Kusukela kumaketanga okushayela amarobhothi kuya kumabhande okuhambisa emisebenzini yeketanga lokuhlinzeka kuya ekushukumeni kwemibhoshongo ye-wind turbine, ukuzwa isikhundla kuwumsebenzi obalulekile ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo. Kungathatha izinhlobo eziningi, kufaka phakathi izinzwa eziqondile, ezijikelezayo, ezi-angular, eziphelele, ezikhuphukayo, ezithintanayo kanye nezingezona ezithintanayo. Kuye kwathuthukiswa izinzwa ezikhethekile ezinganquma isikhundla ngezindlela ezintathu. Ubuchwepheshe bokuzwa isikhundla buhlanganisa i-potentiometric, inductive, i-eddy current, i-capacitive, i-magnetostrictive, i-Hall effect, i-fiber optic, i-optical kanye ne-ultrasonic.
Le FAQ inikeza isingeniso esifushane ezinhlotsheni ezahlukene zokuzwa isikhundla, bese ibukeza ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene abaklami abangakhetha kubo lapho besebenzisa ikhambi lokuzwa isikhundla.
Izinzwa zesikhundla se-Potentiometric zingamadivayisi asekelwe ekumelaneni ahlanganisa ithrekhi yokumelana engaguquki ne-wiper enamathiselwe entweni okumelwe izwakale indawo yayo. Ukunyakaza kwento kuhambisa i-wiper emzileni. Indawo yento ilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokuhlukanisa i-voltage eyakhiwe ngama-rails nama-wiper ukukala ukunyakaza okuqondile noma okujikelezayo nge-voltage ye-DC engaguquki (Isithombe 1). Izinzwa ze-Potentiometric zibiza kancane, kodwa ngokuvamile zinokunemba okuphansi kanye nokuphindaphindeka okuphansi.
Izinzwa zesikhundla sokungenisa zisebenzisa izinguquko ezimpahleni zensimu yamagnetic ebangelwa kukhoyili yesenzwa. Kuye ngokwakhiwa kwazo, zingalinganisa izikhundla eziqondile noma ezijikelezayo. Izinzwa zesikhundla se-Linear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) zisebenzisa amakhoyili amathathu azungezwe ithubhu elingenalutho; ikhoyili eyinhloko kanye namakhoyili amabili esibili. Amakhoyili axhunywe ochungechungeni, futhi ubudlelwano besigaba sekhoyili yesibili buyi-180° ngaphandle kwesigaba maqondana nekhoyili eyinhloko. I-ferromagnetic core ebizwa ngokuthi i-armature ifakwa ngaphakathi kwethubhu futhi ixhunywe entweni endaweni elinganiswayo. I-voltage yokuvuselela isetshenziswa kukhoyili eyinhloko futhi amandla kagesi (EMF) abangelwa kukhoyili yesibili. Ngokulinganisa umehluko we-voltage phakathi kwamakhoyili esibili, indawo ehlobene ye-armature nalokho enamathiselwe kukho inganqunywa. I-rotary voltage differential transformer (RVDT) isebenzisa indlela efanayo ukulandelela indawo ejikelezayo. Izinzwa ze-LVDT kanye ne-RVDT zinikeza ukunemba okuhle, ukulingana, isixazululo kanye nokuzwela okuphezulu. Azinawo umfutho futhi zingavalwa ukuze zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezinzima.
Izinzwa zesikhundla samandla kagesi e-Eddy zisebenza nezinto eziqhuba ugesi. Imisinga ye-Eddy iyimisinga ebangelwa ugesi eyenzeka ezintweni eziqhuba ugesi lapho kukhona insimu yamagnetic eshintshayo. Le misinga igeleza ngomjikelezo ovaliwe futhi ikhiqize insimu yamagnetic yesibili. Izinzwa zamandla kagesi e-Eddy zakhiwe ngamakhoyili kanye namasekethe okuqondisa ugesi. I-alternating current inika amandla i-coil ukudala insimu yamagnetic eyinhloko. Lapho into isondela noma isuka ku-coil, indawo yayo ingazwakala kusetshenziswa ukusebenzisana kwensimu yesibili ekhiqizwa yimisinga ye-eddy, okuthinta impedance yekhoyili. Njengoba into isondela ku-coil, ukulahlekelwa kwamandla kagesi e-eddy kuyanda futhi i-voltage ejikelezayo iba ncane (Isithombe 2). I-voltage ejikelezayo iyalungiswa futhi icutshungulwe yisekethe ye-linearizer ukuze ikhiqize ukuphuma kwe-DC okuqondile okuhambisana nebanga lento.
Amadivayisi wamanje e-Eddy ayimishini eqinile, engathintani evame ukusetshenziswa njengezinzwa zokusondela. Aqondisa yonke indawo futhi anganquma ibanga elihlobene nento, kodwa hhayi isiqondiso noma ibanga eliphelele lento.
Njengoba igama lisho, izinzwa zesikhundla se-capacitive zilinganisa izinguquko ku-capacitance ukuze zithole indawo yento ezwayo. Lezi zinzwa ezingezona ezithintanayo zingasetshenziswa ukukala indawo eqondile noma ejikelezayo. Zakhiwe ngamapuleti amabili ahlukaniswe ngezinto ze-dielectric futhi zisebenzisa enye yezindlela ezimbili ukuthola indawo yento:
Ukuze kubangele ushintsho ku-dielectric constant, into okuzotholakala indawo yayo inamathele ku-dielectric material. Njengoba izinto ze-dielectric zihamba, i-dielectric constant esebenzayo ye-capacitor iyashintsha ngenxa yokuhlanganiswa kwendawo yezinto ze-dielectric kanye ne-dielectric constant yomoya. Ngaphandle kwalokho, into ingaxhunywa kwenye yamapuleti e-capacitor. Njengoba into ihamba, amapuleti asondela noma aqhelelene, futhi ushintsho ku-capacitance lusetshenziselwa ukunquma indawo ehlobene.
Izinzwa ezikwazi ukuthwala amandla zingalinganisa ukufuduka, ibanga, indawo kanye nobukhulu bezinto. Ngenxa yokuqina kwazo okuphezulu kwesignali kanye nesisombululo, izinzwa ezikwazi ukuthwala amandla zisetshenziswa ezindaweni zelebhu kanye nezezimboni. Isibonelo, izinzwa ezikwazi ukuthwala amandla zisetshenziselwa ukukala ukujiya kwefilimu kanye nokusetshenziswa kwe-adhesive ezinqubweni ezenzakalelayo. Emishinini yezimboni, zisetshenziselwa ukuqapha ukufuduka kanye nendawo yamathuluzi.
I-Magnetostriction iyimpahla yezinto ze-ferromagnetic ezibangela ukuthi izinto zishintshe usayizi noma ukuma kwazo lapho kusetshenziswa insimu yamagnetic. Ku-sensor yesikhundla se-magnetostrictive, i-movable position magnet inamathele entweni elinganiswayo. Yakhiwe yi-waveguide equkethe izintambo ezithwala ama-current pulse, ezixhunywe ku-sensor etholakala ekugcineni kwe-waveguide (Isithombe 3). Lapho i-current pulse ithunyelwa phansi kwe-waveguide, kudalwa insimu yamagnetic exhumana ne-axial magnetic field ye-unomphela magnet (i-magnet e-cylinder piston, Isithombe 3a). Ukusebenzisana kwensimu kubangelwa ukusonta (umphumela we-Wiedemann), okucindezela intambo, okukhiqiza i-acoustic pulse esakazeka eceleni kwe-waveguide futhi itholwe yi-sensor ekugcineni kwe-waveguide (Isithombe 3b). Ngokulinganisa isikhathi esidlulile phakathi kokuqala kwe-current pulse kanye nokutholwa kwe-acoustic pulse, indawo ehlobene ne-position magnet ngakho-ke into ingalinganiswa (Isithombe 3c).
Izinzwa zesikhundla se-magnetostrictive ziyizinzwa ezingezona ezokuthintana ezisetshenziselwa ukuthola indawo eqondile. Ama-waveguides avame ukufakwa emashubhu ensimbi engagqwali noma e-aluminium, okwenza lezi zinzwa zisetshenziswe ezindaweni ezingcolile noma ezimanzi.
Uma umqhubi omncane, oyisicaba efakwa ensimini yamagnetic, noma yikuphi ukugeleza kwamandla kagesi kuvame ukwakheka ohlangothini olulodwa lomqhubi, okudala umehluko ongaba khona obizwa ngokuthi i-Hall voltage. Uma amandla kagesi kumqhubi engaguquki, ubukhulu bamandla kagesi eHall buzobonisa amandla ensimu yamagnetic. Ku-sensor yesikhundla se-Hall-effect, into ixhunywe kumagnet egcinwe ku-sensor shaft. Njengoba into ihamba, indawo yamandla kagesi iyashintsha uma iqhathaniswa ne-Hall element, okuholela ekushintsheni kwamandla kagesi eHall. Ngokulinganisa amandla kagesi eHall, indawo yento inganqunywa. Kunezinzwa ezikhethekile zesikhundla se-Hall-effect ezinganquma indawo ngobukhulu obuthathu (Isithombe 4). Izinzwa zesikhundla se-Hall-effect zingamadivayisi angaxhumani anikeza ukuthembeka okuphezulu kanye nokuzwa okusheshayo, futhi asebenza ebangeni elibanzi lokushisa. Zisetshenziswa ezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo zabathengi, zezimboni, zezimoto kanye nezokwelapha.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili eziyisisekelo zezinzwa ze-fiber optic. Kuzinzwa ze-fiber optic zangaphakathi, i-fiber isetshenziswa njengento yokuzwa. Kuzinzwa ze-fiber optic zangaphandle, i-fiber optics ihlanganiswa nobuchwepheshe obunye bezinzwa ukuze kudluliselwe isignali kuma-elekthronikhi akude ukuze kucutshungulwe. Endabeni yokulinganisa isikhundla se-fiber yangaphakathi, idivayisi efana ne-optical time domain reflectometer ingasetshenziswa ukunquma ukubambezeleka kwesikhathi. Ukushintsha kwe-wavelength kungabalwa kusetshenziswa ithuluzi elisebenzisa i-optical frequency domain reflectometer. Izinzwa ze-fiber optic azinawo amandla okuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, zingaklanywa ukuthi zisebenze emazingeni okushisa aphezulu, futhi azikwazi ukudonsa umoya, ngakho zingasetshenziswa eduze komfutho ophezulu noma izinto ezivuthayo.
Okunye ukuzwa kwe-fiber-optic okusekelwe kubuchwepheshe be-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) nakho kungasetshenziswa ekulinganisweni kwesikhundla. I-FBG isebenza njengesihlungi se-notch, esibonisa ingxenye encane yokukhanya okugxile ku-wavelength ye-Bragg (λB) uma ikhanyiswa ukukhanya kwe-spectrum ebanzi. Yenziwe ngezakhiwo ezincane eziqoshwe enkabeni ye-fiber. Ama-FBG angasetshenziswa ukukala amapharamitha ahlukahlukene njengokushisa, ukucindezeleka, ingcindezi, ukuthambekela, ukufuduka, ukusheshisa kanye nomthwalo.
Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezinzwa zesikhundla sokubona, ezaziwa nangokuthi ama-encoder optical.Kwesinye isimo, ukukhanya kuthunyelwa kumukeli ngakolunye uhlangothi lwenzwa.Ohlotsheni lwesibili, isignali yokukhanya ekhishwayo iboniswa yinto eqashwe futhi ibuyiselwe emthonjeni wokukhanya.Kuya ngomklamo wenzwa, izinguquko ezakhiweni zokukhanya, njengobude be-wavelength, ukuqina, isigaba noma i-polarization, zisetshenziselwa ukunquma indawo yento. Izinzwa zesikhundla sokubona ezisekelwe ku-encoder ziyatholakala ngokunyakaza okuqondile nokujikelezayo.Lawa manzwa awela ezinhlotsheni ezintathu eziyinhloko; ama-encoder optical transmissive, ama-encoder optical reflective, kanye nama-encoder optical interferometric.
Izinzwa zesikhundla se-Ultrasonic zisebenzisa ama-transducer ekristalu e-piezoelectric ukukhipha amaza e-ultrasonic avame kakhulu. Inzwa ilinganisa umsindo oboniswayo. Izinzwa ze-Ultrasonic zingasetshenziswa njengezinzwa ezilula zokusondela, noma imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu inganikeza ulwazi oluhlukahlukene. Izinzwa zesikhundla se-Ultrasonic zisebenza nezinto eziqondiwe zezinto ezahlukahlukene nezici zobuso, futhi zingathola izinto ezincane ezikude kakhulu kunezinye izinhlobo eziningi zezinzwa zesikhundla. Zimelana nokudlidliza, umsindo ozungezile, imisebe ye-infrared kanye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Izibonelo zezinhlelo zokusebenza ezisebenzisa izinzwa zesikhundla se-ultrasonic zifaka phakathi ukutholwa kwezinga loketshezi, ukubalwa kwezinto ngesivinini esikhulu, izinhlelo zokuzulazula zerobhothi, kanye nokuzwa kwezimoto. Inzwa evamile ye-ultrasonic yezimoto iqukethe indlu yepulasitiki, i-transducer ye-piezoelectric ene-membrane eyengeziwe, kanye nebhodi lesifunda eliphrintiwe elinamasekethe kagesi nama-microcontroller okudlulisa, ukwamukela, nokucubungula izimpawu (Isithombe 5).
Izinzwa zesikhundla zingalinganisa ukunyakaza kwezinto okuqondile noma okuqondile, okujikelezayo kanye nokugobile. Izinzwa zesikhundla zingalinganisa ukunyakaza kwamadivayisi afana nama-actuator noma ama-motor. Zisetshenziswa futhi kumapulatifomu eselula afana namarobhothi nezimoto. Kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe obuhlukahlukene kuma-sensor esikhundla anezinhlanganisela ezahlukahlukene zokuqina kwemvelo, izindleko, ukunemba, ukuphindaphindeka, nezinye izici.
Izinzwa Zesikhundla Se-Magnetic Ze-3D, Izinhlelo Ezincane Ze-AllegroUkuhlaziya Nokuthuthukisa Ukuphepha Kwezinzwa Ze-Ultrasonic Zezimoto Ezizimele, I-IEEE Internet of Things Journal Indlela yokukhetha inzwa yesikhundla, I-Cambridge Integrated CircuitsIzinhlobo zezinzwa zesikhundla, I-IxthusInstrumentationIyini inzwa yesikhundla esisizayo?, I-KeyenceKuyini Ukuzwa Kwesikhundla Se-Magnetostrictive?, I-AMETEK
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