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Ka whakamahia ngā kaiwhakaoho i ngā wāhi katoa, ā, ka hangaia he nekehanga whakahaere mā te whakamahi i te kaha whakaoho tika, te taipana rānei hei mahi i ngā mahi maha i roto i te hanga me te aunoatanga ahumahi. Ko te hiahia mō ngā puku tere ake, iti ake, me te whai hua ake kei te akiaki i te auahatanga i roto i te hoahoa puku. He maha ngā painga o ngā puku Shape Memory Alloy (SMA) ki ngā puku tikanga, tae atu ki te ōwehenga mana-ki-taumaha teitei. I roto i tēnei tuhinga, i whakawhanakehia he kaiwhakaoho SMA-huruhuru e rua e whakakotahi ana i ngā painga o ngā uaua huruhuru o ngā pūnaha koiora me ngā āhuatanga ahurei o ngā SMA. Ka tūhuratia e tēnei rangahau, ka whakawhānuihia hoki ngā kaiwhakaoho SMA o mua mā te whakawhanake i tētahi tauira pāngarau o te kaiwhakaoho hou i runga i te whakaritenga waea SMA bimodal me te whakamātautau i a ia mā te whakamātautau. Ki te whakatauritea ki ngā puku e mōhiotia ana i runga i te SMA, ko te kaha whakaoho o te puku hou he iti rawa te 5 ngā wā teitei ake (tae atu ki te 150 N). Ko te mate taumaha e rite ana he tata ki te 67%. He whai hua ngā hua o te tātari aro o ngā tauira pāngarau mō te whakatikatika i ngā tawhā hoahoa me te mārama ki ngā tawhā matua. Ka whakaatuhia anō e tēnei rangahau he puku wāhanga N maha-taumata ka taea te whakamahi hei whakarei ake i te hihiri. He whānuitia ngā whakamahinga o ngā kaiwhakaoho uaua dipvalerate e hangai ana ki te SMA, mai i te aunoatanga o te hanga whare ki ngā pūnaha tuku rongoā tino tika.
Ka taea e ngā pūnaha koiora, pērā i ngā hanganga uaua o ngā kararehe whāngote, te whakahohe i ngā mea whakakorikori ngawari1. He rerekē ngā hanganga uaua o ngā kararehe whāngote, he mahi motuhake tā ia mea. Heoi, ko te nuinga o te hanganga o te kiko uaua kararehe whāngote ka taea te wehewehe ki ngā wāhanga whānui e rua. He whakarara me he pennate. I roto i ngā uaua o te hope me ētahi atu uaua piko, e ai ki te ingoa, he muka uaua kei roto i te uaua whakarara e whakarara ana ki te uaua pokapū. Ko te mekameka o ngā muka uaua kua whakarārangihia, ā, kua honoa ngā mahi e te kiko honohono e karapoti ana i a rātou. Ahakoa e kiia ana he nui te toronga o ēnei uaua (te whakapoto ōrau), he iti noa iho te kaha o ō rātou uaua katoa. He rerekē, i roto i te uaua o te kuao kau triceps2 (lateral gastrocnemius (GL)3, medial gastrocnemius (GM)4 me te soleus (SOL)) me te extensor femoris (quadriceps)5,6 ka kitea te kiko uaua pennate i roto i ia uaua7. I roto i te hanganga pinnate, kei ngā taha e rua o te uaua pokapū ngā muka uaua i roto i te uaua bipennate i ngā koki whakarara (pinnate angles). Nō te kupu Latina "penna" te kupu Pennate, ko tōna tikanga he "pene", ā, e ai ki te pikitia 1, he āhua rite ki te huruhuru manu. He poto ake ngā muka o ngā uaua pennate, ā, he koki ki te tuaka roa o te uaua. Nā te hanganga pine, ka whakaitihia te nekehanga whānui o ēnei uaua, ka hua ake te tukanga whakapoto i ngā wāhanga whakawhiti me te roa. I tētahi atu taha, ko te whakahohenga o ēnei uaua ka hua ake te kaha uaua whānui nā te huarahi e inehia ai te horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga ā-tinana. Nō reira, mō tētahi horahanga whakawhiti-wāhanga, ka kaha ake ngā uaua pennate, ā, ka whakaputa i ngā kaha teitei ake i ngā uaua he muka whakarara. Ko ngā kaha e puta mai ana i ngā muka takitahi ka whakaputa i ngā kaha uaua i te taumata nui i roto i taua kiko uaua. Hei tāpiri, he āhuatanga ahurei ōna pērā i te whakaheke tere, te tiaki i te kino o te kume, te whakangāwari. Ka hurihia e ia te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakaurunga muka me te putanga mana uaua mā te whakamahi i ngā āhuatanga ahurei me te uaua ā-ira o te whakaritenga muka e pā ana ki ngā rārangi mahi uaua.
Kei te whakaatuhia ngā hoahoa kauwhata o ngā hoahoa whakaoho SMA e pā ana ki te hanganga uaua rua-waahanga, hei tauira (a), e whakaatu ana i te taunekeneke o te kaha pā ki te mea ka whakairihia he taputapu āhua-ringa e whakaohohia ana e ngā waea SMA ki runga i tētahi karetao pūkoro wira-rua9,10. , (b) He prosthesis porowhita karetao me te prosthesis porowhita SMA kua utaina ki te puna e tū ana i te taha whakahāwea. Ko te tūranga o te kanohi prosthetic ka whakahaerehia e te tohu mai i te uaua kanohi o te kanohi11, (c) He pai ngā whakaoho SMA mō ngā tono i raro i te wai nā te mea he nui te auau o te urupare me te iti o te whānui. I roto i tēnei whirihoranga, ka whakamahia ngā whakaoho SMA hei hanga i te nekehanga ngaru mā te whakatauira i te nekehanga o te ika, (d) Ka whakamahia ngā whakaoho SMA hei hanga i tētahi karetao tirotiro paipa moroiti ka taea te whakamahi i te kaupapa nekehanga kutukutu inihi, e whakahaerehia ana e te nekehanga o ngā waea SMA i roto i te hongere 10, (e) e whakaatu ana i te ahunga o ngā muka uaua whakaheke me te whakaputa kaha whakaheke i roto i te kiko gastrocnemius, (f) e whakaatu ana i ngā waea SMA kua whakaritea i roto i te āhua o ngā muka uaua i roto i te hanganga uaua pennate.
Kua noho ngā kaiwhakaoho hei wāhanga nui o ngā pūnaha miihini nā te whānuitanga o ā rātou whakamahinga. Nō reira, ko te hiahia mō ngā puku iti ake, tere ake, me te whai hua ake ka tino hira. Ahakoa ō rātou painga, kua kitea he utu nui, he roa hoki te tiaki i ngā puku tuku iho. He uaua, he utu nui hoki ngā kaiwhakaoho waipēhi me te hau, ā, ka taea te pakaru, te raruraru hinu me te rahunga o ngā wāhanga. Hei whakautu i te tono, ko te arotahi ko te whakawhanake i ngā kaiwhakaoho utu-whai hua, kua arotauhia te rahi me te matatau i runga i ngā rauemi atamai. Kei te titiro tonu ngā rangahau ki ngā kaiwhakaoho paparanga koranu mahara āhua (SMA) hei whakatutuki i tēnei hiahia. He ahurei ngā kaiwhakaoho hierarchical nā te mea ka whakakotahihia e rātou he maha ngā kaiwhakaoho motuhake ki roto i ngā pūnaha tauine nui matatini hei whakarato i te mahi whakanui ake me te whakawhānui ake. I roto i tēnei whakaaro, ko te kiko uaua tangata kua whakaahuahia i runga ake nei e whakarato ana i tētahi tauira maha-paparanga pai o taua whakaoho maha-paparanga. Ko te rangahau o nāianei e whakaahua ana i tētahi puku SMA maha-taumata me ētahi huānga puku takitahi (waea SMA) e hāngai ana ki ngā aronga muka kei roto i ngā uaua bimodal, e whakapai ake ana i te mahi puku whānui.
Ko te kaupapa matua o tētahi kaiwhakaoho he whakaputa i te putanga mana miihini pēnei i te kaha me te nekehanga mā te huri i te pūngao hiko. Ko ngā koranu mahara āhua he akomanga o ngā rauemi "atamai" ka taea te whakahoki i tō rātou āhua i ngā pāmahana teitei. I raro i ngā kawenga teitei, ka hua ake te pikinga o te pāmahana o te waea SMA ki te whakaora āhua, ka hua ake he kiato pūngao whakaoho teitei ake i ngā rauemi atamai e hono tika ana. I taua wā anō, i raro i ngā kawenga miihini, ka pakarukaru ngā SMA. I raro i ētahi āhuatanga, ka taea e te kawenga huringa te mimiti me te tuku i te pūngao miihini, e whakaatu ana i ngā huringa āhua hysteretic ka taea te huri. Mā ēnei āhuatanga ahurei ka pai te SMA mō ngā pūoko, te whakaiti i te wiri me ngā kaiwhakaoho12. Me tēnei whakaaro, he maha ngā rangahau mō ngā puku e hangai ana ki te SMA. Me mōhio ko ngā kaiwhakaoho e hangai ana ki te SMA kua hangaia hei whakarato i te nekehanga whakawhiti me te hurihuri mō ngā momo tono13,14,15. Ahakoa kua whakawhanakehia ētahi kaiwhakaoho hurihuri, he tino hiahia ngā kairangahau ki ngā kaiwhakaoho raina. Ka taea te wehewehe i ēnei kaiwhakaoho raina ki ngā momo kaiwhakaoho e toru: ngā kaiwhakaoho kotahi-ahu, te nekehanga me te rerekētanga 16. I te tīmatanga, i hangaia ngā puku ranu me te SMA me ētahi atu puku tuku iho. Ko tētahi tauira o te kaiwhakaoho raina ranu e hangai ana ki te SMA ko te whakamahinga o te waea SMA me te motuka DC hei whakarato i te kaha putanga tata ki te 100 N me te nekehanga nui17.
Ko tētahi o ngā whanaketanga tuatahi o ngā puku e ahu mai ana i te SMA ko te puku whakarara SMA. Mā te whakamahi i ngā waea SMA maha, kua hangaia te puku whakarara e ahu mai ana i te SMA hei whakanui ake i te kaha o te puku mā te whakanoho i ngā waea SMA18 katoa kia whakarara. Ko te hononga whakarara o ngā kaiwhakaoho ehara i te mea me nui ake te kaha, engari ka whakawhāitihia hoki te kaha putanga o tētahi waea kotahi. Ko tētahi atu ngoikoretanga o ngā kaiwhakaoho e ahu mai ana i te SMA ko te iti o te haere ka taea e rātou te whakatutuki. Hei whakaoti i tēnei raruraru, i hangaia he kurupae taura SMA kei roto he kurupae ngāwari kua whakapikohia hei whakanui ake i te nekehanga me te whakatutuki i te nekehanga raina, engari kāore i whakaputa i ngā kaha teitei ake19. Kua whakawhanakehia ngā hanganga me ngā papanga ngohengohe ka taea te whakarerekē mō ngā karetao e ahu mai ana i ngā koranu mahara āhua mō te whakanui pānga20,21,22. Mō ngā tono e hiahiatia ana he tere teitei, kua pūrongohia ngā papu taraiwa kiato e whakamahi ana i ngā SMA kiriata angiangi mō ngā tono e whakahaerehia ana e te papu iti23. Ko te auau taraiwa o te kiriuhi SMA kiriata angiangi he mea nui ki te whakahaere i te tere o te taraiwa. Nō reira, he pai ake te urupare hihiri o ngā motuka raina SMA i ngā motuka puna SMA, i ngā motuka tokotoko rānei. Ko te karetao ngawari me te hangarau hopu he rua atu tono e whakamahi ana i ngā kaiwhakaoho e ahu mai ana i te SMA. Hei tauira, hei whakakapi i te kaiwhakaoho paerewa i whakamahia i roto i te rawhi wāhi 25 N, i whakawhanakehia he kaiwhakaoho whakarara koranu mahara āhua 24. I tētahi atu take, i hangaia he kaiwhakaoho ngohengohe SMA i runga i te waea me te matrix kua whakauruhia ka taea te whakaputa i te kaha kukume mōrahi o te 30 N. Nā ō rātou āhuatanga miihini, ka whakamahia hoki ngā SMA hei whakaputa i ngā kaiwhakaoho e whai ana i ngā āhuatanga koiora. Ko tētahi o aua whanaketanga ko te karetao 12-pūtau he biomimetic o tētahi rauropi rite ki te noke whenua me te SMA hei whakaputa i te nekehanga sinusoidal ki te ahi26,27.
E ai ki te kōrero i mua ake nei, he rohe kei te kaha mōrahi ka taea te whiwhi mai i ngā kaiwhakaoho SMA o nāianei. Hei whakatika i tēnei take, ka whakaatuhia e tēnei rangahau he hanganga uaua bimodal biomimetic. Ka peia e te waea koranu mahara āhua. Ka whakaratohia he pūnaha whakarōpū e whakauru ana i ētahi waea koranu mahara āhua. Tae noa ki tēnei wā, kāore anō kia pūrongohia he kaiwhakaoho SMA me te hoahoa rite i roto i ngā tuhinga. I whakawhanakehia tēnei pūnaha ahurei, hou hoki e hangai ana ki te SMA hei ako i te whanonga o te SMA i te wā e whakahāngai ana i te uaua bimodal. Ki te whakataurite ki ngā kaiwhakaoho SMA o nāianei, ko te whāinga o tēnei rangahau he waihanga i tētahi kaiwhakaoho dipvalerate biomimetic hei whakaputa i ngā kaha teitei ake i roto i te rahinga iti. Ki te whakataurite ki ngā taraiwa e peia ana e te motuka stepper tuku iho e whakamahia ana i roto i ngā pūnaha aunoa me te whakahaere whare HVAC, ka whakaitihia e te hoahoa taraiwa bimodal SMA kua whakaarohia te taumaha o te tikanga taraiwa mā te 67%. I roto i ngā mea e whai ake nei, ka whakamahia ngā kupu "uaua" me te "taraiwa". Ka rangahauhia e tēnei rangahau te whakatauira maha-ahupūngao o taua taraiwa. Kua akohia te whanonga miihini o aua pūnaha mā ngā tikanga whakamātautau me te tātari. I tirotirohia anō ngā tohatoha kaha me te pāmahana i te ngaohiko whakauru o te 7 V. I muri mai, i whakahaerehia he tātaritanga tawhā hei mārama ake i te whanaungatanga i waenga i ngā tawhā matua me te kaha putanga. Hei whakamutunga, kua whakaarohia ngā kaiwhakaoho hierarki, ā, kua whakaarohia ngā pānga taumata hierarki hei wāhi pea mō ngā kaiwhakaoho kore-aukume mō ngā tono hanga-ā-ringa. E ai ki ngā hua o ngā rangahau kua whakahuatia ake nei, ko te whakamahinga o te hoahoanga kotahi-wāhanga ka puta he kaha e whā ki te rima ngā wā teitei ake i ngā kaiwhakaoho SMA kua pūrongohia. Hei tāpiri, ko te kaha taraiwa kotahi i hangaia e te puku maha-taumata maha kua whakaatuhia he nui ake i te tekau ngā wā i ngā puku SMA tikanga. Kātahi ka pūrongo te rangahau i ngā tawhā matua mā te whakamahi i te tātaritanga aro i waenga i ngā hoahoa rerekē me ngā taurangi whakauru. Ko te roa tīmatanga o te waea SMA (\(l_0\)), te koki pine (\(\alpha\)) me te maha o ngā aho kotahi (n) i roto i ia aho takitahi he pānga kino nui ki te nui o te kaha taraiwa. i te mea he hononga pai te ngaohiko whakauru (pūngao).
Kei te waea SMA te pānga mahara āhua (SME) e kitea ana i roto i te whānau koranu nikara-tītāniuma (Ni-Ti). I te nuinga o te wā, e rua ngā wāhanga e whakawhirinaki ana ki te pāmahana o ngā SMA: he wāhanga pāmahana iti me te wāhanga pāmahana teitei. He āhuatanga ahurei ngā wāhanga e rua nā te noho mai o ngā hanganga tioata rerekē. I roto i te wāhanga austenite (wāhanga pāmahana teitei) kei runga ake i te pāmahana whakawhiti, he kaha teitei te rauemi, ā, kāore i te tino rerekē te āhua i raro i te kawenga. He rite te koranu ki te maitai kore waikura, nō reira ka taea e ia te tu atu i ngā pēhanga whakaoho teitei ake. Mā te whakamahi i tēnei āhuatanga o ngā koranu Ni-Ti, ka piko ngā waea SMA hei hanga i tētahi whakaoho. Ka whakawhanakehia ngā tauira tātari tika hei mārama ki ngā tikanga taketake o te whanonga wera o te SMA i raro i te awe o ngā tawhā me ngā āhua rerekē. I whiwhi whakaaetanga pai i waenga i ngā hua whakamātautau me ngā hua tātari.
I whakahaerehia he rangahau whakamātautau ki te tauira i whakaaturia i te Pikitia 9a hei aromatawai i te mahi a te puku bimodal i runga i te SMA. E rua o ēnei āhuatanga, ko te kaha i hangaia e te puku (kaha uaua) me te pāmahana o te waea SMA (mahana SMA), i inehia mā te whakamātautau. I te pikinga o te rerekētanga ngaohiko i te roanga katoa o te waea i roto i te puku, ka piki te pāmahana o te waea nā te pānga whakamahana Joule. I whakamahia te ngaohiko whakauru i roto i ngā huringa 10-s e rua (e whakaaturia ana hei ira whero i te Pikitia 2a, b) me te wā whakamatao 15-s i waenga i ia huringa. I inehia te kaha aukati mā te whakamahi i te ine taumahatanga piezoelectric, ā, i aroturukitia te tohatoha pāmahana o te waea SMA i te wā tūturu mā te whakamahi i te kāmera LWIR taumira teitei-pūtaiao (tirohia ngā āhuatanga o ngā taputapu i whakamahia i te Ripanga 2). e whakaatu ana i te wā o te wā ngaohiko teitei, ka piki haere te pāmahana o te waea, engari i te korenga o te iahiko e rere ana, ka heke tonu te pāmahana o te waea. I roto i te whakatakotoranga whakamātautau o nāianei, i heke te pāmahana o te waea SMA i te wā whakamatao, engari kei runga ake tonu i te pāmahana taiao. Kei te pikitia 2e te whakaahua o te pāmahana i runga i te waea SMA i tangohia mai i te kāmera LWIR. I tētahi atu taha, kei te pikitia 2a te kaha aukati i hangaia e te pūnaha taraiwa. Ina nui ake te kaha uaua i te kaha whakaora o te puna, ka tīmata te neke o te ringa neke, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9a. Ina tīmata te whakaoho, ka pā te ringa neke ki te pūoko, ka hangaia he kaha tinana, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 2c, d. Ina tata te pāmahana mōrahi ki te \(84\,^{\circ}\hbox {C}\), ko te kaha mōrahi i kitea ko te 105 N.
E whakaatu ana te kauwhata i ngā hua whakamātautau o te pāmahana o te waea SMA me te kaha i hangaia e te kaiwhakaoho rua-modal e hangai ana ki te SMA i roto i ngā huringa e rua. Ka whakamahia te ngaohiko whakauru i roto i ngā huringa e rua, 10 hēkona te roa (e whakaatuhia ana hei ira whero) me te wā whakamatao 15 hēkona i waenga i ia huringa. Ko te waea SMA i whakamahia mō ngā whakamātautau he waea Flexinol 0.51 mm te whānui mai i Dynalloy, Inc. (a) E whakaatu ana te kauwhata i te kaha whakamātautau i whiwhihia i roto i ngā huringa e rua, (c, d) e whakaatu ana i ngā tauira motuhake e rua o te mahi a ngā kaiwhakaoho ringa neke i runga i te transducer kaha piezoelectric PACEline CFT/5kN, (b) e whakaatu ana te kauwhata i te pāmahana mōrahi o te waea SMA katoa i roto i ngā huringa e rua, (e) e whakaatu ana i te whakaahua pāmahana i tangohia mai i te waea SMA mā te whakamahi i te kāmera LWIR pūmanawa FLIR ResearchIR. Ko ngā tawhā āhuahanga i whakaarohia i roto i ngā whakamātautau kei roto i te Ripanga tuatahi.
Ka whakaritea ngā hua whakatauira o te tauira pāngarau me ngā hua whakamātautau i raro i te āhua o te ngaohiko whakauru o te 7V, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 5. E ai ki ngā hua o te tātari tawhā, me te karo i te tūponotanga o te werawera o te waea SMA, i tukuna he mana o te 11.2 W ki te kaiwhakaoho. I whakamahia he pūtake hiko DC ka taea te whakarite hei tuku i te 7V hei ngaohiko whakauru, ā, i inehia he iahiko o te 1.6A puta noa i te waea. Ka piki ake te kaha i hangaia e te puku me te pāmahana o te SDR ina whakamahia te iahiko. Me te ngaohiko whakauru o te 7V, ko te kaha putanga mōrahi i whiwhihia mai i ngā hua whakatauira me ngā hua whakamātautau o te huringa tuatahi ko te 78 N me te 96 N, ia. I te huringa tuarua, ko te kaha putanga mōrahi o ngā hua whakatauira me te whakamātautau ko te 150 N me te 105 N, ia. Ko te rerekētanga i waenga i ngā inenga kaha aukati me ngā raraunga whakamātautau ka puta pea i te tikanga i whakamahia hei ine i te kaha aukati. Ko ngā hua whakamātautau e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia. E rite ana te 5a ki te ine i te kaha raka, i inehia i te wā i pā ai te rakau taraiwa ki te transducer kaha piezoelectric PACEline CFT/5kN, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 2s. Nō reira, ina kore te rakau taraiwa e pā ki te pūoko kaha i te tīmatanga o te rohe whakamatao, ka kore tonu te kaha, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 2d. Hei tāpiri, ko ētahi atu tawhā e pā ana ki te hanganga o te kaha i ngā huringa e whai ake nei ko ngā uara o te wā whakamatao me te tauwehenga o te whakawhiti wera convective i te huringa o mua. Mai i te pikitia 2b, ka kitea i muri i te wā whakamatao 15 hēkona, kāore te waea SMA i eke ki te pāmahana rūma, nō reira he teitei ake te pāmahana tīmatanga (\(40\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\)) i te huringa taraiwa tuarua ki te whakataurite ki te huringa tuatahi (\(25\, ^{\circ}\hbox {C}\)). Nō reira, ki te whakaritea ki te huringa tuatahi, ka tae wawe te pāmahana o te waea SMA i te huringa whakamahana tuarua ki te pāmahana austenite tuatahi (\(A_s\)) ā, ka roa ake te noho i te wā whakawhiti, ka hua ake te ahotea me te kaha. I tētahi atu taha, he rite te kounga o ngā tohatoha pāmahana i te wā o ngā huringa whakamahana me te whakamatao i puta mai i ngā whakamātautau me ngā whakatauira ki ngā tauira mai i te tātaritanga wera. I whakaatuhia e te tātaritanga whakatairite o ngā raraunga wera waea SMA mai i ngā whakamātautau me ngā whakatauira te ōritetanga i te wā o ngā huringa whakamahana me te whakamatao, ā, i roto i ngā ātete e whakaaetia ana mō ngā raraunga whakamātautau. Ko te pāmahana mōrahi o te waea SMA, i puta mai i ngā hua o te whakatauira me ngā whakamātautau o te huringa tuatahi, ko \(89\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) me \(75\,^{\circ }\hbox { C }\, ia ), ā, i te huringa tuarua ko te pāmahana mōrahi o te waea SMA ko \(94\,^{\circ }\hbox {C}\) me \(83\,^{\circ }\ hbox {C}\). Ko te tauira i whakawhanakehia matuatia e whakaū ana i te pānga o te pānga mahara āhua. Kāore i whakaarohia te tūranga o te ngenge me te wera nui i roto i tēnei arotake. Ā muri ake nei, ka whakapaitia te tauira kia uru atu ai te hītori ahotea o te waea SMA, kia pai ake ai mō ngā tono hangarau. Ko te kaha putanga taraiwa me ngā kauwhata pāmahana SMA i whiwhihia mai i te poraka Simulink kei roto i ngā manawanui e whakaaetia ana o ngā raraunga whakamātautau i raro i te āhuatanga o te pātere ngaohiko whakauru o te 7 V. Mā tēnei ka whakaū i te tika me te pono o te tauira pāngarau kua whakawhanakehia.
I whakawhanakehia te tauira pāngarau i roto i te taiao MathWorks Simulink R2020b mā te whakamahi i ngā whārite taketake kua whakaahuatia i te wāhanga Tikanga. I te pikitia 3b e whakaatu ana i tētahi hoahoa poraka o te tauira pāngarau Simulink. I whakatauirahia te tauira mō tētahi pātere ngaohiko whakauru 7V e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 2a, b. Ko ngā uara o ngā tawhā i whakamahia i roto i te whakatauira kua whakarārangihia ki te Ripanga 1. Ko ngā hua o te whakatauira o ngā tukanga whakawhiti e whakaatuhia ana i roto i ngā Pikitia 1 me te 1. Ko ngā Pikitia 3a me te 4. I te pikitia 4a, b e whakaatu ana i te ngaohiko whakaoho i roto i te waea SMA me te kaha i hangaia e te actuator hei mahi a te wā. I te wā o te whakawhiti whakamuri (whakamahana), ina te pāmahana waea SMA, \(T < A_s^{\prime}\) (te pāmahana tīmatanga o te wāhanga austenite whakarerekētia-te ahotea), ka kore te tere o te huringa o te wāhanga rōrahi martensite (\(\dot{\xi }\)). I te wā o te whakawhiti whakamuri (whakamahana), ina kore te pāmahana o te waea SMA, \(T < A_s^{\prime}\) (te pāmahana tīmatanga o te wāhanga austenite whakarerekētia e te ahotea), ka kore te tere o te huringa o te wāhanga rōrahi martensite (\(\dot{\ xi }\)). Во время обратного превращения (нагрева), когда температура проволоки SMA, \(T
(a) Te hua whakatauira e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha pāmahana me te pāmahana hononga i puta mai i te ahotea i roto i te kaiwhakaoho divalerate e hangai ana ki te SMA. Ina whiti te pāmahana waea i te pāmahana whakawhiti austenite i te wāhanga whakamahana, ka tīmata te piki o te pāmahana whakawhiti austenite kua whakarerekētia, ā, pērā anō, ina whiti te pāmahana tokotoko waea i te pāmahana whakawhiti martensitic i te wāhanga whakamatao, ka heke te pāmahana whakawhiti martensitic. SMA mō te whakatauira tātari o te tukanga whakaoho. (Mō te tirohanga taipitopito o ia pūnaha iti o te tauira Simulink, tirohia te wāhanga tāpiri o te kōnae tāpiri.)
Ko ngā hua o te tātari mō ngā tohatoha tawhā rerekē e whakaaturia ana mō ngā huringa e rua o te ngaohiko whakauru 7V (10 hēkona ngā huringa whakamahana me te 15 hēkona ngā huringa whakamatao). Ahakoa ko (ac) me (e) e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha i roto i te wā, i tētahi atu ringa, ko (d) me (f) e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha me te pāmahana. Mō ngā tikanga whakauru, ko te ahotea mōrahi i kitea ko 106 MPa (iti iho i te 345 MPa, te kaha tuku waea), ko te kaha ko 150 N, ko te nekehanga mōrahi ko 270 µm, ā, ko te wāhanga rōrahi martensitic iti rawa ko 0.91. I tētahi atu ringa, ko te huringa o te ahotea me te huringa o te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite me te pāmahana he rite ki ngā āhuatanga hysteresis.
E pā ana te whakamārama kotahi ki te whakawhiti tika (whakamatao) mai i te wāhanga austenite ki te wāhanga martensite, he tino pai te pāmahana waea SMA (T) me te pāmahana mutunga o te wāhanga martensite kua whakarerekētia e te ahotea (\(M_f^{\prime}\ )). I te pikitia 4d, e whakaatu ana te f i te huringa o te ahotea i puta (\(\sigma\)) me te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite (\(\xi\)) i roto i te waea SMA hei mahi a te huringa o te pāmahana o te waea SMA (T), mō ngā huringa taraiwa e rua. I te pikitia 3a e whakaatu ana te huringa o te pāmahana o te waea SMA me te wā i runga i te pā o te ngaohiko whakauru. E kitea ana i te pikitia, ka piki haere tonu te pāmahana o te waea mā te whakarato i te pūtake wera i te ngaohiko kore me te whakamatao convective i muri mai. I te wā whakamahana, ka tīmata te hurihanga anō o te martensite ki te wāhanga austenite ina whiti te pāmahana waea SMA (T) i te pāmahana whakapūmau austenite kua whakatikatikaina e te ahotea (\(A_s^{\prime}\)). I tēnei wā, ka pēhia te waea SMA, ā, ka whakaputahia e te actuator te kaha. I te wā whakamatao hoki, ina whiti te pāmahana o te waea SMA (T) i te pāmahana whakapūmau o te wāhanga martensite kua whakarerekētia e te ahotea (\(M_s^{\prime}\)) ka puta he whakawhiti pai mai i te wāhanga austenite ki te wāhanga martensite. ka heke te kaha taraiwa.
Ko ngā āhuatanga matua o te puku bimodal i runga i te SMA ka taea te tiki mai i ngā hua whakatauira. Mēnā he tāurunga pāorooro ngaohiko, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te waea SMA nā te pānga whakamahana Joule. Ko te uara tīmatanga o te wāhanga rōrahi martensite (\(\xi\)) kua whakatakotoria ki te 1, nā te mea kei roto te rauemi i te wāhanga martensitic katoa i te tīmatanga. I te haere tonu o te wera o te waea, ka nui ake te pāmahana o te waea SMA i te pāmahana austenite nucleation kua whakatikatikaina te ahotea \(A_s^{\prime}\), ka hua ake he hekenga o te wāhanga rōrahi martensite, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 4c. Hei tāpiri, i te pikitia 4e e whakaatu ana i te tohatoha o ngā whiu o te actuator i roto i te wā, me te pikitia 5 – te kaha taraiwa hei mahi o te wā. Ko tētahi pūnaha whārite e pā ana ko te pāmahana, te wāhanga rōrahi martensite, me te ahotea e puta ana i roto i te waea, ka hua ake te whakahekenga o te waea SMA me te kaha i hangaia e te actuator. E whakaaturia ana i te pikitia. 4d,f, ko te rerekētanga ngaohiko me te pāmahana me te rerekētanga wāhanga rōrahi martensite me te pāmahana e rite ana ki ngā āhuatanga hysteresis o te SMA i roto i te kēhi whakatauira i te 7 V.
I whiwhihia te whakatairite i ngā tawhā taraiwa mā roto i ngā whakamātautau me ngā tātaitanga tātari. I tukuna ngā waea ki te ngaohiko whakauru pāorooro o te 7 V mō te 10 hēkona, kātahi ka whakamataohia mō te 15 hēkona (wāhanga whakamatao) mō ngā huringa e rua. Kua whakatakotoria te koki pine ki te \(40^{\circ}\) ā, ko te roa tīmatanga o te waea SMA i roto i ia waewae pine kotahi kua whakatakotoria ki te 83mm. (a) Te ine i te kaha taraiwa me te pūtau kawenga (b) Te aroturuki i te pāmahana waea me te kāmera infrared wera.
Hei mārama ki te awe o ngā tawhā ā-tinana ki te kaha i puta mai i te puku, i whakahaerehia he tātaritanga o te aro o te tauira pāngarau ki ngā tawhā ā-tinana kua tīpakohia, ā, i whakarōpūhia ngā tawhā i runga i tō rātou awe. Tuatahi, i mahia te tauira o ngā tawhā tauira mā te whakamahi i ngā mātāpono hoahoa whakamātautau i whai i tētahi tohatoha ōrite (tirohia te Wāhanga Tāpiri mō te Tātari Aro). I tēnei take, ko ngā tawhā tauira kei roto ko te ngaohiko whakauru (\(V_{in}\)), te roa waea SMA tuatahi (\(l_0\)), te koki tapatoru (\(\alpha\)), te pūmau puna piko (\( K_x\ )), te tauwehenga whakawhiti wera convective (\(h_T\)) me te maha o ngā manga unimodal (n). I te taahiraa e whai ake nei, i whiriwhiria te kaha uaua tihi hei whakaritenga hoahoa rangahau, ā, i whiwhihia ngā pānga tawhā o ia huinga taurangi ki te kaha. I ahu mai ngā kauwhata awhiowhio mō te tātari aro mai i ngā tauwehenga hononga mō ia tawhā, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 6a.
(a) Kei roto i te kauwhata awhiowhio ngā uara tauwehenga hononga o ngā tawhā tauira me ō rātou pānga ki te kaha putanga mōrahi o ngā rōpū ahurei 2500 o ngā tawhā tauira i runga ake nei. E whakaatu ana te kauwhata i te hononga tūranga o ētahi tohu. E mārama ana ko \(V_{in}\) anake te tawhā he hononga pai, ā, ko \(l_0\) te tawhā he hononga kino teitei rawa. Kei roto i (b, c) te pānga o ngā tawhā rerekē i roto i ngā huinga rerekē ki te kaha uaua tihi. Kei waenga i te \(K_x\) te 400 ki te 800 N/m, ā, kei waenga i te n te 4 ki te 24. I rerekē te ngaohiko (\(V_{in}\)) mai i te 4V ki te 10V, i rerekē te roa o te waea (\(l_{0 } \)) mai i te 40 ki te 100 mm, ā, i rerekē te koki hiku (\ (\alpha \)) mai i \ (20 – 60 \, ^ {\circ }\).
Kei te pikitia 6a te kauwhata awhiowhio o ngā tauwehenga hononga mō ia tawhā me ngā whakaritenga hoahoa kaha taraiwa tihi. Mai i te pikitia 6a ka kitea ko te tawhā ngaohiko (\(V_{in}\)) e pā tika ana ki te kaha putanga mōrahi, ā, ko te tauwehenga whakawhiti wera convective (\(h_T\)), te koki mura (\( \alpha\)), te pūmau puna nekehanga ( \(K_x\)) e pā kino ana ki te kaha putanga me te roa tīmatanga (\(l_0\)) o te waea SMA, ā, ko te maha o ngā peka unimodal (n) e whakaatu ana i te hononga whakamuri kaha. I roto i te take o te hononga tika. I roto i te take o te uara teitei ake o te tauwehenga hononga ngaohiko (\(V_ {in}\)) e tohu ana ko tēnei tawhā te mea nui rawa atu te pānga ki te putanga mana. Ko tētahi atu tātaritanga rite e ine ana i te kaha tihi mā te aromatawai i te pānga o ngā tawhā rerekē i roto i ngā huinga rerekē o ngā wāhi tātai e rua, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 6b, c. He rite ngā tauira o \(V_{in}\) me \(l_0\), \(\alpha\) me \(l_0\), ā, e whakaatu ana te kauwhata he rite ngā tauira o \(V_{in}\) me \(\alpha\) me \(\alpha\). Ko ngā uara iti o \(l_0\) ka hua ake he kaha teitei ake. Ko ngā kauwhata e rua e rite ana ki te Pikitia 6a, kei reira a n me \(K_x\) he hononga kino, ā, ko \(V_{in}\) he hononga pai. Mā tēnei tātaritanga ka āwhina i te tautuhi me te whakatika i ngā tawhā awe e taea ai te whakarerekē i te kaha putanga, te whiu me te whai huatanga o te pūnaha taraiwa ki ngā whakaritenga me te tono.
Ko ngā mahi rangahau o nāianei e whakauru ana, e tirotiro ana hoki i ngā puku whakarōpū me ngā taumata N. I roto i tētahi whakarōpū taumata-rua, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 7a, i reira hei utu mō ia waea SMA o te kaiwhakaoho taumata tuatahi, ka tutuki he whakaritenga rua-ara, e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 9e. I te pikitia 7c e whakaatu ana me pēhea te takai o te waea SMA ki tētahi ringa neke (ringa āwhina) e neke ana i te ahunga roa anake. Heoi, ka haere tonu te neke o te ringa neke tuatahi i te ara kotahi me te ringa neke o te kaiwhakaoho maha-wāhanga tuatahi. I te nuinga o te wā, ka hangaia he puku N-wāhanga mā te whakakapi i te waea SMA wāhanga \(N-1\) ki tētahi puku wāhanga-tuatahi. Nō reira, ka whai ia peka i te puku wāhanga tuatahi, engari ko te peka e pupuri ana i te waea tonu. Mā tēnei, ka taea te hanga hanganga kōpiko e hanga ana i ngā kaha he maha ngā wā nui atu i ngā kaha o ngā puku tuatahi. I roto i tēnei rangahau, mō ia taumata, i whakaarohia he roa katoa o te waea SMA whai hua o te 1 m, e whakaaturia ana i te whakatakotoranga ripanga i te Pikitia 7d. He rite tonu te iahiko e puta ana i ia waea i roto i ia hoahoa kotahi-modal me te pānga o mua me te ngaohiko i roto i ia wāhanga waea SMA i ia taumata. E ai ki tā mātou tauira tātari, he hononga pai te kaha putanga ki te taumata, ko te nekehanga he hononga kino. I taua wā anō, i puta he tauwhitinga i waenga i te nekehanga me te kaha o te uaua. E kitea ana i te pikitia 7b, ahakoa ka tutuki te kaha mōrahi i te maha rawa o ngā paparanga, ka kitea te nekehanga nui rawa i te paparanga o raro rawa. I te wā i whakatakotoria ai te taumata hierarki ki te \(N=5\), i kitea he kaha uaua tihi o te 2.58 kN me te 2 whiu i kitea \(\upmu\)m. I tētahi atu taha, ka whakaputa te puku wāhanga tuatahi i te kaha o te 150 N i te whiu o te 277 \(\upmu\)m. Ka taea e ngā kaiwhakaoho maha-taumata te whai i ngā uaua koiora tūturu, i reira ka taea e ngā uaua horihori i runga i ngā koranu mahara āhua te whakaputa kaha teitei ake me ngā nekehanga tika me te pai ake. Ko ngā herenga o tēnei hoahoa iti ko te mea i te pikinga o te hierarki, ka tino whakaitihia te nekehanga, ā, ka piki ake te uaua o te tukanga hanga puku.
(a) Kei te whakaatuhia he pūnaha whakaoho raina koranu mahara āhua paparua-wāhanga (\(N=2\)) i roto i te whirihoranga rua-ara. Ka tutuki te tauira kua whakaarohia mā te whakakapi i te waea SMA i roto i te whakaoho paparua wāhanga tuatahi ki tētahi atu whakaoho paparua wāhanga kotahi. (c) Whirihoranga kua whakarerekētia o te whakaoho paparua wāhanga tuarua. (b) Kua whakaahuahia te tohatoha o ngā kaha me ngā nekehanga i runga i te maha o ngā taumata. Kua kitea he hononga pai te kaha tihi o te whakaoho ki te taumata tauine i runga i te kauwhata, ko te whiu he hononga kino ki te taumata tauine. Ka noho tonu te iahiko me te ngaohiko-mua i roto i ia waea i ngā taumata katoa. (d) E whakaatu ana te ripanga i te maha o ngā taputapu me te roa o te waea SMA (muka) i ia taumata. Ko ngā āhuatanga o ngā waea e tohuhia ana e te taupū 1, ā, ko te maha o ngā peka tuarua (kotahi e hono ana ki te waewae tuatahi) e tohuhia ana e te tau nui rawa atu i roto i te tuhinga iti. Hei tauira, i te taumata 5, ko te \(n_1\) e pā ana ki te maha o ngā waea SMA kei roto i ia hanganga bimodal, ā, ko te \(n_5\) e pā ana ki te maha o ngā waewae āwhina (kotahi e hono ana ki te waewae matua).
He maha ngā tikanga kua whakaarohia e te tini o ngā kairangahau hei whakatauira i te whanonga o ngā SMA me te mahara āhua, e whakawhirinaki ana ki ngā āhuatanga wera e haere tahi ana me ngā huringa nui o te hanganga karaihe e pā ana ki te whakawhiti ā-wāhanga. He uaua te whakatakotoranga o ngā tikanga hanga. Ko te tauira phenomenological e whakamahia whānuitia ana e Tanaka28, ā, e whakamahia whānuitia ana i roto i ngā tono hangarau. Ko te tauira phenomenological i whakaarohia e Tanaka [28] e whakaaro ana ko te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite he mahi taupū o te pāmahana me te ahotea. I muri mai, i whakaarohia e Liang rāua ko Rogers29 me Brinson30 he tauira i whakaarohia ai te nekehanga whakawhiti ā-wāhanga he mahi cosine o te ngaohiko me te pāmahana, me ngā whakarerekētanga iti ki te tauira. I whakaarohia e Becker rāua ko Brinson he tauira kinetic e hangai ana ki te tūtohi ā-wāhanga hei whakatauira i te whanonga o ngā rauemi SMA i raro i ngā tikanga utaina me ngā whakawhiti ā-wāhanga. Ka whakamahia e Banerjee32 te tikanga nekehanga tūtohi ā-wāhanga a Bekker rāua ko Brinson31 hei whakatauira i tētahi kaiwhakahaere kotahi te nekehanga o te herekore i whakawhanakehia e Elahinia rāua ko Ahmadian33. He uaua ki te whakatinana i ngā tikanga nekeneke e ahu mai ana i ngā hoahoa ā-wāhanga, e whai whakaaro ana ki te huringa kore-pūmau o te ngaohiko me te pāmahana, i roto i ngā tono hangarau. Ka aro atu a Elakhinia rāua ko Ahmadian ki ēnei ngoikoretanga o ngā tauira āhuatanga o nāianei, ā, ka whakaarohia he tauira āhuatanga whānui hei tātari me te tautuhi i te whanonga mahara āhua i raro i ngā tikanga uta uaua katoa.
Mā te tauira hanganga o te waea SMA ka homai te ahotea (\(\sigma\)), te totoro (\(\epsilon\)), te pāmahana (T), me te haurua rōrahi martensite (\(\xi\)) o te waea SMA. I tuatahitia te tauira hanganga āhuatanga e Tanaka28, ā, i muri mai ka whakamahia e Liang29 rāua ko Brinson30. Ko te āhua o te whārite koia tēnei:
ko E te modulus a Young e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua i whiwhihia mā te whakamahi i te \(\displaystyle E=\xi E_M + (1-\xi )E_A\) me te \(E_A\) me te \(E_M\) e tohu ana i te modulus a Young he āhua austenitic me te martensitic, ia, ā, ko te tauwehenga o te whakawhānui wera e tohuhia ana e \(\theta _T\). Ko te tauwehenga takoha whakawhiti āhua ko \(\Omega = -E \epsilon _L\) ā, ko \(\epsilon _L\) te taumahatanga mōrahi ka taea te whakaora i roto i te waea SMA.
E hangai ana te whārite nekehanga ā-wāhanga ki te mahi cosine i whakawhanakehia e Liang29, ā, i muri mai ka whakamahia e Brinson30 hei utu mō te mahi taupū i whakaarohia e Tanaka28. Ko te tauira whakawhiti ā-wāhanga he toronga o te tauira i whakaarohia e Elakhinia rāua ko Ahmadian34, ā, i whakarerekētia i runga i ngā tikanga whakawhiti ā-wāhanga i homai e Liang29 rāua ko Brinson30. He tika ngā tikanga e whakamahia ana mō tēnei tauira whakawhiti ā-wāhanga i raro i ngā kawenga wera matatini. I ia wā, ka tatauhia te uara o te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite i te wā e whakatauira ana i te whārite hanganga.
Ko te whārite whakawhiti anō whakahaere, e whakaatuhia ana e te whakawhiti o te martensite ki te austenite i raro i ngā tikanga whakamahana, penei:
ko \(\xi\) te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite, ko \(\xi _M\) te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite i whiwhi i mua i te whakamahana, \(\displaystyle a_A = \pi /(A_f – A_s)\), \ ( \displaystyle b_A = -a_A/C_A\) me \(C_A\) – ngā tawhā whakatata pihi, T – te pāmahana waea SMA, \(A_s\) me \(A_f\) – te tīmatanga me te mutunga o te wāhanga austenite, ia, te pāmahana.
Ko te whārite whakahaere whakawhiti tika, e tohuhia ana e te whakawhiti āhua o te austenite ki te martensite i raro i ngā āhuatanga whakamatao, ko:
ko \(\xi _A\) te wāhanga rōrahi o te martensite i whiwhihia i mua i te whakamatao, \(\displaystyle a_M = \pi /(M_s – M_f)\), \(\displaystyle b_M = -a_M/C_M\) me \ ( C_M \) – ngā tawhā taunga pihi, T – te pāmahana waea SMA, \(M_s\) me \(M_f\) – ngā pāmahana martensite tīmatanga me te whakamutunga, ia.
I muri i te wehewehenga o ngā whārite (3) me (4), ka whakangawaritia ngā whārite whakawhiti whakamuri me ngā whārite whakawhiti tika ki te āhua e whai ake nei:
I te wā o te panoni whakamua me te whakamuri, ka tangohia e \(\eta _{\sigma}\) me \(\eta _{T}\) ngā uara rerekē. Kua tangohia ngā whārite taketake e pā ana ki \(\eta _{\sigma}\) me \(\eta _{T}\) ā, kua matapakihia taipitopitotia i roto i tētahi atu wāhanga.
Ko te pūngao wera e hiahiatia ana hei whakaara ake i te pāmahana o te waea SMA i ahu mai i te pānga whakamahana Joule. Ko te pūngao wera e mimitihia ana, e tukuna ana rānei e te waea SMA e tohuhia ana e te wera huna o te whakawhiti. Ko te ngaronga wera i roto i te waea SMA nā te kawe hiko ā-kaha, ā, i te mea he iti noa te pānga o te irahiko, ko te whārite taurite pūngao wera e whai ake nei:
Ko \(m_{wire}\) te papatipu katoa o te waea SMA, ko \(c_{p}\) te kaha wera motuhake o te SMA, ko \(V_{in}\) te ngaohiko e pā ana ki te waea, \(R_{ohm} \ ) – te ātete SMA e whakawhirinaki ana ki te āhua, e tautuhia ana ko; \(R_{ohm} = (l/A_{cross})[\xi r_M + (1-\xi )r_A]\ ) ko \(r_M\ ) me \(r_A\) te ātete āhua SMA i roto i te martensite me te austenite, ia, ko \(A_{c}\) te horahanga mata o te waea SMA, ko \(\Delta H \) he koranu mahara āhua. Ko te wera whakawhiti huna o te waea, T me \(T_{\infty}\) ko ngā pāmahana o te waea SMA me te taiao, ia.
Ina whakakorikoria he waea koranu mahara āhua, ka pēhia te waea, ka hangaia he kaha i roto i ia peka o te hoahoa rua-waea e kiia nei ko te kaha muka. Ko ngā kaha o ngā muka i roto i ia miro o te waea SMA e hono tahi ana ka hangaia te kaha uaua hei whakakorikori, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9e. Nā te mea he puna whakahāngai, ko te kaha uaua katoa o te kaiwhakakorikori paparanga-N ko:
Mā te tāpiri i te \(N = 1\) ki te whārite (7), ka taea te whiwhi i te kaha uaua o te tauira taraiwa rua-modal tuatahi penei:
ko n te maha o ngā waewae kotahi-modal, ko \(F_m\) te kaha uaua i hangaia e te puku, ko \(F_f\) te kaha muka i roto i te waea SMA, ko \(K_x\) te pakari o te piko. puna, ko \(\alpha\) te koki o te tapatoru, ko \(x_0\) te āputa tīmatanga o te puna piko hei pupuri i te taura SMA i te tūranga kua whakatōngia i mua, ā, ko \(\Delta x\) te haere o te kaiwhakaoho.
Ko te nekehanga katoa, te nekehanga rānei o te puku (\(\Delta x\)) i runga i te ngaohiko (\(\sigma\)) me te taumahatanga (\(\epsilon\)) i runga i te waea SMA o te wāhanga N, kua whakatakotoria te puku ki (tirohia te Pikitia. wāhanga tāpiri o te putanga):
Mā ngā whārite kinematic ka kitea te whanaungatanga i waenga i te whakarerekētanga o te puku (\(\epsilon\)) me te nekehanga, te nekehanga rānei (\(\Delta x\)). Ko te whakarerekētanga o te waea Arb hei mahi a te roa o te waea Arb tuatahi (\(l_0\)) me te roa o te waea (l) i tētahi wā t i roto i tētahi peka kotahi e whai ake nei:
ko te \(l = \sqrt{l_0^2 +(\Delta x_1)^2 – 2 l_0 (\Delta x_1) \cos \alpha _1}\) ka whiwhi mā te whakamahi i te tātai cosine i roto i te \(\Delta\)ABB ', e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8. Mō te taraiwa wāhanga tuatahi (\(N = 1\)), ko \(\Delta x_1\) ko \(\Delta x\), ā, ko \(\alpha _1\) ko \(\alpha \) e whakaaturia ana i roto i te E whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8, mā te wehewehe i te wā mai i te Whārite (11) me te whakakapi i te uara o te l, ka taea te tuhi i te tere totoro penei:
ko \(l_0\) te roa tīmatanga o te waea SMA, ko l te roa o te waea i tētahi wā t i roto i tētahi peka kotahi, ko \(\epsilon\) te whakarerekētanga i whakawhanakehia i roto i te waea SMA, ā, ko \(\alpha \) te koki o te tapatoru, ko \(\Delta x\) te āputa puku (e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 8).
Ko ngā hanganga katoa o te n tihi-kotahi (\(n=6\) i tēnei pikitia) e honoa ana i roto i te raupapa me te \(V_{in}\) hei ngaohiko whakauru. Wāhanga I: Te hoahoa kauwhata o te waea SMA i roto i te whirihoranga rua-ara i raro i ngā āhuatanga ngaohiko kore Wāhanga II: Ka whakaaturia he hanganga whakahaeretia kei reira te waea SMA e pēhia ana nā te tahuritanga whakamuri, e whakaaturia ana e te rārangi whero.
Hei tohu mō te ariā, i whakawhanakehia he puku bimodal e hangai ana ki te SMA hei whakamātautau i te whakatauira i te whārite o raro me ngā hua whakamātautau. Ko te tauira CAD o te actuator raina bimodal e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 9a. I tētahi atu taha, i te pikitia 9c e whakaatu ana i tētahi hoahoa hou kua whakaarohia mō tētahi hononga prismatic hurihuri mā te whakamahi i tētahi actuator SMA-papa rua me te hanganga bimodal. I hangaia ngā wāhanga puku mā te whakamahi i te hanga tāpiri i runga i tētahi pūreretā 3D Extended Ultimaker 3. Ko te rauemi i whakamahia mō te tā 3D o ngā wāhanga he polycarbonate e tika ana mō ngā rauemi ātete wera nā te mea he kaha, he pakari, ā, he teitei te pāmahana whakawhiti karāhe (110-113 \(^{\circ }\) C). Hei tāpiri, i whakamahia te waea koranu mahara āhua Flexinol Dynalloy, Inc. i roto i ngā whakamātautau, ā, i whakamahia ngā āhuatanga rauemi e pā ana ki te waea Flexinol i roto i ngā whakatauira. Kua whakaritea ngā waea SMA maha hei muka kei roto i te whakaritenga rua-modal o ngā uaua hei whiwhi i ngā kaha teitei i hangaia e ngā kaiwhakaoho paparanga maha, e whakaaturia ana i te Pikitia 9b, d.
E ai ki te Pikitia 9a, ko te koki koi i hangaia e te waea SMA ringa neke ka kiia ko te koki (\(\alpha\)). Me ngā rawhi pito e piri ana ki ngā rawhi maui me te matau, ka puritia te waea SMA ki te koki rua-modal e hiahiatia ana. Kua hangaia te taputapu puna piro e puritia ana i runga i te hononga puna hei whakarite i ngā rōpū toronga puna piro rerekē e ai ki te maha (n) o ngā muka SMA. Hei tāpiri, kua hangaia te wāhi o ngā wāhanga neke kia kitea te waea SMA ki te taiao o waho mō te whakamatao hiko ā-whakahau. Ka āwhina ngā pereti o runga me raro o te huihuinga wetewete ki te pupuri i te waea SMA kia matao me ngā tapahi kua whakaputahia hei whakaiti i te taumaha. Hei tāpiri, ka whakapirihia ngā pito e rua o te waea CMA ki ngā pito maui me te matau, mā te whakamahi i te kume. Ka piri he pūwero ki tetahi pito o te huihuinga neke hei pupuri i te ātea i waenga i ngā pereti o runga me raro. Ka whakamahia hoki te pūwero hei whakamahi i te kaha aukati ki te pūoko mā te whakapā hei ine i te kaha aukati ina whakaohohia te waea SMA.
Ko te hanganga uaua rua-modal SMA he mea hono hiko i roto i te raupapa, ā, e whakakahangia ana e te ngaohiko pana whakauru. I te huringa pana ngaohiko, ina whakamahia te ngaohiko, ā, ka wera te waea SMA ki runga ake i te pāmahana tīmatanga o te austenite, ka whakapotohia te roa o te waea i ia miro. Mā tēnei whakahokinga ka whakahohehia te huihuinga ringa neke. I te wā i kore ai te ngaohiko i roto i te huringa kotahi, ka whakamataohia te waea SMA wera ki raro iho i te pāmahana o te mata martensite, ā, ka hoki ki tōna tūranga taketake. I raro i ngā āhuatanga ahotea kore, ka totorohia te waea SMA mā te puna piro kia tae atu ki te āhua martensitic kua wehea. Ko te tīwiri, e haere ana te waea SMA, ka neke nā te pēhanga i hangaia e te tono i te pana ngaohiko ki te waea SMA (ka tae te SPA ki te wāhanga austenite), ka arahi ki te whakaoho o te rīwhi neke. Ina hoki whakamuri te waea SMA, ka hangaia e te puna piro he kaha whakahē mā te totoro atu i te puna. Ina kore te ahotea i roto i te ngaohiko pana, ka roa te waea SMA ka huri i tōna āhua nā te whakamatao convection kaha, ka tae atu ki te wāhanga martensitic takirua.
Ko te pūnaha whakatere raina e hangai ana ki te SMA kua whakaarohia he whirihoranga rua-modal, ko ngā waea SMA he koki. (a) e whakaatu ana i tētahi tauira CAD o te tauira, e whakahua ana i ētahi o ngā wāhanga me ō rātou tikanga mō te tauira, (b, d) e tohu ana i te tauira whakamātautau kua whakawhanakehia35. Ahakoa (b) e whakaatu ana i tētahi tirohanga o runga o te tauira me ngā hononga hiko me ngā puna piko me ngā ine taumahatanga kua whakamahia, (d) e whakaatu ana i tētahi tirohanga tirohanga o te whakatakotoranga. (e) Kauwhata o tētahi pūnaha whakatere raina me ngā waea SMA kua whakanohoia rua-modal i tētahi wā t, e whakaatu ana i te ahunga me te haerenga o te muka me te kaha o te uaua. (c) Kua whakaarohia he hononga porowhita hurihuri 2-DOF mō te whakatinana i tētahi whakatere SMA e hangai ana ki te papa rua. E ai ki te whakaaturanga, ka tukuna e te hononga te nekehanga raina mai i te puku o raro ki te ringa o runga, ka hangaia he hononga hurihuri. I tētahi atu taha, ko te nekehanga o te takirua porowhita he rite tonu ki te nekehanga o te puku wāhanga tuatahi maha-papa.
I whakahaerehia he rangahau whakamātautau ki te tauira i whakaaturia i te Pikitia 9b hei aromatawai i te mahi a te puku bimodal i runga i te SMA. E ai ki te Pikitia 10a, ko te whakatakotoranga whakamātautau he pūtake hiko DC ka taea te whakarite hei tuku ngaohiko whakauru ki ngā waea SMA. E ai ki te pikitia 10b, i whakamahia he ine taumahatanga piezoelectric (PACEline CFT/5kN) hei ine i te kaha aukati mā te whakamahi i te kaitatau raraunga Graphtec GL-2000. Ka tuhia ngā raraunga e te kaihautū mō ētahi atu rangahau. Me whai pūtake hiko pumau ngā ine taumahatanga me ngā whakakaha utu hei whakaputa i tētahi tohu ngaohiko. Ka hurihia ngā tohu e rite ana hei putanga hiko i runga i te aro o te pūoko kaha piezoelectric me ētahi atu tawhā e whakaahuatia ana i te Ripanga 2. Ina whakamahia he pāoro ngaohiko, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te waea SMA, ka pēhia te waea SMA, ka puta ai te kaha o te actuator. Ko ngā hua whakamātautau o te putanga o te kaha uaua e te pāoro ngaohiko whakauru o te 7 V e whakaaturia ana i te pikitia 2a.
(a) I whakatūria he pūnaha whakatere raina SMA i roto i te whakamātautau hei ine i te kaha i hangaia e te whakatere. Ka ine te pūtau kawenga i te kaha aukati, ā, ka whakakahangia e te pūtake hiko 24 V DC. I whakamahia he maturuturunga ngaohiko 7 V i te roanga katoa o te taura mā te whakamahi i te pūtake hiko DC ka taea te whakarite GW Instek. Ka mimiti te waea SMA nā te wera, ā, ka pa te ringa neke ki te pūtau kawenga, ka whakaputa i te kaha aukati. Ka honoa te pūtau kawenga ki te kaitatau raraunga GL-2000, ā, ka rongoatia ngā raraunga ki te kaihautū mō te tukatuka atu. (b) Te hoahoa e whakaatu ana i te mekameka o ngā wāhanga o te whakatakotoranga whakamātautau mō te ine i te kaha uaua.
Ka whakaohokia ngā koranu mahara āhua e te pūngao wera, nō reira ka noho te pāmahana hei tawhā nui mō te ako i te āhuatanga mahara āhua. I roto i te whakamātautau, e ai ki te Pikitia 11a, i mahia ngā whakaahua wera me ngā ine pāmahana i runga i tētahi tauira o te kaiwhakaoho divalerate SMA. I whakamahia e tētahi pūtake DC ka taea te whakarite te ngaohiko tāuru ki ngā waea SMA i roto i te whakatakotoranga whakamātautau, e ai ki te Pikitia 11b. I inehia te huringa pāmahana o te waea SMA i te wā tūturu mā te whakamahi i tētahi kāmera LWIR taumira teitei (FLIR A655sc). Ka whakamahia e te kaihautū te pūmanawa ResearchIR ki te tuhi raraunga mō te tukatuka-muri atu. Ina whakamahia he pātaki ngaohiko, ka piki ake te pāmahana o te waea SMA, ka whakaiti i te waea SMA. I runga i te pikitia 2b e whakaatu ana i ngā hua whakamātautau o te pāmahana waea SMA ki te wā mō te pātaki ngaohiko tāuru 7V.
Wā tuku: Hepetema-28-2022
