Kulesi sifunda esithembisayo, abaqhubi manje sebephonswa inselelo yokushintsha kusuka kumodeli yokuhlola/yokuhlola baye emikhubeni emihle kakhulu yokuthuthukiswa nokukhiqiza.
Ukutholwa kwakamuva eGuyana-Suriname Basin kubonisa ukuthi kunemithombo kawoyela engaphezu kwe-10 Bbbl kanye negesi yemvelo engaphezu kwama-30 Tcf.1 Njengoba kunjalo ngempumelelo eminingi kawoyela negesi, lena indaba eqala ngempumelelo yokuhlola ogwini lolwandle, elandelwa isikhathi eside sokudumala kokuhlola ogwini kuya eshalofini, okuholela empumelelweni ejulile.
Impumelelo ekugcineni iyisibonakaliso sokuphikelela nempumelelo yokuhlola yohulumeni baseGuyana naseSuriname kanye nezinhlangano zabo zikawoyela kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-IOC emkhawulweni wokuguqulwa kwe-Afrika onqenqemeni lokuguqulwa kwe-South America oluhlanganisiwe. Imithombo ephumelelayo eGuyana naseSuriname Basin iwumphumela wenhlanganisela yezici, eziningi zazo ezihlobene nobuchwepheshe.
Eminyakeni emihlanu ezayo, le ndawo izoba yindawo evelele kawoyela negesi, lapho okutholakale khona kuzoba yindawo yokuhlola/yokuthuthukiswa; abahloli abaningana basafuna okutholakale.
Ukuhlola ogwini. ESuriname naseGuyana, ukugeleza kukawoyela kwakwaziwa kusukela ngawo-1800 kuya kowo-1900. Ukuhlola eSuriname kwathola uwoyela ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-160 ngesikhathi kumbiwa amanzi ekhempasini edolobhaneni laseKolkata.2 Insimu yaseTambaredjo esogwini (uwoyela we-oAPI ongu-15-17) yatholakala ngo-1968. Uwoyela wokuqala waqala ngo-1982. Amasimu kawoyela wesathelayithi aya eKolkata naseTambaredjo angeziwe. I-STOOIP yokuqala yalezi zinsimu uwoyela we-1 Bbbl. Njengamanje, ukukhiqizwa kwalezi zinsimu kungama-barrel angu-16,000 ngosuku.2 Uwoyela ongahluziwe wePetronas ucutshungulwa e-Tout Lui Faut refinery ngomkhiqizo wansuku zonke wama-barrel angu-15,000 wokukhiqizwa kwedizili, uphethiloli, uwoyela kaphethiloli kanye ne-bitumen.
IGuyana ayizange ibe nempumelelo efanayo ogwini; imithombo engu-13 ibiwe kusukela ngo-1916, kodwa emibili kuphela ebone uwoyela.3 Ukuhlolwa kukawoyela ogwini ngawo-1940 kwaholela ocwaningweni lwe-geological lwe-Takatu Basin. Imithombo emithathu ibiwe phakathi kuka-1981 no-1993, yonke yomile noma ingeyona eyezentengiselwano. Imithombo yaqinisekisa ukuba khona kwe-shale emnyama ejiyile, inkathi ye-Cenomanian-Turonian (eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Canje Fm), elingana ne-La Luna Formation eVenezuela.
IVenezuela inomlando ochumayo wokuhlola nokukhiqizwa kwamafutha.4 Impumelelo yokumba isukela ngo-1908, okokuqala emthonjeni iZumbaque 1 entshonalanga yezwe, 5 Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala kanye neminyaka yawo-1920 no-1930, ukukhiqizwa okuvela eLake Maracaibo kwaqhubeka nokukhula. Yiqiniso, ukutholakala kwesihlabathi setiyela 6 e-Orinoco Belt ngo-1936 kwaba nomthelela omkhulu ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela nezinsizakusebenza, kwafaka isandla ku-78 Bbbl yezindawo zokugcina uwoyela; leli dama libeka indawo yokuqala eVenezuela njengamanje ezindaweni zokugcina uwoyela. Ukwakheka kweLa Luna (iCenomanian-Turonian) kuyidwala lomthombo elisezingeni lomhlaba leningi lamafutha. ILa Luna7 inesibopho senani lamafutha atholakale futhi akhiqizwa eMaracaibo Basin nakwezinye izindawo eziningana eColombia, e-Ecuador nasePeru. Amatshe omthombo atholakale ogwini lwaseGuyana naseSuriname anezici ezifanayo futhi aneminyaka efanayo nalawo atholakala eLa Luna.
Ukuhlola Uwoyela Ongaphesheya eGuyana: Indawo Yeshelufu Lamazwekazi. Umsebenzi wokuhlola eshelufini lamazwekazi waqala ngokusemthethweni ngo-1967 ngemithombo engu-7 i-Offshore-1 kanye ne-2 eGuyana. Kwakukhona igebe leminyaka engu-15 ngaphambi kokuba kubholwe i-Arapaima-1, kwalandela iHorseshoe-1 ngo-2000 kanye ne-Eagle-1 kanye neJaguar-1 ngo-2012. Imithombo eyisithupha kweyisishiyagalolunye inemibukiso kawoyela noma yegesi; yi-Abary-1 kuphela, eyabholwa ngo-1975, enamafutha agelezayo (37 oAPI). Nakuba ukuntuleka kwanoma yikuphi ukutholakala kwezomnotho kuyadumaza, le mithombo ibalulekile ngoba iqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lukawoyela olusebenza kahle lukhiqiza uwoyela.
Ukuhlola Uphethiloli Ogwini LwaseSuriname: Indawo Yeshelufu Yase-Continental. Indaba yokuhlola ishelufu laseSuriname ifana neyaseGuyana. Kwambiwa imithombo engu-9 ngo-2011, emithathu yayo yayinemibukiso kaphethiloli; eminye yayo yayomile. Futhi, ukuntuleka kokutholwa kwezomnotho kuyadumaza, kodwa imithombo iqinisekisa ukuthi uhlelo lukaphethiloli olusebenza kahle lukhiqiza uwoyela.
I-ODP Leg 207 yabhoboza izindawo ezinhlanu ngo-2003 eDemerara Rise ehlukanisa iGuyana-Suriname Basin neFrench Guiana ogwini lolwandle. Okubaluleke kakhulu, yonke imithombo emihlanu yahlangana nedwala elifanayo leCenomanian-Turonian Canje Formation elitholakale emithonjeni yaseGuyana naseSuriname, okuqinisekisa ukuba khona kwedwala leLa Luna.
Ukuhlolwa okuphumelelayo kwemingcele yokuguquka kwe-Afrika kwaqala ngokutholakala kukawoyela waseTullow ngo-2007 ensimini yeJubilee eGhana. Ngemva kwempumelelo yayo ngo-2009, i-TEN complex yatholakala entshonalanga yeJubilee. Lezi mpumelelo zenze amazwe ase-Afrika asemaphethelweni e-equator anikeze amalayisense olwandle olujulile, izinkampani zikawoyela eziwathathile, okwaholela ekuhlolweni kusuka eCôte d'Ivoire kuya eLiberia kuya eSierra Leone. Ngeshwa, ukumba lezi zinhlobo ezifanayo zemidlalo akuphumelelanga kakhulu ekutholeni ukuqongelela komnotho. Ngokuvamile, lapho uqhubeka usuka eGhana usiya emingceleni yokuguquka kwe-Afrika, izinga lempumelelo liyancipha.
Njengasezinkulu zempumelelo zaseNtshonalanga Afrika e-Angola, eCabinda nasezilwandle ezisenyakatho, lezi mpumelelo zaseGhana ezijulile ziqinisekisa umqondo ofanayo wokudlala. Umqondo wokuthuthukiswa usekelwe edwaleni elivuthiwe lomhlaba kanye nohlelo lwendlela yokufuduka oluhambisanayo. Idamu ikakhulukazi liyisihlabathi semisele esithambile, esibizwa ngokuthi i-turbidite. Izicupho zibizwa ngokuthi izicupho ze-stratigraphic futhi zithembele ezivikelweni eziqinile eziphezulu nasezihlangothini (shale). Izicupho zesakhiwo azivamile. Izinkampani zikawoyela zathola kusenesikhathi ukuthi, ngokumba imigodi eyomile, kwakudingeka zihlukanise izimpendulo zokuzamazama komhlaba zamatshe esihlabathi athwala i-hydrocarbon kumatshe esihlabathi amanzi. Inkampani ngayinye kawoyela igcina ubuchwepheshe bayo bobuchwepheshe bokusebenzisa imfihlo yobuchwepheshe. Umthombo ngamunye olandelayo wasetshenziswa ukulungisa le ndlela. Uma sekuqinisekisiwe, le ndlela inganciphisa kakhulu izingozi ezihlobene nokuhlolwa kokumba kanye nemithombo yokuthuthukiswa kanye namathemba amasha.
Izazi ze-geology zivame ukubhekisela egameni elithi “trendology”. Kungumqondo olula ovumela izazi ze-geology ukuthi zidlulisele imibono yazo yokuhlola kusuka kwelinye isifunda ziye kwelinye. Kulesi simo, ama-IOC amaningi aphumelele eNtshonalanga Afrika kanye nomngcele wokuguquka kwe-Afrika azimisele ukusebenzisa le mibono kwi-South American Equatorial Margin (SAEM). Ngenxa yalokho, ekuqaleni kuka-2010, inkampani yayisithole amalayisense amabhlogo asogwini olujulile eGuyana, eSuriname naseFrench Guiana.
Yatholakala ngoSepthemba 2011 ngokumba iZaedyus-1 ekujuleni okungamamitha angu-2,000 ogwini lolwandle iFrench Guiana, iTullow Oil yayiyinkampani yokuqala ukuthola ama-hydrocarbon abalulekile ku-SAEM. I-Tullow Oil yamemezela ukuthi umthombo uthole ama-72 m abalandeli abakhokhayo kuma-turbidites amabili. Imithombo emithathu yokuhlola izohlangana nesihlabathi esijiyile kodwa ayikho ama-hydrocarbon okuhweba.
IGuyana iyaphumelela. I-ExxonMobil/Hess nabanye. Ukutholakala kweLiza-1 Well edumile manje (Liza-1 Well 12) kwamenyezelwa ngoMeyi 2015 elayisensini yeStabroek ogwini lwaseGuyana. Isihlabathi se-Upper Cretaceous turbidite yisona sizinda. Umthombo olandelayo we-Skipjack-1 owambiwa ngo-2016 awuzange uthole ama-hydrocarbon okuhweba. Ngo-2020, abalingani beStabroek bamemezele ukutholakala okungu-18 okunemithombo engatholakala engaphezu kwamabhareli angu-8 kawoyela (i-ExxonMobil)! Abalingani beStabroek Babhekana Nokukhathazeka Ngokusabela Kwe-Seismic Kwezindawo Zokucwila Ezithwala I-Hydrocarbon vs Aquifer (Umtshalizimali weHess, Usuku Lomtshalizimali 2018 8). Amatshe omthombo ajulile ase-Albian asebekhulile atholakale kweminye imithombo.
Ngokuthakazelisayo, i-ExxonMobil kanye nabalingani bayo bathole uwoyela endaweni yokugcina i-carbonate yomthombo we-Ranger-1 owamenyezelwa ngo-2018. Kunobufakazi bokuthi lena yindawo yokugcina i-carbonate eyakhelwe phezu kwentaba-mlilo engaphansi komhlaba.
Ukutholwa kweHaimara-18 kwamenyezelwa ngoFebhuwari 2019 njengokutholwa kwe-condensate echibini elisezingeni eliphezulu elingamamitha angu-63. IHaimara-1 igudla umngcele ophakathi kweStabroek eGuyana neBlock 58 eSuriname.
UTullow kanye nabalingani bakhe (ilayisensi ye-Orinduik) bathole izinto ezimbili ekutholakaleni kwesiteshi sikaStabroek esihamba ngezinyawo:
I-ExxonMobil kanye nomlingani wayo (iKaieteur Block) bamemezele ngoNovemba 17, 2020, ukuthi umthombo weTanager-1 wawuyinto etholakele kodwa wawubhekwa njengongewona owezohwebo. Lo mthombo wathola uwoyela owu-16 m esihlabathini saseMaastrichtian esisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa ukuhlaziywa koketshezi kwabonisa uwoyela osindayo kunasekuthuthukisweni kweLiza. Amadamu asezingeni eliphezulu atholakale ezindaweni ezijulile zaseSantonian naseTuronian. Idatha isahlolwa.
I-Suriname engaselwandle, imithombo emithathu yokuhlola amanzi ajulile eyabholwa phakathi kuka-2015 no-2017 yayiyimithombo eyomile. I-Apache yabhoba imigodi emibili eyomile (iPopokai-1 neKolibrie-1) eBlock 53 kanti iPetronas yabhoba imbobo eyomile yeRoselle-1 eBlock 52, Isithombe 2.
I-Offshore Suriname, iTullow yamemezela ngo-Okthoba 2017 ukuthi umthombo we-Araku-1 wawungenawo amatshe abalulekile okugcina amanzi, kodwa yabonisa ukuba khona kwe-gas condensate.11 Lo mthombo wabholwa ngezinkinga ezinkulu ze-seismic amplitude anomalies. Imiphumela yalo mthombo ibonisa ngokucacile ingozi/ukungaqiniseki okuzungezile izinkinga ze-amplitude anomalies futhi ibonisa isidingo sedatha evela emthonjeni, kufaka phakathi idatha eyinhloko, ukuxazulula izinkinga zokuxazulula i-seismic.
I-Kosmos yabhoboza imigodi emibili eyomile (i-Anapai-1 ne-Anapai-1A) eBlock 45 ngo-201816, kanye nembobo eyomile yasePontoenoe-1 eBlock 42.
Kusobala ukuthi ekuqaleni kuka-2019, umbono wamanzi ajulile aseSuriname awubonakali. Kodwa lesi simo sizothuthuka kakhulu!
Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2020, eBlock 58 eSuriname, i-Apache/Total17 yamemezela ukutholakala kwamafutha emthonjeni wokuhlola iMaka-1, owambiwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. IMaka-1 ingowokuqala kokutholakala okune okulandelanayo i-Apache/Total ezomemezela ngo-2020 (abatshalizimali be-Apache). Umthombo ngamunye ohlangane nawo unezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezihlanganisiwe zaseCampania naseSantonia, kanye nezindawo zokugcina amanzi ezihlukene ezincibilikisiwe. Ngokusho kwemibiko, ikhwalithi yedamu lihle kakhulu. I-Total izoba ngumsebenzisi weBlock 58 ngo-2021. Umthombo wokuhlola uyambiwa.
I-Petronas18 yamemezela ukutholakala kwamafutha emthonjeni iSloanea-1 ngoDisemba 11, 2020. Amafutha atholakale ezihlabathini eziningana zaseCampania. Ibhloko 52 liyindlela ethandwayo futhi esempumalanga etholwe yi-Apache eBhloko 58.
Njengoba ukuhlola nokuhlola kuqhubeka ngo-2021, kuzoba nabantu abaningi abazobona indawo.
Imithombo yaseGuyana okufanele ibukwe ngo-2021. I-ExxonMobil kanye nabalingani bayo (i-Canje Block)19 basanda kumemezela ngoMashi 3, 2021 ukuthi umthombo we-Bulletwood-1 wawungumthombo owomile, kodwa imiphumela ibonise uhlelo lwamafutha olusebenzayo kule bhlokhi. Imithombo elandelayo ebhlokhini laseCanje ihlelelwe okwesikhashana i-Q1 2021 (Jabillo-1) kanye ne-Q2 2021 (Sapote-1).20
I-ExxonMobil kanye nabalingani bayo ebhulokini laseStabroek bahlela ukumba umthombo iKrobia-1 ngamakhilomitha angu-16 enyakatho-mpumalanga yensimu yaseLiza. Ngemva kwalokho, umthombo iRedtail-1 uzomba ngamakhilomitha angu-12 empumalanga yensimu yaseLiza.
Ebhulokini iCorentyne (CGX et al), umthombo ungase ubholwe ngo-2021 ukuze kuhlolwe indawo yokusebenzela iSantonian Kawa. Lokhu kuyindlela yokukhula kweSantonian, eneminyaka efanayo etholakala eStabroek naseSuriname Block 58. Isikhathi esinqunyiwe sokubholwa komthombo sanwetshwa saba nguNovemba 21, 2021.
Imithombo yaseSuriname okufanele uyibuke ngo-2021. I-Tullow Oil yamba umthombo we-GVN-1 eBlock 47 ngoJanuwari 24, 2021. Inhloso yalo mthombo iwumgomo ophindwe kabili ku-Upper Cretaceous turbidite. I-Tullow ibuyekeze isimo ngoMashi 18, ithi umthombo wafika e-TD futhi wahlangana nedamu elisezingeni eliphezulu, kodwa wabonisa inani elincane lamafutha. Kuzoba mnandi ukubona ukuthi lo mphumela omuhle uthinta kanjani imithombo ye-NNE yesikhathi esizayo evela ekutholakaleni kwe-Apache ne-Petronas kuya kumabhulokhi angu-42, 53, 48 kanye no-59.
Ekuqaleni kukaFebhuwari, i-Total/Apache yamba umthombo wokuhlola eBlock 58, ngokusobala yacwila ekutholakaleni okuku-block. Ngemva kwalokho, umthombo wokuhlola iBonboni-1 osenyakatho yeBlock 58 ungase ubholwe kulo nyaka. Kuzoba mnandi ukubona ukuthi ama-carbonate eWalker eBlock 42 esikhathini esizayo azoba njengokutholwa kweRanger-1 eStabroek.
I-Suriname Licensing Round. I-Staatsolie imemezele umjikelezo welayisensi ka-2020-2021 wamalayisense ayisishiyagalombili asukela eShoreline kuya ku-Apache/Total Block 58. Igumbi ledatha elibonakalayo livula ngoNovemba 30, 2020. Amabhidi azophelelwa yisikhathi ngo-Ephreli 30, 2021.
Uhlelo Lokuthuthukiswa kwe-Starbrook. I-ExxonMobil kanye ne-Hess bashicilele imininingwane yezinhlelo zabo zokuthuthukiswa kwensimu, ezingatholakala ezindaweni ezahlukene, kodwa uHess Investor Day mhla ziyi-8 kuZibandlela 2018 uyindawo enhle yokuqala. I-Liza ithuthukiswa ngezigaba ezintathu, kanti uwoyela wokuqala uvele ngo-2020, eminyakeni emihlanu ngemuva kokutholakala, Umfanekiso 3. Ama-FPSO ahlobene nokuthuthukiswa kolwandle ayisibonelo sokuzama kwawo ukunciphisa izindleko ukuze athole ukukhiqizwa kusenesikhathi - ngisho namanani - ngesikhathi lapho amanani aluhlaza e-Brent ephansi.
I-ExxonMobil imemezele ukuthi ihlela ukuletha izinhlelo zentuthuko yesine enkulu yeStabroek ekupheleni kuka-2021.
inselelo. Ngemuva konyaka nje kwentengo kawoyela ephansi ngokomlando, imboni isibuyele esimweni sayo, ngentengo ye-WTI engaphezu kwama-$65, kanye neGuyana-Suriname Basin evele njengentuthuko ethokozisayo kakhulu ngawo-2020. Imithombo yokuthola izinto ibhalwe phansi endaweni. Ngokusho kukaWestwood, imelela ngaphezu kwama-75% kawoyela otholakale eminyakeni eyishumi edlule kanye okungenani ama-50% egesi yemvelo etholakale ezicuphweni ze-stratigraphic ze-classic. Amashumi amabili nanye
Inselele enkulu akuzona izakhiwo zedamu, njengoba kokubili idwala kanye noketshezi kubonakala sengathi kunekhwalithi edingekayo. Akusibo ubuchwepheshe ngoba ubuchwepheshe bamanzi ajulile buthuthukiswe kusukela ngawo-1980. Kungenzeka ukuthi kuzothatha leli thuba kusukela ekuqaleni ukusebenzisa izindlela ezinhle kakhulu zokukhiqiza kwamanye amazwe. Lokhu kuzokwenza izinhlaka zikahulumeni kanye nomkhakha ozimele bakwazi ukuthuthukisa imithetho nezinqubomgomo ukuze kufezwe uhlaka olunobungani nemvelo futhi kuvunyelwe ukukhula komnotho kanye nomphakathi kuwo womabili la mazwe.
Noma kunjalo, imboni izobe ibukele eduze iGuyana-Suriname okungenani kulo nyaka kanye neminyaka emihlanu ezayo. Kwezinye izimo, kunamathuba amaningi kohulumeni, abatshalizimali kanye nezinkampani ze-E&P okuhlanganyela emicimbini nasemisebenzini njengoba i-Covid ivuma. Lokhu kufaka phakathi:
I-Endeavor Management iyinkampani yokubonisana nabaphathi ebambisana namakhasimende ukuze bathole inani langempela lezinhlelo zabo zokuguqula amasu. I-Endeavor igcina umbono okabili wokuphatha ibhizinisi ngokunikeza amandla, ngenkathi isebenza njengesisusa sokuguqula ibhizinisi ngokusebenzisa izimiso ezibalulekile zobuholi namasu ebhizinisi.
Ifa leminyaka engama-50 lenkampani liholele ekutheni kube nenqwaba yezindlela eziqinisekisiwe ezivumela abeluleki be-Endeavor ukuthi banikeze amasu okuguqula asezingeni eliphezulu, ukusebenza kahle kakhulu, ukuthuthukiswa kobuholi, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe bokubonisana, kanye nokusekelwa kwezinqumo. Abeluleki be-Endeavour banokuqonda okujulile kokusebenza kanye nokuhlangenwe nakho okubanzi embonini, okuvumela ithimba lethu ukuthi liqonde ngokushesha izinkampani zethu zamakhasimende kanye nokuguquguquka kwemakethe.
Zonke izinto zingaphansi kwemithetho eqinile ye-copyright, sicela ufunde Imigomo Nemibandela yethu, Inqubomgomo Yamakhukhi kanye Nenqubomgomo Yobumfihlo ngaphambi kokusebenzisa le sayithi.