Intsimbi engagqwaliyo ayinzima kangako ukusebenza ngayo, kodwa ukuwelda kwayo kufuna ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kwiinkcukacha. Ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium kwaye inokulahlekelwa kukumelana nokugqwala ukuba uyifudumeza kakhulu. Iindlela ezilungileyo zinceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Umfanekiso: Miller Electric
Ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwaliyo kwenza ukuba ibe lukhetho olunomtsalane kwiindlela ezininzi ezibalulekileyo zokusetyenziswa kwemibhobho, kubandakanya ukutya okucocekileyo kakhulu kunye neziselo, amayeza, imithambo yoxinzelelo kunye neekhemikhali zepetrochemicals. Nangona kunjalo, le nto ayibususi ubushushu njengentsimbi ethambileyo okanye i-aluminium, kwaye ukuwelda okungafanelekanga kunokunciphisa ukumelana kwayo nokugqwala. Ukusebenzisa ubushushu obuninzi kunye nokusebenzisa isinyithi esingalunganga sokugcwalisa zizinto ezimbini ezibangela oku.
Ukunamathela kwezinye zezona ndlela zibalaseleyo zokuwelda ngentsimbi engagqwaliyo kunokunceda ukuphucula iziphumo nokuqinisekisa ukuba ukumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi kuyaqhubeka. Ukongeza, ukuphucula inkqubo yokuwelda kunokunyusa imveliso ngaphandle kokunciphisa umgangatho.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, ukukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa kubalulekile ekulawuleni umxholo wekhabhoni. Iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezisetyenziselwa ukuwelda umbhobho wentsimbi engagqwaliyo kufuneka ziphucule ukusebenza kokuwelda kwaye zilungele ukusetyenziswa.
Khangela iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezibizwa ngokuba yi-“L” ezifana ne-ER308L kuba zibonelela ngomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni onceda ukugcina ukumelana nokugqwala kwii-alloys zentsimbi engagqwali ezinekhabhoni ephantsi. Ukuwelda isinyithi esisisiseko sekhabhoni ephantsi ngeentsimbi zokuzalisa eziqhelekileyo kwandisa umxholo wekhabhoni kwijoyinti yokuwelda, okwandisa umngcipheko wokugqwala. Ziphephe iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezibhalwe "H" kuba zibonelela ngomxholo ophezulu wekhabhoni kwaye zenzelwe ukusetyenziswa ezifuna amandla aphezulu kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo, kubalulekile ukukhetha intsimbi yokuzalisa enezinga eliphantsi lokulandelelana (ekwaziwa ngokuba yi-uncomprises) yezinto. Ezi zizinto eziseleyo kwizixhobo ezisetyenziswa ukwenza i-filler metals, kuquka i-antimony, i-arsenic, i-phosphorus kunye ne-sulfur. Zinokuchaphazela kakhulu ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Ngenxa yokuba intsimbi engatyiwayo ibuthathaka kakhulu ekufakweni kobushushu, ukulungiswa kwamalungu kunye nokuhlanganiswa okufanelekileyo kubalulekile ekulawuleni ubushushu ukuze kugcinwe iimpawu zezinto. Izikhewu phakathi kwamacandelo okanye ukungalingani zifuna ukuba itotshi ihlale kwindawo enye ixesha elide, kwaye kufuneka isinyithi esongezelelweyo sokugcwalisa ezo zikhewu. Oku kunokubangela ukuba ubushushu buqokeleleke kwindawo echaphazelekayo, nto leyo enokubangela ukuba inxalenye ishushu kakhulu. Ukungalingani kakuhle kunokwenza kube nzima ukuvala isikhewu kunye nokufumana ukungena okufunekayo kwe-weld. Lumka ukuba udibanise iindawo nentsimbi engatyiwayo ngokusondeleyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka.
Ubunyulu bale nto bubaluleke kakhulu. Ubungakanani obuncinci kakhulu bezinto ezingcolisayo okanye ukungcola kwiindawo ezidityanisiweyo kunokubangela iziphene ezinciphisa amandla kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwemveliso yokugqibela. Ukucoca isiseko ngaphambi kokudityaniselwa, sebenzisa ibrashi ekhethekileyo yentsimbi engagqwaliyo engasetyenziswanga kwintsimbi yekhabhoni okanye kwi-aluminium.
Kwintsimbi engagqwaliyo, ukuziva unamandla yeyona nto iphambili ekulahlekelweni kukumelana nokugqwala. Oku kunokwenzeka xa ubushushu bokuwelda kunye nesantya sokuphola kutshintsha kakhulu, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho kwisakhiwo sezinto.
Le welding yangaphandle kwipayipi yentsimbi engagqwaliyo, edityaniswe kusetyenziswa i-GMAW kunye ne-controlled deposition metal (RMD) ngaphandle kwe-root backwash, ifana ngembonakalo nangomgangatho we-GTAW backwash welds.
Inxalenye ephambili yokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali yi-chromium oxide. Kodwa ukuba umxholo wekhabhoni we-weld uphezulu kakhulu, i-chromium carbide iyakhiwa. Zibopha i-chromium kwaye zithintele ukwakheka kwe-chromium oxide efunekayo, nto leyo enika i-stainless steel ukumelana nokugqwala kwayo. Ukuba akukho chromium oxide yaneleyo, loo nto ayiyi kuba neempawu ezifunekayo kwaye kuya kubakho ukugqwala.
Ukuthintela ukuziva ukhululekile kuxhomekeke ekukhetheni isinyithi esizalisa kunye nolawulo lokufaka ubushushu. Njengoko bekutshiwo ngaphambili, kubalulekile ukukhetha isinyithi esizalisa esinomxholo ophantsi wekhabhoni xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engagqwaliyo. Nangona kunjalo, ikhabhoni ngamanye amaxesha iyadingeka ukuze inike amandla kwiindlela ezithile zokusebenza. Ulawulo lobushushu lubaluleke kakhulu xa iintsimbi ezizalisa ikhabhoni ephantsi zingafanelekanga.
Nciphisa ixesha apho i-weld kunye nendawo echaphazelekileyo kubushushu ihlala khona kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, ngesiqhelo i-950 ukuya kwi-1500 degrees Fahrenheit (500 ukuya kwi-800 degrees Celsius). Ukuba ixesha elincinci lokufaka i-soldering kule ndlela, kokukhona ubushushu buncinci. Soloko ujonga kwaye ujonge ubushushu be-interpass ngexesha lenkqubo yokufaka i-soldering.
Enye indlela kukusebenzisa iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezineenxalenye zokuxutywa ezifana ne-titanium kunye ne-niobium ukuthintela ukwakheka kwe-chromium carbide. Ngenxa yokuba ezi nxalenye zikwachaphazela amandla kunye nokuqina, ezi ntsimbi zokuzalisa azinakusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkqubo.
Ukuwelda kwe-root weld tungsten arc welding (GTAW) yindlela yendabuko yokuwelda imibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali. Oku kudla ngokufuna i-argon backflush ukuthintela i-oxidation kwicala elingaphantsi kwe-weld. Nangona kunjalo, ukusetyenziswa kweenkqubo zokuwelda ngocingo kwimibhobho yentsimbi engagqwali kuya kuxhaphaka. Kule meko, kubalulekile ukuqonda indlela iigesi ezahlukeneyo zokukhusela ezichaphazela ngayo ukumelana nokugqwala kwezinto.
Xa kudityaniswa intsimbi engatyiwayo kusetyenziswa i-gas metal arc welding (GMAW) kusetyenziswa i-argon kunye ne-carbon dioxide, umxube we-argon kunye ne-oxygen, okanye umxube wegesi ezintathu (i-helium, i-argon kunye ne-carbon dioxide). Ngokwesiqhelo, le mixube iqulathe i-argon okanye i-helium kunye ne-carbon dioxide engaphantsi kwe-5%, njengoko i-carbon dioxide inika ikhabhoni kwi-weld pool kwaye yandisa umngcipheko wokuziva. I-argon ecocekileyo ayikhuthazwa kwi-GMAW kwintsimbi engatyiwayo.
Ucingo olune-core lwentsimbi engagqwaliyo luyilelwe ukusebenza nomxube wendabuko we-75% argon kunye ne-25% carbon dioxide. Ulwelo lunezithako ezenzelwe ukuthintela ukungcoliswa kwe-weld yi-carbon evela kwigesi ekhuselayo.
Njengoko iinkqubo ze-GMAW zazitshintsha, zenze kwaba lula ukuwelda iityhubhu kunye neepayipi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo. Nangona ezinye izicelo zisenokufuna iinkqubo ze-GTAW, iinkqubo zokucubungula iingcingo eziphambili zinokubonelela ngomgangatho ofanayo kunye nemveliso ephezulu kwiinkqubo ezininzi zentsimbi engagqwaliyo.
Ii-welds ze-ID zentsimbi engagqwaliyo ezenziwe nge-GMAW RMD zifana ngomgangatho kunye nenkangeleko kwii-welds ze-OD ezifanelekileyo.
I-root pass esebenzisa inkqubo ye-GMAW yesekethe emfutshane eguquliweyo efana ne-Miller's controlled metal deposition (RMD) isusa i-backwash kwezinye izicelo ze-austenitic stainless steel. I-RMD root pass inokulandelwa yi-pulsed GMAW okanye i-flux-cored arc welding ukuze izalise kwaye ivale, utshintsho olugcina ixesha nemali xa kuthelekiswa ne-backflush GTAW, ingakumbi kwiipayipi ezinkulu.
I-RMD isebenzisa udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo ukuvelisa i-arc ezinzileyo kunye nedama lokuwelda. Oku kubangela amathuba amancinci okungena okanye ukunganyibiliki kubanda, ukuchitheka kancinci, kunye nomgangatho ongcono wokudlula kweengcambu zepayipi. Udluliselo lwesinyithi olulawulwa ngokuchanekileyo lukwaqinisekisa ukufakwa kwamaconsi afanayo kunye nolawulo olulula lwedama lokuwelda, ngaloo ndlela ukufakwa kobushushu kunye nesantya sokuwelda.
Iinkqubo ezingezizo ezemveli zinokuphucula imveliso yokuwelda. Xa usebenzisa i-RMD, isantya sokuwelda singaba ukusuka kwi-6 ukuya kwi-12 in/min. Ngenxa yokuba le nkqubo iphucula ukusebenza ngaphandle kokufudumeza okongeziweyo kwamalungu, inceda ukugcina iipropati kunye nokumelana nokugqwala kwentsimbi engagqwali. Ukunciphisa ubushushu benkqubo kukwanceda ukulawula ukuguquguquka kwe-substrate.
Le nkqubo ye-pulsed GMAW inika ubude obufutshane be-arc, ii-arc cones ezincinci, kunye nokufakwa kobushushu okuncinci kunokudluliselwa kwe-pulsed spray eqhelekileyo. Ekubeni le nkqubo ivaliwe, ukushukuma kwe-arc kunye nokuguquguquka kumgama ophakathi kwencam kunye nomsebenzi kuyasuswa phantse. Oku kwenza kube lula ukuphathwa kwedama lokuwelda kunye nokuwelda kwindawo leyo. Okokugqibela, ukudityaniswa kwe-pulsed GMAW yokuzalisa nokuvala ii-beads nge-RMD yee-root beads kuvumela ukuba ucingo olunye kunye negesi enye isetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokuwelda, kunciphisa amaxesha okutshintsha kwenkqubo.
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