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Ana amfani da masu kunna wuta a ko'ina kuma suna ƙirƙirar motsi mai sarrafawa ta amfani da madaidaicin ƙarfin motsa jiki ko juzu'i don yin ayyuka daban-daban a masana'antu da sarrafa kansa.Bukatar sauri, ƙarami kuma mafi inganci yana haifar da ƙira a ƙirar tuƙi.Siffar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwar Ƙwaƙwalwa (SMA) tana ba da fa'idodi da yawa akan faifai na al'ada, gami da babban rabo-da-nauyi.A cikin wannan karatun, an ƙirƙira wani mai kunna gashin fuka-fukai guda biyu na SMA wanda ya haɗu da fa'idodin tsokoki na gashin fuka-fukan na tsarin halittu da keɓaɓɓen kaddarorin SMAs.Wannan binciken yana bincika kuma yana faɗaɗa masu kunna SMA na baya ta hanyar haɓaka ƙirar lissafi na sabon mai kunnawa bisa tsarin tsarin waya na bimodal SMA da gwada shi ta gwaji.Idan aka kwatanta da sanannun faifai dangane da SMA, ƙarfin kunna sabuwar motar yana da aƙalla sau 5 mafi girma (har zuwa 150 N).Matsakaicin asarar nauyi shine kusan 67%.Sakamakon nazarin hankali na ƙirar lissafi yana da amfani don daidaita sigogin ƙira da fahimtar mahimman sigogi.Wannan binciken yana ƙara gabatar da tuƙi mai matakai masu yawa na Nth wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don ƙara haɓaka haɓaka.SMA-tushen dipvalerate tsoka actuators suna da fa'idar aikace-aikace, daga gina aiki da kai zuwa daidaitattun tsarin isar da magunguna.
Tsarin halittu, kamar tsarin muscular na dabbobi masu shayarwa, na iya kunna ƙwararrun ƙwararru da yawa.Dabbobi masu shayarwa suna da tsarin tsoka daban-daban, kowannensu yana aiki da takamaiman manufa.Duk da haka, yawancin tsarin ƙwayar tsokar dabbobi masu shayarwa za a iya raba su zuwa manyan nau'i biyu.Daidai da kuma pennate.A cikin hamstrings da sauran masu sassauƙa, kamar yadda sunan ke nunawa, ƙwayar tsoka mai kama da juna tana da filayen tsoka daidai da kashin tsakiya.An jera sarkar filayen tsoka kuma an haɗa su da aiki ta hanyar haɗin da ke kewaye da su.Ko da yake an ce waɗannan tsokoki suna da babban balaguron balaguron balaguro (kashi kashi dari), ƙarfin tsokar su gabaɗaya yana da iyaka.Sabanin haka, a cikin ƙwayar maraƙi na triceps2 (gastrocnemius na gefe (GL) 3, medial gastrocnemius (GM) 4 da soleus (SOL)) da kuma extensor femoris (quadriceps) 5,6 pennate tsoka nama yana samuwa a cikin kowane tsoka7.A cikin tsari mai tsayi, filayen tsoka a cikin musculature na bipennate suna nan a ɓangarorin biyu na tendon na tsakiya a kusurwoyin da ba a taɓa gani ba (kusurwoyin pinnate).Pennate ya fito daga kalmar Latin "penna", wanda ke nufin "alkalami", kuma, kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.1 yana da kamannin gashin tsuntsu.Zaɓuɓɓukan tsokoki na pennate sun fi guntu kuma sun karkata zuwa ga axis na tsoka.Saboda tsarin finifiyi, gabaɗayan motsin waɗannan tsokoki yana raguwa, wanda ke haifar da ɓangarori masu tsaka-tsaki da na tsaye na tsarin ragewa.A gefe guda, kunna waɗannan tsokoki yana haifar da ƙarfin tsoka gabaɗaya saboda yadda ake auna yanki na giciye na physiological.Sabili da haka, don yankin da aka ba da ƙetare, tsokoki na ƙwanƙwasa za su fi karfi kuma za su haifar da karfi fiye da tsokoki masu layi daya.Ƙungiyoyin da ke haifar da filaye guda ɗaya suna haifar da ƙarfin tsoka a matakin macroscopic a cikin ƙwayar tsoka.Bugu da ƙari, yana da irin waɗannan kaddarorin na musamman kamar saurin raguwa, kariya daga lalacewa mai ƙarfi, kwantar da hankali.Yana canza alaƙar da ke tsakanin shigarwar fiber da ƙarfin ƙarfin tsoka ta hanyar yin amfani da sifofi na musamman da ƙayyadaddun tsarin lissafi na tsarin fiber da ke da alaƙa da layin tsoka.
An nuna zane-zane na zane-zane na tushen SMA na yanzu dangane da gine-ginen tsokar bimodal, alal misali (a), wakiltar hulɗar ƙarfin taɓawa wanda na'urar mai siffa ta hannu wanda wayoyi na SMA ke kunnawa ke hawa akan robot9,10 na hannu mai kafa biyu., (b) Robotic orbital prosthesis tare da antagonist sanya SMA spring-loaded orbital prosthesis.Matsayin ido na prosthetic yana sarrafawa ta sigina daga tsokar ido na ido11, (c) SMA actuators suna da kyau don aikace-aikacen karkashin ruwa saboda yawan amsawar su da ƙananan bandwidth.A cikin wannan sanyi, SMA actuators ake amfani da su haifar da kalaman motsi ta hanyar simulating motsi na kifi, (d) SMA actuators ake amfani da su haifar da wani micro bututu dubawa robot da za su iya amfani da inch tsutsa motsi manufa, sarrafawa da motsi na SMA wayoyi a cikin tashar 10, (e) ya nuna shugabanci na ƙanƙancewa tsoka zaruruwa da kuma samar da contractile karfi a gastrocnna tsarin tsoka a cikin gastrocnemi fiber tsarin SMA a cikin gastrocnnemi S. .
Masu kunnawa sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin injina saboda yawancin aikace-aikacen su.Sabili da haka, buƙatar ƙarami, sauri da inganci ya zama mahimmanci.Duk da fa'idodin su, tuƙi na gargajiya sun tabbatar da tsada da ɗaukar lokaci don kiyayewa.Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa da kuma pneumatic actuators suna da rikitarwa da tsada kuma suna ƙarƙashin lalacewa, matsalolin lubrication da gazawar sassan.Dangane da buƙatu, an mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ingantaccen farashi, haɓaka-ƙira da haɓaka masu haɓakawa bisa ga kayan wayo.Binciken da ake ci gaba da yi yana duban sifofin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (SMA) masu sarrafa kayan aiki don biyan wannan buƙata.Masu kunnawa masu matsayi na musamman ne saboda suna haɗa ƙwararrun masu kunnawa da yawa cikin tsarin ma'aunin ma'auni na geometrically don samar da haɓaka da faɗaɗa ayyuka.Dangane da wannan, ƙwayar tsokar ɗan adam da aka kwatanta a sama yana ba da kyakkyawan misali mai yawa na irin wannan aiki mai yawa.Binciken na yanzu yana kwatanta matakan SMA masu yawa tare da abubuwan motsa jiki da yawa (wayoyin SMA) waɗanda ke daidaitawa da daidaitawar fiber da ke cikin tsokoki na bimodal, wanda ke haɓaka aikin tuƙi gaba ɗaya.
Babban manufar mai kunnawa ita ce samar da wutar lantarki ta injina kamar ƙarfi da ƙaura ta hanyar canza wutar lantarki.Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar siffa nau'i ne na kayan "masu wayo" waɗanda zasu iya mayar da siffar su a yanayin zafi.A karkashin babban lodi, karuwa a cikin zafin jiki na SMA waya take kaiwa zuwa siffar dawo da, haifar da mafi girma actuation makamashi yawa idan aka kwatanta da daban-daban kai tsaye bonded smart kayan.A lokaci guda, a ƙarƙashin nauyin injina, SMAs sun zama mara ƙarfi.Ƙarƙashin wasu sharuɗɗa, nauyin hawan keke zai iya ɗauka da sakin makamashin inji, yana nuna canje-canjen siffar hysteri mai juyawa.Waɗannan kaddarorin na musamman sun sa SMA ya dace don na'urori masu auna firikwensin, damƙar girgiza da musamman actuators12.Tare da wannan a zuciya, an yi bincike da yawa a cikin abubuwan da ke tushen SMA.Ya kamata a lura cewa an ƙera masu aiki na tushen SMA don samar da fassarar fassarar da motsi don aikace-aikace iri-iri13,14,15.Ko da yake an ƙirƙiri wasu na'urori masu juyawa, masu bincike sun fi sha'awar masu kunna layi.Ana iya raba waɗannan na'urori masu linzamin kwamfuta zuwa nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i nau'i) nau'i-nau'i-mai-girma.Da farko, an ƙirƙiri nau'ikan faifai tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da SMA da sauran faifai na al'ada.Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misalin na SMA-based hybrid linear actuator shine amfani da waya ta SMA tare da motar DC don samar da ƙarfin fitarwa na kusan 100 N da gagarumin ƙaura17.
Ɗayan ci gaba na farko a cikin faifai gabaɗaya akan SMA shine abin da ke daidai da SMA.Yin amfani da wayoyi na SMA da yawa, an ƙera siginar layi ɗaya na tushen SMA don ƙara ƙarfin ƙarfin abin tuƙi ta hanyar sanya duk wayoyi na SMA18 a layi daya.Haɗin layi ɗaya na masu kunnawa ba kawai yana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfi ba, har ma yana iyakance ikon fitarwa na waya ɗaya.Wani rashin lahani na SMA tushen actuators shine iyakacin tafiya da zasu iya cimma.Don magance wannan matsalar, an ƙirƙiri katakon kebul na SMA mai ɗauke da juzu'i mai sassauƙa don ƙara ƙaura da cimma motsin layi, amma bai haifar da manyan runduna ba19.Tsarukan nakasassu masu laushi da yadudduka na mutummutumi dangane da sifofin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya an haɓaka su da farko don haɓaka tasiri20,21,22.Don aikace-aikacen da ake buƙatar babban saurin gudu, an ba da rahoton fafutuka masu ɗorewa ta amfani da SMA na fim na bakin ciki don aikace-aikacen sarrafa micropump23.Mitar tuƙi na bakin ciki fim ɗin SMA membrane shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don sarrafa saurin direban.Saboda haka, SMA mikakke Motors suna da mafi m tsauri amsa fiye da SMA spring ko sanda Motors.Robotics mai laushi da fasaha mai kamawa wasu aikace-aikace ne guda biyu waɗanda ke amfani da masu kunnawa na tushen SMA.Misali, don maye gurbin madaidaicin mai kunnawa da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin matsin sarari na 25 N, an ɓullo da siffa memorin alloy parallel actuator 24.A wani yanayin kuma, an ƙirƙira wani mai yin laushi mai laushi na SMA bisa waya tare da matrix da aka haɗa da ke da ikon samar da matsakaicin ƙarfin ja na 30 N. Saboda kayan aikin injiniyan su, SMAs kuma ana amfani da su don samar da masu kunnawa waɗanda ke kwaikwayon abubuwan abubuwan halitta.Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan ci gaba ya haɗa da mutum-mutumi mai cell-cell 12 wanda shine biomimetic na kwayoyin halitta kamar tsutsotsi tare da SMA don haifar da motsi na sinusoidal zuwa wuta26,27.
Kamar yadda aka ambata a baya, akwai iyaka ga iyakar ƙarfin da za a iya samu daga masu aiki na tushen SMA na yanzu.Don magance wannan batu, wannan binciken yana gabatar da tsarin tsoka na bimodal biomimetic.Wayar da aka yi amfani da ita ta hanyar siffa memori alloy waya.Yana ba da tsarin rarrabuwa wanda ya haɗa da wayoyi da yawa na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Har ya zuwa yau, ba a sami rahotannin masu aikin SMA masu irin wannan gine-gine a cikin wallafe-wallafen ba.Wannan tsarin na musamman da sabon labari wanda ya danganci SMA an haɓaka shi don nazarin halayen SMA yayin daidaitawar tsoka na bimodal.Idan aka kwatanta da masu kunnawa na tushen SMA na yanzu, makasudin wannan binciken shine a ƙirƙiri na'ura mai sarrafa biomimetic dipvalerate actuator don samar da ƙarfi mafi girma a cikin ƙaramin ƙara.Idan aka kwatanta da na'urorin motsa jiki na yau da kullun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin ginin HVAC da tsarin sarrafawa, ƙirar ƙirar bimodal na tushen SMA yana rage nauyin injin tuƙi da kashi 67%.A cikin masu biyowa, ana amfani da kalmomin "tsoka" da "drive" tare da musanyawa.Wannan binciken yana bincikar simintin multiphysics na irin wannan tuƙi.An yi nazarin halayen injina na irin waɗannan tsarin ta hanyoyin gwaji da nazari.An ci gaba da binciken rarraba ƙarfi da zafin jiki a wani ƙarfin shigarwa na 7 V. Daga baya, an gudanar da bincike mai mahimmanci don fahimtar dangantakar dake tsakanin maɓalli mai mahimmanci da ƙarfin fitarwa.A ƙarshe, an yi hasashen masu kunnawa masu matsayi kuma an gabatar da tasirin matakin matsayi a matsayin yanki mai yuwuwar gaba ga waɗanda ba masu aikin maganadisu ba don aikace-aikacen prosthetic.Dangane da sakamakon binciken da aka ambata a baya, yin amfani da tsarin gine-gine guda ɗaya yana samar da ƙarfi aƙalla sau huɗu zuwa biyar sama da rahotanni na tushen SMA.Bugu da kari, an nuna irin ƙarfin tuƙi da aka samar ta hanyar tuƙi mai matakai da yawa fiye da sau goma fiye da na tushen SMA na al'ada.Binciken sai ya ba da rahoton mahimmin sigogi ta amfani da nazarin hankali tsakanin ƙira daban-daban da masu canjin shigarwa.Tsawon farko na waya ta SMA (\(l_0\)), kusurwar pinnate (\(\alpha\)) da adadin igiyoyi guda ɗaya (n) a cikin kowane madauri ɗaya suna da mummunan tasiri akan girman ƙarfin tuƙi.ƙarfi, yayin da ƙarfin shigar da wutar lantarki (makamashi) ya juya yana da alaƙa mai inganci.
Wayar SMA tana nuna tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar siffa (SME) da aka gani a cikin dangin nickel-titanium (Ni-Ti) na gami.Yawanci, SMAs suna nuna matakan da suka dogara da zafin jiki guda biyu: ƙarancin yanayin zafi da yanayin zafi mai girma.Dukansu matakai suna da kaddarorin musamman saboda kasancewar sifofin crystal daban-daban.A cikin lokaci na austenite (lokacin zafin jiki mai girma) da ke sama da yanayin canji, kayan yana nuna ƙarfi mai ƙarfi kuma ba shi da lahani a ƙarƙashin kaya.Alloy yana aiki kamar bakin karfe, don haka yana iya jure matsi mafi girma.Yin amfani da wannan kadarorin na Ni-Ti alloys, wayoyi na SMA suna karkatar da su don samar da mai kunnawa.An haɓaka ƙirar ƙididdiga masu dacewa don fahimtar mahimman injiniyoyi na halayen thermal na SMA a ƙarƙashin tasirin sigogi daban-daban da nau'ikan geometries daban-daban.An sami kyakkyawar yarjejeniya tsakanin sakamakon gwaji da nazari.
An gudanar da nazarin gwaji akan samfurin da aka nuna a cikin siffa 9a don kimanta aikin motsa jiki na bimodal bisa SMA.Biyu daga cikin waɗannan kaddarorin, ƙarfin da abin tuƙi ya haifar (ƙarfin tsoka) da zazzabi na waya SMA (zazzabi na SMA), an auna su ta gwaji.Yayin da bambancin wutar lantarki ya karu tare da dukan tsawon waya a cikin motar, yawan zafin jiki na waya yana ƙaruwa saboda tasirin zafi na Joule.An yi amfani da wutar lantarki mai shigarwa a cikin zagayowar 10-s guda biyu (wanda aka nuna azaman ɗigo ja a cikin siffa 2a, b) tare da lokacin sanyaya 15-s tsakanin kowane zagayowar.An auna ƙarfin toshewa ta amfani da ma'auni na piezoelectric, kuma ana kula da rarraba zafin jiki na waya ta SMA a ainihin lokacin ta amfani da kyamarar LWIR mai girma na kimiyya (duba halayen kayan aikin da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Table 2).yana nuna cewa a lokacin babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki, zafin waya yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar monotonically, amma idan babu halin yanzu yana gudana, zazzabin wayar yana ci gaba da faɗuwa.A cikin saitin gwaji na yanzu, yanayin zafin waya na SMA ya faɗi yayin lokacin sanyaya, amma har yanzu yana sama da yanayin yanayi.A kan fig.2e yana nuna hoton zafin jiki akan wayar SMA da aka ɗauka daga kyamarar LWIR.A gefe guda, a cikin fig.2a yana nuna ƙarfin toshewa da tsarin tuƙi ya haifar.Lokacin da ƙarfin tsoka ya wuce ƙarfin maidowa na bazara, hannun mai motsi, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 9a, ya fara motsawa.Da zaran an fara kunnawa, hannun mai motsi ya shiga hulɗa da firikwensin, yana ƙirƙirar ƙarfin jiki, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.2c, ku.Lokacin da matsakaicin zafin jiki ya kusa da \(84\,^{\circ}hbox {C}\), iyakar ƙarfin da aka lura shine 105 N.
Jadawalin yana nuna sakamakon gwaji na zazzabi na waya ta SMA da ƙarfin da mai amfani da bimodal na tushen SMA ya haifar yayin zagayowar biyu.Ana amfani da ƙarfin shigarwar a cikin zagayowar daƙiƙa 10 biyu (wanda aka nuna azaman ɗigo ja) tare da lokacin sanyi na daƙiƙa 15 tsakanin kowane zagayowar.Wayar SMA da aka yi amfani da ita don gwaje-gwajen ita ce 0.51 mm diamita Flexinol waya daga Dynalloy, Inc. (a) Hoton yana nuna ƙarfin gwajin da aka samu a kan hawan keke biyu, (c, d) yana nuna misalai biyu masu zaman kansu na aikin motsa jiki masu motsi a kan PACEline CFT / 5kN piezoelectric transducer, (b) jadawali yana nuna iyakar zafin jiki na tsawon lokaci (b) jadawali yana nuna matsakaicin zafin wutar lantarki na tsawon lokaci (b) jadawali yana nuna yawan zafin jiki na tsawon lokaci. Wayar SMA ta amfani da FLIR ResearchIR software na kyamarar LWIR.Ana ba da ma'auni na geometric da aka yi la'akari a cikin gwaje-gwajen a cikin Tebur.daya.
Sakamakon kwaikwayo na samfurin lissafi da sakamakon gwaji an kwatanta su a ƙarƙashin yanayin ƙarfin shigarwa na 7V, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Fig.5.Bisa ga sakamakon bincike na parametric kuma don kauce wa yiwuwar zafi na SMA waya, an ba da ikon 11.2 W ga mai kunnawa.An yi amfani da wutar lantarki na DC mai shirye-shirye don samar da 7V a matsayin ƙarfin shigarwa, kuma an auna halin yanzu na 1.6A a fadin waya.Ƙarfin da tuƙi ya haifar da zafin jiki na SDR yana ƙaruwa lokacin da ake amfani da halin yanzu.Tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na 7V, matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa da aka samu daga sakamakon kwaikwayo da sakamakon gwaji na sake zagayowar farko shine 78 N da 96 N, bi da bi.A cikin sake zagayowar na biyu, matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa na simintin da sakamakon gwaji shine 150 N da 105 N, bi da bi.Bambance-bambance tsakanin ma'aunin ƙarfin ɓoyewa da bayanan gwaji na iya kasancewa saboda hanyar da ake amfani da ita don auna ƙarfin ɓoyewa.Sakamakon gwaji da aka nuna a fig.5a yayi daidai da ma'auni na ƙarfin kullewa, wanda aka auna shi lokacin da tuƙin motar ke hulɗa da PACEline CFT/5kN piezoelectric force transducer, kamar yadda aka nuna a fig.2s.Sabili da haka, lokacin da motar motsa jiki ba ta hulɗa da firikwensin ƙarfi a farkon yankin sanyaya, ƙarfin nan da nan ya zama sifili, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 2d.Bugu da kari, sauran sigogi da suka shafi samuwar karfi a cikin m hawan keke ne dabi'u na sanyaya lokaci da coefficient na convective zafi canja wurin a baya sake zagayowar.Daga fig.2b, ana iya ganin cewa bayan lokacin sanyaya na 15 na biyu, wayar SMA ba ta kai ga zafin jiki ba don haka yana da zafin farko mafi girma (\ (40 \, ^ {\circ } hbox {C} \)) a cikin sake zagayowar tuki na biyu idan aka kwatanta da na farko sake zagayowar (\ (25 \, ^{\circ} hbox {C} \)).Don haka, idan aka kwatanta da zagayowar farko, zazzabi na waya ta SMA a lokacin zagayowar dumama ta biyu ta kai ga farkon austenite zafin jiki (\ (A_s \)) a baya kuma ya tsaya a cikin lokacin canji ya daɗe, yana haifar da damuwa da ƙarfi.A gefe guda, rarraba zafin jiki a lokacin hawan zafi da sanyaya da aka samu daga gwaje-gwaje da simintin gyare-gyare suna da kyakkyawar kamanceceniya da misalai daga nazarin thermographic.Binciken kwatancen bayanan zafin waya na SMA daga gwaje-gwaje da kwaikwaya sun nuna daidaito yayin zagayowar dumama da sanyaya da kuma cikin yarda da haƙuri don bayanan gwaji.Matsakaicin zafin jiki na waya SMA, wanda aka samo daga sakamakon kwaikwayo da gwaje-gwaje na zagaye na farko, shine \ (89 \, ^ {\circ } hbox {C} \) da \ (75 \, ^ {\circ } \ hbox { C } \, bi da bi ), kuma a cikin sake zagayowar na biyu matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki na SMA waya shine \ (94 \ , ^ ^ h , da dai sauransu). \ hbox {C}\).Samfurin da aka haɓaka asali yana tabbatar da tasirin tasirin ƙwaƙwalwar sifa.Ba a yi la'akari da rawar gajiya da zafi ba a cikin wannan bita.A nan gaba, za a inganta samfurin don haɗawa da tarihin damuwa na waya ta SMA, yana sa ya fi dacewa da aikace-aikacen injiniya.Ƙarfin fitar da fitarwa da maƙallan zafin jiki na SMA da aka samu daga toshewar Simulink suna cikin izinin haƙuri na bayanan gwaji a ƙarƙashin yanayin bugun jini na shigarwa na 7 V. Wannan yana tabbatar da daidaito da amincin ƙirar lissafi da aka haɓaka.
An ƙirƙiri ƙirar lissafi a cikin yanayin MathWorks Simulink R2020b ta amfani da ainihin ma'auni da aka kwatanta a cikin sashin Hanyoyi.A kan fig.3b yana nuna zanen toshe na ƙirar lissafin Simulink.An kwaikwayi samfurin don bugun bugun wutar lantarki na 7V kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto. 2a, b.Ma'auni na sigogi da aka yi amfani da su a cikin simintin an jera su a cikin Table 1. An gabatar da sakamakon da aka yi na tsarin tafiyar da lokaci a cikin Figures 1 da 1. Figures 3a da 4. A cikin fig.4a,b yana nuna ƙarfin lantarki da aka haifar a cikin waya ta SMA da ƙarfin da mai kunnawa ya haifar a matsayin aikin lokaci. A lokacin juye juye (dumi), lokacin da zafin waya na SMA, (T <A_s^{\prime}\) (danniya-gyara austenite lokaci fara zafin jiki), yawan canjin martensite girma juzu'i (\(\dot{\xi}\)) zai zama sifili. A lokacin juye juye (dumi), lokacin da zafin waya na SMA, \(T <A_s^{\prime}\) (danniya-gyara austenite lokaci fara zafin jiki), yawan canjin martensite girma juzu'i (\(\dot{\ xi}\)) zai zama sifili. Во время обратного превращения (нагрева), когда температура проволоки SMA, (T < A_s ^ {\prime} \) цированная напряжением), скорость изменения объемной доли мартенсита (\(\dot{\ xi }\)) будет равно нулю. A lokacin jujjuyawar canji (dumi), lokacin da zazzabi na waya SMA, (T <A_s^{\prime}\) (danniya-gyara austenite farkon zafin jiki), yawan canji na martensite juzu'i juzu'i (\(\dot{\ xi}))) zai zama sifili.在反向转变（加热）过程中，当SMA 线温度\(T < A_s^{\prime}\)体积分数的变化率（\(\dot{\ xi }\)) 将为零。在 反向 转变 （加热） 中 ， 当 当 当 线 温度 \ (t)
(a) Sakamakon kwaikwaiyo yana nuna rarrabuwar zafin jiki da zazzabi mai haifar da matsananciyar damuwa a cikin ma'auni na tushen SMA.Lokacin da zafin waya ya ƙetare zafin canjin austenite a cikin matakin dumama, canjin canjin austenite da aka canza ya fara ƙaruwa, kuma haka ma, lokacin da zafin zafin waya ya ƙetare yanayin canjin martensitic a cikin matakin sanyaya, yanayin canjin martensitic yana raguwa.SMA don ƙirar ƙididdiga na tsarin kunnawa.(Don cikakken ra'ayi na kowane tsarin tsarin Simulink, duba sashin ƙari na ƙarin fayil ɗin.)
Ana nuna sakamakon bincike don rarraba ma'auni daban-daban don hawan keke biyu na ƙarfin shigarwar 7V (Zazzage hawan na biyu na biyu da 15 na sakan sanyi).Yayin da (ac) da (e) ke kwatanta rarraba akan lokaci, a gefe guda, (d) da (f) suna kwatanta rarraba tare da zafin jiki.Don yanayin shigarwa daban-daban, matsakaicin matsakaicin abin da aka lura shine 106 MPa (kasa da 345 MPa, ƙarfin samar da waya), ƙarfin shine 150 N, matsakaicin ƙaura shine 270 µm, kuma ƙaramin ƙaramar martensitic shine 0.91.A gefe guda, canji a cikin damuwa da canji a cikin ƙarar ƙarar martensite tare da zafin jiki suna kama da halayen hysteresis.
Irin wannan bayanin ya shafi canjin kai tsaye (sanyi) daga lokacin austenite zuwa lokacin martensite, inda zafin waya na SMA (T) da kuma ƙarshen zafin jiki na lokaci-lokaci na martensite (M_f ^ {\prime} \ )) yana da kyau.A kan fig.4d,f yana nuna canji a cikin damuwa da aka haifar (\ (\ sigma \)) da kuma ƙarar juzu'i na martensite (\ (\xi \)) a cikin waya ta SMA a matsayin aikin canjin zafin jiki na SMA waya (T), don duka hawan keke.A kan fig.Hoto 3a yana nuna canjin yanayin zafin waya na SMA tare da lokaci dangane da bugun bugun wutar lantarki.Kamar yadda ake iya gani daga adadi, zazzabi na waya yana ci gaba da karuwa ta hanyar samar da tushen zafi a sifilin wutar lantarki da kuma sanyaya convective na gaba.A lokacin dumama, sake fasalin martensite zuwa lokacin austenite yana farawa lokacin da zafin zafin waya na SMA (T) ya ƙetare madaidaicin zafin jiki na austenite (A_s ^ {prime} \)).A wannan lokaci, ana matse wayar SMA kuma mai kunnawa yana haifar da ƙarfi.Har ila yau, a lokacin sanyaya, lokacin da zafin jiki na SMA waya (T) ya ƙetare zafin jiki na nucleation na yanayin da aka gyara da damuwa (M_s ^ {\prime} \)) akwai canji mai kyau daga lokaci na austenite zuwa lokacin martensite.karfin tuƙi yana raguwa.
Za a iya samun manyan abubuwan da suka dace na injin bimodal bisa SMA daga sakamakon simintin.A cikin yanayin shigar da bugun bugun jini, zazzabi na wayar SMA yana ƙaruwa saboda tasirin dumama Joule.Ƙimar farko na juzu'in ƙarar martensite (\(\xi \)) an saita zuwa 1, tun da farko kayan yana cikin cikakken lokaci na martensitic.Yayin da waya ke ci gaba da zafi, zafin zafin na'urar SMA ya zarce yanayin da aka gyara austenite nucleation zafin jiki \(A_s^{\prime}\), wanda ya haifar da raguwar juzu'in ƙarar martensite, kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto 4c.Bugu da kari, a cikin fig.4e yana nuna rarraba bugun jini na mai kunnawa a cikin lokaci, kuma a cikin fig.5- karfin tuƙi a matsayin aikin lokaci.Tsarin ma'auni mai alaƙa ya haɗa da zafin jiki, juzu'in ƙaramar martensite, da damuwa da ke tasowa a cikin waya, wanda ke haifar da raguwar wayar SMA da ƙarfin da mai kunnawa ya haifar.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.4d,f, bambancin ƙarfin lantarki tare da zafin jiki da bambancin ƙarar ƙarar martensite tare da zafin jiki yayi daidai da halayen hysteresis na SMA a cikin yanayin simulated a 7 V.
An samu kwatancen sigogin tuƙi ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje da ƙididdiga na ƙididdiga.An sanya wayoyi zuwa ƙarfin shigarwar bugun jini na 7 V na daƙiƙa 10, sannan aka kwantar da su na daƙiƙa 15 (lokacin sanyaya) sama da zagayowar biyu.An saita kusurwar pinnate zuwa \(40^{\circ}\) kuma farkon tsawon wayan SMA a kowace ƙafar fil ɗaya an saita zuwa 83mm.(a) Auna ƙarfin tuƙi tare da ɗaukar nauyi (b) Kula da zafin waya tare da kyamarar infrared mai zafi.
Don fahimtar tasirin ma'auni na jiki akan ƙarfin da aka samar, an gudanar da bincike game da ma'anar ma'anar ilmin lissafi ga ma'auni na jiki da aka zaɓa, kuma an tsara sigogi bisa ga tasirin su.Na farko, an yi samfurin sigogin ƙira ta amfani da ƙa'idodin ƙira na gwaji waɗanda suka biyo bayan rarraba iri ɗaya (duba Sashe na Ƙari akan Binciken Hankali).A wannan yanayin, sifofin ƙirar sun haɗa da ƙarfin shigarwa (\(V_{in}\)), tsawon waya na SMA na farko (\(l_0 \)), kusurwar triangle (\(\ alpha \)), tsayayyen yanayin bazara (( K_x \ )), madaidaicin canja wurin zafi (h_T \)) da adadin rassan unimodal (n).A mataki na gaba, an zaɓi ƙarfin tsoka kololuwa azaman ƙirar ƙira da ake buƙata kuma an sami tasirin kowane saiti na masu canji akan ƙarfi.Shirye-shiryen guguwa don nazarin hankali an samo su ne daga ma'auni na daidaitawa ga kowane ma'auni, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 6a.
(a) Ma'auni na daidaituwa na sigogin ƙirar da tasirin su akan iyakar ƙarfin fitarwa na ƙungiyoyin 2500 na musamman na sigogin ƙirar sama an nuna su a cikin mahallin mahaukaciyar guguwa.Jadawalin yana nuna alaƙar matsayi na alamomi da yawa.A bayyane yake cewa \(V_{in}\) shine kawai siga mai ingantacciyar alaƙa, kuma \(l_0 \) shine ma'auni tare da mafi girman rashin daidaituwa.Ana nuna tasirin sigogi daban-daban a cikin haɗuwa daban-daban akan ƙarfin tsoka kololuwa a cikin (b, c).\(K_x \) yana daga 400 zuwa 800 N/m kuma n yana daga 4 zuwa 24. Ƙarfin wutar lantarki (\ (V_{in} \)) ya canza daga 4V zuwa 10V, tsawon waya (\ (l_{0 } \)) ya canza daga 40 zuwa 100 mm, da kuma kusurwar wutsiya (\) ( \ 0 - varied \ 6 ) ).
A kan fig.6a yana nuna ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ma'amala daban-daban don kowane siga tare da buƙatun ƙirar ƙarfin tuƙi.Daga fig.6a ana iya ganin cewa ma'aunin wutar lantarki (\(V_{in}\)) yana da alaƙa kai tsaye zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin fitarwa, da madaidaicin canjin yanayin zafi (\ (h_T \)), kusurwar harshen wuta (\ ( \ alpha \)) , ƙaurawar bazara akai ( \ (K_x \))) yana da alaƙa da rashin daidaituwa tare da ƙarfin fitarwa da tsayin farko na waya (\) dal_0 na waya) Ayar daidaitawa A cikin yanayin daidaitawa kai tsaye A cikin yanayin mafi girman ƙimar ƙarfin haɗin wutar lantarki (\(V_ {in}\)) yana nuna cewa wannan siga yana da babban tasiri akan fitarwar wutar lantarki.Wani irin wannan bincike yana auna ƙarfin kololuwa ta hanyar kimanta tasirin sigogi daban-daban a cikin haɗuwa daban-daban na wuraren lissafin biyu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 6b, c.\(V_{in}\) da \(l_0\) da \(\alpha\) da \(l_0\) suna da irin wannan tsari, kuma jadawali ya nuna cewa \(V_{in}Ƙananan dabi'u na \(l_0 \) suna haifar da mafi girman ƙarfi.Sauran filaye guda biyu sun yi daidai da Hoto na 6a, inda n da \(K_x\) ke da alaƙa mara kyau kuma \(V_{in}\) suna da alaƙa da kyau.Wannan bincike yana taimakawa wajen ƙayyadewa da daidaita ma'auni masu tasiri wanda za'a iya daidaita ƙarfin fitarwa, bugun jini da ingantaccen tsarin tafiyarwa zuwa buƙatun da aikace-aikace.
Ayyukan bincike na yanzu yana gabatarwa da kuma bincika abubuwan tafiyar matakai tare da matakan N.A cikin matsayi guda biyu, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 7a, inda maimakon kowace waya ta SMA na mai kunnawa matakin farko, ana samun tsarin bimodal, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.9e ku.A kan fig.7c yana nuna yadda aka raunata wayan SMA a kusa da hannu mai motsi (hannun taimako) wanda ke motsawa kawai a cikin madaidaiciyar hanya.Koyaya, hannun farko mai motsi yana ci gaba da tafiya daidai da hannun mai motsi na mataki na 1st mai kunna matakan matakai da yawa.Yawanci, ana ƙirƙira motar N-stage ta hanyar maye gurbin layin SMA na matakin \(N-1\) tare da tuƙi matakin farko.Sakamakon haka, kowane reshe yana kwaikwayon matakin farko, ban da reshen da ke riƙe da wayar kanta.Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya samar da sifofi na gida waɗanda ke haifar da ƙarfi waɗanda sau da yawa girma fiye da ƙarfin tuƙi na farko.A cikin wannan binciken, ga kowane matakin, an yi la'akari da jimlar tsawon tsawon waya na SMA mai tasiri na 1 m, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin tsari a cikin siffa 7d.Halin halin yanzu ta kowace waya a cikin kowane ƙirar unimodal da sakamakon prestress da ƙarfin lantarki a kowane ɓangaren waya na SMA iri ɗaya ne a kowane matakin.Bisa ga tsarin mu na nazari, ƙarfin fitarwa yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da matakin, yayin da ƙaura yana da alaƙa mara kyau.A lokaci guda, an yi ciniki tsakanin ƙaura da ƙarfin tsoka.Kamar yadda aka gani a cikin fig.7b, yayin da mafi girman ƙarfin da aka samu a cikin mafi yawan adadin yadudduka, ana lura da ƙaura mafi girma a cikin mafi ƙasƙanci Layer.Lokacin da aka saita matakin matsayi zuwa \(N=5\), an sami ƙarfin tsoka na 2.58 kN tare da bugun jini guda 2 \(\upmu \) m.A gefe guda kuma, matakin farko yana haifar da ƙarfin 150 N a bugun jini na 277 \ (\upmu \) m.Masu haɓaka matakan matakai da yawa suna iya yin kwaikwayi tsokoki na zahiri na zahiri, inda tsokoki na wucin gadi bisa ga sifofin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya suna iya samar da ƙarfi mafi girma tare da madaidaicin ƙungiyoyi masu kyau.Iyakoki na wannan ƙaramin ƙira shine yayin da matsayi ya ƙaru, motsi yana raguwa sosai kuma rikitaccen tsarin kera tuƙi yana ƙaruwa.
(a) Matsakaicin mataki biyu (\(N=2\)) tsarin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'aunin ma'auni yana nunawa a cikin tsari na bimodal.Ana samun samfurin da aka tsara ta hanyar maye gurbin waya ta SMA a mataki na farko mai shimfiɗa mai kunnawa tare da wani mai kunnawa mai layi guda ɗaya.(c) Nagartaccen tsari na mataki na biyu multilayer actuator.(b) Rarraba runduna da ƙaura dangane da adadin matakan da aka bayyana.An gano cewa ƙarfin kololuwar mai kunnawa yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da ma'auni a kan jadawali, yayin da bugun jini yana da alaƙa da ma'auni.A halin yanzu da pre-voltage a cikin kowace waya suna dawwama a kowane matakai.(d) Teburin yana nuna adadin famfo da tsawon waya ta SMA (fiber) a kowane mataki.Ana nuna halayen wayoyi ta hanyar index 1, kuma adadin rassan sakandare (wanda aka haɗa da ƙafar farko) yana nuna mafi girma a cikin rubutun.Misali, a matakin 5, \(n_1 \) yana nufin adadin wayoyi na SMA da ke cikin kowane tsarin bimodal, kuma \(n_5 \) yana nufin adadin ƙafafu masu taimako (wanda aka haɗa da babbar ƙafa).
Hanyoyi daban-daban masu bincike da yawa sun gabatar da su don yin samfurin hali na SMAs tare da ƙwaƙwalwar siffar siffar, wanda ya dogara da kaddarorin thermomechanical tare da canje-canjen macroscopic a cikin tsarin crystal da ke hade da canjin lokaci.Ƙirƙirar hanyoyin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun halitta.Samfurin abubuwan mamaki da aka fi amfani da shi Tanaka28 ne ya gabatar da shi kuma ana amfani da shi sosai a aikace-aikacen injiniya.Samfurin abubuwan mamaki da Tanaka [28] ya gabatar yana ɗauka cewa juzu'in ƙarar martensite aiki ne mai ƙima na zafin jiki da damuwa.Daga baya, Liang da Rogers29 da Brinson30 sun ba da shawarar wani samfuri wanda a cikinsa aka ɗauka cewa sauye-sauyen canjin lokaci aikin cosine ne na ƙarfin lantarki da zafin jiki, tare da ƴan gyare-gyare ga ƙirar.Becker da Brinson sun ba da shawarar zayyana ƙirar lokaci bisa tsarin motsin rai don yin ƙima da halayen kayan SMA a ƙarƙashin yanayin lodi na sabani da juzu'i na ɓangarori.Banerjee32 yana amfani da tsarin sauye-sauyen zane na Bekker da Brinson31 don kwaikwayi nau'i ɗaya na mai sarrafa 'yanci wanda Elahinia da Ahmadian33 suka haɓaka.Hanyoyin motsin rai bisa zane-zane na lokaci, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da canjin nonmonotonic a cikin ƙarfin lantarki tare da zafin jiki, suna da wahalar aiwatarwa a aikace-aikacen injiniya.Elakhinia da Ahmadian sun ja hankali ga waɗannan gazawar na samfuran abubuwan mamaki da ke akwai kuma suna ba da shawarar tsawaita samfurin phenomenological don tantancewa da ayyana halayen ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a ƙarƙashin kowane yanayi mai rikitarwa.
Tsarin tsarin waya na SMA yana ba da damuwa (\ (\ sigma \)), damuwa (\ (\ epsilon \)), zafin jiki (T), da juzu'i na martensite (\(\xi \)) na SMA waya.Tanaka28 ne ya fara samar da tsarin halittar abubuwan mamaki sannan daga baya Liang29 da Brinson30 suka karbe shi.Asalin lissafin yana da siffa:
inda E shine tsarin dogaro na SMA Young's modules samu ta amfani da \(\ nunin E =\xi E_M + (1-\xi ) E_A \) da \ (E_A \) da \ (E_M \) wakiltar Matasa modules ne austenitic da martensitic matakai, bi da bi, da coefficient na thermal fadada shi ne wakilta \ (\T).Matsakaicin gudummawar gudummawar lokaci shine \ (\Omega = -E \ epsilon _L \) da \ (\epsilon _L \) shine matsakaicin matsakaicin da za'a iya murmurewa a cikin wayar SMA.
Matsakaicin yanayin kuzarin lokaci ya zo daidai da aikin cosine wanda Liang29 ya kirkira sannan Brinson30 ya karbe shi maimakon aikin juzu'i da Tanaka28 ya gabatar.Samfurin mika mulki wani tsawo ne na samfurin da Elakhinia da Ahmadian34 suka gabatar kuma aka gyara bisa yanayin sauyin lokaci da Liang29 da Brinson30 suka bayar.Sharuɗɗan da aka yi amfani da su don wannan ƙirar canjin lokaci suna da inganci a ƙarƙashin hadadden lodin thermomechanical.A kowane lokaci na lokaci, ana ƙididdige ƙimar juzu'in ƙarar martensite lokacin yin ƙirar ƙima.
Ma'auni na sake fasalin mulki, wanda aka bayyana ta hanyar canjin martensite zuwa austenite a ƙarƙashin yanayin dumama, shine kamar haka:
inda \(\xi \) shine juzu'in juzu'i na martensite, \ (\xi _M \) shine juzu'in juzu'in martensite da aka samu kafin dumama, \ (\ displaystyle a_A = \ pi / (A_f - A_s) \), \ ( \ nuni b_A = -a_A / C_A \) da \ (\ xi _M \) da kuma \ (C_A \) m ( \ A / C_A \) da kuma \ (C_A \) - MA (C_A \) sigogi T_, da kuma S. f \) - farkon da ƙarshen lokacin austenite, bi da bi, zazzabi.
Ma'aunin sarrafa canji kai tsaye, wanda ake wakilta ta canjin lokaci na austenite zuwa martensite a ƙarƙashin yanayin sanyaya, shine:
inda \ (\xi _A \) shine juzu'in juzu'i na martensite da aka samu kafin sanyaya, \ (\ nuni a_M = \ pi / (M_s - M_f) \), \ (\ nuni b_M = -a_M / C_M \) da ( C_M \) - lankwasa fitting sigogi, T - SMA zafin jiki na waya, karshe da kuma (M - s_) marf, da kuma (M -. s_) marf.
Bayan an bambanta ma'auni (3) da (4), ana sauƙaƙa ma'auni na juzu'i da juzu'i zuwa nau'i mai zuwa:
Yayin canjin gaba da baya \(\eta _{\sigma}\) da \ (\eta _{T} \) suna ɗaukar ƙima daban-daban.Asalin ma'auni masu alaƙa da \(\eta _{\sigma} \) da \ (\eta _{T} \) an samo su kuma an tattauna su dalla-dalla a cikin ƙarin sashe.
Ƙarfin zafin jiki da ake buƙata don tada zazzabi na waya SMA ya fito ne daga tasirin zafi na Joule.Ƙarfin zafin da aka sha ko aka sake shi ta hanyar waya ta SMA ana wakilta ta da latent zafin canji.Rashin zafi a cikin waya ta SMA shine saboda tilastawa, kuma idan aka ba da tasirin radiation mara kyau, ma'auni na makamashin zafi kamar haka:
Inda \(m_{waya}\) shine jimillar ma'aunin waya ta SMA, \(c_{p}\) shine takamaiman ƙarfin zafi na SMA, \(V_{in}\) shine ƙarfin lantarki da ake amfani da shi akan waya, \(R_{ohm} \ ) - SMA mai dogaro da lokaci, wanda aka ayyana azaman;\(R_{ohm} = (l/A_{cross})[\xi r_M + (1-\xi )r_A]\ ) inda \(r_M\ ) da \(r_A \) su ne SMA lokaci resistivity a martensite da austenite, bi da bi, \(A_{c}\) shi ne surface area na \ (\ y allo siffar SMA.Latent zafin canjin waya, T da \(T_{\infty}\) sune yanayin zafin waya na SMA da muhalli, bi da bi.
Lokacin da aka kunna siffar ƙwaƙwalwar alloy waya, wayar tana matsawa, yana haifar da ƙarfi a kowane reshe na ƙirar bimodal da ake kira fiber Force.Ƙarfin filaye a cikin kowane nau'i na waya na SMA tare suna haifar da ƙarfin tsoka don kunnawa, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 9e.Saboda kasancewar tushen son zuciya, jimillar ƙarfin tsoka na Nth multilayer actuator shine:
Maye gurbin \(N = 1\) a cikin lissafi (7), ana iya samun ƙarfin tsokar matakin farko na ƙirar bimodal drive kamar haka:
inda n shine adadin ƙafafu unimodal, \ (F_m \) shine ƙarfin tsoka da ke haifar da motsi, \ (F_f \) shine ƙarfin fiber a cikin waya SMA, \ (K_x \) shine taurin kai.spring, \(\alpha \) shine kusurwar triangle, \(x_0 \) shine farkon farkon farkon bazara don riƙe kebul na SMA a cikin yanayin da aka rigaya, kuma \ (\ Delta x \) shine tafiya mai kunnawa.
Jimlar ƙaura ko motsi na drive (\(\ Delta x))) dangane da ƙarfin lantarki (\ (\ sigma \)) da iri (\ (\ epsilon \)) akan waya SMA na matakin Nth, an saita drive zuwa (duba Fig. ƙarin ɓangaren fitarwa):
Ma'auni na kinematic suna ba da alaƙa tsakanin nakasar tuƙi (\(\epsilon \)) da ƙaura ko ƙaura (\(\Delta x\)).Lalacewar wayar Arb a matsayin aikin farkon tsawon wayar Arb (\(l_0 \)) da tsawon waya (l) a kowane lokaci t a cikin reshe ɗaya unimodal kamar haka:
inda aka samo \ (l = \sqrt{l_0^2 +(\Delta x_1)^2 – 2 l_0 (\Delta x_1) \cos \alpha _1} \) ta hanyar amfani da dabarar cosine a cikin \ (\ Delta \) ABB ', kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto 8. Domin farkon mataki drive (\ (N = 1 \ D)) ne, x ((N = 1 \ D)) (\alpha _1 \) shine \(\alpha \) kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin Hoto na 8, ta hanyar bambance lokaci daga Equation (11) da maye gurbin darajar l, ana iya rubuta adadin nau'in kamar:
inda \(l_0 \) shine farkon tsawon wayan SMA, l shine tsawon waya a kowane lokaci t a cikin reshe ɗaya unimodal, \ (\ epsilon \) shine nakasar da aka samu a cikin waya ta SMA, kuma \ (\ alpha \) shine kusurwar triangle, \ (\ Delta x \) shine diyya (kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 8).
Duk tsarin n guda-peak (\(n=6\) a cikin wannan adadi) an haɗa su a jere tare da \(V_{in}\) azaman ƙarfin shigarwa.Mataki na I: Tsarin tsari na waya SMA a cikin tsarin bimodal ƙarƙashin sifili yanayin ƙarfin lantarki Mataki na II: Ana nuna tsarin sarrafawa inda aka matsa waya ta SMA saboda jujjuyawar juyi, kamar yadda layin ja ya nuna.
A matsayin hujja na ra'ayi, an ƙirƙiri abin tuƙi na tushen SMA don gwada ƙirƙira ƙira na ma'auni na asali tare da sakamakon gwaji.Ana nuna samfurin CAD na mai kunna layi na bimodal a cikin fig.9 a ba.A gefe guda, a cikin fig.9c yana nuna sabon ƙira da aka tsara don haɗin kai na jujjuyawar ta hanyar amfani da mai amfani da jirgin sama na SMA guda biyu tare da tsarin bimodal.An ƙirƙira abubuwan abubuwan tuƙi ta hanyar yin amfani da ƙari akan firintar Ultimaker 3 Extended 3D.Kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don bugu na 3D na abubuwan da aka gyara shine polycarbonate wanda ya dace da kayan da ke da zafi kamar yadda yake da karfi, mai dorewa kuma yana da babban zafin jiki na gilashin (110-113 \ (^ {\circ }\) C).Bugu da ƙari, Dynalloy, Inc. Flexinol siffar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirar waya an yi amfani da ita a cikin gwaje-gwajen, kuma an yi amfani da kayan kayan da suka dace da wayar Flexinol a cikin simulations.An shirya wayoyi da yawa na SMA a matsayin filaye da ke cikin tsarin bimodal na tsokoki don samun manyan rundunonin da masu kunnawa multilayer suka samar, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 9b, d.
Kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto na 9a, babban kusurwar da aka kafa ta hanyar wayar hannu SMA mai motsi ana kiranta kusurwa (\(\alpha \)).Tare da matsi na tasha a haɗe zuwa hagu da dama, ana riƙe wayar SMA a kusurwar bimodal da ake so.An ƙera na'urar bazara mai ban sha'awa da ke kan mai haɗin bazara don daidaita ƙungiyoyin tsawaita bazara daban-daban bisa ga lambar (n) na filayen SMA.Bugu da ƙari, an tsara wurin da aka yi amfani da sassa masu motsi don haka waya ta SMA ta bayyana zuwa yanayin waje don kwantar da hankali na tilastawa.Faranti na sama da kasa na taron da za a iya cirewa suna taimakawa wajen kiyaye wayar SMA ta yi sanyi tare da yanke yanke da aka yi don rage nauyi.Bugu da kari, duka bangarorin biyu na wayar CMA suna daidaitawa zuwa tashoshi na hagu da dama, bi da bi, ta hanyar crimp.Ana haɗe maƙerin ruwa zuwa ƙarshen taro mai motsi don kiyaye dalla-dalla tsakanin faranti na sama da ƙasa.Hakanan ana amfani da plunger don amfani da ƙarfin toshewa zuwa firikwensin ta hanyar lamba don auna ƙarfin toshewa lokacin da aka kunna wayar SMA.
Tsarin tsokar bimodal na SMA ana haɗa shi ta hanyar lantarki a cikin jeri kuma ana samun ƙarfi ta hanyar ƙarfin bugun bugun jini.A lokacin zagayowar bugun jini, lokacin da aka yi amfani da wutar lantarki kuma wayar SMA ta yi zafi sama da zafin farko na austenite, an rage tsawon waya a kowane madauri.Wannan ja da baya yana kunna babban gunkin hannu mai motsi.Lokacin da wutar lantarki ya kasance zeroed a cikin wannan sake zagayowar, da zafi SMA waya aka sanyaya kasa da zafin jiki na martensite surface, game da komawa zuwa ga asali matsayin.A ƙarƙashin yanayin damuwa na sifili, wayar SMA za ta fara miƙewa ta hanyar bazara mai ban sha'awa don isa ga yanayin martensitic.Screw, wanda waya ta SMA ke wucewa, yana motsawa saboda matsawa da aka haifar ta hanyar amfani da bugun bugun jini zuwa wayar SMA (SPA ta kai matakin austenite), wanda ke haifar da kunna lever mai motsi.Lokacin da aka janye waya ta SMA, bazarar son zuciya ta haifar da wani ƙarfi mai adawa ta hanyar ƙara shimfiɗa bazara.Lokacin da danniya a cikin ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari ya zama sifili, waya ta SMA tana haɓakawa kuma ta canza siffarta saboda sanyayawar tilastawa, ta kai matakin martensitic sau biyu.
Tushen SMA na tushen kayan kunnawa na linzamin kwamfuta yana da tsari na bimodal wanda a cikinsa ake karkatar da wayoyi na SMA.(a) yana kwatanta samfurin CAD na samfurin, wanda ya ambaci wasu sassa da ma'anoninsu don samfurin, (b, d) wakiltar ƙirar gwaji35 da aka haɓaka.Yayin da (b) yana nuna babban ra'ayi na samfuri tare da haɗin wutar lantarki da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa na son zuciya da ma'aunin ma'aunin da aka yi amfani da su, (d) yana nuna hangen nesa na saitin.(e) Zane na tsarin kunnawa na layi tare da wayoyi na SMA da aka sanya bimodally a kowane lokaci t, yana nuna jagora da hanyar fiber da ƙarfin tsoka.(c) An ba da shawarar haɗin kai mai jujjuyawar 2-DOF don tura mai aiki da SMA mai hawa biyu.Kamar yadda aka nuna, hanyar haɗin yanar gizo tana watsa motsi na linzamin kwamfuta daga tuƙi na ƙasa zuwa hannun sama, ƙirƙirar haɗin juyawa.A gefe guda, motsi na prisms biyu daidai yake da motsi na matakan farko na multilayer.
An gudanar da nazarin gwaji akan samfurin da aka nuna a cikin siffa 9b don kimanta aikin motsa jiki na bimodal bisa SMA.Kamar yadda aka nuna a Hoto na 10a, saitin gwajin ya ƙunshi na'urar wutar lantarki na DC mai shirye-shirye don samar da wutar lantarki ga wayoyi na SMA.Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin fig.10b, an yi amfani da ma'aunin ma'auni na piezoelectric (PACEline CFT/5kN) don auna ƙarfin toshewa ta amfani da ma'aunin bayanan Graphtec GL-2000.Mai watsa shiri yana rubuta bayanan don ƙarin nazari.Ma'auni da ma'auni na caji suna buƙatar samar da wutar lantarki akai-akai don samar da siginar wutar lantarki.Ana canza siginar da suka dace a cikin wutar lantarki bisa ga ji na firikwensin ƙarfin piezoelectric da sauran sigogi kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Tebura 2. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da bugun jini na lantarki, yawan zafin jiki na wayar SMA yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da waya ta SMA don matsawa, wanda ya sa mai kunnawa ya haifar da karfi.Sakamakon gwaji na fitowar ƙarfin tsoka ta hanyar bugun jini na shigarwa na 7 V ana nuna su a cikin fig.2 a ba.
(a) An kafa tsarin mai amfani da linzamin kwamfuta na SMA a cikin gwaji don auna ƙarfin da mai kunnawa ya haifar.Tantanin kaya yana auna ƙarfin toshewa kuma ana samun wutar lantarki ta 24V DC.An yi amfani da juzu'in wutar lantarki na 7 V tare da tsayin kebul ɗin ta amfani da wutar lantarki ta GW Instek mai shirye-shiryen DC.Wayar SMA tana raguwa saboda zafi, kuma hannun mai motsi yana tuntuɓar tantanin halitta kuma yana yin ƙarfi.An haɗa tantanin halitta zuwa GL-2000 data logger kuma ana adana bayanan akan mai masaukin don ƙarin aiki.(b) Jadawalin da ke nuna sassan sassan saitin gwaji don auna ƙarfin tsoka.
Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙirar siffar suna jin daɗin ƙarfin zafi, don haka zafin jiki ya zama muhimmin ma'auni don nazarin yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar siffar.Gwaji, kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin siffa 11a, an yi hoton thermal da ma'aunin zafin jiki akan samfurin SMA na tushen divalerate actuator.Tushen DC mai shirye-shirye ya yi amfani da ƙarfin shigarwa zuwa wayoyi na SMA a cikin saitin gwaji, kamar yadda aka nuna a hoto 11b.An auna canjin zafin waya na SMA a ainihin lokacin ta amfani da kyamarar LWIR mai girma (FLIR A655sc).Mai watsa shiri yana amfani da software na ResearchIR don yin rikodin bayanai don ƙarin aiwatarwa.Lokacin da aka yi amfani da bugun bugun jini, zazzabi na wayar SMA yana ƙaruwa, yana sa wayar SMA ta ragu.A kan fig.Hoto na 2b yana nuna sakamakon gwaji na zafin waya na SMA akan lokaci don bugun bugun wutar lantarki na 7V.
Lokacin aikawa: Satumba-28-2022