Ukusuka kwiintambo zokuqhuba zerobhothi ukuya kwiibhanti zokuhambisa izinto kwimisebenzi yetyathanga lokubonelela ukuya ekushukumeni kweetoweri zeturbine yomoya, ukuva indawo ngumsebenzi obalulekileyo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zezicelo. Kungathatha iindlela ezininzi, kuquka ii-linear, rotary, angular, absolute, incremental, contact kunye nee-non-contact sensors. Kuye kwaphuhliswa ii-sensors ezikhethekileyo ezinokumisela indawo ngokwemilinganiselo emithathu. Ubuchwepheshe bokubona indawo buquka i-potentiometric, i-inductive, i-eddy current, i-capacitive, i-magnetostrictive, i-Hall effect, i-fiber optic, i-optical kunye ne-ultrasonic.
Le FAQ inika intshayelelo emfutshane kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo zokuqonda indawo, ize iphonononge uluhlu lweetekhnoloji abanokuzikhetha abayili xa besebenzisa isisombululo sokuqonda indawo.
Izinzwa zePotentiometric position zizixhobo ezisekelwe kukumelana ezidibanisa umzila oqinileyo wokuchasana kunye ne-wiper eqhotyoshelwe kwinto ekufuneka ivakalelwe indawo yayo. Intshukumo yento ishukumisa i-wiper ecaleni komzila. Indawo yento ilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokwahlulahlula i-voltage eyenziwe zii-rails kunye nee-wipers ukulinganisa intshukumo ethe tye okanye ejikelezayo nge-DC voltage ezinzileyo (Umfanekiso 1). Izinzwa zePotentiometric zibiza kancinci, kodwa ngokubanzi zichaneka kwaye aziphindaphindeki kakhulu.
Izinzwa zendawo ezibangela uqhushululu zisebenzisa utshintsho kwiipropati zemagnethi ezibangelwa kwikhoyili yesenzwa. Ngokuxhomekeke kulwakhiwo lwazo, zinokulinganisa iindawo ezithe ngqo okanye ezijikelezayo. Izinzwa zendawo zeLinear Variable Differential Transformer (LVDT) zisebenzisa iikhoyili ezintathu ezijikelezileyo kwityhubhu engenanto; ikhoyili yokuqala kunye neekhoyili ezimbini zesibini. Ezi khoyili ziqhagamshelwe kuthotho, kwaye ubudlelwane besigaba sekhoyili yesibini buyi-180° ngaphandle kwesigaba ngokubhekiselele kwikhoyili yokuqala. Isiseko se-ferromagnetic esibizwa ngokuba yi-armature sifakwa ngaphakathi kwityhubhu kwaye siqhagamshelwe kwinto kwindawo elinganiswayo. I-voltage yokuvuselela isetyenziswa kwikhoyili yokuqala kwaye amandla e-electromagnetic (EMF) abangelwa kwikhoyili yesibini. Ngokulinganisa umahluko we-voltage phakathi kweekhoyili zesibini, indawo ehambelanayo ye-armature kunye nento eqhotyoshelwe kuyo inokumiselwa. I-transformer ye-voltage differential transformer (RVDT) isebenzisa indlela efanayo ukulandelela indawo ejikelezayo. Izinzwa ze-LVDT kunye ne-RVDT zibonelela ngokuchanekileyo okuhle, ulungelelwaniso, isisombululo kunye novakalelo oluphezulu. Azinangxaki kwaye zinokuvalwa ukuze zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezinzima.
Izinzwa zesikhundla samandla e-Eddy zisebenza ngezinto eziqhuba umbane. Ii-Eddy currents zii-currents ezibangelwa zizinto eziqhuba umbane xa kukho intsimi yemagnethi etshintshayo. Ezi currents zihamba ngomjiko ovaliweyo kwaye zivelise intsimi yemagnethi yesibini. Izinzwa zamandla e-Eddy current ziquka ii-coils kunye nee-linearization circuits. I-alternating current inika amandla i-coil ukwenza intsimi yemagnethi ephambili. Xa into isondela okanye isuka kwi-coil, indawo yayo inokuvakala kusetyenziswa ukusebenzisana kwentsimi yesibini eveliswa yi-eddy currents, echaphazela i-impedance ye-coil. Njengoko into isondela kwi-coil, ilahleko zamandla e-eddy ziyanda kwaye i-oscillating voltage iba ncinci (Umfanekiso 2). I-oscillating voltage iyalungiswa kwaye icutshungulwe yi-linearizer circuit ukuvelisa i-linear DC output ehambelana nomgama wento.
Izixhobo zangoku ze-Eddy zizixhobo eziqinileyo, ezingadibaniyo ezisetyenziswa njengee-proximity sensors. Zisebenza kuzo zonke iindlela kwaye zinokumisela umgama ohambelana nento, kodwa kungekhona icala okanye umgama opheleleyo oya kwinto.
Njengoko igama lisitsho, ii-capacitive position sensors zilinganisa utshintsho kwi-capacitance ukuze zichonge indawo yento evakalayo. Ezi sensors ezingezizo ezonxibelelwano zingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa indawo ethe tye okanye ejikelezayo. Ziqulathe iipleyiti ezimbini ezahlulwe zizinto ze-dielectric kwaye zisebenzisa enye yeendlela ezimbini zokufumanisa indawo yento:
Ukuze kubangele utshintsho kwi-dielectric constant, into ekuza kubonwa indawo yayo incamatheliswe kwizinto ze-dielectric. Njengoko izinto ze-dielectric zihamba, i-dielectric constant esebenzayo ye-capacitor iyatshintsha ngenxa yokudibana kwendawo yezinto ze-dielectric kunye ne-dielectric constant yomoya. Kungenjalo, into inokuqhagamshelwa kwenye yeepleyiti ze-capacitor. Njengoko into ihamba, iipleyiti ziyasondela okanye zihambe, kwaye utshintsho kwi-capacitance lusetyenziselwa ukumisela indawo ehambelanayo.
Ii-capacitive sensors zinokulinganisa ukufuduka, umgama, indawo kunye nobukhulu bezinto. Ngenxa yokuzinza kwazo okuphezulu kwesignali kunye nesisombululo, ii-capacitive displacement sensors zisetyenziswa kwiindawo zelebhu nakwiindawo zoshishino. Umzekelo, ii-capacitive sensors zisetyenziselwa ukulinganisa ubukhulu befilimu kunye nokusetyenziswa kwe-adhesive kwiinkqubo ezenzekelayo. Kwiimashini zoshishino, zisetyenziselwa ukujonga ukufuduka kunye nendawo yesixhobo.
I-Magnetostriction yipropathi yezinto ze-ferromagnetic ezibangela ukuba izinto zitshintshe ubungakanani okanye imo yazo xa kusetyenziswa i-magnetic field. Kwi-magnetostrictive position sensor, i-movable position magnet incamathiselwe kwinto elinganiswayo. Iqulethwe yi-waveguide equlathe iingcingo ezithwala ii-current pulses, eziqhagamshelwe kwi-sensor ekwisiphelo se-waveguide (Umfanekiso 3). Xa i-current pulse ithunyelwa kwi-waveguide, i-magnetic field yenziwa kwi-wire edibana ne-axial magnetic field ye-magnet esisigxina (i-magnet kwi-cylinder piston, Umfanekiso 3a). Ukusebenzisana kwe-field kubangelwa kukujija (i-Wiedemann effect), ecinezela i-wire, ivelise i-acoustic pulse esasazeka kwi-waveguide kwaye ifunyanwe yi-sensor ekupheleni kwe-waveguide (Umfanekiso 3b). Ngokulinganisa ixesha elidlulileyo phakathi kokuqaliswa kwe-current pulse kunye nokufunyanwa kwe-acoustic pulse, indawo ehambelanayo ye-position magnet kwaye ke ngoko into inokulinganiswa (Umfanekiso 3c).
Izinzwa zeendawo zemagnethi zizivamvo ezingadibaniyo ezisetyenziselwa ukubona indawo ethe tye. Ii-waveguides zihlala zigcinwe kwiityhubhu zentsimbi engagqwaliyo okanye ze-aluminium, nto leyo evumela ukuba ezi sensor zisetyenziswe kwiindawo ezimdaka okanye ezimanzi.
Xa umqhubi omncinci, othe tyaba ebekwe kwindawo yemagnethi, nawuphi na umsinga ohambayo udla ngokuqokelelana kwelinye icala lomqhubi, nto leyo edala umahluko onokubakho obizwa ngokuba yiHall voltage. Ukuba umsinga okwikhontraktha uhlala ungaguquki, ubukhulu bombane weHall buya kubonisa amandla ombane wemagnethi. Kwisensor yendawo yeHall-effect, into iqhagamshelwe kwimagnethi ekwishafti yesensor. Njengoko into ihamba, indawo yemagnethi iyatshintsha xa ithelekiswa nenxalenye yeHall, nto leyo ebangela utshintsho lombane weHall. Ngokulinganisa umbane weHall, indawo yento inokumiselwa. Kukho iisensor zendawo yeHall-effect ezikhethekileyo ezinokumisela indawo ngokwemilinganiselo emithathu (Umfanekiso 4). Iisensor zendawo yeHall-effect zizixhobo ezingaqhagamshelaniyo ezibonelela ngokuthembeka okuphezulu kunye nokuva ngokukhawuleza, kwaye zisebenza kuluhlu olubanzi lobushushu. Zisetyenziswa kuluhlu lwezicelo zabathengi, zoshishino, zezithuthi kunye nezonyango.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini ezisisiseko zee-sensors ze-fiber optic. Kwii-sensors ze-fiber optic zangaphakathi, i-fiber isetyenziswa njengento yokubona. Kwii-sensors ze-fiber optic zangaphandle, ii-fiber optics zidityaniswe nenye iteknoloji ye-sensor ukuhambisa isignali kwii-elektroniki ezikude ukuze zicutshungulwe. Kwimeko yokulinganisa indawo ye-fiber optic, isixhobo esifana ne-optical time domain reflectometer sinokusetyenziswa ukumisela ukulibaziseka kwexesha. Utshintsho lwe-wavelength lungabalwa kusetyenziswa isixhobo esisebenzisa i-optical frequency domain reflectometer. Ii-fibre optic sensors azichaphazeleki kukuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic, zinokuyilwa ukuba zisebenze kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwaye azikwazi ukuqhuba umbane, ngoko zingasetyenziswa kufutshane noxinzelelo oluphezulu okanye izinto ezinokutsha.
Enye indlela yokubona i-fiber-optic esekelwe kwitekhnoloji ye-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) ingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa indawo. I-FBG isebenza njengesihluzi se-notch, esibonisa iqhezu elincinci lokukhanya eliphakathi kwi-Bragg wavelength (λB) xa likhanyiswa kukukhanya kwe-wide-spectrum. Yenziwe ngezakhiwo ezincinci ezifakwe kwi-fiber core. Ii-FBG zingasetyenziselwa ukulinganisa iiparameter ezahlukeneyo ezifana nobushushu, uxinzelelo, uxinzelelo, ukuthambeka, ukufuduka, ukukhawulezisa kunye nomthwalo.
Kukho iintlobo ezimbini zee-optical position sensors, ezaziwa ngokuba zii-optical encoders. Kwimeko enye, ukukhanya kuthunyelwa kwi-receiver kwelinye icala le-sensor. Kwihlobo lwesibini, isignali yokukhanya ekhutshwayo ibonakaliswa yinto ejongiweyo kwaye ibuyiselwe kumthombo wokukhanya. Ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lwe-sensor, utshintsho kwiimpawu zokukhanya, ezinje ngobude be-wavelength, intensity, isigaba okanye i-polarization, zisetyenziselwa ukumisela indawo yento. Ii-optical position sensors ezisekwe kwi-encoder ziyafumaneka kwi-linear kunye ne-rotary motion. Ezi sensors zahlulwe kwiindidi ezintathu eziphambili; ii-transmissive optical encoders, ii-reflective optical encoders, kunye nee-interferometric optical encoders.
Izinzwa zendawo ye-ultrasonic zisebenzisa ii-transducers zekristale ze-piezoelectric ukukhupha amaza e-ultrasonic asebenza rhoqo. I-sensor ilinganisa isandi esibonakalayo. Izinzwa ze-ultrasonic zingasetyenziswa njengee-sensors ezilula zokusondela, okanye uyilo oluntsonkothileyo lunokubonelela ngolwazi oluhlukeneyo. Izinzwa zendawo ye-ultrasonic zisebenza ngezinto ezijoliswe kuzo zezinto ezahlukeneyo kunye neempawu zomphezulu, kwaye zinokubona izinto ezincinci kumgama omkhulu kunezinye iintlobo ezininzi zezinzwa zendawo. Ziyamelana nokungcangcazela, ingxolo ye-ambient, i-infrared radiation kunye nokuphazamiseka kwe-electromagnetic. Imizekelo yezicelo ezisebenzisa izinzwa zendawo ye-ultrasonic ziquka ukufunyanwa kwenqanaba lolwelo, ukubalwa kwezinto ngesantya esiphezulu, iinkqubo zokuhamba nge-robotic, kunye nokuva iimoto. I-sensor eqhelekileyo ye-ultrasonic yemoto ine-plastic housing, i-piezoelectric transducer ene-membrane eyongezelelweyo, kunye nebhodi yesekethe eprintiweyo eneesekethe ze-elektroniki kunye nee-microcontrollers zokudlulisa, ukufumana, kunye nokucubungula imiqondiso (Umfanekiso 5).
Izinzwa zendawo zinokulinganisa intshukumo yezinto ethe ngqo okanye ethe ngqo, ejikelezayo kunye ne-angular. Izinzwa zendawo zinokulinganisa intshukumo yezixhobo ezifana nee-actuators okanye ii-motor. Zikwasetyenziswa kumaqonga eselula afana neerobhothi kunye neemoto. Iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe zisetyenziswa kwizinzwa zendawo ezineendibaniselwano ezahlukeneyo zokuqina kwendalo, iindleko, ukuchaneka, ukuphindaphindeka, kunye nezinye iimpawu.
IiSensors zeMagnetic Position ze-3D, iiAllegro MicrosystemsUkuhlalutya nokuphucula ukhuseleko lweeSensors zeUltrasonic kwiZithuthi eziZilawulayo, i-IEEE Internet of Things Journal Indlela yokukhetha isensor yesikhundla, iiCambridge Integrated CircuitsIintlobo zeesensor zesikhundla, i-Ixthus InstrumentationYintoni isensor yesikhundla sokungenisa?, iKeyence Yintoni iMagnetostrictive Position Sensing?, i-AMETEK
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