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Vuba aha, hakozwe urubuga rudafite imiti irwanya udukoko rushingiye ku ikoranabuhanga rya nano rikoresha imiterere y’amazi y’ubukorano (EWNS). EWNS ifite imbaraga nyinshi zo hejuru kandi yuzuyemo ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS) bushobora gukorana no guhagarika udukoko twinshi, harimo n’udukoko twandurira mu biribwa. Aha bigaragazwa ko imiterere yatwo mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo ishobora guhindurwa no kunozwa kugira ngo yongere ubushobozi bwatwo bwo kurwanya udukoko. Urubuga rwa laboratwari ya EWNS rwagenewe kunoza imiterere ya EWNS binyuze mu guhindura ibipimo byo gukora imyitozo. Imiterere ya EWNS (imbaraga, ingano n’ibikubiye muri ROS) hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura. Byongeye kandi, byasuzumwe ubushobozi bwabyo bwo kudakora imyitozo ngororamubiri ku dukoko twandurira mu biribwa nka Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica, Listeria innocuous, Mycobacterium paraaccidentum na Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ibisubizo byatanzwe hano bigaragaza ko imiterere ya EWNS ishobora guhindurwa neza mu gihe cyo gukora imyitozo, bigatuma ubushobozi bwo kudakora imyitozo bwiyongera cyane. By’umwihariko, imbaraga zo hejuru ziyongereyeho incuro enye kandi ubwoko bwa ogisijeni ikora bwiyongera. Igipimo cyo gukuraho mikorobe cyari gishingiye ku mikorobe kandi cyari hagati ya 1.0 na 3.8 log nyuma yo gukubitwa mu minota 45 ku gipimo cya erosoli cya 40.000 #/cc EWNS.
Ukwanduza mikorobe ni yo mpamvu nyamukuru itera indwara ziterwa n’ibiryo ziterwa no kwinjira mu bimera cyangwa uburozi bwabyo. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika honyine, indwara ziterwa n’ibiryo zitera indwara zigera kuri miliyoni 76, abantu 325.000 bajyanwa mu bitaro, n’abantu 5.000 bapfa buri mwaka1. Byongeye kandi, Minisiteri y’Ubuhinzi ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) ivuga ko kwiyongera kw’ibiryo bishya ari byo bitera 48% by’indwara zose ziterwa n’ibiryo zivugwa muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika2. Igiciro cy’indwara n’urupfu biterwa n’ibiryo biterwa n’ibiryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kiri hejuru cyane, nk’uko Ikigo gishinzwe kurwanya no gukumira indwara (CDC) kibiteganya ko kirenga miliyari 15.6 z’amadolari ya Amerika ku mwaka3.
Muri iki gihe, imiti irwanya udukoko ikoresheje imiti 4, imirasire5 n'ubushyuhe6 kugira ngo habeho umutekano w'ibiribwa, ahanini ikorerwa ahantu hato na hato ho kugenzura (CCPs) mu ruhererekane rw'umusaruro (ubusanzwe nyuma yo gusarura no/cyangwa mu gihe cyo gupakira) aho gukorwa buri gihe. Bityo, ikunze kwanduzwa n'ibindi. 7. Kugenzura neza indwara ziterwa n'ibiribwa no kwangirika kw'ibiribwa bisaba imiti irwanya udukoko ishobora gukoreshwa mu murima wose, mu gihe bigabanya ingaruka n'ikiguzi by'ibidukikije.
Vuba aha, hakozwe urubuga rudakoresha imiti irwanya udukoko rushingiye kuri nanotechnology rudafite imiti rushobora guhagarika bagiteri zo ku butaka n’izo mu kirere hakoreshejwe imiterere y’amazi y’ubukorano (EWNS). EWNS yakozwe hakoreshejwe inzira ebyiri zijyanye, electrospray na ionization y’amazi (Ishusho ya 1a). Ubushakashatsi bwabanje bwagaragaje ko EWNS ifite imiterere yihariye y’umubiri n’ibinyabuzima8,9,10. EWNS ifite impuzandengo ya electron 10 kuri buri gikoresho n’ingano ya nanoscale ya 25 nm (Ishusho ya 1b, c)8,9,10. Byongeye kandi, electron spin resonance (ESR) yagaragaje ko EWNS irimo ubwoko bwinshi bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS), cyane cyane hydroxyl (OH•) na superoxide (O2-) radicals (Ishusho ya 1c)8. EVNS iba mu kirere igihe kirekire kandi ishobora guhura na mikorobe zihagaze mu kirere zikabaho hejuru, zigatanga umutwaro wazo wa ROS bigatuma mikorobe zidakora (Ishusho ya 1d). Ubu bushakashatsi bwa mbere bwagaragaje kandi ko EWNS ishobora gukorana na bagiteri zitandukanye za gram-negative na gram-positive, harimo na mycobacteria, ku buso no mu kirere. Microscopy ya electron electron yagaragaje ko kudakora kwatewe no guhungabana k'urugingo rw'uturemangingo. Byongeye kandi, ubushakashatsi bwo guhumeka bwagaragaje ko dose nyinshi za EWNS zidatera kwangirika kw'ibihaha cyangwa kubyimba 8.
(a) Electrospray ibaho iyo hakoreshejwe voltage nyinshi hagati y'umuyoboro wa capillary urimo amazi n'icyuma gishyushya. (b) Gukoresha umuvuduko mwinshi bivamo ibintu bibiri bitandukanye: (i) gukoresha electrospray mu mazi no (ii) gukora ubwoko bwa ogisijeni (iyoni) bufatiwe muri EWNS. (c) Imiterere yihariye ya EWNS. (d) Bitewe n'imiterere yayo ya nanoscale, EWNS igenda cyane kandi ishobora gukorana n'udukoko two mu kirere.
Ubushobozi bw'urusobe rw'imiti irwanya udukoko rwa EWNS bwo guhagarika udukoko dukomoka ku biribwa ku buso bw'ibiryo bishya nabwo buherutse kugaragara. Byagaragaye kandi ko imbaraga zo hejuru za EWNS hamwe n'amashanyarazi zishobora gukoreshwa kugira ngo hagerwe ku ntego. Byongeye kandi, ibisubizo by'ibanze ku nyanya za kijyambere nyuma yo gukubitwa mu minota 90 kuri EWNS ifite ubunini bwa 50.000 #/cm3 byari byiza, aho udukoko dutandukanye twakomoka ku biribwa nka E. coli na Listeria 11 twagaragaye. Byongeye kandi, ibizamini bya mbere bya organoleptic nta ngaruka byagaragaje ugereranije n'inyanya zo kugenzura. Nubwo ibi bisubizo bya mbere byo guhagarika gukora bitera inkunga ikoreshwa ry'ibiribwa nubwo haba hari dose nto cyane ya EWNS ya 50.000#/cc. reba, biragaragara ko ubushobozi bwo guhagarika gukora bwinshi bwaba ingirakamaro mu kugabanya ibyago byo kwandura no kwangirika.
Aha, tuzibanda ku bushakashatsi bwacu ku iterambere rya platforme yo gukora EWNS kugira ngo dushobore gutunganya neza ibipimo bya synthesis no kunoza imiterere ya physicochemical ya EWNS kugira ngo twongere ubushobozi bwayo bwo kurwanya bagiteri. By'umwihariko, kunoza byibanze ku kongera imbaraga zayo zo hejuru (kugira ngo twongere uburyo bwo gutanga) n'ingano ya ROS (kugira ngo twongere ubushobozi bwo kudakora). Kugaragaza imiterere ya physico-chemical (ingano, imbaraga n'ingano ya ROS) hakoreshejwe uburyo bugezweho bwo gusesengura no gukoresha udukoko dusanzwe two mu biribwa nka E.
EVNS yakozwe hakoreshejwe electrospray icyarimwe no kuyishyiramo ionization y'amazi meza cyane (18 MΩ cm–1). Imashini ikoresha amashanyarazi 12 ikoreshwa mu gukora atome y'ibinyabutabire no gukora uduce twa polymer na ceramic 13 hamwe n'udupira 14 tw'ingano igenzurwa.
Nkuko byasobanuwe mu nyandiko zabanje 8, 9, 10, 11, mu igerageza risanzwe, hakoreshejwe voltage nyinshi hagati y’icyuma gifunganye n’icyuma gikingira amashanyarazi. Muri iki gikorwa, habayeho ibintu bibiri bitandukanye: i) electrospray na ii) ionization y’amazi. Umurima ukomeye w’amashanyarazi hagati y’ayo ma electrode abiri utera charges mbi kwibumbira hejuru y’amazi yafunze, bigatuma habaho imiterere ya Taylor cones. Kubera iyo mpamvu, havuka ibitonyanga by’amazi bishyushye cyane, bikomeza gucikamo uduce duto, nk’uko bivugwa muri theory ya Rayleigh16. Muri icyo gihe, amashanyarazi akomeye atuma amwe mu mazi acikamo ibice kandi agakuraho electrons (ionize), bigatuma habaho ubwoko bwinshi bwa ogisijeni ikora (ROS)17. ROS18 yakozwe icyarimwe yashyizwe muri EWNS (Ishusho ya 1c).
Ku ishusho ya 2a hagaragara uburyo bwo gukora EWNS bwakozwe kandi bugakoreshwa mu gukora EWNS muri ubu bushakashatsi. Amazi meza yabikwaga mu icupa rifunze yanyujijwe mu muyoboro wa Teflon (umurambararo w'imbere wa mm 2) mu rushinge rw'icyuma rutagira umugozi rwa 30G (icyuma gifunga). Uruziga rw'amazi rugenzurwa n'umuvuduko w'umwuka uri mu icupa, nk'uko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2b. Urushinge rushyirwa kuri konsole ya Teflon kandi rushobora guhindurwa n'intoki ku ntera runaka uvuye kuri electrode yo kuvura. Electrode yo kuvura ni disiki ya aluminiyumu ikoze neza ifite umwobo hagati kugira ngo hakorwe isuzuma. Munsi ya electrode yo kuvura hari umuyoboro w'isuzuma wa aluminiyumu, uhujwe n'ibindi bikoresho by'igerageza binyuze mu muyoboro w'isuzuma (Ishusho ya 2b). Kugira ngo hirindwe ubwinshi bw'amashanyarazi bushobora guhungabanya imikorere ya sampuli, ibice byose by'isuzuma bishyirwaho amashanyarazi.
(a) Sisitemu yo gukora nanostructure y'amazi (EWNS) yakozwe mu buryo bw'ikoranabuhanga. (b) Igice cy'icyitegererezo n'icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi, bigaragaza ibipimo by'ingenzi cyane. (c) Gushyiraho igerageza ryo kudakora kwa bagiteri.
Sisitemu yo gukora EWNS yavuzwe haruguru irashobora guhindura ibipimo by'ingenzi by'imikorere kugira ngo yorohereze gutunganya neza imiterere ya EWNS. Hindura voltage ikoreshwa (V), intera iri hagati y'urushinge na electrode ikoreshwa (L), n'amazi atembera (φ) anyuze mu muyoboro w'amazi kugira ngo yoroshye imiterere ya EWNS. Ikimenyetso cyakoreshejwe mu kwerekana imvange zitandukanye: [V (kV), L (cm)]. Hindura inzira y'amazi kugira ngo ubone cone ya Taylor ihamye y'itsinda runaka [V, L]. Mu rwego rw'ubu bushakashatsi, umurambararo w'ahazaza h'electrode ikoreshwa (D) wagumye kuri santimetero 1.29 (1.5 cm).
Bitewe n'imiterere y'amashanyarazi n'ubudasa, imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ntizishobora kubarwa uhereye ku mahame ya mbere. Ahubwo, porogaramu ya QuickField™ (Svendborg, Danemark)19 yakoreshejwe mu kubara ingufu z'amashanyarazi. Imbaraga z'amashanyarazi ntizingana, bityo agaciro k'amashanyarazi ari ku mpera y'umuyoboro wa capillary kakoreshejwe nk'agaciro k'icyitegererezo ku miterere itandukanye.
Mu bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati y'urushinge n'amashanyarazi yo kugabanya ingufu z'amashanyarazi hakurikijwe ikorwa rya Taylor cone, uburyo Taylor cone ihagaze neza, uburyo EWNS ihagaze neza, ndetse n'uburyo ishobora kongera kuboneka. Uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi bugaragara mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S1.
Umusaruro wa sisitemu yo gukora EWNS wahujwe neza na Scanning Mobility Particle Size Analyzer (SMPS, Model 3936, TSI, Shoreview, MN) kugira ngo hapimwe umubare w'ibice, ndetse na Aerosol Faraday Electrometer (TSI, Model 3068B, Shoreview, MN). ) ku miyoboro y'umwuka byapimwe nk'uko byasobanuwe mu nyandiko yacu ibanza. SMPS na aerosol electrometer byombi byapimwe ku gipimo cy'amazi cya 0.5 L/min (umuvuduko w'ingero zose L/min). Umubare w'ibice n'umuvuduko w'umwuka byapimwe mu masegonda 120. Igipimo gisubirwamo inshuro 30. Hashingiwe ku bipimo by'umuriro, umuvuduko w'umwuka wose ubarwa kandi umuvuduko w'umwuka wose wa EWNS ubarwa ku mubare wose w'ibice bya EWNS byatoranijwe. Igiciro mpuzandengo cya EWNS gishobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe Equation (1):
aho IEl ari umuyoboro upimwe, NSMPS ni igipimo cy’ikoranabuhanga gipimwe na SMPS, naho φEl ikaba umuvuduko w’amazi kuri electrometero.
Kubera ko ubushyuhe (RH) bugira ingaruka ku bushyuhe bw'ubuso, ubushyuhe na (RH) byagumanye igihe cyose mu igerageza kuri 21°C na 45%, uko bikurikirana.
Mikroskopi y'imbaraga za atomiki (AFM), Asylum MFP-3D (Ubushakashatsi ku Buhungiro, Santa Barbara, CA) na probe ya AC260T (Olympus, Tokyo, Ubuyapani) byakoreshejwe mu gupima ingano n'ubuzima bwa EWNS. Ingano ya scanning ya AFM yari 1 Hz, agace ko scanning kari 5 μm × 5 μm, n'imirongo 256 yo guskani. Amashusho yose yashyizwe mu buryo bwo guhuza amashusho bwa mbere hakoreshejwe porogaramu ya Asylum (agace ka mask kari 100 nm, urwego rwa 100 pm).
Umuyoboro w'igerageza wakuweho maze ubuso bwa mica bushyirwa ku ntera ya cm 2.0 uvuye kuri electrode yo kugabanya mu gihe cy'impuzandengo ya sm 120 kugira ngo hirindwe ko uduce duto twongerana no kurema uduce duto duto ku buso bwa mica. EWNS yasutswe ku buso bwa mica iherutse gucibwa (Ted Pella, Redding, CA). Ishusho y'ubuso bwa mica ako kanya nyuma yo gucikamo uduce twa AFM. Inguni yo guhuza ubuso bwa mica iherutse gucibwa idahinduwe iri hafi ya 0°, bityo EVNS ikwirakwizwa ku buso bwa mica mu buryo bwa dome. Umurambararo (a) n'uburebure (h) by'uduce dukwirakwizwa byapimwe neza bivuye ku imiterere ya AFM kandi byakoreshejwe mu kubara ingano ya EWNS isanzwe ikwirakwizwa hakoreshejwe uburyo bwacu bwabanje kwemezwa. Dufashe ko EWNS iri mu bwato ifite ingano imwe, umurambararo ungana ushobora kubarwa hakoreshejwe Equation (2):
Hashingiwe ku buryo twakoze mbere, umutego wo gusimbuka wa electron spin resonance (ESR) wakoreshejwe kugira ngo hamenyekane niba hari radical intermediates z'igihe gito muri EWNS. Aerosols zashyizwe mu cyuma cya 650 μm Midget sparger (Ace Glass, Vineland, NJ) kirimo 235 mM solution ya DEPMPO (5- (diethoxyphosphoryl)-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide) (Oxis International Inc.). Portland, Oregon). Ibipimo byose bya ESR byakozwe hakoreshejwe spectrometer ya Bruker EMX (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) na flat panel cell. Porogaramu ya Acquisit (Bruker Instruments Inc. Billerica, MA, USA) yakoreshejwe mu gukusanya no gusesengura amakuru. Kumenya imiterere ya ROS byakozwe gusa ku miterere y'imikorere [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Ingano ya EWNS yapimwe hakoreshejwe SMPS nyuma yo kubara igihombo cya EWNS muri impactor.
Urugero rwa Ozone rwagenzuwe hakoreshejwe 205 Dual Beam Ozone Monitor™ (2B Technologies, Boulder, Co)8,9,10.
Ku miterere yose ya EWNS, agaciro k’impuzandengo gakoreshwa nk’agaciro ko gupima, naho ikosa ryo gupima rikoreshwa nk’ikosa ryo gupima. Ibizamini bya T byakozwe kugira ngo hagereranywe agaciro k’imiterere ya EWNS yanonosowe n’agaciro gahuye n’aka EWNS y’ibanze.
Ishusho ya 2c igaragaza sisitemu ya electrostatic precipitation (EPES) yakozwe mbere kandi igaragara neza ishobora gukoreshwa mu kugeza EWNS ku butaka. EPES ikoresha EVNS charges zishobora "kuyoborwa" ku buso bw'intego hakoreshejwe ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikomeye. Ibisobanuro birambuye kuri sisitemu ya EPES bigaragazwa mu gitabo giherutse gusohoka cyanditswe na Pyrgiotakis et al. 11. Bityo, EPES igizwe n'icyumba cya PVC cyacapwe mu buryo bwa 3D gifite impera zitose kandi kirimo ibyuma bibiri bifatanye (ibyuma 304 bitarangirika, bifite indorerwamo) hagati muri cm 15.24. Ibibaho byahujwe n'isoko y'amashanyarazi menshi yo hanze (Bertran 205B-10R, Spellman, Hauppauge, NY), icyapa cyo hasi cyahujwe n'amashanyarazi meza, kandi icyapa cyo hejuru cyahujwe n'ubutaka (ubutaka buri ku mazi). Inkuta z'icyumba zitwikiriwe n'urupapuro rwa aluminiyumu, rushingiye ku butaka kugira ngo hirindwe ko uduce dutakaza. Icyumba gifite urugi rw'imbere rufunze rutuma ubuso bw'ibizamini bushyirwa ku bitereko bya pulasitiki biyizamura hejuru y'icyuma cyo hasi kugira ngo hirindwe ko umuriro mwinshi uvangira.
Ubuhanga bwo gushyira EWNS mu bubiko bwa EPES bwabazwe hakurikijwe protocole yakozwe mbere igaragara ku Ishusho y'inyongera S111.
Nk'icyumba cyo kugenzura, icyumba cya kabiri cy'amazi cyazungurutse cyahujwe mu buryo bukurikiranye na sisitemu ya EPES, aho hifashishijwe akayunguruzo ka HEPA hagati mu gukuraho EWNS. Nkuko bigaragara ku Ishusho ya 2c, aerosol ya EWNS yanyuze mu byumba bibiri byubatswemo. Akayunguruzo kari hagati y'icyumba cyo kugenzura na EPES gakuraho EWNS isigaye yose bigatuma habaho ubushyuhe bumwe (T), ubushuhe (RH) n'urugero rumwe rwa ozone.
Byagaragaye ko udukoko tw’ingenzi dukomoka ku biribwa twanduza ibiryo bishya nka E. coli (ATCC #27325), ikimenyetso cy’umwanda, Salmonella enterica (ATCC #53647), indwara ikomoka ku biribwa, Listeria idakira (ATCC #33090), isimbura Listeria monocytogenes itera indwara, ikomoka kuri ATCC (Manassas, VA) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC #4098), isimbura umusemburo wo kwangirika, hamwe na bagiteri idakora, Mycobacterium paralucky (ATCC #19686).
Gura amakarito y’inyanya z’imizabibu zisanzwe ku isoko ryo mu gace utuyemo hanyuma ushyire muri firigo kuri dogere selisiyusi 4 kugeza igihe uzakoresha (kugeza ku minsi 3). Inyanya zageragejwe zose zari zingana, zifite umurambararo wa santimetero 1.5.
Uburyo bwo kwita ku miterere y’ibinyabuzima, gutera, guhura n’ingaruka zabyo, n’ingano y’amatsinda y’ibimera byasobanuwe mu nyandiko yacu yabanje kandi bisobanurwa mu makuru y’inyongera. Ingufu za EWNS zasuzumwe hakoreshejwe gushyira inyanya zatewe kuri 40.000 #/cm3 mu gihe cy’iminota 45. Muri make, inyanya eshatu zakoreshejwe mu gusuzuma udukoko twarokotse mu gihe t = 0 min. Inyanya eshatu zashyizwe muri EPES zishyirwa muri EWNS kuri 40.000 #/cc (inyanya zatewe na EWNS) naho izindi eshatu zisigaye zishyirwa mu cyumba cyo kugenzura (inyanya zo kugenzura). Ntabwo hakozwe ubundi buryo bwo gutunganya inyanya muri ayo matsinda yombi. Inyanya zatewe na EWNS n’inyanya zo kugenzura zakuweho nyuma y’iminota 45 kugira ngo hasuzumwe ingaruka za EWNS.
Buri gerageza ryakozwe mu byiciro bitatu. Isesengura ry'amakuru ryakozwe hakurikijwe protocole yasobanuwe mu makuru y'inyongera.
Uburyo bwo guhagarika ibikorwa bwagenzuwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bwo gusiga ingero za EWNS zagaragaye (iminota 45 ku gipimo cya aerosol cya 40.000 #/cm3 EWNS) n'ingero zitari zifite imirasire ya bagiteri zitagize ingaruka kuri E. coli, Salmonella enterica na Lactobacillus. Uduce twashyizwe muri 2.5% glutaraldehyde, 1.25% paraformaldehyde na 0.03% picric acid muri 0.1 M sodium cacodylate buffer (pH 7.4) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2 ku bushyuhe bw'icyumba. Nyuma yo gukaraba, shyiramo 1% osmium tetroxide (OsO4)/1.5% potassium ferrocyanide (KFeCN6) mu gihe cy'amasaha 2, oza inshuro 3 mu mazi hanyuma ushyiremo 1% uranyl acetate mu gihe cy'isaha 1, hanyuma oza kabiri mu mazi, hanyuma usuke amazi mu gihe cy'iminota 10 muri 50%, 70%, 90%, 100% alcohol. Hanyuma ingero zashyizwe muri propylene oxide mu gihe cy'isaha 1 hanyuma ziterwa uruvange rwa 1:1 rwa propylene oxide na TAAP Epon (Marivac Canada Inc. St. Laurent, CA). Ingero zashyizwe muri TAAB Epon maze zishyirwa kuri polymer kuri 60°C mu gihe cy'amasaha 48. Resin ya granular resin yavuwe yaciwe kandi igaragazwa na TEM hakoreshejwe mikorosikopi isanzwe ya electron JEOL 1200EX (JEOL, Tokyo, Ubuyapani) ifite kamera ya AMT 2k CCD (Advanced Microscopy Techniques, Corp., Woburn, Massachusetts, USA).
Igerageza ryose ryakozwe mu byiciro bitatu. Kuri buri gice cy'igihe, gukaraba bagiteri byatewe mu byiciro bitatu, bituma habaho amanota icyenda kuri buri ngingo, impuzandengo yabyo ikaba yarakoreshejwe nk'igipimo cya bagiteri kuri iyo mikorobe. Guhinduka bisanzwe byakoreshejwe nk'ikosa ryo gupima. Umubare w'ingingo zose.
Igabanuka ry'ubwinshi bw'uturemangingo twa bagiteri ugereranije na t = 0 min ryabazwe hakoreshejwe formula ikurikira:
aho C0 ari ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu gipimo cyo kugenzura ku gihe cya 0 (ni ukuvuga nyuma yuko ubuso bwumye ariko mbere yo gushyirwa mu cyumba) naho Cn ikaba ubwinshi bwa bagiteri ku buso nyuma y'iminota n yo kwangirika.
Kugira ngo harebwe uburyo bagiteri zangiritse mu gihe cy'iminota 45, kugabanuka kw'ibipimo ugereranije n'uko byagenzuwe nyuma y'iminota 45 nabyo byabazwe ku buryo bukurikira:
aho Cn ari ubwinshi bwa bagiteri mu gipimo cyo kugenzura ku gihe n na Cn-Control ikaba ubwinshi bwa bagiteri zo kugenzura ku gihe n. Amakuru agaragazwa nk'igabanuka ry'inyandiko ugereranije n'ubwinshi (nta kwibasirwa na EWNS).
Mu bushakashatsi, hasuzumwe uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu z'amashanyarazi n'intera iri hagati y'urushinge n'amashanyarazi yo kugabanya ingufu mu mikorere ya Taylor, uburyo amazi ahindagurika mu mikorere ya Taylor, uburyo amazi ahindagurika mu mikorere ya EWNS, uburyo amazi ahindagurika mu mikorere ya EWNS, n'uburyo amazi agabanuka. Hari uburyo butandukanye bwo guhuza ingufu bugaragara mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S1. Hari uburyo bubiri bwerekana imiterere ihamye n'ishobora kongera kugabanuka (Taylor cone, EWNS generation, n'uburyo amazi agabanuka uko igihe kigenda gihita) bwatoranyijwe kugira ngo bukorerwe ubushakashatsi bwimbitse. Ku ishusho ya 3, hagaragazwa ibyavuye mu mikorere, ingano, n'ingano ya ROS muri ubwo buryo bwombi. Ibisubizo byatanzwe nabyo bikubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya 1. Ku bijyanye n'ibyo, Ishusho ya 3 n'Imbonerahamwe ya 1 byombi birimo imiterere ya EWNS8, 9, 10, 11 (baseline-EWNS). Imibare y'agaciro k'imibare hakoreshejwe ikizamini cya t gifite imirizo ibiri yongeye gusohoka mu mbonerahamwe y'inyongera S2. Byongeye kandi, amakuru y'inyongera arimo inyigo z'ingaruka z'umurambararo w'umwobo wa electrode yo kugabanya ingufu (D) n'intera iri hagati ya electrode yo hasi n'agasongero (L) (Ishusho y'inyongera S2 na S3).
(ac) Ingano ikwirakwizwa ipimwa na AFM. (df) Imiterere y'umuvuduko w'amazi. (g) Imiterere ya ROS ya EPR.
Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko kuri izi ngingo zose zavuzwe haruguru, umuvuduko wa ionization wapimwe wari hagati ya 2 na 6 μA naho voltage iri hagati ya -3.8 na -6.5 kV, byatumye ingufu zikoreshwa munsi ya 50 mW kuri iyi module imwe ya EWNS yo gukorana. Nubwo EWNS yakozwe hifashishijwe umuvuduko mwinshi, urugero rwa ozone rwari hasi cyane, ntirwigeze rurenga 60 ppb.
Ishusho y'inyongera S4 igaragaza amashanyarazi yiganywe ku buryo bwa [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm] uko bikurikirana. Ku buryo bwa [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], imibare y'ubutaka ni 2 × 105 V/m na 4.7 × 105 V/m, uko bikurikirana. Ibi byitezwe, kubera ko mu rubanza rwa kabiri ikigereranyo cy'intera ya voltage kiri hejuru cyane.
Ku ishusho ya 3a, b yerekana umurambararo wa EWNS wapimwe na AFM8. Impuzandengo y'umurambararo wa EWNS yari 27 nm na 19 nm kuri gahunda ya [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], uko bikurikirana. Ku birebana na [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], itandukanyirizo ry'ikigereranyo cya geometrike ry'imigabane ni 1.41 na 1.45, uko bikurikirana, bigaragaza itandukanyirizo ry'ingano rito. Ingano mpuzandengo n'itandukanyirizo ry'ikigereranyo cya geometrike byombi biri hafi cyane ya EWNS y'ibanze, kuri 25 nm na 1.41, uko bikurikirana. Ku ishusho ya 3c yerekana itandukanyirizo ry'ingano ya EWNS y'ibanze yapimwe hakoreshejwe uburyo bumwe mu bihe bimwe.
Ku ishusho ya 3d, e yerekana ibyavuye mu miterere y’ingufu. Amakuru ni ibipimo mpuzandengo by’ibipimo 30 icyarimwe by’icyerekezo (#/cm3) n’umuvuduko w’amashanyarazi (I). Isesengura ryerekana ko impuzandengo y’ingufu kuri EWNS ari 22 ± 6 e- na 44 ± 6 e- kuri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] na [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm], uko bikurikirana. Bafite impuzandengo y’ubuso iri hejuru cyane ugereranije na EWNS y’ibanze (10 ± 2 e-), ikubye kabiri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] kandi ikubye kane [-3 .8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Ishusho ya 3f yerekana amakuru y’ingufu kuri Baseline-EWNS.
Uhereye ku makarita y’ibipimo by’umubare wa EWNS (Ishusho y’inyongera S5 na S6), bigaragara ko imiterere ya [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm] ifite ibice byinshi cyane kurusha imiterere ya [-3.8 kV, 0.5 cm]. Ni ngombwa kandi kumenya ko imiterere y’umubare wa EWNS yagenzuwe kugeza ku masaha 4 (Ishusho y’inyongera S5 na S6), aho imiterere ya EWNS yagaragaje urwego rumwe rw’ibipimo by’umubare w’ibice muri ibyo bice byombi.
Ku ishusho ya 3g yerekana imiterere ya EPR nyuma yo gukuramo uburyo bwa EWNS bwo kugenzura (inyuma) kuri [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. Imiterere ya ROS nayo yagereranyijwe n'imiterere ya Baseline-EWNS mu gitabo cyasohotse mbere. Umubare wa EWNS wahuye n'imitego ya spin wabazwe ko ari 7.5 × 104 EWNS/s, bisa na Baseline-EWNS8 yasohotse mbere. Imiterere ya EPR yagaragaje neza ko hari ubwoko bubiri bwa ROS, aho O2- ari yo moko yiganjemo na OH• ikaba ari mike. Byongeye kandi, igereranya ry'ubukana bw'impeshyi ryagaragaje ko EWNS yakozwe neza yari ifite ROS iri hejuru cyane ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze.
Ku ishusho ya 4 hagaragazwa ubushobozi bwo gushyira EWNS muri EPES. Amakuru akubiye mu mbonerahamwe ya mbere kandi agereranywa n'amakuru y'umwimerere ya EWNS. Kuri EUNS zombi, gushyiramo hafi 100% nubwo hari voltage nke ya 3.0 kV. Ubusanzwe, 3.0 kV irahagije kugira ngo ishyiremo 100%, hatitawe ku mpinduka z'ubuso. Mu bihe bimwe, ubushobozi bwo gushyiramo Baseline-EWNS bwari 56% gusa bitewe n'uko bashyiramo umuriro muto (electron 10 kuri EWNS imwe).
Ku ishusho ya 5 no ku mbonerahamwe ya 2 hagaragazwa agaciro k’udukoko twatewe ku buso bw’inyanya nyuma yo guhura n’udukoko twa EWNS 40.000 #/cm3 mu minota 45 ku buryo bwiza [-6.5 kV, 4.0 cm]. E. coli na Lactobacillus innocuous byatewe byagaragaje kugabanuka gukomeye kw’ibiti 3.8 mu gihe cyo guhura n’udukoko mu minota 45. Mu bihe bimwe, S. enterica yagabanutseho ibiti 2.2, mu gihe S. cerevisiae na M. parafortutum byagabanutseho ibiti 1.0.
Imikorografi ya elegitoroniki (Ishusho ya 6) igaragaza impinduka zigaragara ziterwa na EWNS ku turemangingo twa Escherichia coli, Streptococcus, na Lactobacillus tutagize ingaruka mbi bigatuma tudakora. Bagiteri zo kugenzura zari zifite uturemangingo tw’uturemangingo twangiritse, mu gihe bagiteri zagaragaye zari zarangiritse uturemangingo tw’inyuma.
Ishusho ya elegitoroniki y’uburyo bwo kugenzura no gukoresha bagiteri zagaragaye byagaragaje ko uturemangingo twangiritse.
Amakuru ku miterere ya fiziki ya EWNS yakozwe neza agaragaza ko imiterere (umuvuduko w'ubuso n'ibikubiye muri ROS) bya EWNS yarushijeho kuba myiza ugereranije n'amakuru y'ibanze ya EWNS yasohotse mbere8,9,10,11. Ku rundi ruhande, ingano yazo yagumye mu rugero rwa nanometer, isa cyane n'ibyavuye mu bushakashatsi byatanzwe mbere, bituma ziguma mu kirere igihe kirekire. Ubusumbane bwagaragaye bushobora gusobanurwa n'impinduka mu muvuduko w'ubuso zigena ingano ya EWNS, uburyo Rayleigh effect ihinduka, n'uburyo ishobora guhurirana. Ariko, nk'uko byasobanuwe na Nielsen et al. 22, umuvuduko mwinshi w'ubuso ugabanya umwuka binyuze mu kongera neza ingufu/umuvuduko w'amazi. Mu nyandiko yacu yabanje8 iyi nyigisho yemejwe mu buryo bw'igerageza kuri microdroplets 22 na EWNS. Gutakaza umuvuduko mu gihe cy'inyongera bishobora no kugira ingaruka ku bunini no kugira uruhare mu gukwirakwiza ingano yabonetse.
Byongeye kandi, charge kuri buri structure ni hafi 22-44 e-, bitewe n'imimerere, ikaba iri hejuru cyane ugereranije na EWNS y'ibanze, ifite charge mpuzandengo ya electron 10 ± 2 kuri buri structure. Ariko, bikwiye kumenyekana ko iyi ari charge mpuzandengo ya EWNS. Seto et al. Byagaragaye ko charge idahuye kandi ikurikiza log-normal distribution21. Ugereranyije n'akazi kacu ka mbere, gukuba kabiri charge yo hejuru byikubye kabiri imikorere yo gushyira mu buryo bwa EPES kugera hafi 100%11.