Ngakhale ukadaulo wowotcherera wozungulira si watsopano, ukupitirirabe kusintha, kukhala wamphamvu komanso wosinthasintha, makamaka pankhani yowotcherera mapaipi. Kuyankhulana ndi Tom Hammer, katswiri wowotcherera wa Axenics ku Middleton, Massachusetts, kukuwulula njira zambiri zomwe njira iyi ingagwiritsidwire ntchito pothetsa mavuto ovuta owotcherera. Chithunzi mwachilolezo cha Axenics
Kuwotcherera kwa Orbital kwakhalapo kwa zaka pafupifupi 60, kuwonjezera njira yodziyimira payokha ku njira ya GMAW. Iyi ndi njira yodalirika komanso yothandiza yochitira ma weld angapo, ngakhale kuti opanga ena ndi opanga sanagwiritse ntchito mphamvu ya ma weld a orbital, kudalira kuwotcherera kwamanja kapena njira zina kuti agwirizane ndi machubu achitsulo.
Mfundo zogwiritsira ntchito welding orbital zakhalapo kwa zaka zambiri, koma luso la ogwiritsira ntchito welding atsopano a orbital limawapangitsa kukhala chida champhamvu kwambiri mu chida cha wogwiritsa ntchito welding, chifukwa ambiri tsopano ali ndi zinthu "zanzeru" zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kupanga ndi kukonza musanayambe welding yeniyeni. Yambani ndi kusintha mwachangu komanso molondola kuti muwonetsetse kuti welds zimagwirizana, zoyera komanso zodalirika.
Gulu la osonkha zitsulo la Axenics ku Middleton, Massachusetts, ndi kampani yopanga zinthu zomwe zimagwira ntchito limodzi zomwe zimatsogolera makasitomala ake ambiri pa ntchito zosonkha zitsulo ngati pali zinthu zoyenera pa ntchitoyi.
“Pomwe zingatheke, tinkafuna kuchotsa chinthu cha munthu pa kuwotcherera, chifukwa owotcherera ozungulira nthawi zambiri amapanga mawotcherera apamwamba kwambiri,” akutero Tom Hammer, katswiri wowotcherera ku Axenics.
Ngakhale kuti kuwotcherera koyambirira kunachitika zaka 2000 zapitazo, kuwotcherera kwamakono ndi njira yapamwamba kwambiri yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pa ukadaulo ndi njira zina zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, kuwotcherera kwa orbital kungagwiritsidwe ntchito popanga mapaipi oyeretsera kwambiri omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma wafer a semiconductor omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zamagetsi masiku ano.
Mmodzi mwa makasitomala a Axenics ndi m'gulu la ogulitsa zinthu. Idafunafuna wopanga mgwirizano kuti athandize kukulitsa mphamvu zake zopangira, makamaka kupanga ndikuyika njira zoyera zachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri zomwe zimalola mpweya kudutsa mu njira yopangira wafer.
Ngakhale kuti mayunitsi olumikizirana a orbital ndi matebulo ozungulira okhala ndi zolumikizira za torch amapezeka pantchito zambiri zamachubu ku Axenics, izi siziletsa kuwotchererana ndi manja nthawi zina.
Hammer ndi gulu lowongolera zitsulo adawunikanso zofunikira za kasitomala ndikufunsa mafunso, poganizira mtengo ndi nthawi:
Ma rotary enclosed orbital welders omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Hammer ndi Swagelok M200 ndi Arc Machines Model 207A. Amatha kusunga mapaipi a mainchesi 1/16 mpaka 4.
“Ma Microheads amatithandiza kufika pamalo ovuta kwambiri,” iye anatero. “Choletsa chimodzi cha kuwotcherera kwa orbital ndichakuti ngati tili ndi mutu womwe ukugwirizana ndi cholumikizira china chake. Koma lero, muthanso kukulunga unyolo kuzungulira chitoliro chomwe mukuwotcherera. Wowotcherera amatha kudutsa unyolo, ndipo palibe malire a kukula kwa ma welds omwe mungathe kuchita. . Ndawona makonzedwe ena omwe amawotcherera pa chitoliro cha mainchesi 20. Ndizodabwitsa zomwe makina awa angachite masiku ano.”
Poganizira zofunikira pa kuyera, kuchuluka kwa ma weld ofunikira, ndi makulidwe a khoma lopyapyala, kuwotcherera kwa orbital ndi chisankho chanzeru cha mtundu uwu wa pulojekiti. Pa ntchito yowongolera kayendedwe ka mpweya, Hammer nthawi zambiri amawotcherera pa chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L.
"Pamenepo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Tikulankhula za kuwotcherera pa pepala lopyapyala lachitsulo. Ndi kuwotcherera ndi manja, kusintha pang'ono kungaswe weld. Ndicho chifukwa chake timakonda kugwiritsa ntchito mutu wowotcherera wa orbital, komwe tingathe kuyika gawo lililonse la chubu ndikulipanga kukhala langwiro tisanayike gawolo. Timachepetsa mphamvu mpaka pamlingo winawake kuti tidziwe kuti tikayika gawolo lidzakhala langwiro. Ndi dzanja, kusintha kumachitika ndi maso, ndipo ngati titaponda kwambiri, kumatha kulowa mwachindunji kudzera muzinthuzo."
Ntchitoyi imakhala ndi ma weld ambirimbiri omwe ayenera kukhala ofanana. Wowotcherera wozungulira womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito pa ntchitoyi amapanga weld mu mphindi zitatu; Hammer akamagwira ntchito mwachangu kwambiri, amatha kuwotcherera pamanja chubu chachitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chomwechi mu mphindi imodzi yokha.
“Komabe, makinawo sakuchepetsa liwiro. Mumayendetsa ndi liwiro lalikulu m’mawa, ndipo kumapeto kwa tsikulo, imakhala ikuyendabe ndi liwiro lalikulu,” anatero Hammer. “Ndimayendetsa ndi liwiro lalikulu m’mawa, koma pamapeto pake, sizili choncho.”
Kuletsa zinthu zodetsa kuti zisalowe m'mapaipi achitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndikofunikira kwambiri, ndichifukwa chake kusungunula zinthu moyera kwambiri m'makampani opanga zinthu za semiconductor nthawi zambiri kumachitika m'chipinda choyera, malo olamulidwa omwe amaletsa zinthu zodetsa kuti zisalowe m'malo osokedwa.
Hammer amagwiritsa ntchito tungsten yomwe inakulidwa kale m'zowunikira zake zamanja monga momwe amagwiritsira ntchito mu Orbiter. Ngakhale kuti argon yoyera imapereka kuyeretsa kwakunja ndi kwamkati pakuwotcherera ndi manja ndi orbital, kuwotcherera ndi makina ozungulira kumapindulanso chifukwa chochitidwa pamalo otsekedwa. Tungsten ikatuluka, chipolopolocho chimadzaza ndi mpweya ndikuteteza weld ku okosijeni. Pogwiritsa ntchito torch yamanja, mpweya umangowomberedwa mbali imodzi ya chubu chomwe chikuwotcherera pakadali pano.
Ma weld ozungulira nthawi zambiri amakhala oyera chifukwa mpweya umaphimba chubucho kwa nthawi yayitali. Akayamba kuwotcherera, argon imapereka chitetezo mpaka wowotcherera atatsimikiza kuti weld ndi yozizira mokwanira.
Axenics imagwira ntchito ndi makasitomala angapo opanga mphamvu zina omwe amapanga ma cell a hydrogen omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magalimoto osiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, ma forklift ena omangidwa kuti azigwiritsidwa ntchito m'nyumba amadalira ma cell a hydrogen kuti ateteze zinthu zina zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala kuti zisawononge zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa. Chokhacho chomwe chimachokera ku cell ya hydrogen ndi madzi.
M'modzi mwa makasitomala anali ndi zofunikira zambiri zofanana ndi wopanga ma semiconductor, monga kuyera kwa weld ndi kusasinthasintha. Akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 321 powotcherera khoma lopyapyala. Komabe, ntchitoyo inali yojambula manifold yokhala ndi ma valve banks angapo, iliyonse ikutuluka mbali ina, zomwe zinasiya malo ochepa owotcherera.
Chowotcherera cha orbital choyenera ntchitoyi chimawononga pafupifupi $2,000, ndipo chingagwiritsidwe ntchito kupanga zigawo zochepa, zomwe mtengo wake ndi $250. Sizikumveka bwino pazachuma. Komabe, Hammer ili ndi yankho lomwe limaphatikiza njira zowotcherera zamanja ndi orbital.
“Pankhaniyi, ndingagwiritse ntchito tebulo lozungulira,” akutero Hammer. “Ndi ntchito yofanana ndi chowotcherera cha orbital, koma mukuzungulira chubu, osati electrode ya tungsten kuzungulira chubu. Ine ndimagwiritsa ntchito tochi yanga yamanja, koma ndimatha kugwira tochi yanga pamalo ake ndi vise Positioned kuti ikhale yopanda manja kuti chowotcherera chisawonongeke ndi kugwedeza kwa manja kwa anthu kapena kugwedeza. Izi zimachotsa zolakwika zambiri za anthu. Sizabwino kwambiri ngati chowotcherera cha orbital chifukwa sichili pamalo otsekedwa, koma mtundu uwu wa chowotcherera ukhoza kuchitidwa m'chipinda choyera kuti muchotse zodetsa.”
Ngakhale ukadaulo wowotcherera wa orbital umapereka chiyero komanso kubwerezabwereza, Hammer ndi anzake owotcherera amadziwa kuti kukhulupirika kwa weld ndikofunikira kwambiri popewa nthawi yogwira ntchito chifukwa cha kulephera kwa weld. Kampaniyo imagwiritsa ntchito mayeso osawononga (NDT), komanso nthawi zina mayeso owononga, pa ma weld onse a orbital.
"Chotchinga chilichonse chomwe timapanga chimatsimikiziridwa ndi maso," akutero Hammer. "Pambuyo pake, zotchinga zimayesedwa ndi helium spectrometer. Kutengera ndi zomwe makasitomala akufuna kapena zomwe makasitomala akufuna, zotchinga zina zimayesedwa ndi radiography. Kuyesa kowononga ndi njira inanso."
Kuyesa kowononga kungaphatikizepo kuyesa mphamvu yokoka kuti adziwe mphamvu yokoka ya weld. Kuti muyese kupsinjika kwakukulu, weld pa chinthu monga chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha 316L imatha kupirira isanagwe, mayesowo amatambasula ndikutambasula chitsulocho mpaka pamalo pake pomwe chimasweka.
Ma welds opangidwa ndi makasitomala ena amagetsi nthawi zina amayesedwa ndi ma ultrasound osawononga pa ma welds a zigawo zitatu za ma hydrogen fuel cell omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito mumakina ndi magalimoto ena amagetsi.
"Iyi ndi mayeso ofunikira chifukwa zigawo zambiri zomwe timatumiza zimakhala ndi mpweya woopsa womwe umadutsamo. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kwa ife ndi makasitomala athu kuti chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chikhale chopanda chilema, chopanda malo otayira," akutero Hammer.
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