Ahakoa ehara i te mea hou te hangarau whakarewa porowhita, kei te whanake tonu, kei te kaha ake, kei te maha hoki ngā whakamahinga, inā koa ka tae ki te whakarewa paipa. E whakaatu ana tētahi uiuinga ki a Tom Hammer, he kaiwhakarewa mohio o Axenics i Middleton, Massachusetts, i ngā huarahi maha ka taea te whakamahi i tēnei tikanga hei whakaoti rapanga whakarewa uaua. He whakaahua nā Axenics
E 60 tau te roa o te whakarewatanga porowhita, ā, e tāpiri ana tēnei i te aunoatanga ki te tukanga GMAW. He tikanga pono, whai hua hoki tēnei mō te mahi whakarewatanga maha, ahakoa kāore anō ētahi OEM me ngā kaihanga kia whakamahi i te mana o ngā kaiwhakarewa porowhita, e whakawhirinaki ana ki te whakarewatanga ā-ringa, ki ētahi atu rautaki rānei hei hono i ngā ngongo whakarewa.
Kua roa ngā mātāpono o te whakarewa ā-porowhita e whakamahia ana, engari nā ngā āheinga o ngā whakarewa ā-porowhita hou, he taputapu kaha ake ēnei i roto i te kete taputapu a te kaiwhakarewa, nā te mea he maha ngā āhuatanga "atamai" kei a rātou hei whakangāwari ake i te hōtaka me te tukatuka i mua i te whakarewatanga tuturu. Tīmata ki ngā whakarerekētanga tere, tika hoki kia mau tonu ai ngā whakarewatanga parakore, pono hoki.
Ko te tīma kaiwhakarewa a Axenics i Middleton, Massachusetts, he kaihanga wāhanga kirimana e ārahi ana i te tini o āna kiritaki ki ngā mahi whakarewa ā-porowhita mēnā kei te wātea ngā wāhanga tika mō te mahi.
"I ngā wā e taea ai, i hiahia mātou ki te whakakore i te mahi a te tangata i roto i te whakarewa, nā te mea he nui ake te kounga o ngā whakarewa e hangaia ana e ngā kaiwhakarewa porowhita," te kī a Tom Hammer, he kaiwhakarewa mohio i Axenics.
Ahakoa i mahia te whakarewatanga tuatahi i te 2000 tau ki muri, he tukanga tino matatau te whakarewatanga o ēnei rā, he mea nui ki ētahi atu hangarau me ngā tukanga hou. Hei tauira, ka taea te whakamahi i te whakarewatanga porowhita hei hanga i ngā pūnaha paipa parakore teitei e whakamahia ana hei hanga i ngā anga haurua-ira e whakamahia ana ki te nuinga o ngā hikohiko o ēnei rā.
Kei roto tētahi o ngā kiritaki a Axenics i tēnei mekameka tuku. I rapua e rātou tētahi kaihanga kirimana hei āwhina i te whakawhānui ake i tōna kaha whakaputa, arā, te waihanga me te tāuta i ngā hongere maitai kore waikura ma e taea ai e ngā hau te haere mā te tukanga hanga wafer.
Ahakoa e wātea ana ngā waeine whakarewa porowhita me ngā tēpu hurihuri me ngā rawhi rama mō te nuinga o ngā mahi ngongo i Axenics, kāore ēnei e aukati i te whakarewa ā-ringa i ētahi wā.
I arotakehia e Hammer me te tīma whakarewa ngā whakaritenga a te kiritaki, ā, i pātaihia ngā pātai, me te whai whakaaro ki ngā āhuatanga utu me te wā:
Ko ngā mīhini whakarewa porowhita hurihuri e whakamahia ana e Hammer ko Swagelok M200 me Arc Machines Model 207A. Ka taea e ēnei te pupuri i ngā ngongo 1/16 ki te 4 inihi te whānui.
"Mā ngā pane-iti ka taea e tātou te uru atu ki ngā wāhi tino kuiti," tana kī. "Ko tētahi herenga o te whakarewa porowhita ko te mea kei a tātou he pane e uru ana ki tētahi hononga motuhake. Engari i ēnei rā, ka taea hoki e koe te takai i tētahi mekameka ki te paipa e whakarewahia ana e koe. Ka taea e te kai whakarewa te whakawhiti i te mekameka, ā, kāore he rohe ki te rahi o ngā whakarewa ka taea e koe te mahi. Kua kite ahau i ētahi whakatakotoranga e mahi ana i te whakarewa i runga i te paipa 20". He mea whakamiharo te mea ka taea e ēnei mīhini te mahi i ēnei rā."
I runga i ngā whakaritenga parakore, te maha o ngā whakarewa e hiahiatia ana, me te matotoru o te pakitara angiangi, he kōwhiringa mohio te whakarewa porowhita mō tēnei momo kaupapa. Mō ngā mahi paipa whakahaere tukanga hau, ka whakarewa pinepine a Hammer ki te maitai kore waikura 316L.
"Koinei te wā ka tino mārō. Kei te kōrero tātou mō te whakarewa i runga i te konganuku pepa angiangi. Ki te whakarewa ā-ringa, mā te whakatikatika iti noa iho ka pakaru te whakarewa. Koia mātou e pai ai ki te whakamahi i te pane whakarewa porowhita, ka taea e mātou te whakakī i ia wāhanga o te ngongo me te hanga kia tino pai i mua i te whakaurunga o te wāhanga ki roto. Ka whakaitihia e mātou te mana ki tētahi nui kua whakaritea kia mōhio ai mātou ka tino pai ina whakauruhia e mātou te wāhanga ki roto. Mā te ā-ringa, ka mahia te panoni mā te kanohi, ā, ki te nui rawa tā mātou pana, ka taea e ia te uru tika atu ki roto i te rauemi."
He rau ngā whakarewanga o tēnei mahi, me rite tonu. E toru meneti te roa o te whakarewanga e whakamahia ana mō tēnei mahi; ina tere rawa te mahi a Hammer, ka taea e ia te whakarewa ā-ringa i te ngongo kowiri tira kotahi i roto i te meneti pea.
"Heoi, kāore te mīhini e whakaroa ana. Ka whakahaerehia e koe i te tere tino tere i te ata tonu, ā, i te mutunga o te rā, kei te whakahaerehia tonutia i te tere tino tere," te kī a Hammer. "Ka whakahaerehia e au i te tere tino tere i te ata tonu, engari i te mutunga, ehara i te mea pēnā."
He mea tino nui te ārai i ngā poke kei uru ki roto i ngā ngongo maitai kore waikura, koia te take e mahia ai te whakapiringa parakore-teitei i roto i te umanga haurua-waea i roto i tētahi rūma ma, he taiao whakahaeretia e ārai ana i ngā poke kei uru ki te wāhi whakapiringa.
Ka whakamahia e Hammer te tungsten kua whakakoitia i mua i roto i ana rama ringaringa e whakamahia ana e ia i roto i te Orbiter. Ahakoa ka whakaratohia e te argon parakore te horoi o waho me roto i te whakarewa ā-ringa me te orbital, ka whai hua anō hoki te whakarewa mā ngā mīhini orbital mai i te mahi i roto i te wāhi kati. Ina puta te tungsten, ka whakakiia te anga ki te hau ka tiaki i te whakarewa mai i te waikura. Ina whakamahia he rama ringaringa, ka pupuhihia te hau ki tetahi taha anake o te ngongo e whakarewahia ana i tēnei wā.
Ko ngā whakarewa porowhita he ma ake i te nuinga o te wā nā te mea ka roa ake te taupokina o te ngongo e te hau. Kia tīmata te whakarewa, ka tiakina e te argon kia tino mōhio ra ano te kai whakarewa kua tino makariri te whakarewa.
He maha ngā kaihoko pūngao rerekē e mahi tahi ana a Axenics me ngā kaihanga o ngā pūtau wahie hauwai e whakakaha ana i ngā momo waka. Hei tauira, ko ētahi forklift i hangaia mō te whakamahinga o roto e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā pūtau wahie hauwai hei ārai i ngā matū e whakangaro ana i ngā kararehe e kainga ana. Ko te wai anake te hua o te pūtau wahie hauwai.
He rite tonu ngā whakaritenga a tētahi o ngā kiritaki ki tā tētahi kaihanga haurua-ā-ira, pērā i te parakore me te ōritetanga o te whakarewa. E hiahia ana rātou ki te whakamahi i te maitai kore waikura 321 mō te whakarewa pakitara angiangi. Heoi, ko te mahi he tauira i tētahi manifold me ngā peeke takirere maha, ia peeke e tū ana i tētahi ahunga rerekē, he iti noa te wāhi e waiho ana mō te whakarewa.
E $2,000 te utu mō tētahi mīhini whakarewa ā-porowhita e tika ana mō te mahi, ā, ka taea te whakamahi hei hanga i ētahi wāhanga iti, me te utu e matapaetia ana he $250. Kāore e tika ana mō te taha pūtea. Heoi, he otinga tā Hammer e whakakotahi ana i ngā tikanga whakarewa ā-ringa me ngā tikanga whakarewa ā-porowhita.
"I tēnei wā, ka whakamahia e au he tēpu hurihuri," te kī a Hammer. "He rite tonu te mahi ki te mīhini whakarewa porowhita, engari kei te hurihuri koe i te ngongo, ehara i te hiko tungsten huri noa i te ngongo. Ka whakamahia e au taku rama ringa, engari ka taea e au te pupuri i taku rama ki tōna tūranga me te vise kua whakanohoia kia kore e pakaru te whakarewa i te wiri a te tangata, i te wiri rānei. Mā tēnei ka whakakorea te nuinga o ngā hapa tangata. Ehara i te mea tino pai pērā i te whakarewa porowhita nā te mea kāore i roto i te taiao kua kati, engari ka taea te mahi i tēnei momo whakarewa i roto i te taiao rūma ma hei whakakore i ngā poke."
Ahakoa e tuku ana te hangarau whakarewa ā-porowhita i te parakore me te āheinga ki te mahi anō, e mōhio ana a Hammer me ōna hoa whakarewa he mea nui te pono o te whakarewa hei ārai i te wā kore mahi nā te ngoikore o te whakarewa. Ka whakamahia e te kamupene te whakamātautau kore-whakangaro (NDT), me ētahi whakamātautau whakangaro, mō ngā whakarewa ā-porowhita katoa.
"Ka whakaūtia ā-kanohi ia whakarewa e mahia ana e mātou," te kī a Hammer. "Whai muri iho, ka whakamatautauria ngā whakarewa ki te ine hiko helium. I runga anō i te whakatakotoranga, i ngā whakaritenga rānei a te kiritaki, ka whakamatautauria ētahi whakarewa mā te whakamahi i te hihi-X. He kōwhiringa anō hoki te whakamātautau whakangaro."
Kei roto pea i ngā whakamātautau whakangaro te whakamātautau kaha kume hei whakatau i te kaha kume mutunga o te whakarewa. Hei ine i te ahotea mōrahi ka taea e te whakarewa i runga i tētahi rauemi pēnei i te maitai kore waikura 316L te tu atu i mua i te pakaru, ka totoro te whakamātautau, ka totoro hoki te konganuku ki tōna pūwāhi pakaru.
I ētahi wā, ka whakamātauhia ngā whakarewanga e ngā kiritaki pūngao rerekē mā te whakamahi i te ultrasonic kore-whakangaro i runga i ngā whakarewanga wāhanga o ngā pūtau wahie hauwai whakawhiti wera e toru-hongere e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā mīhini me ngā waka pūngao rerekē.
"He whakamātautau tino nui tēnei nā te mea he maha ngā hau kino pea e rere ana i roto i ngā wāhanga e tukuna ana e mātou. He mea tino nui ki a mātou me ō mātou kiritaki kia tino pai te maitai kore waikura, kia kore hoki he turuturu," te kī a Hammer.
I te tau 1990, ko Tube & Pipe Journal te maheni tuatahi i whakatapua ki te mahi ki te umanga paipa whakarewa. I ēnei rā, koinei anake te pukapuka i Amerika Te Raki i whakatapua ki te umanga, ā, kua noho hei puna mōhiohio tino pono mō ngā tohunga paipa.
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