi egayiweyo kwindawo yamanzi ahlaziyekileyo (Umfanekiso 1) ngenxa yokuba ezi zixhobo azikwazi ukumelana nokuhlwa. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokubola (0.13 mm yr-1) phantsi kweemeko zamanzi ahlambulukileyo abiotic laliphezulu kunezifundo zangaphambili40 (0.04 mm yr-1) kwaye yayithelekiseka nesantya sokubola (0.02-0.76 mm yr-1) kubukho be-microorganisms 1) Ngokufana neemeko zamanzi ahlambulukileyo42,420. Eli zinga likhawulezayo lokutya luphawu lwe-MIC.
Ukongezelela, emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 zokucwiliswa, ukubola kwendawo kwabonwa kwiintsimbi ezininzi phantsi kweemveliso zokugqwala (umzobo 3). Ngokukodwa, inqanaba lokuthotywa lasekhaya eliqatshelwe kwi-ASTM A179 likhawuleza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunomhlwa jikelele. Le ndlela ingaqhelekanga yomhlwa kunye nesantya sokutya okukhawulezileyo nayo iye yabonwa kwi-corrosion eyenzekayo kwinto enye. Ngaloo ndlela, ukucwiliswa okwenziwa kolu phando kubonisa ukubola ekusebenzeni.
Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundisiweyo, i-9% yentsimbi ye-Cr ibonise owona mhlwa unzima kakhulu, kunye nobunzulu bomhlwa obungaphezulu kwe-1.2 mm, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yi-MIC ngenxa yokukhawuleza kwe-corrosion kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lokubola. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundisiweyo, i-9% yentsimbi ye-Cr ibonise owona mhlwa unzima kakhulu, kunye nobunzulu bomhlwa obungaphezulu kwe-1.2 mm, ekusenokwenzeka ukuba yi-MIC ngenxa yokukhawuleza kwe-corrosion kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lokubola. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 1.2 i-коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezihlolisisiweyo, insimbi ene-9% ye-Cr ibonise ukubola okugqithiseleyo kunye nobunzulu be-corrosion> 1.2 mm, mhlawumbi i-MIC ngenxa ye-corrosion ekhawulezayo kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lwe-corrosion.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐肉深度>1.2 mm, i-由加速腐萬和异常腐肉，常腐者。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-заным коррозии. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundiweyo, intsimbi ene-9% ye-Cr idle kakhulu, inobunzulu bokutya obuyi-> 1.2 mm, mhlawumbi i-MIC ngenxa yeendlela ezikhawulezayo kunye nezingaqhelekanga zokubola.Ngenxa yokuba i-9% yensimbi ye-Cr isetyenziselwa izicelo zokushisa okuphezulu, ukuziphatha kwayo kwe-corrosion kuye kwafundwa ngaphambili43,44 kodwa akukho MIC echazwe ngaphambili kule ntsimbi. Njengoko i-microorganisms ezininzi, ngaphandle kwe-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo ephezulu yokushisa (> 100 ° C), i-MIC kwi-9% yensimbi ye-Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo. Njengoko i-microorganisms ezininzi, ngaphandle kwe-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo yokushisa ephezulu (> 100 ° C), i-MIC kwi-9% yensimbi ye-Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК случаях можно не учитывать. Ekubeni i-microorganisms ezininzi, ngaphandle kwe-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo yokushisa ephezulu (> 100 ° C), i-MIC ngentsimbi kunye ne-9% Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽生。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>100 Пристовное в % 100 ° С), Поскольку данном случае можно не учитывать. Ekubeni i-microorganisms ezininzi, ngaphandle kwe-hyperthermophiles, azibonisi umsebenzi kwiindawo eziphezulu zokushisa (> 100 ° C), i-MIC ngentsimbi kunye ne-9% Cr inokungahoywa kule meko.Nangona kunjalo, xa i-9% ye-Cr insimbi isetyenziswe kwindawo yokushisa ephakathi, amanyathelo ahlukeneyo kufuneka athathwe ukunciphisa i-MIC.
Uluntu oluhlukeneyo lwe-microbial kunye noshintsho lwazo lwabonwa kwiidiphozithi zezinto ezingabonakaliyo kunye neemveliso ze-corrosion kwi-biofilms xa kuthelekiswa namanzi, ngaphezu kwe-corrosion ekhawulezayo (umzobo 5-7), iphakamisa ngamandla ukuba le ngqungquthela yimakrofoni. U-Ramirez et al.13 ubika i-3-step transition (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) kwi-ecosystem ye-microbial yolwandle ngaphezu kwe-6 mo, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa yi-SRB ephuculweyo yesibini ekugqibeleni ingafaka isandla ekutyebiseni kwe-SOB. I-Ramirez et al.13 ingxelo ye-3-step transition (FeOB => SRB / IRB => SOB) kwi-microbial ecosystem yolwandle ngaphezu kwe-6 mo, xa i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa yi-SRB ephuculweyo yesibini ekugqibeleni ingafaka isandla ekuphuculeni i-SOB. URamirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, когой земя вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 uxela utshintsho lwezigaba ezintathu (FeOB => SRB / IRB => SOB) kwi-ecosystem ye-microbial yolwandle kwixesha leenyanga ze-6, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa kwi-SRB yesibini yobutyebi ekugqibeleni ingafaka isandla ekutyebiseni kwe-SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SBR/IRB => 中富全)，产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集.Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 富硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob的富集。 URamirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, вдом образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. U-Ramirez et al.13 wabika ukutshintshwa kwamanyathelo amathathu (FeOB => SRB / IRB => SOB) kwi-ecosystem ye-microbial ecosystem kwithuba leenyanga ze-6, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswe kwi-SRB yesibini etyetyiswe ekugqibeleni ingafaka isandla ekutyebiseni kwe-SOB.UMcBeth kunye no-Emerson36 babike ukutyeba okuphambili kwi-FeOB. Ngokufanayo, ukutyetyiswa kwe-FeOB ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala se-corrosion kubonwa kolu cwaningo, kodwa utshintsho lwe-microbial kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwe-corrosion ebonwe kwi-carbon kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-iron cast phezu kwe-22 mo yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Imifanekiso 7 kunye ne-8). Ngokufanayo, ukutyetyiswa kwe-FeOB ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala se-corrosion kubonwa kolu cwaningo, kodwa utshintsho lwe-microbial kunye nokuqhubela phambili kwe-corrosion ebonwe kwi-carbon kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-iron cast phezu kwe-22 mo yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Imifanekiso 7 kunye ne-8). Точно так же в этом иссследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрескорский углеродистых kunye 1% kunye 2,25% Cr сталях kunye чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 kunye 8). Ngokufanayo, kulolu cwaningo ukutyetyiswa kwe-FeOB kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubola kubonwa, kodwa utshintsho lwe-microbial njengoko i-corrosion iqhubeka, ibonwa kwikhabhoni kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-iron cast kwiinyanga ze-22, yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Amanani 7 kunye ne-8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同樣 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 和 kunye 1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr 钢 超中 到 的微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения, kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 kunye 8). Ngokufanayo, ukutyetyiswa kwe-FeOB kwiinqanaba zokuqala ze-corrosion kwabonwa kolu cwaningo, kodwa utshintsho lwe-microbiological olubonwa kwi-carbon kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-iron cast ngaphezu kweenyanga ze-22 yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Umfanekiso 7 kunye ne-8).Ii-SRBs zinokuqokelelana ngokulula kwiindawo ezingqonge amanzi olwandle ngenxa yokuxinana kwe-ion ye-sulfate ephezulu, kodwa ukutyeba kwazo kwiindawo ezihlala emanzini ahlaziyekileyo kulibaziseka kukugxininiswa kwe-ion ye-sulfate ephantsi. Ukutyetyiswa kwe-SRB emanzini olwandle kuye kwaxelwa rhoqo10,12,45.
i-Organic carbon kunye nenitrogen nge-Fe(II)-exhomekeke kumandla e-metabolism ye-iron oxide (ebomvu [i-Dechloromonas sp.] kunye nohlaza [iiseli ze-Sideroxydans sp.]) kunye ne-Fe(III) yokunciphisa ibhaktiriya (iiseli ezingwevu [Geothrix sp. kunye ne-Geobacter sp. ]) kwibakala lokuqala lokutya kunye ne-anterotrophic RP. iimicroorganisms zityebisa inqanaba lokukhula lokubola ngokutya izinto eziphilayo eziqokelelweyo. b Utshintsho kwii-microbial community kwintsimbi ekwaziyo ukumelana nomhlwa. I-Violet, i-blue, i-yellow, kunye neeseli ezimhlophe zimele iibhaktheriya ezivela kwiintsapho ze-Comamonadaceae, i-Nitrospira sp., i-Beggiatoacea, kunye nabanye, ngokulandelanayo.
Ngokumalunga notshintsho kwi-microbial community kunye nokutyebisa okunokwenzeka kwe-SRB, i-FeOB ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubola, kwaye i-Dechloromonas inokufumana amandla abo okukhula kwi-Fe (II) oxidation. Ii-Microorganisms ziyakwazi ukuphila kumajelo aqulethe izinto zokulandelela, kodwa aziyi kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, idama lokuntywila elisetyenziswe kolu phononongo sisitya esiphuphumayo, esine-20 m3/h, esithe gqolo ukubonelela ngemikhondo equlethe ii-ion ze-inorganic. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubola, ii-ion ze-ferrous zikhutshwa kwi-carbon steel kunye nentsimbi ephosiweyo, kwaye i-FeOBs (efana ne-Dechloromonas) isebenzise njengomthombo wamandla. Ukulandelela izixa zekhabhoni, iphosphate kunye nenitrogen ezifunekayo ekukhuleni kweeseli kufuneka zibekho kwinkqubo yamanzi ngendlela yezinto eziphilayo kunye ne-inorganic. Ngoko ke, kule ndawo yamanzi ahlambulukileyo, i-FeOB ityetyiswe ekuqaleni kwiindawo zetsimbi ezifana ne-carbon steel kunye nentsimbi. Emva koko, ii-IRBs zinokukhula kwaye zisebenzise i-organic matter kunye ne-iron oxides njengemithombo yamandla kunye ne-terminal electron acceptors, ngokulandelelanayo. Kwiimveliso zomhlwa ezivuthiweyo, iimeko ze-anaerobic ezityetyiswe ngenitrogen kufuneka zenziwe ngenxa yemetabolism ye-FeOB kunye ne-IRB. Ngoko ke, i-SRB inokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ithathe indawo ye-FeOB kunye ne-IRB (Umfanekiso 8a).
Kutshanje, uTang et al. kuxelwe ukubola kwentsimbi engatyiwa yi-Geobacter ferroreducens kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo ngenxa yokudluliselwa kwe-electron ngokuthe ngqo ukusuka kwintsimbi ukuya kwi-microbes46. Ukuqwalasela i-EMIC, igalelo lee-microorganisms ezineepropati ze-EET zibalulekile. I-SRB, i-FeOB, kunye ne-IRB zezona ntlobo ze-microbial kwiimveliso ze-corrosion kolu phononongo, ekufuneka zibe neempawu ze-EET. Ke ngoko, ezi microorganisms ezisebenza nge-electrochemically zinokuba negalelo kwi-corrosion ngokusebenzisa i-EET, kunye nokwakheka koluntu lwazo utshintsho phantsi kwefuthe leentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ionic njengoko kwenziwa iimveliso zokubola. Ngokuchasene noko, uluntu lwe-microbial kwintsimbi kunye ne-9% Cr yahluke kwezinye iintsimbi (umzobo 8b). Emva kweenyanga ze-14, ngaphezu kokutyetyiswa kunye ne-FeOB, njenge-Sideroxydans, i-SOB47Beggiatoacea, kunye ne-Thiomonas nayo yatyetyiswa (Umfanekiso 7i). Olu tshintsho lwahluke ngokuphawulekayo kolunye lwezinye izinto ezidlekayo, ezifana nentsimbi yekhabhoni, kwaye zinokuphenjelelwa ziiyoni ezityebileyo ngechromium ezinyityilisiweyo ngexesha lokudleka. Ngokucacileyo, i-Thiomonas ayinayo kuphela i-sulfur oxidizing properties, kodwa kunye ne-Fe (II) i-oxidizing properties, inkqubo ye-EET, kunye nokunyamezela isinyithi esinzima48,49. Zinokutyetyiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-oxidative we-Fe (II) kunye / okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwee-electron zetsimbi. Kuphononongo lwangaphambili, ubuninzi obuphezulu be-Beggiatoacea bubonwe kwi-biofilms kwi-Cu isebenzisa inkqubo yokubeka iliso ye-biofilm engapheliyo, iphakamisa ukuba ezi bhaktheriya zinokuxhathisa kwiintsimbi ezinetyhefu ezifana ne-Cu kunye ne-Cr. Nangona kunjalo, umthombo wamandla ofunekayo yi-Beggiatoacea ukukhula kule ndawo ayaziwa.
Olu phononongo lunika ingxelo yotshintsho kwiindawo ze-microbial ngexesha lomhlwa kwiindawo ezinamanzi acocekileyo. Kwimeko efanayo, uluntu lwe-microbial lwaluhluke ngohlobo lwesinyithi. Ukongezelela, iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwe-FeOB kwizigaba zokuqala zokubola, njengoko i-metabolism yamandla e-iron exhomekeke kwi-microbial ikhuthaza ukubunjwa kwendawo ecebileyo yezondlo ethandwa ngamanye ama-microorganisms afana ne-SRB. Ukuze kuncitshiswe i-MIC kwiindawo zamanzi ahlaziyekileyo, ukutyetyiswa kwe-FeOB kunye ne-IRB kufuneka kuthintelwe.
Iintsimbi ezisithoba zisetyenzisiwe kwesi sifundo kwaye zicutshungulwe kwiibhloko ze-50 × 20 × 1-5 mm (ubukhulu be-ASTM 395 yensimbi kunye ne-1%, 2.25% kunye ne-9% Cr: 5 mm; ubukhulu be-ASTM A283 kunye ne-ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; Ubushushu be-ASTM A109 4/5 kunye noHlobo lwe-304 kunye ne-316 yeNtsimbi engagqwali, ubukhulu: 1mm), enemingxuma emibini ye-4mm. Iintsimbi zeChromium zapolishwa ngesanti zaza ezinye iintsimbi zapolishwa nge-600 grit sandpaper phambi kokuditshwa. Zonke iisampuli zenziwe nge-99.5% ethanol, zomiswe kwaye zilinganiswe. Iisampulu ezilishumi zentsimbi nganye zisetyenziselwe ukubala izinga lokubola kunye nohlalutyo lwe-microbiome. Isifanekiso ngasinye sasigxininiswe kwifashoni yeleli kunye neentonga ze-PTFE kunye ne-spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, i-Supplementary Fig. 2).
Idama linomthamo we-1100 cubic metres kunye nobunzulu obumalunga neemitha ezi-4. Ukungena kwamanzi kwakungama-20 m3 h-1, ukuphuphuma kwakhululwa, kwaye umgangatho wamanzi awuzange uguquguquke ngexesha lonyaka (i-Supplementary Fig. 3). Isampulu ileli ithotywa kucingo lwentsimbi oluyi-3 m oluxhonywe embindini wetanki. Iiseti ezimbini zeeleli zasuswa echibini kwi-1, 3, 6, 14 kunye ne-22 iinyanga. Iisampulu ezisuka kwelinye ileli zazisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ukulahleka kwesisindo kunye nokubala izinga lokubola, ngelixa iisampuli ezivela kwelinye ileli zisetyenziselwa uhlalutyo lwe-microbiome. I-oksijeni echithwe kwi-tank yokucwiliswa yayilinganiswa kufuphi nomphezulu kunye nezantsi, kunye naphakathi, usebenzisa i-sensor ye-oksijeni edibeneyo (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Iimveliso ze-Corrosion kunye ne-biofilms kwiisampuli zisuswe ngokuxubha nge-scraper yeplastiki okanye ukusula nge-cotton swab, emva koko ihlambuluke kwi-ethanol ye-99.5% usebenzisa i-ultrasonic bath. Iisampuli zaye zantywiliselwa kwisisombululo sikaClark ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM G1-0351. Zonke iisampulu zilinganisiwe emva kokuba kugqityiwe ukomiswa. Bala izinga lokutya (mm/yr) kwisampulu nganye usebenzisa le fomula ilandelayo:
apho i-K iyinto engatshintshiyo (8.76 × 104), i-T ixesha lokuvezwa (h), i-A yindawo yonke yomhlaba (cm2), i-W ilahleko enkulu (g), D yi- density (g cm-3).
Emva kokulinganisa iisampulu, imifanekiso ye-3D yeesampuli ezininzi ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa i-3D yokulinganisa i-laser microscope (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).