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Kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo, ukugqwala okukhawulezileyo kwekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi ezingenasici kudla ngokubonwa. Uphononongo lokuntywila kwiitanki zamanzi acocekileyo lweenyanga ezingama-22 lwenziwe apha kusetyenziswa amanqanaba alithoba entsimbi. Ukugqwala okukhawulezileyo kwabonwa kwiintsimbi zekhabhoni kunye ne-chromium kunye nesinyithi esityhidiweyo, ngelixa kwintsimbi engenasici akukho ukugqwala okubonakalayo kwabonwa nasemva kweenyanga ezingama-22. Uhlalutyo loluntu lweentsholongwane lubonise ukuba ngexesha lokugqwala ngokubanzi, iintsholongwane ezikhupha i-Fe(II) zatyetyiswa kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala, iintsholongwane ezinciphisa i-Fe(III), kwinqanaba lophuhliso lokugqwala, kunye neentsholongwane ezinciphisa i-sulfate, kwinqanaba lenqanaba lokugqwala. kwinqanaba lokugqibela lokugqwala kwemveliso. Ngokuchaseneyo, iintsholongwane zeBeggiatocaea zazininzi kakhulu kwintsimbi kunye ne-9% Cr ezijongene nokugqwala kwendawo. Ezi zakhiwo zeendawo zeentsholongwane zahlukile kwezo zikwiisampulu zamanzi kunye nezantsi zedama. Ke ngoko, njengoko ukugqwala kuqhubeka, uluntu lweentsholongwane lutshintsha kakhulu, kwaye imetabolism yamandla eentsholongwane exhomekeke kwisinyithi idala imeko-bume enokutyebisa ezinye iintsholongwane.
Iintsimbi zinokonakala kwaye zibole ngenxa yezinto ezahlukeneyo ezikwimo yendalo nezekhemikhali ezifana ne-pH, ubushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwee-ion. Iimeko ze-asidi, amaqondo aphezulu obushushu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-chloride zichaphazela ngokukodwa ukubola kweentsimbi1,2,3. Iintsholongwane kwiindawo zendalo nezakhiweyo zihlala zinefuthe ekugugeni nasekuboleni kweentsimbi, ukuziphatha okubonakala kwi-microbial corrosion (MIC)4,5,6,7,8. I-MIC idla ngokufumaneka kwiindawo ezifana neepayipi zangaphakathi kunye neetanki zokugcina, kwimingxuma yesinyithi, nakumhlaba, apho ivela khona ngequbuliso kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza. Ke ngoko, ukujonga kunye nokufumanisa kwangethuba ii-MICs kunzima kakhulu, ngoko ke uhlalutyo lwe-MIC luhlala lwenziwa emva kokubola. Izifundo ezininzi ze-MIC ziye zaxelwa apho iibhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-sulfate (SRB) bezifumaneka rhoqo kwiimveliso zokubola9,10,11,12,13. Nangona kunjalo, akukacaci ukuba ii-SRB zinegalelo ekuqalisweni kokubola, kuba ukufunyanwa kwazo kusekelwe kuhlalutyo lwasemva kokubola.
Kutshanje, ukongeza kwiibhaktheriya ezibolisa i-iodine21, kuye kwaxelwa iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ezibolisa i-iron, ezifana ne-SRB14 ebolisa i-iron, ii-methanogens15,16,17, iibhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-nitrate18, iibhaktheriya ezibolisa i-iron19 kunye nee-acetogens20. Phantsi kweemeko zelebhu ye-anaerobic okanye i-microaerobic, uninzi lwazo lubolisa i-zero-valent iron kunye ne-carbon steel. Ukongeza, iindlela zazo zokubolisa zibonisa ukuba ii-methanogens ezibolisa i-iron kunye nee-SRB zikhuthaza ukubolisa ngokuqokelela ii-electron kwi-null-valent iron zisebenzisa ii-extracellular hydrogenases kunye ne-multiheme cytochromes, ngokulandelanayo22,23. Ii-MIC zahlulwe zibe ziintlobo ezimbini: (i) i-chemical MIC (CMIC), ebolisa ngokungathanga ngqo ziintlobo eziveliswa ziintsholongwane, kunye (ii) i-electrical MIC (EMIC), ebolisa ngokuthe ngqo ngokunciphisa i-electron yesinyithi24. I-EMIC eqhutywa kukudluliselwa kwe-extracellular electron (EET) inomdla omkhulu kuba iintsholongwane ezineempawu ze-EET zibangela ukubolisa ngokukhawuleza kuneentsholongwane ezingezizo ze-EET. Nangona impendulo ye-CMIC ethintela izinga phantsi kweemeko ze-anaerobic iyimveliso ye-H2 ngokunciphisa i-proton (H+), i-EMIC iqhubeka nge-metabolism ye-EET, engaxhomekekanga kwimveliso ye-H2. Indlela yokusebenza kwe-EET kwiintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo inxulumene nokusebenza kwe-fuel yeseli ye-microbial kunye ne-electrobiosynthesis25,26,27,28,29. Ngenxa yokuba iimeko zenkcubeko yezi ntsholongwane zibolayo zahlukile kwezo zikwindalo, akucaci ukuba ezi nkqubo zokubola kwe-microbial ezibonakalayo zibonisa ukubola ekusebenzeni. Ke ngoko, kunzima ukubona indlela yokusebenza kwe-MIC ebangelwa zezi ntsholongwane zibolayo kwindalo yendalo.
Uphuhliso lwetekhnoloji yokulandelelanisa i-DNA luye lwenza kube lula ukufunda iinkcukacha zeendawo ezihlala iintsholongwane kwiindawo zendalo nezenziweyo, umzekelo, ukuphononongwa kweentsholongwane okusekwe kulandelelwano lwe-16S rRNA gene kusetyenziswa i-new generation sequencers kuye kwasetyenziswa kwicandelo le-microbial ecology30,31. ,32. Izifundo ezininzi ze-MIC zipapashwe ezineenkcukacha zeendawo ezihlala iintsholongwane kwiindawo zomhlaba naselwandle13,33,34,35,36. Ukongeza kwi-SRB, ukutyebiswa kwi-Fe(II)-oxidizing (FeOB) kunye neebhaktiriya ezinitrizing kwiisampuli zokugqwala, umz. i-FeOB, efana ne-Gallionella spp. kunye ne-Dechloromonas spp., kunye neebhaktiriya ezinitrizing, ezifana ne-Nitrospira, nazo ziye zaxelwa. spp., kwi-Carbon kunye neentsimbi ezithwele ubhedu kwiindawo zomhlaba33. Ngokufanayo, kwindawo yolwandle, ukuqokelelana ngokukhawuleza kweebhaktiriya ezinitrizing zentsimbi ezikwiiklasi ze-Zetaproteobacteria kunye ne-Betaproteobacteria kuye kwabonwa iiveki ezininzi kwi-carbon steel36. Ezi datha zibonisa igalelo lala ma-microorganisms ekugqwaleni. Nangona kunjalo, kwizifundo ezininzi, ubude bexesha kunye namaqela ovavanyo anqongophele, kwaye kuncinci okwaziwayo malunga nokuguquguquka kweendawo ze-microbial ngexesha lokugqwala.
Apha, siphanda ii-MIC zentsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi ye-chromium, intsimbi engatyiwayo, kunye nentsimbi ephoswe sisebenzisa izifundo zokuntywiliselwa kwindawo yamanzi acocekileyo anembali yeziganeko ze-MIC. Iisampulu zithathwe kwiinyanga ezi-1, ezi-3, ezi-6, ezi-14 kunye nezingama-22 kwaye izinga lokugqwala kwentsimbi nganye kunye nenxalenye ye-microbial lifundwe. Iziphumo zethu zibonelela ngengqiqo malunga nokuguquguquka kwexesha elide kweendawo ze-microbial ngexesha lokugqwala.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kwiTheyibhile 1, kusetyenziswe iintsimbi ezilithoba kolu phononongo. Iisampuli ezilishumi zento nganye zantywiliselwa echibini lamanzi amatsha. Umgangatho wamanzi acutshungulwayo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: 30 ppm Cl-, 20 mS m-1, 20 ppm Ca2+, 20 ppm SiO2, turbidity 1 ppm kunye ne-pH 7.4. Uxinzelelo lwe-oxygen (DO) enyibilikisiweyo ezantsi kweleli yesampulu yayimalunga ne-8.2 ppm kwaye ubushushu bamanzi babuphakathi kwe-9 ukuya kwi-23°C ngokwexesha lonyaka.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kuMfanekiso 1, emva kwenyanga e-1 yokuntywiliselwa kwiindawo ze-ASTM A283, ASTM A109 Imeko #4/5, ASTM A179, kunye ne-ASTM A395 cast iron, iimveliso ze-brown corrosion zabonwa kumphezulu we-carbon steel ngendlela ye-generalized corrosion. Ukulahleka kobunzima kwezi sampuli kwanda ngokuhamba kwexesha (Itheyibhile eyongezelelweyo 1) kwaye izinga lokugqwala laliyi-0.13–0.16 mm ngonyaka (Umfanekiso 2). Ngokufanayo, ukugqwala ngokubanzi kubonwe kwiintsimbi ezinomxholo ophantsi we-Cr (1% kunye ne-2.25%) kunye nezinga lokugqwala elimalunga ne-0.13 mm/ngonyaka (Imifanekiso 1 kunye ne-2). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, intsimbi ene-9% Cr ibonisa ukugqwala kwendawo okwenzeka kwiindawo ezivulekileyo ezenziwe zii-gaskets. Izinga lokugqwala lale sampulu limalunga ne-0.02 mm/ngonyaka, eliphantsi kakhulu kunelentsimbi ene-general corrosion. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsimbi ezingasebenziyo eziluhlobo lwe-304 kunye ne-316 azibonisi monakalo obonakalayo, kunye namazinga okubola aqikelelweyo angama-<0.001 mm y−1. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsimbi ezingasebenziyo eziluhlobo lwe-304 kunye ne-316 azibonisi mhlwa ubonakalayo, kunye namazinga okukhawulezisa aqikelelweyo angama-<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типов 304 и 316 не проявляют видимой коррозии, при этом расчетная скорость коррозии составляет мм0, 0,0. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsimbi eziqinileyo ze-Types 304 kunye ne-316 azibonisi ukubola okubonakalayo, kunye nezinga lokubola eliqikelelweyo le-<0.001 mm/ngonyaka.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1.相比之下，304 和-316 型不锈钢沒有显示出可见的腐蚀，估计腐蚀速率<0.001 mm y−1. Напротив, нержавеющие стали типа 304 и -316 не показали видимой коррозии с расчетной скоростью коррозии <0,001 мм/год. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsimbi eziqinileyo zohlobo lwe-304 kunye ne-316 azizange zibonise ukubola okubonakalayo ngesantya sokubola esiyilwe yi-<0.001 mm/ngonyaka.
Kuboniswe imifanekiso ye-macroscopic yesampulu nganye (ubude yi-50 mm × ububanzi yi-20 mm) ngaphambi nasemva kokususwa kwesampulu. Imitha e-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr; Intsimbi ye-3C, intsimbi ye-2.25% Cr; Intsimbi ye-9C, intsimbi ye-9% Cr; S6, intsimbi ye-316 engagqwali; S8, intsimbi ye-304 engagqwali.
Izinga lokugqwala libalwe kusetyenziswa ixesha lokunciphisa ubunzima kunye nokuntywiliselwa. S, ASTM A283, SP, ASTM A109, eqinileyo 4/5, FC, ASTM A395, B, ASTM A179, 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr, 3 C, intsimbi 2.25% Cr, 9 C, intsimbi 9% Cr, S6, intsimbi engagqwaliyo yohlobo 316; S8, intsimbi engagqwaliyo yohlobo 304.
Kumfanekiso 1 ubonisa nokuba iimveliso zokugqwala zentsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi ye-Cr ephantsi kunye nentsimbi ephosweyo zikhula ngakumbi emva kokuntywiliselwa kangangeenyanga ezi-3. Izinga lokugqwala lilonke liye lehla kancinci laya kwi-0.07 ~ 0.08 mm/ngonyaka emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 (Umfanekiso 2). Ukongeza, izinga lokugqwala lentsimbi ye-Cr eyi-2.25% laliphantsi kancinci kunezinye iisampuli ezigqwalile, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba i-Cr inokuthintela ukugqwala. Ukongeza kokugqwala ngokubanzi, ngokutsho kwe-ASTM A179, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 ngobunzulu bokugqwala obumalunga ne-700 µm (Umfanekiso 3). Izinga lokugqwala kwendawo, elibalwe kusetyenziswa ubunzulu bokugqwala kunye nexesha lokuntywiliselwa, yi-0.38 mm/ngonyaka, elimalunga nezihlandlo ezi-5 ngokukhawuleza kunokugqwala ngokubanzi. Izinga lokugqwala le-ASTM A395 alloy linokuthathwa kancinci njengoko iimveliso zokugqwala zingasusi ngokupheleleyo isikali emva kweenyanga ezili-14 okanye ezingama-22 zokuntywiliselwa emanzini. Nangona kunjalo, umahluko kufuneka ube mncinci. Ukongeza, imingxunya emininzi emincinci yabonwa kwintsimbi ye-chromium ephantsi egqwalile.
Umfanekiso opheleleyo (ibha yesikali: 10 mm) kunye nokugqwala kwendawo (ibha yesikali: 500 µm) ye-ASTM A179 kunye nentsimbi ye-9% Cr kubunzulu obukhulu kusetyenziswa imakroskopu yelaser yokubukela ye-3D. Izangqa ezibomvu kumfanekiso opheleleyo zibonisa ukugqwala kwendawo okulinganisiweyo. Umbono opheleleyo wentsimbi ye-9% Cr kwicala elingasemva uboniswe kuMfanekiso 1.
Njengoko kubonisiwe kumfanekiso 2, kwintsimbi ene-9% Cr, akukho monakalo owabonwayo kwiinyanga ezi-3-14, kwaye izinga lokugqwala laliphantse libe zero. Nangona kunjalo, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 (Umfanekiso 3) ngesantya sokugqwala se-0.04 mm/ngonyaka esibalwe kusetyenziswa ukunciphisa ubunzima. Ubunzulu bokugqwala kwindawo ephezulu yi-1260 µm kwaye izinga lokugqwala kwindawo ethile eliqikelelwa kusetyenziswa ubunzulu bokugqwala kunye nexesha lokuntywila (iinyanga ezingama-22) yi-0.68 mm/ngonyaka. Ngenxa yokuba indawo echanekileyo apho ukugqwala kuqala khona ayaziwa, izinga lokugqwala linokuba phezulu.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, akukho mhlwa ubonakalayo owabonwayo kwintsimbi engatyiwayo nangona emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 zokuntywiliselwa. Nangona amasuntswana ambalwa amdaka abonwa kumphezulu ngaphambi kokuba ancitshiswe (Umfanekiso 1), ayenamathele kancinci kwaye ayengengomveliso wokubola. Ekubeni intsimbi iphinda ivele kumphezulu wentsimbi engatyiwayo emva kokuba isikali sisusiwe, izinga lokubola liphantse libe zero.
Ulandelelwano lwe-Amplicon lwenziwe ukuze kuqondwe umahluko kunye nokuguquguquka kweendawo ezihlala iintsholongwane ngokuhamba kwexesha kwiimveliso zokugqwala kunye nee-biofilms kumphezulu wesinyithi, emanzini nakwinkunkuma. Kufunyenwe ukufundwa okungu-4,160,012, kunye noluhlu oluphakathi kokufundwa okungu-31,328 ukuya kwi-124,183.
Izalathisi zeShannon zeesampulu zamanzi ezithathwe kwiindawo zokungenisa amanzi kunye namachibi zaziqala kwi-5.47 ukuya kwi-7.45 (Umzobo 4a). Ekubeni amanzi omlambo abuyiselweyo esetyenziswa njengamanzi emizi-mveliso, uluntu lweentsholongwane lunokutshintsha ngokwexesha lonyaka. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, isalathiso seShannon seesampulu zesediment esezantsi sasimalunga ne-9, nto leyo ephezulu kakhulu kuneyeesampulu zamanzi. Ngokufanayo, iisampulu zamanzi zazinezalathisi zeChao1 ezibalwe phantsi kwaye zibone iiyunithi ze-taxonomic zokusebenza (OTUs) kuneesampulu zesediment (Umzobo 4b, c). Olu mahluko lubalulekile ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lweTukey-Kramer; amaxabiso e-p < 0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uluntu lweentsholongwane kwiisampuli zedaka luyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunezo zikwiisampuli zamanzi. Olu mahluko lubaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lweTukey-Kramer; amaxabiso e-p < 0.01, uMzobo 4d), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba uluntu lweentsholongwane kwiisampuli zedaka luyinkimbinkimbi ngakumbi kunezo zikwiisampuli zamanzi. Эти различия статистически значимы (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; значения p <0,01, рис. 4d), что указывает значимы отложений более сложны, чем в образцах воды. Olu mahluko lubaluleke kakhulu ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lweTukey-Kramer; amaxabiso e-p <0.01, uMzobo 4d), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amaqela eentsholongwane kwiisampuli zedaka antsonkothile ngakumbi kunakwiisampuli zamanzi.這些差异具有统计学意义（Tukey-Kramer 检验；p 值< 0.01, 图4d），表明沉积物样本中的微生物群落比水样中的微生物群落更复杂.3群落更。。。。. Эти различия были статистически значимыми (критерий Тьюки-Крамера; p-значение <0,01, рис. 4d), что позволяет предположить, что мико программы. образцах донных отложений были более сложными, чем в образцах воды. Olu mahluko lwalubalulekile ngokwezibalo (uvavanyo lweTukey-Kramer; ixabiso le-p <0.01, Umfanekiso 4d), nto leyo ebonisa ukuba amaqela eentsholongwane kwiisampuli zedaka ayenzima ngakumbi kunakwiisampuli zamanzi.Ekubeni amanzi akwisinki esiphuphumayo ehlala ehlaziyeka kwaye inkunkuma ihla iye ezantsi kwesinki ngaphandle kokuphazamiseka koomatshini, lo mahluko kwiintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo kufuneka ubonakalise inkqubo yendalo esinkini.
a Shannon index, b Iyunithi ye-taxonomic yokusebenza eqatshelweyo (OTU), kunye c Chao1 uptake index (n=6) kunye ne-basin (n=5) Amanzi, i-sediment (n=3), ASTM A283 (S: n=5), ASTM A109 Temper #4/5 (SP: n=5), ASTM A179 (B: n=5), ASTM A395 (FC: n=5), 1% (1 C: n=5), 2.25% (3 C: n = 5) kunye ne-9% (9 C: n = 5) Cr-steels, kunye ne-type 316 (S6: n = 5) kunye ne--304 (S8: n = 5) stainless steels ziboniswa njengeetshathi zebhokisi kunye ne-whisker. d p-values ​​​​zeShannon kunye neChao1 indices ezifunyenwe kusetyenziswa uvavanyo lokuthelekisa oluninzi lwe-ANOVA kunye neTukey-Kramer. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele iipere ezine-p-values ​​< 0.05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele iipere ezine-p-values ​​​​< 0.05. Красные фоны представляют пары со значениями p <0,05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele iipere ezine-p-values ​​​​< 0.05.红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。红色背景代表p 值< 0.05 的对。 Красные фоны представляют пары с p-значениями <0,05. Imvelaphi ebomvu imele iipere ezine-p-values ​​​​<0.05.Umgca osembindini webhokisi, phezulu nasezantsi kwebhokisi, kunye neentshebe zimele i-median, i-25th kunye ne-75th percentile, kunye nexabiso elincinci neliphezulu, ngokulandelelanayo.
I-Shannon indices ze-carbon steel, i-low chromium steel, kunye ne-cast iron zazifana nezo zeesampuli zamanzi (Umzobo 4a). Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiShannon indices zeesampulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo zentsimbi ezigqwalisiweyo (amaxabiso e-p < 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d) kwaye ziyafana nezo zenkunkuma. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iiShannon indices zeesampulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo zeentsimbi ezigqwalisiweyo (p-values ​​​​< 0.05, Fig. 4d) kwaye ziyafana nezo zesamente. Напротив, индексы Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали значительно выше, чем у корродированных сталей (значения p <0,05, другий), другий отложений. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-Shannon indices zeesampuli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ziphezulu kakhulu kunezo zeentsimbi ezigqwalisiweyo (amaxabiso e-p ​​< 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d) kwaye zifana nee-deposit indices.相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05相比之下，不锈钢樣品的香农指数明显高于腐蚀钢的香农指数（p 值< 0.05 Напротив, индекс Шеннона образцов из нержавеющей стали был значительно выше, чем корродированной стали (значение p <0,04, , , ] Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Shannon index yeesampuli zentsimbi engagqwaliyo yayiphezulu kakhulu kuneyentsimbi ebolileyo (ixabiso le-p < 0.05, Umfanekiso 4d), njengoko kwakunjalo ngediphozithi.Ngokwahlukileyo koko, i-Shannon index yeentsimbi ezine-9% Cr yayiqala kwi-6.95 ukuya kwi-9.65. La maxabiso ayephezulu kakhulu kwiisampuli ezingagqwalanga kwiinyanga ezi-1 nezi-3 kunakwiisampuli ezigqwalileyo kwiinyanga ezi-6, ezili-14 nezingama-22 (Umzobo 4a). Ngaphezu koko, ii-Chao1 indices kunye nee-OTU ezibonweyo zeentsimbi ze-9% Cr ziphezulu kunezo zeesampuli ezibolileyo nezamanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zeesampuli ezingabolileyo nezamanzi (Umzobo 4b, c), kwaye umahluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amaxabiso e-p < 0.01, Umzobo 4d). Ngaphezu koko, ii-Chao1 indices kunye nee-OTU ezibonweyo zeentsimbi ze-9% Cr ziphezulu kunezo zeesampuli ezibolileyo nezamanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zeesampuli ezingabolileyo nezamanzi (Umzobo 4b, c), kwaye umahluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo (amaxabiso e-p ​​< 0.01, Umzobo 4d).Ukongeza, i-Chao1 kunye ne-OTU ebonweyo yeentsimbi ezine-9% Cr ziphezulu kunezo zeesampuli ezibolileyo nezimanzi kwaye ziphantsi kunezo zeesampuli ezingabolileyo nezingonakalanga (Umzobo 4b, c), kwaye umahluko ubalulekile ngokwezibalo.(p-значения <0,01, рис. 4d). (amaxabiso e-p <0.01, uMzobo 4d).此外，9% Cr 钢的Chao1 指数和观察到的OTU高于腐蚀樣品和水样，低于未腐蚀樣品和沉积物樣品（图4b，c），差异具有统戡光0.01, umfanekiso we-4d.此外 , 9% CR 钢 Chao1 指数 和 观察的 rtu 高于 腐蚀 样品 水样 , 低于 腐蚀 （样品） （p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p（p）（p） Кроме того, индекс Chao1 и наблюдаемые OTU стали содержанием 9 % Cr были выше, чем у корродированных и водных образцов, ниже осадочных образцов (рис. 4b,c), а разница была статистически значимой (p- значение < 0,01, рис. 4г). Ukongeza, i-Chao1 index kunye ne-OTU ebonweyo yentsimbi ye-9% Cr yayiphezulu kuneesampuli ezibolileyo nezimanzi kwaye yayingaphantsi kuneesampuli ezingabolileyo nezingonakalanga (Umzobo 4b,c), kwaye umahluko wawubalulekile ngokwezibalo (ixabiso le-p < 0.01, Umzobo 4d).Ezi ziphumo zibonisa ukuba ukwahluka kweentsholongwane kwiimveliso zokugqwala kuphantsi kunakwii-biofilms kwiintsimbi ezingagqwalanga.
Kumfanekiso 5a ubonisa iploti yePrincipal Coordinate Analysis (PCoA) esekelwe kumgama ongalinganiyo we-UniFrac kuzo zonke iisampuli, kunye namaqela amakhulu amathathu abonweyo. Amaqela eentsholongwane kwiisampuli zamanzi ahluke kakhulu kwamanye amaqela. Amaqela eentsholongwane kwiintsalela aquka amaqela entsimbi engagqwaliyo, ngelixa ayesasazeke kwiisampuli zokugqwala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imephu yentsimbi ene-9% Cr yahlulwe yangamaqela angagqwaliyo nagqwaliyo. Ngenxa yoko, amaqela eentsholongwane kwiindawo zesinyithi kunye neemveliso zokugqwala ahluke kakhulu kulawo asemanzini.
Uhlalutyo oluphambili lwe-coordinate (PCoA) lusekelwe kumgama we-UniFrac ongalinganiyo kuzo zonke iisampuli (a), amanzi (b), kunye neentsimbi (c). Izangqa zigqamisa iqela ngalinye. Iindlela zimelwe yimigca edibanisa amaxesha okuthatha iisampulu kuthotho. Imitha e-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi 1% Cr; Intsimbi ye-3C, intsimbi ye-2.25% Cr; Intsimbi ye-9C, intsimbi ye-9% Cr; S6, intsimbi ye-316 engatyiwayo; S8, intsimbi ye-304 engatyiwayo.
Xa zicwangciswe ngokulandelelana kwazo, iiploti ze-PCoA zeesampuli zamanzi zazikwindlela ejikelezileyo (Umzobo 5b). Olu tshintsho lomjikelo lunokubonakalisa utshintsho lonyaka.
Ukongeza, amaqela amabini kuphela (abolileyo nabangabolileyo) abonwe kwiiploti ze-PCoA zeesampuli zesinyithi, apho (ngaphandle kwe-9% yentsimbi ye-chromium) utshintsho loluntu lweentsholongwane ukusuka kwiinyanga ezi-1 ukuya kwezingama-22 nalo lwabonwa (Umzobo 5c). Ukongeza, ekubeni utshintsho kwiisampuli ezibolileyo lwalulukhulu kuneesampuli ezingabolileyo, kwakukho ulwalamano phakathi kotshintsho kwiindawo zeentsholongwane kunye nokuqhubela phambili kokubola. Kwiisampuli zesinyithi ezine-9% Cr, kwatyhilwa iintlobo ezimbini zeendawo zeentsholongwane: amanqaku kwiinyanga ezi-1 nezingama-6, akufutshane nentsimbi engagqwaliyo, kunye nezinye (iinyanga ezi-3, ezili-14, nezingama-22), akwiindawo ezikufutshane nentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Inyanga e-1 kunye neekhuphoni ezisetyenziselwa ukukhupha i-DNA kwiinyanga ezi-6 azizange zibole, ngelixa iikhuphoni kwiinyanga ezi-3, ezili-14 nezingama-22 zabola (Umfanekiso oNgezelelayo 1). Ke ngoko, iindawo zeentsholongwane kwiisampuli ezibolileyo zahlukile kwezo zikwiisampuli zamanzi, ezimdaka, nezingabolileyo kwaye zatshintsha njengoko ukubola kuqhubeka.
Iintlobo eziphambili zeendawo ezincinci ezibonwe kwiisampuli zamanzi yayiyiProteobacteria (30.1–73.5%), iiBacteroidetes (6.3–48.6%), iiPlanctomycetota (0.4–19.6%) kunye neActinobacteria (0–17.7%), ubuninzi bazo bahluka ukusuka kwisampuli ukuya kwisampuli (Umzobo 6), umzekelo, ubuninzi beeBacteroidetes emanzini echibi babuphezulu kunamanzi angabonakaliyo. Lo mahluko unokuchatshazelwa lixesha lokuhlala kwamanzi kwitanki yokugcwala. Ezi ntlobo zikwabonwe kwiisampuli zesediment esezantsi, kodwa ubuninzi bazo bahluke kakhulu kobo bukwiisampulu zamanzi. Ukongeza, umxholo ohambelanayo weAcidobacteriota (8.7–13.0%), iChloroflexi (8.1–10.2%), iNitrospirota (4.2–4.4%) kunye neDesulfobacterota (1.5–4.4%) % wawuphezulu kunakwiisampulu zamanzi. Ekubeni phantse zonke iintlobo zeDesulfobacterota ziyi-SRB37, imeko-bume eseludakeni kufuneka ibe yeyomoya ongenamoya. Nangona iDesulfobacterota isenokuba nefuthe kwi-corrosion, umngcipheko kufuneka ube sezantsi kakhulu kuba ubuninzi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphantsi kwe-0.04%. Nangona iDesulfobacterota isenokuba nefuthe kwi-corrosion, umngcipheko kufuneka ube sezantsi kakhulu kuba ubuninzi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphantsi kwe-0.04%. Хотя Desulfobacterota, возможно, влияют на коррозию, риск должен быть чрезвычайно низким, поскольку их относительное содержен быть чрезвычайно низким, <0,04%. Nangona iDesulfobacterota inokuba nefuthe ekungcoleni, umngcipheko kufuneka ube sezantsi kakhulu njengoko ubuninzi bayo emanzini echibi bungaphantsi kwe-0.04%.尽管脱硫杆菌门可能影响腐蚀，但风险应该极低，因為它們在池水中的相对度<0.04%. <0.04%. Хотя тип Desulfobacillus Nangona uhlobo lweDesulfobacillus lunokuchaphazela ukugqwala, umngcipheko kufuneka ube sezantsi kakhulu njengoko ubuninzi bawo emanzini echibi bungaphantsi kwe-0.04%.
I-RW kunye ne-Air zimele iisampulu zamanzi ezivela kwindawo yokungenisa amanzi kunye nesitya, ngokulandelelana. I-Sediment-C, -E, -W ziisampulu zedaka ezithathwe embindini wesiseko sesitya, kunye nakwiicala zasempuma nasentshona. Imitha e-1, inyanga e-1; Iimitha ezi-3, iinyanga ezi-3; Iimitha ezi-6, iinyanga ezi-6; Iimitha ezili-14, iinyanga ezili-14; Iimitha ezingama-22, iinyanga ezingama-22; S, ASTM A283; SP, ASTM A109, imeko 4/5; FC, ASTM A395; B, ASTM A179; 1C, intsimbi eyi-1% Cr; Intsimbi eyi-3C, intsimbi eyi-2.25% Cr; Intsimbi eyi-9C, intsimbi eyi-9% Cr; S6, intsimbi engagqwaliyo eyi-316; S8, intsimbi engagqwaliyo yohlobo lwe-304.
Kwinqanaba lohlobo, inani eliphezulu kancinci (6–19%) leebhaktheriya ezingachazwanga ezikusapho lweTrichomonadaceae, kunye neNeosphingosine, iPseudomonas, kunye neFlavobacterium, libonwe kuzo zonke izinkathi zonyaka. Njengezinto ezincinci eziphambili, izabelo zazo ziyahluka (Umzobo 1). . 7a kunye no-b). Kwimijelo yamanzi, ubuninzi beFlavobacterium, iPseudovibrio, kunye neRhodoferrobacter buphezulu kuphela ebusika. Ngokufanayo, umxholo ophezulu wePseudovibrio kunye neFlavobacterium ubonwe emanzini asebusika esityeni. Ngoko ke, amaqela eentsholongwane kwiisampuli zamanzi ahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka, kodwa awazange enze utshintsho olukhulu ngexesha lophando.
a Amanzi okungenisa, b Amanzi edama lokudada, c ASTM A283, d ASTM A109 ubushushu #4/5, e ASTM A179, f ASTM A395, g 1% Cr, h 2.25% Cr, kunye i 9% Cr intsimbi , j Uhlobo-316 kunye nentsimbi engagqwaliyo K-304.
Iiproteobacteria yayizezona zinto ziphambili kuzo zonke iisampuli, kodwa ubuninzi bazo kwiisampuli ezibolileyo buyehla njengoko ukubola kuqhubeka (Umzobo 6). Kwiisampuli ze-ASTM A179, ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395 kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr, ubuninzi beeproteobacteria buyehla ukusuka kwi-89.1%, 85.9%, 89.6%, 79.5%, 84.8%. , 83.8% yi-43.3%, 52.2%, 50.0%, 41.9%, 33.8% kunye ne-31.3% ngokulandelanayo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuninzi beDesulfobacterota buyanda kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-<0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5–45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuninzi beDesulfobacterota buyanda kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-<0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5–45.9% ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala. Напротив, относительное содержание Desulfobacterota постепенно увеличивается с <0,1% ukuya ku-12,5–45,9% kwi-мере развития коррозии. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuninzi beDesulfobacterota buyanda kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-<0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5–45.9% njengoko ukugqwala kuqhubeka.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% 逐渐增加到12.5-45.9%.相反，随着腐蚀的进展，脱硫杆菌的相对丰度从<0.1% Напротив, относительная численность I-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus i-Desulfobacillus i-uвеличивалась с <0,1% ukuya kwi-12,5–45,9% kwi-мере развития коррозии. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ubuninzi beDesulfobacillus banda kancinci kancinci ukusuka kwi-<0.1% ukuya kwi-12.5–45.9% njengoko ukugqwala kuqhubeka.Ngoko ke, njengoko ukugqwala kuqhubeka, iProteobactereira yathatyathelwa indawo yiDesulfobacterota.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, ii-biofilms kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo engangcoliswanga zazinemilinganiselo efanayo yeebhaktheriya ezahlukeneyo. IiProteobacteria (29.4–34.1%), iPlanctomycetota (11.7–18.8%), iNitrospirota (2.9–20.9%), iAcidobacteriota (8.6–18.8%), iBacteroidota (3.1–9.2%) kunye neChloroflexi (2.1–8.8%). Kufunyaniswe ukuba umlinganiselo weNitrospirota kwiisampulu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo wanda kancinci kancinci (Umzobo 6). Ezi milinganiselo ziyafana nezo zikwisampulu zedaka, ezihambelana neploti yePCoA eboniswe kwiFig. 5a.
Kwiisampuli zentsimbi ezine-9% Cr, iintlobo ezimbini zeendawo ze-microbial zabonwa: iindawo ze-microbial zenyanga e-1 kunye neenyanga ezi-6 zazifana nezo zikwiisampuli ze-sediment esezantsi, ngelixa umlinganiselo we-proteobacteria kwiisampuli ze-corrosion 3, 14, kunye ne-22 wanda kakhulu. Ukongeza, ezi ndawo zimbini ze-microbial kwiisampuli zentsimbi ze-9% Cr zihambelana namaqela ahlukeneyo kwiploti ye-PCoA eboniswe kwiFig. 5c.
Kwinqanaba lohlobo, ii-OTU ezingaphezulu kwama-2000 eziqulethe iibhaktheriya ezingabelwanga kunye ne-archaea zabonwa. Kwinqanaba lohlobo, ii-OTU ezingaphezulu kwama-2000 eziqulethe iibhaktheriya ezingabelwanga kunye ne-archaea zabonwa.Kwinqanaba lohlobo, ii-OTU ezingaphezu kwama-2000 ziye zabonwa ziqulathe iibhaktheriya ezingaziwayo kunye ne-archaea.Kwinqanaba lohlobo, ii-OTU ezingaphezu kwama-2000 ziye zabonwa ziqulathe iibhaktheriya ezingachazwanga kunye ne-archaea. Phakathi kwazo, sigxile kwii-OTU ezili-10 ezinenani eliphezulu kwisampulu nganye. Oku kuquka i-58.7-70.9%, 48.7-63.3%, 50.2-70.7%, 50.8-71.5%, 47.2-62.7%, 38.4 -64.7%, 12.8-49.7%, 17.5-46.8% kunye ne-21.8-45.1% kwi-ASTM A179. , ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, ASTM A179, ASTM A395, 1%, 2.25% kunye ne-9% Cr steels kunye nee-Type 316 kunye nee-stainless steels -304.
Umxholo ophezulu wee-monoliths ezicociweyo ezineempawu ze-Fe(II) oxidizing uye wabonwa kwiisampulu zokubola ezifana ne-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 Temp No. 4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kunye neentsimbi ezine-1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr. kwinqanaba lokuqala lokubola (inyanga e-1 kunye neenyanga ezi-3, Umfanekiso 7c-h). Umlinganiselo we-Dechloromonas wehla ngokuhamba kwexesha, ohambelana nokwehla kwe-Proteobacteria (Umzobo 6). Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo weDechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwiisampulu ezingagqwalanga yi-<1%. Ngaphezu koko, umlinganiselo weDechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwiisampulu ezingagqwalanga yi-<1%. Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленках на некорродированных образцах составляет <1%. Ukongeza, umlinganiselo weDechloromonas kwi-biofilms kwiisampuli ezingagqwalanga yi-<1%.此外，未腐蚀樣品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例<1%.此外，未腐蚀样品的生物膜中脱氯单胞菌的比例 < 1% Кроме того, доля Dechloromonas в биопленке некорродированных образцов была <1%. Ukongeza, umlinganiselo weDechloromonas kwi-biofilm yeesampuli ezingagqwalanga wawungaphantsi kwe-1%.Ke ngoko, phakathi kweemveliso zokugqwala, iDechloromonas ityebile kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala.
Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kwi-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A109 eqinisiweyo #4/5, i-ASTM A179, i-ASTM A395 kunye neentsimbi ezine-1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr, inani leentlobo ze-SRB Desulfovibrio ekugqibeleni landa emva kweenyanga ezili-14 kunye nama-22 (Umzobo 7c–h). I-Desulfofibrion yayiphantsi kakhulu okanye ayizange ifunyanwe kwizigaba zokuqala zokugqwala, kwiisampuli zamanzi (Umzobo 7a, b) nakwi-biofilms ezingagqwaliyo (Umzobo 7j, j). Oku kubonisa ngamandla ukuba i-Desulfovibrio ikhetha indawo yeemveliso zokugqwala ezenziweyo, nangona zingayichaphazeli ukugqwala kwizigaba zokuqala zokugqwala.
Iibhaktheriya ezinciphisa i-Fe(III) (RRB), ezifana neGeobacter kunye neGeothrix, zifunyenwe kwiimveliso zokugqwala kwisigaba esiphakathi sokugqwala (iinyanga ezi-6 nezili-14), kodwa umlinganiselo wamanqanaba okugqwala asemva kwexesha (iinyanga ezingama-22) uphezulu kuzo. uphantsi kakhulu (Umzobo 7c, eh). Uhlobo lweSideroxydans oluneempawu zokugqwala ze-Fe(II) lubonise ukuziphatha okufanayo (Umzobo 7f), ngoko ke umlinganiselo we-FeOB, IRB, kunye ne-SRB wawuphezulu kuphela kwiisampuli ezigqwalileyo. Oku kubonisa ngamandla ukuba utshintsho kwezi ndawo zincinci lunxulunyaniswa nokuqhubela phambili kokugqwala.
Kwintsimbi ene-9% Cr ebolile emva kweenyanga ezi-3, 14 kunye ne-22, kwabonwa inani eliphezulu lamalungu osapho lweBeggiatoacea (8.5–19.6%), anokubonisa iipropati ze-sulfur oxidizing, kwaye kwabonwa i-sideroxidans (8.4–13.7%) (Umzobo 1). ). 7i) Ukongeza, iThiomonas, i-sulfur oxidizing bacterium (SOB), ifunyenwe ngamanani aphezulu (3.4% kunye ne-8.8%) kwiinyanga ezi-3 kunye ne-14. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, iintsholongwane ezinciphisa i-nitrate iNitrospira (12.9%) zabonwa kwiisampuli ezingabolileyo zeenyanga ezi-6 ubudala. Inani elongezelelweyo leNitrospira labonwa nakwi-biofilms kwintsimbi engagqwali emva kokuntywila (Umzobo 7j,k). Ngoko ke, uluntu lweentsholongwane lweentsimbi ze-Cr ezingama-9% ezingagqwaliyo ezineenyanga ezi-1 nezi-6 ubudala zazifana nezo zikwi-biofilms zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Ukongeza, uluntu lweentsholongwane zentsimbi ye-9% Cr oluye lwabola kwiinyanga ezi-3, ezili-14 nezingama-22 lwahlukile kwiimveliso zokubola ze-carbon kunye neentsimbi ze-chromium ephantsi kunye ne-cast iron.
Uphuhliso lomhlwa ludla ngokuhamba kancinci emanzini acocekileyo kunasemanzini olwandle kuba uxinano lwee-ion ze-chloride luchaphazela umhlwa wesinyithi. Nangona kunjalo, ezinye iintsimbi ezingenasici zinokubola kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo38,39. Ukongeza, i-MIC ekuqaleni yayikrokrelwa njengoko izinto ezibolayo zazibonwe ngaphambili kwidama lamanzi acocekileyo elisetyenziswe kolu phononongo. Kwizifundo zokuntywiliselwa ixesha elide, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zokubola, iintlobo ezintathu zeendawo ze-microbial, kunye notshintsho kwiindawo ze-microbial kwiimveliso zokubola zabonwa.
Indawo yamanzi acocekileyo esetyenzisiweyo kolu phononongo yitanki evaliweyo yamanzi obuchwephesha athathwe emlanjeni onekhemikhali ezinzileyo kunye notshintsho lonyaka kubushushu bamanzi ukusuka kwi-9 ukuya kwi-23 °C. Ke ngoko, ukuguquguquka kwexesha kwiindawo ze-microbial kwiisampuli zamanzi kunokunxulunyaniswa notshintsho kubushushu. Ukongeza, uluntu lwe-microbial emanzini echibi lwaluhluke kancinci kulolo lwamanzi angenayo (Umzobo 5b). Amanzi echibini ahlala etshintshwa ngenxa yokugcwala. Ngenxa yoko, i-DO ihlale kwi-~8.2 ppm nokuba kubunzulu obuphakathi phakathi komphezulu wesitya kunye nezantsi. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imeko-bume ye-sediment kufuneka ibe yi-anaerobic, kuba ihlala kwaye ihlala ezantsi kwechibi, kwaye izityalo ze-microbial ezikuyo (njenge-CRP) nazo kufuneka zahluke kwiintyatyambo ze-microbial emanzini (Umzobo 6). Ekubeni iikhuphoni echibini zazikude kakhulu neenkunkuma, zazichatshazelwa kuphela ngamanzi amatsha ngexesha lophando lokuntywiliselwa phantsi kweemeko ze-aerobic.
Ukugqwala ngokubanzi kwenzeka kwintsimbi yekhabhoni, intsimbi ephantsi kwe-chromium, kunye nentsimbi ephosiweyo kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo (Umfanekiso 1) kuba ezi zinto azikwazi ukumelana nokugqwala. Nangona kunjalo, izinga lokugqwala (0.13 mm yr-1) phantsi kweemeko zamanzi acocekileyo angabonakaliyo laliphezulu kunezifundo zangaphambili40 (0.04 mm yr-1) kwaye lalifana nezinga lokugqwala (0.02–0.76 mm yr-1) xa kukho iintsholongwane 1) Lifana neemeko zamanzi acocekileyo40,41,42. Eli zinga lokugqwala elikhawulezileyo liphawu lwe-MIC.
Ukongeza, emva kweenyanga ezingama-22 zokuntywiliselwa, ukugqwala kwendawo kwabonwa kwiintsimbi ezahlukeneyo phantsi kweemveliso zokugqwala (Umzobo 3). Ngokukodwa, izinga lokugqwala kwendawo elibonwe kwi-ASTM A179 likhawuleza ngokuphindwe kahlanu kunelo lokugqwala ngokubanzi. Olu hlobo lungaqhelekanga lokugqwala kunye nezinga lokugqwala elikhawulezileyo nalo libonwe kukugqwala okwenzeka kwinto enye. Ngoko ke, ukuntywiliselwa okwenziwe kolu phononongo kubonisa ukugqwala ekusebenzeni.
Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundweyo, intsimbi ye-9% Cr ibonakalise ukugqwala okunzima kakhulu, enobunzulu bokugqwala obungaphezulu kwe-1.2 mm, okunokwenzeka ukuba yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okukhawulezileyo kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lokugqwala. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundweyo, intsimbi ye-9% Cr ibonakalise ukugqwala okunzima kakhulu, enobunzulu bokugqwala obungaphezulu kwe-1.2 mm, okunokwenzeka ukuba yi-MIC ngenxa yokugqwala okukhawulezileyo kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lokugqwala. Среди исследованных металлов сталь с 9% Cr показала наиболее сильную коррозию с глубиной коррозии> 1.2 i-коррозии и аномальной формы коррозии. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezihlolisisiweyo, intsimbi ene-9% Cr ibonise ukugqwala okunzima kakhulu okunobunzulu bokugqwala >1.2 mm, mhlawumbi yiMIC ngenxa yokugqwala okukhawulezileyo kunye nohlobo olungaqhelekanga lokugqwala.在所研究的金属中，9% Cr 钢的腐蚀最為严重，腐肉深度>1.2 mm, i-由加速腐萬和异常腐肉，常腐者。在所研究的金属中，9% Cr Среди исследованных металлов наиболее сильно корродировала сталь с 9% Cr, с глубиной коррозии >1,2 мм, скорее всего, МИК из-заным коррозии. Phakathi kweentsimbi ezifundweyo, intsimbi ene-9% Cr yonakele kakhulu, enobunzulu bokugqwala obungaphezulu kwe-1.2 mm, mhlawumbi i-MIC ngenxa yeendlela zokugqwala ezikhawulezayo nezingaqhelekanga.Ngenxa yokuba intsimbi ye-9% Cr isetyenziswa kwizicelo zobushushu obuphezulu, indlela esebenza ngayo ukugqwala ifundwe ngaphambili43,44 kodwa akukho MIC ikhe yaxelwa ngaphambili ngale ntsimbi. Njengoko iintsholongwane ezininzi, ngaphandle kwee-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC kwintsimbi ye-9% Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo. Njengoko iintsholongwane ezininzi, ngaphandle kwee-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC kwintsimbi ye-9% Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo. Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, за исключением гипертермофилов, неактивны в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК в высокотемпературной среде (>100 °С), МИК случаях можно не учитывать. Ekubeni iintsholongwane ezininzi, ngaphandle kwee-hyperthermophiles, zingasebenzi kwindawo enobushushu obuphezulu (>100°C), i-MIC kwintsimbi ene-9% Cr inokungahoywa kwiimeko ezinjalo.由于除超嗜热菌外，许多微生物在高温环境(>100 °C) 中不活跃，因此在這种情况下可以忽况下可以忽生。 9% Cr 颃(>100 °C) Поскольку многие микроорганизмы, кроме гипертермофилов, не проявляют активности в высокотемпературных средах (>100 Пристовное в % 100 ° С), Поскольку данном случае можно не учитывать. Ekubeni iintsholongwane ezininzi, ngaphandle kwee-hyperthermophiles, zingabonakalisi msebenzi kwiindawo ezinobushushu obuphezulu (>100 °C), i-MIC kwintsimbi ene-9% Cr inokungahoywa kule meko.Nangona kunjalo, xa kusetyenziswa intsimbi ye-9% Cr kwindawo enobushushu obuphakathi, kufuneka kuthathwe amanyathelo ahlukeneyo ukunciphisa i-MIC.
Iintlobo ngeentlobo zeentsholongwane kunye notshintsho lwazo lubonwe kwiindawo ezigciniweyo zezinto ezingagqwalanga nakwiimveliso zokugqwala kwi-biofilms xa kuthelekiswa namanzi, ukongeza ekugqwaleni okukhawulezileyo (Umzobo 5-7), nto leyo ebonisa ngamandla ukuba oku kugqwala yimakrofoni. URamirez et al.13 baxela utshintsho olunezinyathelo ezi-3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB = > SOB) kwindawo yendalo yezilwanyana zaselwandle ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-6, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa yi-SRB etyebileyo yesibini inokuba negalelo ekugqibeleni ekutyebiseni i-SOB. URamirez et al.13 baxela utshintsho olunezinyathelo ezi-3 (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) kwindawo yendalo yezilwanyana zaselwandle ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezi-6, xa i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa yi-SRB etyebileyo yesibini inokuba negalelo ekugqibeleni ekutyebiseni i-SOB. URamirez et al.13 сообщают о трехэтапном переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, когой земя вторичном обогащении SRB, может, наконец, способствовать обогащению SOB. URamirez et al.13 baxela utshintsho olunezigaba ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) kwinkqubo yendalo yezilwanyana zaselwandle kwixesha leenyanga ezi-6, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa kwi-SRB secondary enrichment ekugqibeleni inokuba negalelo ekukhuliseni i-SOB. Ramirez 等人13 报告了一个超过6 个月的海洋微生物生态系统中的三步转变(FeOB => SBR/IRB => 中富全)，产生的硫化氢可能最终有助于SOB 的富集.Ramirez 等 人 13 报告 了 个 超过 超过 6 个 月 海洋 微生物 生态 系统 中 的 三 歘 变转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 转变 r srb/IRB) , 其 次 富硫化氢 可能 最终 有助于 sob的富集。 URamirez et al.13 сообщили о трехступенчатом переходе (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) в морской микробной экосистеме в течение 6 месяцев, вдом образующийся в результате вторичного обогащения SRB, может в конечном итоге способствовать обогащению SOB. URamirez et al.13 baxele ngotshintsho olunezinyathelo ezintathu (FeOB => SRB/IRB => SOB) kwinkqubo yendalo yezilwanyana zaselwandle kwixesha leenyanga ezi-6, apho i-hydrogen sulfide eveliswa kwi-SRB secondary enrichment inokuthi ekugqibeleni ibe negalelo ekukhuliseni i-SOB.UMcBeth noEmerson36 baxele ngokutyeba okuphambili kwiFeOB. Ngokufanayo, ukutyebiswa kwe-FeOB ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala sokugqwala kuyabonwa kolu phononongo, kodwa utshintsho lweentsholongwane ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala olubonwa kwikhabhoni kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-cast iron ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezingama-22 yi-FeOB => IRB = > SRB (Iifig. 7 kunye ne-8). Ngokufanayo, ukutyebiswa kwe-FeOB ngexesha lesigaba sokuqala sokugqwala kuyabonwa kolu phononongo, kodwa utshintsho lweentsholongwane ngokuqhubeka kokugqwala olubonwa kwikhabhoni kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-cast iron ngaphezulu kweenyanga ezingama-22 yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Iifig. 7 kunye ne-8). Точно так же в этом иссследовании наблюдается обогащение FeOB на ранней стадии коррозии, но микробные изменения по мере прогрескорский углеродистых kunye 1% kunye 2,25% Cr сталях kunye чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, представляют собой FeOB => IRB = > SRB (рис. 7 kunye 8). Ngokufanayo, kolu phononongo ukutyeba kwi-FeOB kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala kuyabonwa, kodwa utshintsho lweentsholongwane njengoko ukugqwala kuqhubeka, olubonwa kwi-carbon kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-cast iron kwiinyanga ezingama-22, yi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Imifanekiso 7 kunye ne-8).同樣，在本研究中观察到早期腐蚀阶段FeOB的富集，但在碳和1% 和2.25% Cr 钢以及超过22个月的铸铁中观察到的微生物随着腐蚀的进展而变化是FeOB => IRB => SRB（图7 和8）.同樣 ， 在 本 研究 中 观察 早期 腐蚀 阶段 feob 的 富集 , 但 碳 和 kunye 1% kunye ne-2.25% Cr 钢 超中 到 的微生物 腐蚀 的 进展 而 变化 FEOB => IRB => SRB（图7和8）. Аналогичным образом, в этом исследовании наблюдалось обогащение FeOB на ранних стадиях коррозии, но микробиологические измебения, kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2,25% Cr сталях и чугуне в течение 22 месяцев, были FeOB => IRB => SRB (рис. 7 kunye 8). Ngokufanayo, ukutyebiswa kwe-FeOB kwizigaba zokuqala zokugqwala kubonwe kolu phononongo, kodwa utshintsho lwe-microbiological olubonwe kwi-carbon kunye ne-1% kunye ne-2.25% ye-Cr steels kunye ne-cast iron kwiinyanga ezingama-22 yayiyi-FeOB => IRB => SRB (Umzobo 7 kunye no-8).Ii-SRB zinokuqokelelana lula kwiindawo zamanzi olwandle ngenxa yobuninzi bee-ion ze-sulfate, kodwa ukutyeba kwazo kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo kulibaziseka ngenxa yobuninzi bee-ion ze-sulfate eziphantsi. Ukutyeba kwe-SRB emanzini olwandle kuye kwaxelwa rhoqo10,12,45.
i-organic carbon kunye ne-nitrogen ngokusebenzisa i-Fe(II)-dependent energy metabolism i-iron oxide (iiseli ezibomvu [Dechloromonas sp.] kunye neziluhlaza [Sideroxydans sp.]) kunye ne-Fe(III) reducing bacteria (iiseli ezingwevu [Geothrix sp. kunye neGeobacter sp. ]) kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala, emva koko i-anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRP) kunye ne-heterotrophic microorganisms zityebisa inqanaba lokuvuthwa lokugqwala ngokutya izinto eziphilayo eziqokelelweyo. b Utshintsho kwiindawo ze-microbial kwiintsimbi ezimelana nokugqwala. Iiseli ze-violet, eziluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka, ezimthubi, nezimhlophe zimele iintsholongwane ezivela kwiintsapho zeComamonadaceae, iNitrospira sp., iBeggiatoacea, kunye nezinye, ngokwahlukeneyo.
Ngokuphathelele utshintsho kuluntu lweentsholongwane kunye nokutyetyiswa kwe-SRB okunokwenzeka, i-FeOB ibaluleke kakhulu kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala, kwaye iiDechloromonas zinokufumana amandla azo okukhula kwi-oxidation ye-Fe(II). Iintsholongwane zinokuphila kwiindawo eziqulathe izinto ezincinci, kodwa aziyi kukhula ngokukhawuleza. Nangona kunjalo, ichibi lokuntywila elisetyenziswe kolu phononongo lisinki yokugcwala, elinokungena kwe-20 m3/h, elihlala libonelela ngezinto ezincinci ezinee-ion ezingaphiliyo. Kwinqanaba lokuqala lokugqwala, ii-ion ze-ferrous zikhutshwa kwintsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nesinyithi esityhidiweyo, kwaye ii-FeOB (ezifana neDechloromonas) zizisebenzisa njengomthombo wamandla. Ubungakanani bekhabhoni, i-phosphate kunye ne-nitrogen efunekayo ekukhuleni kweseli kufuneka zibekho emanzini enkqubo ngendlela yezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Ke ngoko, kule ndawo yamanzi acocekileyo, i-FeOB ityetyiswa kuqala kwiindawo zesinyithi ezifana nentsimbi yekhabhoni kunye nesinyithi esityhidiweyo. Emva koko, ii-IRBs zinokukhula kwaye zisebenzise izinto eziphilayo kunye nee-oxide zesinyithi njengemithombo yamandla kunye nee-electron acceptors zesiphelo, ngokwahlukeneyo. Kwiimveliso zokugqwala ezivuthiweyo, iimeko ze-anaerobic ezityebiswe yi-nitrogen kufuneka zidalwe ngenxa yemetabolism ye-FeOB kunye ne-IRB. Ke ngoko, i-SRB inokukhula ngokukhawuleza ize ithathe indawo ye-FeOB kunye ne-IRB (Umzobo 8a).
Kutshanje, uTang nabanye baxele ukuba ukugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali yiGeobacter ferroredes kunciphisa kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo ngenxa yokudluliselwa ngqo kwe-electron ukusuka kwintsimbi ukuya kwiintsholongwane46. Xa sicinga nge-EMIC, igalelo leentsholongwane ezineempawu ze-EET libalulekile. I-SRB, i-FeOB, kunye ne-IRB zezona ntlobo ziphambili zeentsholongwane kwiimveliso zokugqwala kolu phononongo, ekufuneka zibe neempawu ze-EET. Ke ngoko, ezi ntsholongwane zisebenza nge-electrochemical zinokuba negalelo ekugqwaleni nge-EET, kwaye ukwakheka koluntu lwazo kutshintsha phantsi kwempembelelo yeentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-ionic njengoko kwakheka iimveliso zokugqwala. Ngokuchaseneyo, uluntu lweentsholongwane kwintsimbi ene-9% Cr lwahluke kwezinye iintsimbi (Umzobo 8b). Emva kweenyanga ezili-14, ukongeza ekutyebiseni nge-FeOB, ezifana ne-Sideroxydans, i-SOB47Beggiatoacea, kunye ne-Thiomonas nazo zatyebiswa (Umzobo 7i). Olu tshintsho lwahluke kakhulu kolwezinye izinto ezigqwalisiweyo, njengentsimbi yekhabhoni, kwaye lunokuchatshazelwa zii-ions ezityebileyo ze-chromium ezinyibilikisiweyo ngexesha lokugqwala. Okuphawulekayo kukuba, iThiomonas ayinazo nje kuphela iipropati ze-sulfur oxidizing, kodwa ikwanazo neepropati ze-Fe(II) oxidizing, inkqubo ye-EET, kunye nokunyamezelana kwesinyithi esinzima48,49. Zinokutyetyiswa ngenxa yomsebenzi we-oxidative we-Fe(II) kunye/okanye ukusetyenziswa ngokuthe ngqo kwee-electron zesinyithi. Kwisifundo sangaphambili, ubuninzi obukhulu be-Beggiatoacea bubonwe kwi-biofilms kwi-Cu kusetyenziswa inkqubo yokujonga i-biofilm engaqhubekiyo, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ezi bhaktheriya zinokumelana neesinyithi ezinobuthi ezifana ne-Cu kunye ne-Cr. Nangona kunjalo, umthombo wamandla ofunekayo yi-Beggiatoacea ukuze ikhule kule ndawo ayaziwa.
Olu phononongo luxela utshintsho kwiindawo ezihlala iintsholongwane ngexesha lokugqwala kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo. Kwindawo efanayo, iindawo ezihlala iintsholongwane zahlukile kuhlobo lwesinyithi. Ukongeza, iziphumo zethu ziqinisekisa ukubaluleka kwe-FeOB kumanqanaba okuqala okugqwala, njengoko imetabolism yamandla eentsholongwane exhomekeke kwisinyithi ikhuthaza ukwakheka kwendawo etyebileyo kwizakhamzimba ethandwa zezinye iintsholongwane ezifana ne-SRB. Ukuze kuncitshiswe i-MIC kwiindawo zamanzi acocekileyo, ukutyeba kwe-FeOB kunye ne-IRB kufuneka kuncitshiswe.
Kusetyenziswe iintsimbi ezilithoba kolu phononongo kwaye zacutshungulwa zaba ziibhloko ezingama-50 × 20 × 1–5 mm (ubukhulu bentsimbi ye-ASTM 395 kunye ne-1%, 2.25% kunye ne-9% Cr: 5 mm; ubukhulu be-ASTM A283 kunye ne-ASTM A179: 3 mm). mm; ASTM A109 Temper 4/5 kunye neType 304 kunye ne-316 Stainless Steel, ubukhulu: 1mm), kunye nemingxunya emibini ye-4mm. Iintsimbi zeChromium zapholishwa ngesandpaper kwaye ezinye iintsimbi zapholishwa ngesandpaper yegrit engama-600 ngaphambi kokuntywila. Zonke iisampuli zafakwa nge-sonicated nge-99.5% ethanol, zomiswa zaza zalinganiswa. Iisampuli ezilishumi zentsimbi nganye zasetyenziselwa ukubala izinga lokugqwala kunye nohlalutyo lwe-microbiome. Isampuli nganye yalungiswa ngendlela yeleli ngeentonga ze-PTFE kunye nee-spacers (φ 5 × 30 mm, Umfanekiso ongezelelweyo 2).
Ichibi lokubhukuda linomthamo wee-cubic metres ezili-1100 kunye nobunzulu obumalunga neemitha ezi-4. Ukungena kwamanzi bekuyi-20 m3 h-1, ukugcwala kwakhululwa, kwaye umgangatho wamanzi awuzange utshintshe ngokwexesha lonyaka (Umfanekiso Ongezelelweyo 3). Ileli yesampulu yehliswa kwintambo yentsimbi eyi-3 m exhonywe phakathi kwitanki. Iiseti ezimbini zeeleli zisusiwe echibini kwiinyanga ezili-1, 3, 6, 14 kunye nama-22. Iisampuli ezivela kwileli enye zisetyenziselwe ukulinganisa ukwehla kobunzima nokubala amazinga okugqwala, ngelixa iisampuli ezivela kwenye ileli zisetyenziselwe uhlalutyo lwe-microbiome. Ioksijini enyibilikisiweyo kwitanki yokuntywila ilinganiswe kufutshane nomphezulu nasezantsi, kunye naphakathi, kusetyenziswa i-sensor yeoksijini enyibilikisiweyo (InPro6860i, Mettler Toledo, Columbus, Ohio, USA).
Iimveliso zokugqwala kunye neebhayofilm kwiisampuli zisusiwe ngokukrwela nge-scraper yeplastiki okanye ngokusula nge-cotton swab, zaza zacocwa nge-99.5% ye-ethanol kusetyenziswa i-ultrasonic bath. Emva koko iisampuli zantywiliselwa kwisisombululo sikaClark ngokuhambelana ne-ASTM G1-0351. Zonke iisampuli zalinganiswa emva kokuba zomile. Bala izinga lokugqwala (mm/yr) kwisampuli nganye usebenzisa le fomyula ilandelayo:
apho u-K engumntu ongaguqukiyo (8.76 × 104), u-T lixesha lokuvezwa (h), u-A yindawo iyonke yomphezulu (cm2), u-W kukulahleka kobunzima (g), u-D bubuninzi (g cm–3).
Emva kokulinganisa iisampulu, imifanekiso ye-3D yeesampulu ezininzi ifunyenwe kusetyenziswa imakroskopu yelaser yokulinganisa ye-3D (LEXT OLS4000, Olympus, Tokyo, Japan).