Zosinthira kutentha kwa mbale zimapezeka m'mafakitale ambiri ndipo makamaka zimagwiritsa ntchito mbale zachitsulo kusamutsa kutentha pakati pa madzi awiri.
Kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kukukulirakulira mofulumira chifukwa kumachita bwino kuposa zosinthira kutentha zachikhalidwe (nthawi zambiri chubu chozungulira chokhala ndi madzi amodzi omwe amadutsa m'chipinda chokhala ndi madzi ena) chifukwa madzi omwe akuzizira ndi omwe amakhudza kwambiri malo ozungulira, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutentha kusamutsidwe bwino komanso kumawonjezera kwambiri kusintha kwa kutentha.
M'malo mwa ma coil odutsa m'zipinda, mu chosinthira kutentha cha mbale, pali zipinda ziwiri zosinthirana, nthawi zambiri zokhala ndi kuya kopyapyala, zolekanitsidwa ndi mbale zachitsulo zozungulira pamalo awo akuluakulu. Chipindacho ndi chopyapyala, chifukwa izi zimatsimikizira kuti kuchuluka kwa madzi ambiri kumakhudzana ndi mbaleyo, zomwe zimathandiza kusintha kutentha.
Mapepala osinthira kutentha oterewa nthawi zambiri amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito kupondaponda kapena makina ochiritsira monga kujambula mozama, koma posachedwapa photochemical etching (PCE) yakhala njira yothandiza kwambiri komanso yotsika mtengo yopangira zinthu yomwe ilipo pakugwiritsa ntchito molimbika kumeneku. Electrochemical Machining (ECM) ndi ukadaulo wina womwe ungapange zigawo zolondola kwambiri m'magulu, koma njirayi imafuna ndalama zambiri zoyambirira, imangokhala pazinthu zoyendetsera magetsi, imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri, kapangidwe ndi kupanga zida ndizovuta, ndipo ntchito yogwirira ntchito. Kuwonongeka kwa zida zamakina ndi zida nthawi zonse kwakhala vuto lalikulu.
Kawirikawiri, mbali zonse ziwiri za chosinthira kutentha kwa mbale zimakhala ndi zinthu zovuta kwambiri zomwe nthawi zina zimakhala zovuta kuzisindikiza ndi kuzipanga, koma zimapezeka mosavuta pogwiritsa ntchito PCE. Kuphatikiza apo, PCE imatha kupanga zinthu mbali zonse ziwiri za mbale nthawi imodzi, ndikusunga nthawi yochulukirapo, ndipo njirayi ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pazitsulo zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, Inconel 617, aluminiyamu, ndi titaniyamu.
Chifukwa cha makhalidwe ena a njirayi, PCE imapereka njira ina yokongola yopondera ndi kupangira zinthu pogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo. Pogwiritsa ntchito photoresist ndi etchant pokonza malo osankhidwa mwaluso, njirayi imakhala ndi zinthu zosungidwa bwino, zigawo zopanda kupsinjika komanso zopanda kupsinjika zokhala ndi mawonekedwe oyera komanso malo opanda kutentha. Kuphatikiza apo, chopangira madzi chimapanga kapangidwe kabwino kwambiri ka chopangira madzi chozizira chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito mu mbale. Zopangirazi zilibe ngodya ndi m'mbali zomwe zimatha kukhudzidwa ndi dzimbiri.
Kuphatikiza pa mfundo yakuti PCE imagwiritsa ntchito zida za digito kapena zagalasi zomwe zimabwerezedwa mosavuta komanso zotsika mtengo, imapereka njira yotsika mtengo, yolondola kwambiri komanso yopangira mwachangu m'malo mwa njira zachikhalidwe zopangira ndi kuponda. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ndalama zambiri zimasungidwa popanga zida zoyeserera, ndipo mosiyana ndi njira zopangira ndi kuponda, palibe kuwonongeka kwa zida ndi mtengo wogwirizana ndi kudulanso chitsulo.
Kukonza ndi kusindikiza zinthu kungapangitse kuti zitsulo zikhale zosakwanira bwino pamzere wodulidwa, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zomwe zikupangidwazo zisinthe n’kusiya ma burrs, madera omwe akhudzidwa ndi kutentha, komanso zigawo zina zomwe zakonzedwanso. Kuphatikiza apo, amayesetsa kukwaniritsa tsatanetsatane wofunikira pazigawo zazing'ono, zovuta, komanso zolondola kwambiri monga mbale zosinthira kutentha.
Chinthu china choyenera kuganizira posankha njira ndi makulidwe a zinthu zomwe ziyenera kupangidwa ndi makina. Njira zachikhalidwe nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndi zovuta zikagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zitsulo zoonda, kuponda ndi kuponda nthawi zambiri sizili zoyenera, pomwe kudula kwa laser ndi madzi kumapangitsa kuti kutentha kusinthe komanso kugawikana kwa zinthu kukhale kosiyana komanso kosavomerezeka, motsatana. Ngakhale PCE ingagwiritsidwe ntchito m'makulidwe osiyanasiyana achitsulo, chinthu chofunikira ndichakuti imatha kugwira ntchito pa mapepala achitsulo opyapyala, monga omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zosinthira kutentha kwa mbale, popanda kuwononga kusalala, komwe ndikofunikira kwambiri pa umphumphu wa chogwiriracho.
Malo ofunikira omwe ma plate amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mu fuel cell applications zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri, aluminiyamu, nickel, titaniyamu, mkuwa ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya alloys apadera.
Ma plate achitsulo m'ma cell amafuta apezeka kuti ali ndi ubwino wambiri kuposa zinthu zina. Nthawi yomweyo, ndi olimba kwambiri, amapereka mphamvu zamagetsi zabwino kwambiri kuti azizire bwino, amatha kupangidwa kukhala ochepa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito etching, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zazifupi, komanso alibe mawonekedwe olunjika mkati mwa ngalande. Ma plate amatha kupangidwa ndipo njira zimapangidwa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, palibe kupsinjika kwa kutentha komwe kumachitika mu chitsulocho, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chikhale chosalala.
Njira ya PCE imatsimikizira kuti zinthu zonse zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito poyendetsa makiyi zimasinthasintha, kuphatikizapo kuya kwa mpweya ndi mawonekedwe ake, ndipo imatha kupanga zida zomwe zimakwaniritsa zofunikira za kutsika kwa mphamvu.
Makampani ena omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mapepala ojambulidwa ndi mankhwala ndi monga ma linear motors, aerospace, petrochemical ndi makampani a mankhwala. Pambuyo popanga, ma plates amaunikidwa ndipo amalumikizidwa pamodzi kuti apange pakati pa chosinthira kutentha. Zosinthira kutentha zomwe zamalizidwa zimatha kukhala zazing'ono nthawi zisanu ndi chimodzi kuposa zosinthira kutentha zachikhalidwe za "chipolopolo ndi chubu", zomwe zimapereka malo abwino komanso ubwino wabwino.
Zosinthira kutentha zomwe zimapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito PCE nazonso ndi zolimba komanso zogwira mtima, zimatha kupirira kupsinjika kwa mipiringidzo 600 pomwe zimasintha kutentha kuyambira pa cryogenics mpaka madigiri 900 Celsius. N'zotheka kuphatikiza mitsinje yopitilira iwiri mu unit imodzi ndikukwaniritsa zofunikira pa mapaipi ndi ma valves zimachepa kwambiri. Kuchitapo kanthu ndi kusakaniza kumatha kuphatikizidwanso mu kapangidwe ka chosinthira kutentha cha mbale, ndikuwonjezera magwiridwe antchito mu unit imodzi.
Zofunikira masiku ano pakuchotsa kutentha kogwira mtima komanso kosunga malo zimadzetsa mavuto akulu kwa mainjiniya ambiri opanga zinthu. Kuchepetsa mphamvu ya zinthu zambiri muukadaulo wamagetsi ndi microsystem kumapanga malo otchedwa thermal hot spots, omwe amafunikira kuchotsera kutentha koyenera kuti atsimikizire kuti nthawi yayitali ya ntchito ikugwira ntchito.
Pogwiritsa ntchito 2D ndi 3D PCE, ma microchannel okhala ndi m'lifupi ndi kuya kodziwika bwino amatha kupangidwa mu zosinthira kutentha kuti asankhe zinthu zotenthetsera kutentha m'dera laling'ono kwambiri. Palibe malire pa mapangidwe a ma channel omwe angakhalepo.
Kuphatikiza apo, popeza njira yopangira zinthu imalimbikitsa kupanga zinthu zatsopano komanso ufulu wa geometric, kuyenda kosasunthika m'malo mwa kuyenda kwa laminar kungalimbikitsidwe pogwiritsa ntchito m'mphepete mwa njira zozungulira ndi kuya. Kuyenda kosasunthika mu malo ozizira kumatanthauza kuti choziziritsira chomwe chikukhudzana ndi gwero la kutentha chimasintha nthawi zonse, zomwe zimapangitsa kusinthana kwa kutentha kukhala kogwira mtima kwambiri. Kusokonekera kotereku ndi kusakhazikika kwa njira zazing'ono mu zosinthira kutentha kumapangidwa mosavuta ndi PCE, koma sizingatheke kapena ndizotsika mtengo kupanga pogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopangira.
Katswiri wa PCE micrometal GmbH amagwiritsa ntchito zida zamagetsi zotsika mtengo kuti apange zida zapamwamba kwambiri zolondola kwambiri zomwe zimatha kubwerezedwa.
Ma plate a microchannel payokha amatha kulumikizidwa (monga, ndi kulowetsedwa kwa diffusion) ku ma geometries osiyanasiyana a 3D. micrometal imagwiritsa ntchito netiweki yothandizana nayo yomwe imapatsa makasitomala mwayi wogula ma plate a microchannel payokha kapena ma blocks osinthira kutentha a microchannel.
Chinthu chokhala ndi zinthu zachitsulo komanso chokhala ndi zinthu ziwiri kapena zingapo za mankhwala, chimodzi mwa izo ndi chitsulo.
Chepetsani kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa madzi pa chipangizo/ntchito yolumikizirana ndi makina. Nthawi zambiri mumadzimadzi, monga zosakaniza zosungunuka kapena mankhwala (zopangidwa pang'ono, zopangidwa), komanso zimatha kukhala mpweya wopanikizika kapena mpweya wina. Chifukwa cha mphamvu yake yoyamwa kutentha kwakukulu, madzi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati choziziritsira komanso chonyamulira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zodulira, ndipo chiŵerengero cha madzi ndi chinthucho chimasiyana malinga ndi ntchito yodulira. Onani madzi odulira; madzi odulira osapangidwa pang'ono; madzi odulira osungunuka; madzi odulira opangidwa.
1. Kugawika kwa gawo mu mpweya, madzi, kapena cholimba chomwe chimapangitsa kuti kapangidwe kake kakhale kofanana m'zigawo zonse. 2. Atomu kapena molekyulu imasamukira pamalo atsopano mkati mwa chinthucho.
Ntchito yomwe magetsi amayendera pakati pa workpiece ndi chida choyendetsera magetsi kudzera mu electrolyte. Imayambitsa mankhwala omwe amasungunula chitsulo kuchokera ku workpiece pa liwiro lolamulidwa. Mosiyana ndi njira zodulira zachikhalidwe, kuuma kwa workpiece si chinthu chofunikira, zomwe zimapangitsa ECM kukhala yoyenera pazinthu zovuta kugwiritsa ntchito makina. Mu mawonekedwe a electrochemical grinding, electrochemical honing ndi electrochemical turn.
Mofanana ndi injini yozungulira mu chipangizo cha makina, mota yolunjika imatha kuganiziridwa ngati mota yokhazikika yozungulira ya maginito, yodulidwa mozungulira pakati, kenako nkuchotsedwa ndikuyikidwa pansi. Ubwino waukulu wogwiritsa ntchito ma mota olunjika kuyendetsa kayendedwe ka axis ndikuti umachotsa kusagwira ntchito bwino ndi kusiyana kwa makina komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha makina osonkhanitsira screw omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu zida zambiri zamakina a CNC.
Zigawo zokulirapo pa kapangidwe ka pamwamba. Phatikizani zolakwika zonse zomwe zili m'lifupi kuposa momwe chipangizocho chimakhalira. Onani Flow; Lie; Kukwawa.
Dr. Michael J. Hicks ndi Mtsogoleri wa Center for Business and Economic Research komanso George and Francis Ball Distinguished Pulofesa wa Economics ku Ball State University's Miller School of Business. Hicks adalandira Ph.D. ndi MA mu Economics kuchokera ku University of Tennessee ndi BA mu Economics kuchokera ku Virginia Military Institute. Walemba mabuku awiri ndi mabuku opitilira 60 okhudza mfundo za boma ndi za boma, kuphatikizapo mfundo za misonkho ndi ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso momwe Walmart imakhudzira chuma cha m'deralo.