UMB: Sisanda kuqala ukwenza umsebenzi othile odinga ukuthi izingxenye ezithile zenziwe ngokuyinhloko kusuka ku-304 stainless steel, eshiselwe yona ngokwayo kanye nensimbi ethambile.Sihlangabezane nezinkinga ezithile ngokuqhekeka kwe-weld phakathi kwensimbi engagqwali nensimbi engagqwali kufika ku-1.25″ obukhulu.Kwashiwo ukuthi sinamazinga aphansi e-ferrite.Ungakwazi yini ukuchaza ukuthi iyini nokuthi ungayilungisa kanjani?
A: Umbuzo omuhle lowo.Yebo, singakusiza uqonde ukuthi i-ferrite ephansi isho ukuthini nokuthi ungayivimbela kanjani.
Okokuqala, ake sibheke incazelo yensimbi engagqwali (SS) nokuthi i-ferrite ihlobana kanjani namajoyinti ashiselwe.Insimbi emnyama nama-alloys aqukethe i-iron engaphezu kuka-50%.Lokhu kuhlanganisa zonke izinsimbi zekhabhoni nezinsimbi ezingenasici, kanye namanye amaqembu athile.I-Aluminium, ithusi, ne-titanium ayinayo insimbi, ngakho-ke ziyizibonelo ezinhle kakhulu zama-alloys angeyona ayoni.
Izingxenye eziyinhloko zale alloy yi-carbon steel enensimbi okungenani engu-90% nensimbi engagqwali enensimbi engama-70 kuya ku-80%.Ukuze ichazwe njenge-SS, kufanele okungenani ibe ne-chromium engu-11.5%.Amaleveli e-Chromium ngaphezu kwalo mkhawulo omncane akhuthaza ukwakheka kwefilimu ye-chromium oxide ezindaweni zensimbi futhi avimbele ukwakheka kwe-oxidation njengokugqwala (i-iron oxide) noma ukugqwala kokuhlasela kwamakhemikhali.
Insimbi engagqwali ihlukaniswe ngokuyinhloko ngamaqembu amathathu: i-austenitic, i-ferritic ne-martensitic.Igama labo livela esakhiweni sekristalu endaweni yokushisa yasekamelweni akhiwa ngayo.Elinye iqembu elivamile yinsimbi engagqwali eyi-duplex, okuyibhalansi phakathi kwe-ferrite ne-austenite esakhiweni sekristalu.
Amabanga e-Austenitic, uchungechunge lwama-300, aqukethe i-chromium engu-16% kuya ku-30% kanye ne-nickel engu-8% kuya ku-40%, akha isakhiwo sekristalu e-austenitic.Iziqinisi ezifana ne-nickel, i-carbon, i-manganese, ne-nitrogen yengezwa phakathi nenqubo yokwenza insimbi ukusiza ukwakha isilinganiso se-austenite-ferrite.Amanye amamaki ajwayelekile angama-304, 316 kanye nama-347. Inikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle;ikakhulukazi esetshenziswa ezimbonini zokudla, amakhemikhali, ezemithi kanye ne-cryogenic.Ukulawula ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kunikeza ukuqina okuhle kakhulu emazingeni okushisa aphansi.
I-Ferritic SS iyibanga lochungechunge elingu-400 elinozibuthe ngokugcwele, liqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% ukuya ku-30%, futhi inokwakheka kwekristalu evundile kakhulu.Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukwakheka kwe-ferrite, ama-stabilizers afaka i-chromium, i-silicon, i-molybdenum ne-niobium ngesikhathi sokukhiqizwa kwensimbi.Lezi zinhlobo ze-SS zivame ukusetshenziswa kumasistimu e-automotive exhaust kanye nama-powertrains futhi zinezinhlelo zokusebenza ezilinganiselwe zokushisa okuphezulu.Izinhlobo ezimbalwa ezivame ukusetshenziswa: 405, 409, 430 kanye 446.
Amabanga e-Martensitic, abuye abizwe ngokuthi uchungechunge lwe-400, njenge-403, 410, ne-440, angamagnetic, aqukethe i-chromium engu-11.5% kuya ku-18%, futhi anesakhiwo sekristalu ye-martensitic.Le nhlanganisela inokuqukethwe kwegolide okuphansi kakhulu, okuyenza ingabizi kakhulu ukuyikhiqiza.Zinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala, amandla aphakeme, futhi zivame ukusetshenziswa ku-tableware, amazinyo nezinto zokuhlinza, i-cookware, nezinye izinhlobo zamathuluzi.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali, uhlobo lwe-substrate kanye nokusetshenziswa kwayo enkonzweni kuzonquma insimbi yokugcwalisa efanele okufanele isetshenziswe.Uma usebenzisa inqubo yegesi yokuvikela, kungase kudingeke ukuthi unake ngokukhethekile ukuvikela izingxube zegesi ukuvimbela izinkinga ezithile zokushisela.
Ukuze uzithengisele yona i-304, uzodinga i-E308/308L electrode."L" imele ikhabhoni ephansi, esiza ukuvimbela ukugqwala kwe-intergranular.Okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni kulawa ma-electrode kungaphansi kuka-0.03%, uma leli nani leqiwa, ubungozi bokufakwa kwekhabhoni emingceleni yokusanhlamvu kanye nokubopha kwe-chromium ukuze kwakhiwe i-chromium carbides kuyanda, okunciphisa ngempumelelo ukumelana nokugqwala kwensimbi.Lokhu kubonakala uma ukugqwala kwenzeka endaweni ethintekile ekushiseni (HAZ) yamashisela ensimbi engagqwali.Okunye okucatshangelwayo ngensimbi engagqwali ye-L ukuthi inamandla aphansi okuqina emazingeni okushisa aphakeme okusebenza kunamamaki ensimbi engagqwali aqondile.
Njengoba i-304 iwuhlobo lwe-austenitic yensimbi engagqwali, insimbi ehambisanayo ye-weld izoqukatha iningi le-austenite.Kodwa-ke, i-electrode ngokwayo izoqukatha i-ferrite stabilizer efana ne-molybdenum ukukhuthaza ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kunsimbi yokushisela.Abakhiqizi bavamise ukuklelisa ububanzi obujwayelekile benani le-ferrite yensimbi yokushisela.Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, i-carbon iyi-stabilizer eqinile ye-austenitic futhi ngenxa yalezi zizathu kubalulekile ukuvimbela ukungezwa kwayo ensimbi yokushisela.
Izinombolo ze-Ferrite zithathwe eshadini le-Scheffler kanye neshadi le-WRC-1992, elisebenzisa amafomula alinganayo e-nickel ne-chromium ukuze kubalwe inani okuthi uma lifakwe eshadini linikeze inombolo evamile.Inombolo ye-ferrite ephakathi kuka-0 no-7 ihambisana nephesenti yevolumu yesakhiwo sekristalu ye-ferritic ekhona ensimbi yokushisela, noma kunjalo, ngamaphesenti aphezulu, inombolo ye-ferrite ikhula ngokushesha.Khumbula ukuthi i-ferrite ku-SS ayifani ne-carbon steel ferrite, kodwa isigaba esibizwa ngokuthi i-delta ferrite.Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic ayidluli ukuguqulwa kwesigaba esihlobene nezinqubo zokushisa okuphezulu njengokwelashwa kokushisa.
Ukwakheka kwe-ferrite kuyafiseleka ngoba i-ductile kakhulu kune-austenite, kodwa kufanele ilawulwe.Okuqukethwe kwe-ferrite ephansi kunganikeza ama-welds ukumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu kwezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza, kodwa athambekele kakhulu ekuqhekekeni okushisayo ngesikhathi sokushisela.Ezimweni ezijwayelekile zokusetshenziswa, inani lama-ferrite kufanele libe phakathi kuka-5 no-10, kodwa ezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza zingadinga amanani aphansi noma aphezulu.Ama-Ferrites angabhekwa kalula endaweni yokusebenza ngenkomba ye-ferrite.
Njengoba ushilo ukuthi unezinkinga ngokuqhekeka kanye ne-ferrite ephansi, kufanele ubhekisise insimbi yakho yokugcwalisa futhi uqiniseke ukuthi ikhiqiza i-ferrite eyanele - cishe ngo-8 kufanele wenze iqhinga.Futhi, uma usebenzisa i-flux-cored arc welding (FCAW), lezi zinsimbi zokugcwalisa ngokuvamile zisebenzisa igesi eyisivikelo engu-100% yekhabhoni dioxide, noma ingxube ye-argon engu-75% kanye no-25% CO2, engabangela insimbi yokushisela ukuthi imunce ikhabhoni.Ungashintshela kunqubo ye-metal arc welding (GMAW) futhi usebenzise ingxube ye-98% ye-argon/2% ye-oxygen ukuze unciphise amathuba okufakwa kwekhabhoni.
Lapho ushisela insimbi engagqwali ku-carbon steel, kufanele kusetshenziswe impahla yokugcwalisa i-E309L.Le nsimbi yokugcwalisa isetshenziselwa ngokukhethekile ukushisela insimbi okungafani futhi yakha inani elithile le-ferrite ngemuva kokuthi i-carbon steel incibilike ekushiseleni.Ngenxa yokuthi i-carbon steel imunca ikhabhoni ethile, iziqinisi ze-ferrite zengezwa ensimbi yokugcwalisa ukuze kuliwe nokuthambekela kwekhabhoni ukwenza i-austenite.Lokhu kuzosiza ukuvimbela ukuqhekeka okushisayo ngesikhathi sokushisela.
Ngakho-ke, uma ufuna ukulungisa ukuqhekeka okushisayo kokushisela insimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic, hlola insimbi yokugcwalisa i-ferrite ukuze uthole ukungaguquguquki futhi ulandele izindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokushisela.Gcina okokufaka kokushisa okungaphansi kuka-50 kJ/in, gcina izinga lokushisa eliphakathi nendawo ukuya eliphansi, futhi uqinisekise ukuthi amalunga e-solder ahlanzekile ngaphambi kokudayiswa.Sebenzisa i-gauge efanelekile ukuze uhlole inani le-ferrite ku-weld, ugxile ku-5-10.
I-WELDER, ngaphambili ebibizwa nge-Practical Welding Today, imele abantu bangempela abenza imikhiqizo esiyisebenzisayo nesisebenza ngayo nsuku zonke.Lo magazini ubulokhu usebenzela umphakathi wokushisela eNyakatho Melika iminyaka engaphezu kwengu-20.
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