Muri aka karere gafite icyizere, abakora ibikorwa ubu basabwa kuva ku buryo bwo gushakisha no gusuzuma ibintu bakajya ku buryo bwiza bwo guteza imbere no gutanga umusaruro.
Ibyavumbuwe vuba aha mu kibaya cya Guyana na Suriname bigaragaza ko habonetse peteroli irenga 10 z’ibice 10 na gaze karemano irenga 30.1 Nk’uko bigenda ku ntsinzi nyinshi za peteroli na gaze, iyi ni inkuru itangirana n’intsinzi yo mu ntangiriro z’ubushakashatsi ku nkombe, ikurikirwa n’igihe kirekire cyo gushakisha ku nkombe kugeza ku isoko, bikarangira habayeho intsinzi mu mazi menshi.
Intsinzi amaherezo ni igihamya cy'uko guverinoma za Guyana na Suriname n'ibigo byazo bya peteroli bakomeje kwihangana no gutsinda mu bushakashatsi, ndetse n'ikoreshwa rya za IOC mu mpande zombi z'Afurika zihuza ibihugu byombi by'Amerika y'Epfo. Amariba meza mu kibaya cya Guyana na Suriname ni ingaruka z'ibintu bitandukanye, byinshi muri byo bikaba bifitanye isano n'ikoranabuhanga.
Mu myaka 5 iri imbere, aka gace kazaba ari ko gaze y’ibikomoka kuri peteroli na gaze, aho ibyavumbuwe bisigaye bizaba agace ko gusuzuma no guteza imbere; abashakashatsi benshi baracyashaka kuvumbura.
Ubushakashatsi ku nkombe. Muri Suriname na Guyana, ahantu hatemba peteroli hazwi kuva mu myaka ya 1800 kugeza mu myaka ya 1900. Ubushakashatsi muri Suriname bwavumbuye peteroli ku bujyakuzimu bwa metero 160 ubwo bacukuraga amazi mu kigo cyo mu mudugudu wa Kolkata.2 Umurima wa Tambaredjo wo ku nkombe (amavuta ya 15-17 oAPI) wavumbuwe mu 1968. Amavuta ya mbere yatangiye mu 1982. Ahantu hatemba peteroli hongewemo amavuta ya satelite kuri Kolkata na Tambaredjo. STOOIP y'umwimerere kuri ibi bibanza ni peteroli 1 ya Bbbl. Ubu, umusaruro w'ibi bibanza ni utubari 16.000 ku munsi.2 Amavuta ya Petronas atunganyirizwa mu ruganda rwa Tout Lui Faut aho buri munsi hatangwa utubari 15.000 two gukora mazutu, lisansi, amavuta ya lisansi na bitumen.
Guyana ntiyigeze igira icyo igeraho ku nkombe; kuva mu 1916, hari amariba 13 yacukuwe, ariko abiri gusa ni yo yabonye peteroli.3 Gushakisha peteroli ku nkombe mu myaka ya 1940 byatumye habaho inyigo y’ubutaka ku kibaya cya Takatu. Hari amariba atatu yacukuwe hagati ya 1981 na 1993, yose yumye cyangwa atari ay’ubucuruzi. Ayo mariba yemeje ko hari shale y’umukara mwinshi, igihe cya Cenomanian-Turonian (kizwi nka Canje Fm), kingana na La Luna Formation muri Venezuwela.
Venezuwela ifite amateka meza yo gushakisha no gukora peteroli.4 Intsinzi yo gucukura yatangiye mu 1908, yabanje ku iriba rya Zumbaque 1 mu burengerazuba bw'igihugu, 5 Mu Ntambara ya Mbere y'Isi Yose no mu myaka ya 1920 na 1930, umusaruro uva mu kiyaga cya Maracaibo wakomeje kwiyongera. Birumvikana ko kuvumburwa k'umucanga wa kaburimbo 6 mu mukandara wa Orinoco mu 1936 byagize ingaruka zikomeye ku bubiko n'umutungo wa peteroli, bitanga ingano ya 78 z'ibigega bya peteroli; iki kigega kiri ku mwanya wa mbere muri Venezuwela ubu mu bubiko. Ishingwa rya La Luna (Cenomanian-Turonian) ni ryo buye ry'agaciro ku isi rikomoka kuri peteroli nyinshi. La Luna7 niyo ifite uruhare mu mavuta menshi yavumbuwe kandi akorerwa mu kibaya cya Maracaibo no mu bindi bibaya byinshi muri Kolombiya, Ekwateri na Peru. Amabuye yavumbuwe mu nkengero za Guyana na Suriname afite imiterere isa kandi afite imyaka imwe n'iyavumbuwe muri La Luna.
Gushakisha peteroli mu mazi muri Guyana: Agace k'ibice by'umugabane. Imirimo yo gushakisha ku gikoresho cy'umugabane yatangiye ku mugaragaro mu 1967, hari amariba 7 yo mu mazi-1 na -2 muri Guyana. Hari icyuho cy'imyaka 15 mbere yuko Arapaima-1 icukurwa, hagakurikiraho Horseshoe-1 mu 2000 na Eagle-1 na Jaguar-1 mu 2012. Amariba atandatu muri icyenda afite ibipimo bya peteroli cyangwa gaze; Abary-1 yonyine, yacukuwe mu 1975, ni yo ifite peteroli ishobora gutemba (37 oAPI). Nubwo kutagira ibyo kuvumbura mu bukungu bibabaje, aya mariba ni ingenzi kuko yemeza ko sisitemu ya peteroli ikora neza ikora peteroli.
Gushakisha Peteroli mu nkengero za Suriname: Agace k'ibice by'umugabane. Inkuru y'ubushakashatsi bwa Suriname ku bice by'umugabane isa n'iya Guyana. Amariba 9 yacukuwe mu 2011, 3 muri yo yari afite ibipimo bya peteroli; andi yari yumye. Na none, kuba nta buvumbuzi bw'ubukungu buhari birababaje, ariko ayo mariba yemeza ko sisitemu ya peteroli ikora neza irimo gukora peteroli.
ODP Leg 207 yacukuye ahantu hatanu mu 2003 ku mugezi wa Demerara utandukanya ikibaya cya Guyana na Suriname n'inyanja ya Guyana y'Abafaransa. Icy'ingenzi ni uko amariba yose atanu yahuye n'urutare rumwe rwa Cenomanian-Turonian Canje Formation rwabonetse mu mariba ya Guyana na Suriname, byemeza ko hari urutare rwa La Luna.
Ubushakashatsi bwagenze neza ku nkengero z’impinduka za Afurika bwatangiye ubwo havumburwaga peteroli ya Tullow mu 2007 mu kibuga cya Jubilee muri Ghana. Nyuma yo gutsinda mu 2009, inyubako ya TEN yavumbuwe mu burengerazuba bwa Jubilee. Izi ntsinzi zatumye ibihugu bya Afurika biri mu gice cy’uburengerazuba bitanga impushya zo mu mazi maremare, amasosiyete ya peteroli yigaruriye, bituma havumburwa kuva muri Côte d'Ivoire kugera muri Liberiya muri Sierra Leone. Ikibabaje ni uko gucukura ubwo bwoko bw’imikino nk’ubwo ntacyo byagezeho mu kubona ubukungu bwiyongera. Muri rusange, uko ugenda uva mu burengerazuba ugana muri Ghana mu nkengero z’impinduka za Afurika, ni ko igipimo cy’intsinzi kigabanuka cyane.
Nkuko byagenze ku ntsinzi nyinshi za Afurika y'Iburengerazuba muri Angola, Cabinda no mu nyanja zo mu majyaruguru, izi ntsinzi zo mu mazi maremare muri Ghana zishimangira igitekerezo nk'icyo cy'imikino. Igitekerezo cy'iterambere gishingiye ku rutare rw'ibanze rw'isi hamwe n'inzira zijyanye narwo zo kwimuka. Ikigega ahanini ni umusenyi wo mu miyoboro y'amazi, witwa turbidite. Imitego yitwa imitego ya stratigraphic kandi ishingira ku biti bikomeye byo hejuru no ku ruhande (shale). Imitego y'inyubako ni mike cyane. Amasosiyete ya peteroli yavumbuye kare ko, binyuze mu gucukura imyobo yumye, yagombaga gutandukanya uburyo amabuye y'umusenyi afite hydrocarbon akorana n'amabuye y'umusenyi atose akorana na hydrocarbon. Buri sosiyete ya peteroli igumana ubuhanga bwayo mu bya tekiniki mu gukoresha ikoranabuhanga. Buri riba ryakurikiyeho ryakoreshejwe mu guhindura ubu buryo. Iyo bigaragaye ko ubu buryo bushobora kugabanya cyane ibyago bijyana no gusuzuma no guteza imbere amariba n'ibindi bishya.
Abahanga mu by’ubutaka bakunze kwita ijambo “trendology”. Ni igitekerezo cyoroshye cyemerera abahanga mu by’ubutaka kwimura ibitekerezo byabo byo gushakisha kuva mu kibaya kimwe bajya mu kindi. Muri urwo rwego, IOC nyinshi zagize icyo zigeraho muri Afurika y’Iburengerazuba no mu mpande zombi z’Afurika ziyemeje gushyira ibi bitekerezo mu gice cy’Amajyepfo cya Amerika y’Amajyepfo (SAEM). Kubera iyo mpamvu, mu ntangiriro za 2010, isosiyete yari imaze kubona uburenganzira bwo gukora ahantu ho mu mazi menshi mu nkengero za Guyana, Suriname na Guyana y’Abafaransa.
Yavumbuwe muri Nzeri 2011 ubwo yacukuraga Zaedyus-1 mu bujyakuzimu bwa metero 2.000 mu nyanja ya Guyana y'Abafaransa, Tullow Oil ni yo sosiyete ya mbere yabonye hydrocarbons nyinshi muri SAEM. Tullow Oil yatangaje ko iriba ryabonye amashanyarazi angana na metero 72 mu mazi abiri ya turbidites. Amariba atatu yo gusuzuma azahura n'umucanga munini ariko nta hydrocarbons zo mu bucuruzi zizaba zirimo.
Guyana iratsinda.ExxonMobil/Hess n'abandi.Ivumburwa ry'iriba rizwi cyane rya Liza-1 (Liza-1 Well 12) ryatangajwe muri Gicurasi 2015 mu isoko rya Stabroek ku nkengero za Guyana. Umucanga wo mu bwoko bwa turbidite wo mu majyaruguru ya Cretaceous ni wo muyoboro w'amazi. Iriba rya Skipjack-1 ryakurikiranywe ryacukuwe mu 2016 ntiryabonye hydrocarbons zicuruzwa.Mu 2020, abafatanyabikorwa ba Stabroek batangaje ko bavumbuye ibintu 18 hamwe n'umutungo wose ushobora kugaruzwa w'amabaruni arenga 8 ya peteroli (ExxonMobil)! Abafatanyabikorwa ba Stabroek bakemura ibibazo ku bijyanye n'uburyo imitingito iterwa n'ibigega by'amazi bitera hydrocarbon (Hess Investor, Umunsi w'Abashoramari 2018 8). Amabuye akomeye y'inkomoko ya Albian yabonetse muri bimwe mu byobo.
Igishimishije ni uko ExxonMobil n'abafatanyabikorwa bayo bavumbuye peteroli mu kigega cya karubone cy'ikirunga cya Ranger-1 cyatangajwe mu 2018. Hari ibimenyetso bigaragaza ko iki ari ikigega cya karubone cyubatswe hejuru y'ikirunga kiri munsi y'ubutaka.
Ivumburwa rya Haimara-18 ryatangajwe muri Gashyantare 2019 nk'ivumburwa ry'ubushyuhe mu kigega cy'amazi gifite uburebure bwa metero 63. Haimara-1 ihana imbibi n'umupaka uri hagati ya Stabroek muri Guyana na Block 58 muri Suriname.
Tullow n'abafatanyabikorwa (uruhushya rwa Orinduik) bavumbuye ibintu bibiri mu ivumburwa rya Stabroek ry'inzira y'amashanyarazi:
ExxonMobil n'umufatanyabikorwa wayo (Kaieteur Block) batangaje ku ya 17 Ugushyingo 2020, ko iriba rya Tanager-1 ryari ivumburwa ariko rifatwa nk'iritari iry'ubucuruzi. Iriba ryasanze metero 16 z'amavuta mu mucanga mwiza wa Maastrichtian, ariko isesengura ry'amazi ryagaragaje ko amavuta akomeye kurusha ayo mu iterambere rya Liza. Ibigega by'amazi byiza byavumbuwe mu miterere miremire ya Santonian na Turonian. Amakuru aracyasuzumwa.
Suriname yo ku nkengero z'inyanja, amariba atatu yo gucukura mu mazi y'ubujyakuzimu yacukuwe hagati ya 2015 na 2017 yari amariba yumye. Apache yacukuye imyobo ibiri yumye (Popokai-1 na Kolibrie-1) muri Block 53 naho Petronas yacukuye umwobo wumye wa Roselle-1 muri Block 52, Ishusho ya 2.
Muri Suriname yo ku nkengero z'inyanja, Tullow yatangaje mu Ukwakira 2017 ko iriba rya Araku-1 ridafite amabuye akomeye yo mu kigega, ariko ryagaragaje ko hari umwuka wa gaze.11 Iriba ryacukuwemo ibintu bidasanzwe byo mu isanzure. Ibisubizo by'iri riba bigaragaza neza ingaruka/ibitazwi ku bijyanye n'ibitameze neza mu isanzure kandi bigaragaza ko hakenewe amakuru ava muri iryo riba, harimo n'amakuru y'ingenzi, kugira ngo hakemurwe ibibazo byo gukemura ibibazo byo gukemura ibitameze neza.
Kosmos yacukuye imyobo ibiri yumye (Anapai-1 na Anapai-1A) muri Block 45 mu 201816, n'umwobo wumye wa Pontoenoe-1 muri Block 42.
Birumvikana ko mu ntangiriro za 2019, icyizere cy'amazi maremare ya Suriname cyari giteye ubwoba. Ariko iki kibazo kigiye gutera imbere cyane!
Mu ntangiriro za Mutarama 2020, kuri Block 58 muri Suriname, Apache/Total17 yatangaje ko havumbuwe peteroli ku iriba rya Maka-1, ryacukuwe mu mpera za 2019. Maka-1 ni yo ya mbere mu mavumburo ane yikurikiranya Apache/Total izatangaza mu 2020 (abashoramari ba Apache). Buri riba ryahuye naryo rifite ibigega bya Campania na Santonia, ndetse n'ibigega bitandukanye bya hydrocarbon condensate. Nk'uko raporo zibivuga, ubwiza bw'ikigega ni bwiza cyane. Total izaba umukoresha wa Block 58 mu 2021. Hari iriba ry'isuzuma ririmo gucukurwa.
Petronas18 yatangaje ko havumbuwe peteroli ku iriba rya Sloanea-1 ku ya 11 Ukuboza 2020. Amavuta yabonetse mu mucanga wa Campania. Ishami rya 52 ni ikintu Apache yasanze mu gace ka 58.
Mu gihe ubushakashatsi n'isuzumabikorwa bizakomeza muri 2021, hazabaho abantu benshi bazakurikiranwa muri ako gace.
Ibirunga bya Guyana bizakurikiranwa mu 2021. ExxonMobil n'abafatanyabikorwa (Canje Block)19 batangaje ku ya 3 Werurwe 2021 ko ikirunga cya Bulletwood-1 ari ikirunga cyumye, ariko ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byagaragaje ko hari uburyo bwo gukora bw'amavuta muri iki kirango. Ibirunga bikurikiranwa muri iki kirango cya Canje biteganijwe mu gihe cy'agateganyo mu gihembwe cya mbere cya 2021 (Jabillo-1) n'icya kabiri cya 2021 (Sapote-1).20
ExxonMobil n'abafatanyabikorwa mu mugambi wo gucukura iriba rya Krobia-1 mu birometero 25 mu majyaruguru y'uburasirazuba bw'ikibuga cya Liza. Nyuma y'ibyo, iriba rya Redtail-1 rizacukurwa mu birometero 22 mu burasirazuba bw'ikibuga cya Liza.
Ku gice cya Corentyne (CGX et al), iriba rishobora gucukurwa mu 2021 kugira ngo hageragezwe ku gice cya Santonian Kawa. Iyi ni inyubako y’ubunini bwa Santonian, hamwe n’imyaka isa iboneka muri Stabroek na Suriname Block 58. Igihe ntarengwa cyo gucukura iriba cyongerewe kugeza ku ya 21 Ugushyingo 2021.
Amariba ya Suriname azakurikiranwa mu 2021. Tullow Oil yacukuye iriba rya GVN-1 muri Block 47 ku ya 24 Mutarama 2021. Intego y'iri riba ni intego ebyiri muri Upper Cretaceous turbidite. Tullow yavuguruye uko ibintu bimeze ku ya 18 Werurwe, ivuga ko iriba ryageze kuri TD rigahura n'ikigega cyiza cyane, ariko ryagaragaje amavuta make. Bizaba bishimishije kureba uburyo uyu musaruro mwiza ugira ingaruka ku mariba ya NNE y'ejo hazaza avuye mu byavumbuwe na Apache na Petronas kugeza kuri block 42, 53, 48 na 59.
Mu ntangiriro za Gashyantare, Total/Apache yacukuye iriba ry’isuzuma muri Block 58, bigaragara ko ryavuye mu ivumburwa ryavumbuwe muri block. Nyuma y’ibyo, iriba ry’isuzuma rya Bonboni-1 riri ku mpera y’amajyaruguru ya Block 58 rishobora gucukurwa muri uyu mwaka. Bizaba bishimishije kureba niba karubone za Walker muri Block 42 mu gihe kizaza zizaba nk’izavumbuwe na Ranger-1 muri Stabroek.
Ihuriro ry’Itangazo rya Suriname. Staatsolie yatangaje ihuriro ry’itangazo rya 2020-2021 ku mpushya umunani ziva kuri Shoreline zijya kuri Apache/Total Block 58. Icyumba cy’amakuru akoreshwa kuri interineti gifungura ku ya 30 Ugushyingo 2020. Ibiciro bizarangira ku ya 30 Mata 2021.
Gahunda y'Iterambere rya Starbrook.ExxonMobil na Hess basohoye ibisobanuro birambuye kuri gahunda zabo zo guteza imbere ubuhinzi, zishobora kuboneka ahantu hatandukanye, ariko umunsi w'abashoramari wa Hess ku ya 8 Ukuboza 2018 ni ahantu heza ho gutangirira. Liza irimo gutezwa imbere mu byiciro bitatu, aho peteroli ya mbere yagaragaye mu 2020, imyaka itanu nyuma yo kuvumburwa, Ishusho ya 3. FPSO zijyanye n'iterambere ryo munsi y'inyanja ni urugero rw'uburyo bagerageje kugabanya ikiguzi kugira ngo babone umusaruro hakiri kare - ndetse n'ibiciro - mu gihe ibiciro bya Brent crude biri hasi.
ExxonMobil yatangaje ko iteganya gutanga gahunda z'iterambere rya kane rikomeye rya Stabroek mu mpera za 2021.
Ikibazo. Nyuma y'umwaka urenga ibiciro bya peteroli byagabanutse mu mateka, inganda zarazamutse, aho ibiciro bya WTI birenga $65, kandi ikibaya cya Guyana na Suriname cyabaye iterambere rishimishije cyane mu myaka ya 2020. Amariba yo kuvumbura yanditswe muri ako gace. Nk'uko Westwood ibivuga, ahagarariye arenga 75% bya peteroli yavumbuwe mu myaka icumi ishize na nibura 50% bya gaze karemano yabonetse mu mitego ya kera. makumyabiri na rimwe
Ikibazo gikomeye si imiterere y'ikigega cy'amazi, kuko amabuye n'amazi bisa nkaho bifite ubuziranenge busabwa. Si ikoranabuhanga kuko ikoranabuhanga ryo mu mazi y'ubujyakuzimu ryatejwe imbere kuva mu myaka ya 1980. Bishoboka ko bizakoresha aya mahirwe kuva mu ntangiriro kugira ngo bishyire mu bikorwa uburyo bwiza bwo gukora mu nganda mu musaruro w'ibikomoka ku mazi. Ibi bizafasha inzego za leta n'abikorera gushyiraho amabwiriza na politiki kugira ngo bagere ku rwego rwo kubungabunga ibidukikije kandi batume ubukungu n'imibereho myiza y'abaturage bikura mu bihugu byombi.
Uko byagenda kose, uru rwego ruzaba rukurikiranira hafi Guyana na Suriname nibura muri uyu mwaka no mu myaka itanu iri imbere. Hari aho usanga hari amahirwe menshi kuri za leta, abashoramari n'ibigo bya E&P yo kwitabira ibikorwa n'ibikorwa nk'uko Covid ibibemerera. Harimo:
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