Umbuzo: Kutshanje siqalise ukwenza umsebenzi ofuna ukuba amanye amacandelo enziwe ngokuyintloko ukusuka kwi-304 yensimbi engenasici, edityaniswe kuyo ngokwayo kunye nentsimbi ethambileyo.Siye sahlangabezana nemiba ethile ngokuqhekeka kwe-weld phakathi kwentsimbi engatyiwa kunye nentsimbi engatyiwayo ukuya kuthi ga kwi-1.25 ″ ubukhulu.Kwakhankanywa ukuba sinamanqanaba asezantsi e-ferrite.Ngaba unokucacisa ukuba yintoni kunye nendlela yokuyilungisa?
A: Ngumbuzo omhle lowo.Ewe, sinokukunceda uqonde ukuba yintoni i-ferrite ephantsi ithetha kunye nendlela yokukhusela.
Okokuqala, makhe sijonge inkcazo yensimbi engenasici (SS) kunye nendlela i-ferrite ehambelana ngayo namalungu adityanisiweyo.Insimbi emnyama kunye ne-alloys iqulethe ngaphezu kwe-50% yentsimbi.Oku kubandakanya zonke iintsimbi zekhabhoni kunye neentsimbi, kunye namanye amaqela athile.I-aluminiyam, ubhedu, kunye ne-titanium azinayo i-iron, ngoko ziyimizekelo ebalaseleyo ye-non-ferrous alloys.
Amacandelo aphambili ale alloy yi-carbon steel enomxholo wentsimbi ubuncinane ubuncinane be-90% kunye nensimbi engenasici kunye nentsimbi ye-70 ukuya kwi-80%.Ukuze ihlelwe njenge-SS, kufuneka ibe ne-11.5% ubuncinane yechromium eyongeziweyo.Amanqanaba eChromium ngaphezu kwalo mqobo omncinci ukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwefilimu ye-chromium oxide kwimigangatho yentsimbi kunye nokuthintela ukubunjwa kwe-oxidation njenge-rust (i-iron oxide) okanye ukuhlaselwa kweekhemikhali.
Insimbi engenasici yahlulwe kakhulu yangamaqela amathathu: i-austenitic, i-ferritic kunye ne-martensitic.Igama labo livela kwisakhiwo sekristale kwiqondo lokushisa legumbi apho baqulunqwe khona.Elinye iqela eliqhelekileyo liyi-duplex yensimbi engenasici, eyibhalansi phakathi kwe-ferrite kunye ne-austenite kwisakhiwo se-crystal.
Amanqaku e-Austenitic, i-300 series, iqulethe i-16% ukuya kwi-30% ye-chromium kunye ne-8% ukuya kwi-40% ye-nickel, eyenza isakhiwo se-crystal ye-austenitic.I-stabilizers ezifana ne-nickel, i-carbon, i-manganese, kunye ne-nitrogen yongezwa ngexesha lenkqubo yokwenza i-steelmaking ukunceda ukwenza umlinganiselo we-austenite-ferrite.Amanye amabakala aqhelekileyo angama-304, 316 kunye nama-347.ikakhulu isetyenziswa kukutya, imichiza, amayeza kunye namashishini cryogenic.Ukulawula ukubunjwa kwe-ferrite kunika ubunzima obugqwesileyo kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi.
I-Ferritic SS yi-400 series grade enemagnethi ngokupheleleyo, iqulethe i-11.5% ukuya kwi-30% yechromium, kwaye inokwakheka kwekristale ye-ferritic.Ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-ferrite, i-stabilizers ibandakanya i-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum kunye ne-niobium ngexesha lokuvelisa insimbi.Ezi ntlobo ze-SS ziqhele ukusetyenziswa kwiinkqubo zokukhupha iimoto kunye nee-powertrains kwaye zinezicelo ezilinganiselwe zokushisa okuphezulu.Iintlobo ezininzi ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo: 405, 409, 430 kunye ne-446.
Amabanga e-Martensitic, abizwa ngokuba yi-400 series, njenge-403, i-410, kunye ne-440, i-magnetic, iqulethe i-11.5% ukuya kwi-18% ye-chromium, kwaye inesakhiwo se-crystal martensitic.Le ndibaniselwano inowona mxholo wegolide uphantsi, nto leyo ebenza ukuba bangabizi kakhulu ukuvelisa.Babonelela ngokuxhathisa umhlwa, amandla aphezulu, kwaye baqhele ukusetyenziswa kwitafile, izixhobo zamazinyo kunye nezotyando, izixhobo zokupheka, kunye nezinye iintlobo zezixhobo.
Xa weld steel stainless, uhlobo lwe-substrate kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo kwinkonzo kuya kugqiba isinyithi esifanelekileyo sokuzalisa esiza kusetyenziswa.Ukuba usebenzisa inkqubo yokukhusela igesi, unokufuna ukuhlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ekukhuseleni imixube yegesi ukukhusela iingxaki ezithile ezinxulumene ne-welding.
Ukuthengisa i-304 ngokwayo, uya kufuna i-electrode ye-E308/308L."L" imele i-carbon ephantsi, enceda ukuthintela ukubola kwe-intergranular.Umxholo wekhabhoni wale electrode ungaphantsi kwe-0.03%, ukuba eli xabiso ligqithisiwe, umngcipheko we-carbon deposition kwimida yengqolowa kunye ne-chromium bonding ukwenza i-chromium carbides yanda, eyanciphisa ngokufanelekileyo ukunyanzeliswa kwe-corrosion yensimbi.Oku kubonakala ngokucacileyo ukuba umhlwa uyenzeka kwindawo echatshazelwe bubushushu (HAZ) yeentsimbi zentsimbi engenasici.Olunye uqwalaselo lwebakala L lwensimbi engenasici kukuba banamandla asezantsi okuqina kumaqondo obushushu aphakamileyo okusebenza kunamabakala athe tye entsimbi engenasici.
Ekubeni i-304 luhlobo lwe-austenitic yensimbi engenasici, i-weld metal ehambelanayo iya kuba neninzi ye-austenite.Nangona kunjalo, i-electrode ngokwayo iya kuba ne-ferrite stabilizer, njenge-molybdenum, ukukhuthaza ukubunjwa kwe-ferrite kwi-weld metal.Abavelisi ngokuqhelekileyo badwelisa uluhlu oluqhelekileyo lwemali ye-ferrite yentsimbi ye-weld.Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngaphambili, ikhabhoni yi-austenitic stabilizer eyomeleleyo kwaye ngenxa yezi zizathu kubalulekile ukuthintela ukongezwa kwayo kwintsimbi ye-weld.
Amanani e-Ferrite athatyathwe kwitshathi ye-Scheffler kunye netshathi ye-WRC-1992, esebenzisa i-nickel kunye neefomyula ezilinganayo zechromium ukubala ixabiso elithi xa licwangciswe kwitshati linike inani eliqhelekileyo.Inombolo ye-ferrite phakathi kwe-0 kunye ne-7 ihambelana nepesenteji yevolumu yesakhiwo se-crystal ye-ferritic ekhoyo kwintsimbi ye-weld, nangona kunjalo, kwiipesenti eziphezulu, inani le-ferrite landa ngokukhawuleza.Khumbula ukuba i-ferrite kwi-SS ayifani ne-carbon steel ferrite, kodwa isigaba esibizwa ngokuba yi-delta ferrite.I-Austenitic stainless steel ayifuni ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esihambelana neenkqubo eziphezulu zokushisa ezifana nonyango lokushisa.
Ukubunjwa kweFerrite kunqweneleka kuba i-ductile ngaphezu kwe-austenite, kodwa kufuneka ilawulwe.Umxholo ophantsi we-ferrite unokubonelela nge-welds ngokumelana nokugqwesa okugqwesileyo kwezinye izicelo, kodwa zithandwa kakhulu kukuqhekeka okushushu ngexesha le-welding.Ukusetyenziswa ngokubanzi, inani le-ferrites kufuneka libe phakathi kwe-5 kunye ne-10, kodwa ezinye izicelo zinokufuna amaxabiso aphantsi okanye aphezulu.Iiferrites zinokujongwa ngokulula kwindawo yokusebenzela kunye nesalathisi se-ferrite.
Kuba ukhankanye ukuba uneengxaki zokuqhekeka kunye neeferrite ezisezantsi, kuya kufuneka ujonge kufutshane kwintsimbi yakho yokugcwalisa kwaye uqiniseke ukuba ivelisa iiferrite ezaneleyo - malunga no-8 kufuneka wenze iqhinga.Kwakhona, ukuba usebenzisa i-flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), ezi zinyithi zokuzalisa ngokuqhelekileyo zisebenzisa igesi yekhaka ye-100% ye-carbon dioxide okanye umxube we-75% ye-argon kunye ne-25% ye-CO2, enokubangela ukuba intsimbi ye-weld ifunxe ikhabhoni.Unokutshintshela kwinkqubo ye-arc welding yensimbi (GMAW) kwaye usebenzise i-98% ye-argon / 2% umxube we-oksijini ukunciphisa amathuba okuba ne-carbon deposits.
Xa welding steel stainless kwi-carbon steel, i-filler material E309L kufuneka isetyenziswe.Le ntsimbi yokuzalisa isetyenziselwa ngokukodwa ukutshisa isinyithi esingafaniyo, senza inani elithile le-ferrite emva kokuba i-carbon steel ichithwe kwi-weld.Ngenxa yokuba i-carbon steel ithatha i-carbon, i-ferrite stabilizers yongezwa kwi-filler metal ukuchasana nokuthambekela kwekhabhoni ukwenza i-austenite.Oku kuya kunceda ukuthintela ukuqhekeka kwe-thermal ngexesha le-welding.
Ukuqukumbela, ukuba ufuna ukulungisa iintanda ezishushu kwi-welds yentsimbi ye-austenitic, jonga intsimbi eyaneleyo yokuzalisa i-ferrite kwaye ulandele ukuziqhelanisa ne-welding elungileyo.Gcina igalelo lobushushu lingaphantsi kwe-50 kJ/in, gcina amaqondo obushushu aphakathi ukuya aphantsi, kwaye uqinisekise ukuba iindawo zokudityaniswa kwe-solder zicocekile phambi kokuthengiswa.Sebenzisa i-gauge efanelekileyo ukujonga inani le-ferrite kwi-weld, ejolise kwi-5-10.
I-WELDER, eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yi-Practical Welding Today, imele abantu bokwenene abenza iimveliso esizisebenzisayo nesisebenza ngazo yonke imihla.Eli phephancwadi belisoloko linceda abantu abadibanisa iintsimbi kuMntla Merika ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-20.
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