UMB: Sisanda kuqala ukwenza umsebenzi othile odinga ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zenziwe ngokuyinhloko kusuka ku-304 stainless steel, eshiselwe yona ngokwayo kanye nensimbi ethambile.Sihlangabezane nezinkinga ezithile ngokuqhekeka kwe-weld phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali nensimbi engagqwali kufika ku-1.25″ obukhulu.Kwashiwo ukuthi sinamazinga aphansi e-ferrite.Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ukuthi iyini nokuthi ungayilungisa kanjani?
A: Umbuzo omuhle lowo.Yebo, singakusiza uqonde ukuthi i-ferrite ephansi isho ukuthini nokuthi ungayivimbela kanjani.
Okokuqala, ake sibheke incazelo yensimbi engagqwali (SS) nokuthi i-ferrite ihlobana kanjani namajoyinti ashiselwe.Insimbi emnyama nama-alloys aqukethe i-iron engaphezu kuka-50%.Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izinsimbi zekhabhoni nezinsimbi ezingenasici, kanye namanye amaqembu athile.I-Aluminium, ithusi, ne-titanium ayinayo insimbi, ngakho-ke ziyizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zama-alloys angeyona ayoni.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zale alloy yi-carbon steel enensimbi okungenani engu-90% nensimbi engagqwali enensimbi engama-70 kuya ku-80%.Ukuze ichazwe njenge-SS, kufanele okungenani ibe ne-chromium engu-11.5%.Amaleveli e-Chromium ngaphezu kwalo mkhawulo omncane akhuthaza ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-chromium oxide ezindaweni zensimbi futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwe-oxidation njengokugqwala (i-iron oxide) noma ukugqwala kokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali.
Insimbi engagqwali ihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko ngamaqembu amathathu: i-austenitic, i-ferritic ne-martensitic.Igama labo livela esakhiweni sekristalu endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni akhiwa ngayo.Elinye iqembu elivamile yinsimbi engagqwali eyi-duplex, okuyibhalansi phakathi kwe-ferrite ne-austenite esakhiweni sekristalu.
Amabanga e-Austenitic, uchungechunge lwama-300, aqukethe i-chromium engu-16% kuya ku-30% kanye ne-nickel engu-8% kuya ku-40%, akha isakhiwo sekristalu e-austenitic.Iziqinisi ezifana ne-nickel, i-carbon, i-manganese, ne-nitrogen yengezwa phakathi nenqubo yokwenza insimbi ukusiza ukwakha isilinganiso se-austenite-ferrite.Amanye amamaki ajwayelekile angama-304, 316 kanye nama-347. Inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle;ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa ezimbonini zokudla, amakhemikhali, ezemithi kanye ne-cryogenic.Ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kunikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
I-Ferritic SS iyibanga lochungechunge elingu-400 elinozibuthe ngokugcwele, liqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% ukuya ku-30%, futhi inokwakheka kwekristalu evundile kakhulu.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwe-ferrite, ama-stabilizers afaka i-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum ne-niobium ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi.Lezi zinhlobo ze-SS zivame ukusetshenziswa kumasistimu e-automotive exhaust kanye nama-powertrains futhi zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilinganiselwe zokushisa okuphezulu.Izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa: 405, 409, 430 kanye 446.
Amabanga e-Martensitic, abuye abizwe ngokuthi uchungechunge lwe-400, njenge-403, 410, ne-440, angamagnetic, aqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% kuya ku-18%, futhi anesakhiwo sekristalu ye-martensitic.Le nhlanganisela inokuqukethwe kwegolide okuphansi kakhulu, okuyenza ingabizi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.Zinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla aphakeme, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-tableware, amazinyo nezinto zokuhlinza, i-cookware, nezinye izinhlobo zamathuluzi.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, uhlobo lwe-substrate kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo enkonzweni kuzonquma insimbi yokugcwalisa efanele okufanele isetshenziswe.Uma usebenzisa inqubo yokuvikela igesi, kungase kudingeke ukuthi unake ngokukhethekile ukuvikela izingxube zegesi ukuvimbela izinkinga ezithile ezihlobene nokushisela.
Ukuze uzithengisele yona i-304, uzodinga i-E308/308L electrode."L" imele ikhabhoni ephansi, esiza ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-intergranular.Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kulawa ma-electrode kungaphansi kuka-0.03%, uma leli nani lidlulwa, ubungozi bokufakwa kwekhabhoni emingceleni yokusanhlamvu kanye nokubopha kwe-chromium ukwakha i-chromium carbides kuyanda, okunciphisa ngempumelelo ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi.Lokhu kuba sobala uma ukugqwala kwenzeka endaweni ethinteke ukushisa (HAZ) yamashisela ensimbi engagqwali.Okunye okucatshangelwayo ngensimbi engagqwali yebanga L ukuthi inamandla aphansi okuqina emazingeni okushisa aphakeme okusebenza kunamamaki ensimbi engagqwali aqondile.
Njengoba i-304 iwuhlobo lwe-austenitic yensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ehambisanayo ye-weld izoqukatha iningi le-austenite.Kodwa-ke, i-electrode ngokwayo izoqukatha i-ferrite stabilizer, njenge-molybdenum, ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-ferrite ensimbi ye-weld.Abakhiqizi bavamise ukuklelisa ububanzi obujwayelekile benani le-ferrite yensimbi yokushisela.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-carbon iyi-stabilizer eqinile ye-austenitic futhi ngenxa yalezi zizathu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungezwa kwayo ensimbi yokushisela.
Izinombolo ze-Ferrite zithathwe eshadini le-Scheffler kanye neshadi le-WRC-1992, elisebenzisa amafomula alinganayo e-nickel ne-chromium ukuze kubalwe inani okuthi uma lifakwe eshadini linikeze inombolo evamile.Inombolo ye-ferrite ephakathi kuka-0 no-7 ihambisana nephesenti yevolumu yesakhiwo sekristalu ye-ferritic ekhona ensimbi yokushisela, noma kunjalo, ngamaphesenti aphezulu, inombolo ye-ferrite ikhula ngokushesha.Khumbula ukuthi i-ferrite ku-SS ayifani ne-carbon steel ferrite, kodwa isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi i-delta ferrite.Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic ayidluli ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esihlobene nezinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu njengokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kuyafiseleka ngoba i-ductile kakhulu kune-austenite, kodwa kufanele ilawulwe.Okuqukethwe kwe-ferrite ephansi kunganikeza ama-welds ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa athambekele kakhulu ekuqhekekeni okushisayo ngesikhathi sokushisela.Ngokusetshenziswa okuvamile, inani lama-ferrite kufanele libe phakathi kuka-5 no-10, kodwa ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingadinga amanani aphansi noma aphezulu.Ama-Ferrites angabhekwa kalula endaweni yokusebenza ngenkomba ye-ferrite.
Njengoba ushilo ukuthi unezinkinga zokuqhekeka kanye nama-ferrite aphansi, kufanele ubhekisise insimbi yakho yokugcwalisa futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ikhiqiza ama-ferrite anele - cishe u-8 kufanele wenze iqhinga.Futhi, uma usebenzisa i-flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa ngokuvamile zisebenzisa igesi eyisivikelo engu-100% yekhabhoni dioxide noma ingxube engu-75% ye-argon no-25% CO2, engabangela insimbi yokushisela ukuthi imunce ikhabhoni.Ungashintshela kunqubo ye-metal arc welding (GMAW) futhi usebenzise ingxube ye-98% ye-argon/2% ye-oxygen ukuze unciphise amathuba okufakwa kwekhabhoni.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali ku-carbon steel, kufanele kusetshenziswe impahla yokugcwalisa i-E309L.Le nsimbi yokugcwalisa isetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ukushisela insimbi okungafani, yakha inani elithile le-ferrite ngemuva kokuthi i-carbon steel incibilike ekushiseleni.Ngenxa yokuthi i-carbon steel imunca ikhabhoni ethile, iziqinisi ze-ferrite zengezwa ensimbi yokugcwalisa ukuze kuliwe nokuthambekela kwekhabhoni ukwenza i-austenite.Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka okushisayo ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Sengiphetha, uma ufuna ukulungisa imifantu eshisayo kumashisela ensimbi engenasici ye-austenitic, hlola insimbi eyanele yokugcwalisa i-ferrite bese ulandela umkhuba omuhle wokushisela.Gcina okokufaka kokushisa okungaphansi kuka-50 kJ/in, gcina izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo ukuya eliphansi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amalunga e-solder ahlanzekile ngaphambi kokudayiswa.Sebenzisa i-gauge efanele ukuhlola inani le-ferrite ekushiseleni, uhlose u-5-10.
I-WELDER, ngaphambili ebibizwa nge-Practical Welding Today, imele abantu bangempela abenza imikhiqizo esiyisebenzisayo nesisebenza ngayo nsuku zonke.Lo magazini ubulokhu usebenzela umphakathi wokushisela eNyakatho Melika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
Manje ngokufinyelela okugcwele kwe-The FABRICATOR digital edition, ukufinyelela okulula kuzinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.
Uhlelo lwedijithali lwe-The Tube & Pipe Journal manje selufinyeleleka ngokugcwele, lunikeza ukufinyelela okulula kuzinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.
Thola ukufinyelela okudijithali okugcwele ku-STAMPING Journal, equkethe ubuchwepheshe bamuva nje, imikhuba ehamba phambili nezindaba zemboni zemakethe yokugxiviza ngensimbi.
Manje ngokufinyelela okuphelele kwedijithali ku-The Fabricator en Español, usukwazi ukufinyelela kalula izinsiza ezibalulekile zemboni.