Kulo mmandla uthembisayo, abaqhubi ngoku bajongene nomngeni wokutshintsha ukusuka kwimodeli yokuhlola/yovavanyo ukuya kwiindlela ezilungileyo zophuhliso kunye nemveliso.
Izinto ezifunyenwe kutshanje kwiGuyana-Suriname Basin zibonisa ukuba kuqikelelwa ukuba kukho i-10+ Bbbl yemithombo yeoyile kunye ne-30 Tcf yegesi yendalo.1 Njengakwimpumelelo ezininzi zeoyile negesi, eli libali eliqala ngempumelelo yokuqala yokuhlola ulwandle, lilandelwa lixesha elide lokuphoxeka kokuhlola ulwandle, nto leyo egqibela kwimpumelelo emanzini anzulu.
Impumelelo ekugqibeleni bubungqina bokunyamezela nempumelelo yophando yoorhulumente baseGuyana naseSuriname kunye neearhente zabo zeoyile kunye nokusetyenziswa kwee-IOC kumda wokuguqulwa kweAfrika ukuya kumda wokuguqulwa kweMzantsi Melika odibeneyo. Amaqula aphumelelayo kwiGuyana-Suriname Basin ziziphumo zendibaniselwano yezinto, uninzi lwazo ezinxulumene netekhnoloji.
Kwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo, le ndawo iza kuba yeyona ndawo iphambili yeoyile negesi, apho izinto ezifunyenweyo ezikhoyo ziza kuba yindawo yovavanyo/uphuhliso; abaphandi abaninzi basafuna izinto ezifunyenweyo.
Ukuhlola ulwandle. ESuriname naseGuyana, ukuntywila kweoyile kwakwaziwa ukususela kwiminyaka yoo-1800 ukuya koo-1900. Ukuhlola eSuriname kwafumanisa ioyile kubunzulu obuyi-160 m ngelixa kwakugrunjwa amanzi kwikhampasi kwilali yaseKolkata.2 Intsimi yaseTambaredjo eselunxwemeni (ioyile ye-15-17 oAPI) yafunyanwa ngo-1968. Ioyile yokuqala yaqala ngo-1982. Amasimi eoyile yesathelayithi eKolkata naseTambaredjo ongezwe. I-STOOIP yokuqala yala masimi yi-1 Bbbl yeoyile. Okwangoku, imveliso yala masimi imalunga neebhareli ezili-16,000 ngosuku.2 Ioyile ekrwada yePetronas icutshungulwa kwindawo yokucocisa iTout Lui Faut enemveliso yemihla ngemihla yeebhareli ezili-15,000 zokuvelisa idizili, ipetroli, ioyile yepetroli kunye nebitumen.
IGuyana ayizange ibe nempumelelo efanayo elunxwemeni; kuye kwagrunjwa amaqula ali-13 ukususela ngo-1916, kodwa mabini kuphela abonile ioyile.3 Ukuhlolwa kweoyile elunxwemeni ngeminyaka yoo-1940 kwaphumela kuphando lwejoloji yeTakatu Basin. Amaqula amathathu agrunjwa phakathi kowama-1981 nowe-1993, onke omile okanye awenziwanga ezorhwebo. Amaqula aqinisekisile ukuba kukho i-shale emnyama etyebileyo, ixesha leCenomanian-Turonian (elaziwa ngokuba yiCanje Fm), elilingana neLa Luna Formation eVenezuela.
IVenezuela inembali echumayo yokuhlola nokuvelisa ioyile.4 Impumelelo yokumba iqale ngo-1908, okokuqala equleni laseZumbaque 1 entshona yelizwe, 5 Ngexesha leMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuQala nangeminyaka yoo-1920 noo-1930, imveliso evela kwiLake Maracaibo yaqhubeka nokunyuka. Kakade ke, ukufunyanwa kwesanti yetha 6 kwi-Orinoco Belt ngo-1936 kwaba nefuthe elikhulu kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile kunye nezixhobo, kwanegalelo kwi-78 Bbbl yeendawo zokugcina ioyile; eli dama libeka kwindawo yokuqala eVenezuela ngoku kwiindawo zokugcina ioyile. Ukwakheka kweLa Luna (iCenomanian-Turonian) lilitye eliphambili kwihlabathi leendawo zokugcina ioyile. ILa Luna7 inoxanduva lweoyile eninzi efunyenwe kwaye iveliswa kwiMaracaibo Basin nakwezinye iindawo ezininzi eColombia, e-Ecuador nasePeru. Amatye omthombo afunyenwe elunxwemeni lweGuyana naseSuriname aneempawu ezifanayo kwaye aneminyaka efanayo nalawo afunyenwe eLa Luna.
Ukuhlolwa kweOyile eLwandle eGuyana: Indawo yeShelf yeLizwekazi. Umsebenzi wokuhlola kwishelf yelizwekazi waqala ngokusesikweni ngo-1967 ngemithombo esi-7 ye-Offshore-1 kunye ne-2 eGuyana. Kwakukho umsantsa weminyaka eli-15 ngaphambi kokuba kugrunjwe i-Arapaima-1, kulandele iHorseshoe-1 ngo-2000 kunye neEagle-1 kunye neJaguar-1 ngo-2012. Imithombo emithandathu kwesithoba ineemveliso zeoyile okanye zegesi; yi-Abary-1 kuphela, egrunjwe ngo-1975, eneoyile ebalekayo (37 oAPI). Nangona ukungabikho kokufunyanwa kwezoqoqosho kuyadanisa, le mithombo ibalulekile kuba iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yeoyile esebenza kakuhle ivelisa ioyile.
Ukuhlola iPetroleum eSuriname engaselunxwemeni: Indawo yeShelf yelizwekazi. Ibali lokuhlola ishelf yelizwekazi laseSuriname lifana nelaseGuyana. Imithombo eli-9 iyonke yagrunjwa ngo-2011, emi-3 kuyo yayinemiboniso yeoyile; eminye yayo yayomile. Kwakhona, ukungabikho kwezinto ezifunyenweyo kwezoqoqosho kuyadanisa, kodwa le mithombo iqinisekisa ukuba inkqubo yeoyile esebenza kakuhle ivelisa ioyile.
I-ODP Leg 207 yemba iindawo ezintlanu ngo-2003 kwiDemerara Rise eyahlula iGuyana-Suriname Basin kwiFrench Guiana engaselunxwemeni. Okubalulekileyo kukuba, zonke ezi ngceba zintlanu zadibana nelitye elifanayo leCenomanian-Turonian Canje Formation elifunyenwe kwingceba zaseGuyana naseSuriname, nto leyo eqinisekisa ukuba kukho ilitye leLa Luna.
Uphando oluphumeleleyo lwemida yenguqu yaseAfrika lwaqala ngokufunyanwa kweoyile yaseTullow ngo-2007 kwintsimi yeJubilee eGhana. Emva kwempumelelo yayo ngo-2009, iTEN complex yafunyanwa entshona yeJubilee. Ezi mpumelelo zikhuthaze amazwe ase-Afrika akwi-equator ukuba anikezele ngeelayisenisi zamanzi anzulu, ezithathwe ziinkampani zeoyile, nto leyo ebangele ukuba kuhlolwe ukusuka eCôte d'Ivoire ukuya eLiberia ukuya eSierra Leone. Ngelishwa, ukumba ezi ntlobo zemidlalo ezifanayo akuphumelelanga kakhulu ekufumaneni ukuqokelelwa koqoqosho. Ngokubanzi, okukhona usiya entshona usuka eGhana usiya emida yenguqu yaseAfrika, kokukhona izinga lempumelelo lihla.
Njengakwinkoliso yempumelelo yaseNtshona Afrika eAngola, eCabinda nakwiilwandle ezisemantla, ezi mpumelelo zaseGhana ezinzulu ziqinisekisa ingcamango efanayo yokudlala. Ingcamango yophuhliso isekelwe kwilitye elidala elisemgangathweni wehlabathi kunye nenkqubo yendlela yokufuduka ehambelanayo. Indawo yokugcina amanzi ikakhulu yintlabathi yemisele etyibilikayo, ebizwa ngokuba yi-turbidite. Izibatha zibizwa ngokuba zii-stratigraphic traps kwaye zixhomekeke kwiitywina eziqinileyo eziphezulu namacala (shale). Izibatha zesakhiwo azixhaphakanga. Iinkampani zeoyile zafumanisa kwangethuba ukuba, ngokumba imingxunya eyomileyo, kwakufuneka zahlule iimpendulo ze-seismic zamatye entlabathi ane-hydrocarbon kwilitye lentlabathi elimanzi. Inkampani nganye yeoyile igcina ubuchule bayo bobuchwephesha bokusebenzisa imfihlo yetekhnoloji. Iqula ngalinye elilandelayo lasetyenziswa ukulungisa le ndlela. Nje ukuba ingqinwe, le ndlela inokunciphisa kakhulu iingozi ezinxulumene novavanyo lokumba kunye nemithombo yophuhliso kunye namathemba amatsha.
Iingcali zejoloji zihlala zibhekisa kwigama elithi “trendology”. Yingcamango elula evumela iingcali zejoloji ukuba zidlulisele iingcamango zazo zophando ukusuka kwelinye iqula ukuya kwelinye. Kule meko, uninzi lwee-IOC eziye zaphumelela eNtshona Afrika nakwimida yotshintsho lwaseAfrika zizimisele ukusebenzisa ezi ngcamango kwiSouth American Equatorial Margin (SAEM). Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni kuka-2010, inkampani yayisele ifumene iilayisenisi zeebhloko zamanzi anzulu aselunxwemeni eGuyana, eSuriname naseFrench Guiana.
Ifunyenwe ngoSeptemba 2011 ngokugrumba iZaedyus-1 kubunzulu obuziimitha ezingama-2,000 kunxweme lwaseFrench Guiana, iTullow Oil yayiyinkampani yokuqala ukufumana iihydrocarbon ezibalulekileyo kwiSAEM. ITullow Oil ibhengeze ukuba iqula lifumene iimitha ezingama-72 zabalandeli bomvuzo kwiiturbidites ezimbini. Imithombo emithathu yovavanyo iya kudibana nesanti etyebileyo kodwa akukho hydrocarbons zorhwebo.
IGuyana iyaphumelela. I-ExxonMobil/Hess nabanye. Ukufunyanwa kweLiza-1 Well (Liza-1 Well 12) edumileyo ngoku kwabhengezwa ngoMeyi 2015 kwilayisenisi yeStabroek elunxwemeni lwaseGuyana. Isanti ye-Upper Cretaceous turbidite yindawo yokugcina amanzi. Umthombo olandelayo weSkipjack-1 owombiweyo ngo-2016 awuzange ufumane iihydrocarbons zorhwebo. Ngo-2020, amaqabane eStabroek abhengeze ukufunyanwa kwe-18 iyonke kunye nomthombo opheleleyo onokufunyanwa we-barrels zeoyile ezingaphezulu kwe-8 (ExxonMobil)! Amaqabane eStabroek ajongana neenkxalabo malunga nokusabela kwe-Seismic kwi-Hydrocarbon-bearing vs Aquifer Reservoirs (Utyalomali lweHess, Usuku lotyalomali ngo-2018 8). Amatye emithombo anzulu ase-Albian afunyenwe kwamanye amaqula.
Okubangel’ umdla kukuba, i-ExxonMobil kunye namaqabane ayo bafumene ioyile kwindawo yokugcina iikhabhoni yeRanger-1 eyabhengezwa ngo-2018. Kukho ubungqina bokuba le yindawo yokugcina iikhabhoni eyakhelwe phezu kwentaba-mlilo engaphantsi komhlaba.
Ukufunyanwa kweHaimara-18 kwabhengezwa ngoFebruwari 2019 njengokufunyanwa kwe-condensate kwidama elikumgangatho ophezulu elingama-63 m. IHaimara-1 ingumda phakathi kweStabroek eGuyana kunye neBhloko 58 eSuriname.
UTullow kunye namaqabane (ilayisensi ye-Orinduik) bafumanise izinto ezimbini ekufumaneni isiteshi sikaStabroek esihambayo:
I-ExxonMobil kunye neqabane layo (iKaieteur Block) babhengeze ngoNovemba 17, 2020, ukuba umthombo weTanager-1 wawufunyenwe kodwa wawuthathwa njengongengoworhwebo. Lo mthombo wafumana i-16 m yeoli ecocekileyo kwisanti yaseMaastrichtian ekumgangatho ophezulu, kodwa uhlalutyo lolwelo lubonise ioli enzima kunaleyo yaphuhliswa yiLiza. Iindawo zokugcina amanzi ezikumgangatho ophezulu zafunyanwa kwiindawo ezinzulu zaseSantonian naseTuronian. Idatha isavavanywa.
Kwi-offshore Suriname, imingxuma emithathu yokuhlola amanzi anzulu eyombiweyo phakathi kowama-2015 nowama-2017 yayimingxuma eyomileyo. I-Apache yombe imingxuma emibini eyomileyo (iPopokai-1 kunye neKolibrie-1) kwiBloko 53 kwaye iPetronas yombe imingxuma eyomileyo yeRoselle-1 kwiBloko 52, Umfanekiso 2.
I-Offshore Suriname, iTullow yabhengeza ngo-Okthobha ka-2017 ukuba iqula le-Araku-1 lalingenamatye abalulekileyo edama, kodwa labonisa ubukho be-condensate yegesi.11 Iqula lembiwe nge-anomalies ebalulekileyo ye-seismic amplitude. Iziphumo ezivela kweli qula zibonisa ngokucacileyo umngcipheko/ukungaqiniseki okujikeleze i-anomalies ye-amplitude kwaye zibonisa imfuneko yedatha evela kwiqula, kuquka idatha ephambili, ukusombulula imiba yokusombulula i-seismic.
IKosmos igrumbe imingxunya emibini eyomileyo (iAnapai-1 kunye neAnapai-1A) kwiBloko 45 ngo-201816, kunye nomngxunya owomileyo wePontoenoe-1 kwiBloko 42.
Ngokucacileyo, ekuqaleni kuka-2019, ikamva lamanzi anzulu aseSuriname limfiliba. Kodwa le meko iza kuphucuka kakhulu!
Ekuqaleni kukaJanuwari 2020, kwiBloko 58 eSuriname, iApache/Total17 yabhengeza ukufunyanwa kweoyile kwiqula lokuhlola iMaka-1, elagrunjwa ngasekupheleni kuka-2019. IMaka-1 yeyokuqala kwezine ezilandelelanayo eziza kubhengezwa yiApache/Total ngo-2020 (abatyali-mali beApache). Iqula ngalinye elidibene namachibi adibeneyo aseCampania naseSantonia, kunye namachibi ahlukeneyo e-hydrocarbon condensate. Ngokweengxelo, umgangatho wequla ulungile kakhulu. ITotal iya kuba ngumsebenzisi weBloko 58 ngo-2021. Iqula lovavanyo liyagrunjwa.
IPetronas18 ibhengeze ukufunyanwa kweoyile equleni laseSloanea-1 nge-11 kaDisemba 2020. Ioyile ifunyenwe kwintlabathi ezininzi zaseCampania. Ibhloko 52 yindlela ethandwayo neyasempuma eyafunyanwa yiApache kwiBhloko 58.
Njengoko uphando novavanyo luqhubeka ngo-2021, kuya kubakho abantu abaninzi abalindelekileyo kulo mmandla.
Imithombo yaseGuyana iza kujonga ngo-2021. I-ExxonMobil kunye namaqabane ayo (iCanje Block)19 basanda kubhengeza nge-3 kaMatshi 2021 ukuba umthombo weBulletwood-1 wawungumthombo owomileyo, kodwa iziphumo zibonise inkqubo yeoyile esebenzayo kule bhloko. Imithombo elandelayo kwibhloko yaseCanje icwangciselwe kwangaphambili kwi-Q1 ka-2021 (iJabillo-1) kunye ne-Q2 ka-2021 (iSapote-1).20
I-ExxonMobil kunye namaqabane kwisicwangciso sebhloko iStabroek sokugrumba iqula laseKrobia-1 kwiikhilomitha ezili-16 kumntla-mpuma wentsimi yaseLiza. Emva koko, iqula laseRedtail-1 liza kugrunjwa kwiikhilomitha ezili-12 empuma yentsimi yaseLiza.
Kwibhloko iCorentyne (CGX et al), umthombo ungagrunjwa ngo-2021 ukuvavanya indawo ekufutshane neSantonian Kawa. Le yindlela eqhelekileyo yokukhula kweSantonian, kunye nobudala obufanayo obufunyenwe kwiBhloko 58 yaseStabroek naseSuriname. Umhla wokugqibela wokugrunjwa komthombo wolulelwe kude kube nguNovemba 21, 2021.
Imithombo yaseSuriname iza kuhlolwa ngo-2021. I-Tullow Oil yomba umthombo we-GVN-1 kwiBlock 47 nge-24 kaJanuwari 2021. Injongo yalo mthombo kukujoliswa kabini kwi-Upper Cretaceous turbidite. I-Tullow ihlaziye imeko nge-18 kaMatshi, isithi umthombo ufikelele kwi-TD kwaye wadibana nedama elisemgangathweni ophezulu, kodwa ubonise inani elincinci leoyile. Kuya kuba nomdla ukubona indlela esi siphumo silungileyo esichaphazela ngayo imithombo ye-NNE yexesha elizayo evela kwiziphumo ze-Apache kunye ne-Petronas ukuya kwiibhloko ezingama-42, 53, 48 kunye ne-59.
Ekuqaleni kukaFebruwari, iTotal/Apache yomba umthombo wovavanyo kwiBloko 58, ngokucacileyo iphuma kwingqokelela efunyenwe kwibloko. Emva koko, umthombo wokuhlola iBonboni-1 kwincopho esemantla yeBloko 58 unokugrunjwa kulo nyaka. Kuya kuba nomdla ukubona ukuba iiWalker carbonates kwiBloko 42 kwixesha elizayo ziya kufana nokufunyanwa kweRanger-1 eStabroek.
I-Suriname Licensing Round. I-Staatsolie ibhengeze umjikelo welayisenisi ka-2020-2021 weelayisenisi ezisibhozo eziqala kwiShoreline ukuya kwi-Apache/Total Block 58. Igumbi ledatha ebonakalayo livula ngoNovemba 30, 2020. Iibhidi ziya kuphelelwa ngu-Aprili 30, 2021.
Isicwangciso soPhuhliso lweStarbrook. I-ExxonMobil kunye ne-Hess zipapashe iinkcukacha zezicwangciso zabo zophuhliso lwentsimi, ezinokufumaneka kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa uHess Investor Day 8 Disemba 2018 yindawo elungileyo yokuqala. ULiza uphuhliswa ngamanqanaba amathathu, apho ioyile yokuqala yavela ngo-2020, emva kweminyaka emihlanu ifunyenwe, uMfanekiso 3. Ii-FPSO ezinxulumene nophuhliso lwangaphantsi kolwandle ngumzekelo wemizamo yazo yokunciphisa iindleko zokufumana imveliso kwangethuba - kwanamaxabiso - ngexesha apho amaxabiso e-Brent crude aphantsi.
I-ExxonMobil ibhengeze ukuba iceba ukungenisa izicwangciso zophuhliso lwesine olukhulu lweStabroek ekupheleni kuka-2021.
umngeni. Emva konyaka nje emva kokuba amaxabiso eoyile ehlile ngokwembali, eli shishini liye labuyela kwimeko yesiqhelo, apho amaxabiso e-WTI angaphezulu kwe-$65, kwaye iGuyana-Suriname Basin ivele njengophuhliso olunomdla kakhulu kwiminyaka yoo-2020. Imithombo yokufumanisa irekhodiwe kule ndawo. Ngokutsho kweWestwood, imele ngaphezulu kwe-75% yeoyile efunyenwe kwiminyaka elishumi edlulileyo kunye nobuncinci i-50% yegesi yendalo efunyenwe kwimigibe ye-stratigraphic yeklasikhi. Amashumi amabini ananye
Eyona ngxaki inkulu ayizozakhiwo zedama, njengoko zombini ilitye kunye nolwelo kubonakala ngathi zinomgangatho ofunekayo. Asikuko ubuchwepheshe kuba ubuchwepheshe bamanzi anzulu buphuhlisiwe ukusukela ngeminyaka yoo-1980. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuthathe eli thuba kwasekuqaleni ukuphumeza iindlela ezilungileyo zoshishino kwimveliso engaphandle kolwandle. Oku kuya kuvumela ii-arhente zikarhulumente kunye necandelo labucala ukuba baphuhlise imigaqo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo yokufezekisa isakhelo esinobuhlobo nokusingqongileyo kunye nokwenza ukuba ukukhula koqoqosho kunye noluntu kumazwe omabini.
Nokuba kunjalo, eli shishini liza kube lijonge iGuyana-Suriname ngokusondeleyo ubuncinane kulo nyaka nakwiminyaka emihlanu ezayo. Kwezinye iimeko, kukho amathuba amaninzi koorhulumente, abatyali-mali kunye neenkampani ze-E&P ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kwimicimbi nemisebenzi njengoko iCovid ivuma. Oku kuquka:
I-Endeavor Management yinkampani yokubonisana nolawulo esebenzisana nabathengi ukuze bafumane ixabiso lokwenyani kwiinzame zabo zokuguqula amaqhinga. I-Endeavor igcina umbono ombaxa wokuqhuba ishishini ngokubonelela ngamandla, ngelixa isebenza njengesixhobo sokuguqula ishishini ngokusebenzisa imigaqo-siseko yobunkokeli kunye namaqhinga oshishino.
Ilifa leminyaka engama-50 yenkampani liphumele kwipotifoliyo enkulu yeendlela eziqinisekisiweyo ezivumela abacebisi be-Endeavor ukuba banikezele ngamaqhinga okuguqula asemgangathweni ophezulu, ukugqwesa ekusebenzeni, uphuhliso lobunkokeli, inkxaso yobugcisa yokubonisana, kunye nenkxaso yezigqibo. Abacebisi be-Endeavour banolwazi olunzulu lokusebenza kunye namava abanzi kushishino, okuvumela iqela lethu ukuba liqonde ngokukhawuleza iinkampani zethu zabathengi kunye nokuguquguquka kwemarike.
Zonke izixhobo ziphantsi kwemithetho engqongqo yelungelo lokushicilela, nceda ufunde iMigqaliselo neMiqathango yethu, uMgaqo-nkqubo weekuki kunye noMgaqo-nkqubo waBucala phambi kokusebenzisa le sayithi.